Discussion Heat of solution can be defined as the quantity of heat energy released or absorbed when 1.

00 mole of the substance dissolves in sufficient solvent so that further dilution causes no further release or absorption of heat energy. When a sufficiently large amount of solute is in contact with the limited amount of solvent, the solute will start to dissolve. After some time, the reverse process which is precipitation, will start to occur. When dissolving and precipitation of the solute takes place at equal rates or in other words, equilibrium has been established, the solution is said to be saturated. After this point, the concentration of the solute in the solution remains unchanged. The concentration of the saturated solution is defined as the solubility of the solute in the given solvent. Solubility is generally a function of temperature. In this case, the solvent is water and the solute is benzoic acid. In order to calculate for solubility of benzoic acid, the equation M1V1 = M2V2 is used. M1 refers to the molarity of benzoic acid and V1 is the volume of benzoic acid prepared. As for M2, it is the molarity of sodium hydroxide solution and V2 is the volume of sodium hydroxide needed to neutralize the benzoic acid. M2 is equal to the solubility of benzoic acid in water, which is referred to as C in the context of this experiment, as it indirectly indicates the amount of benzoic acid dissolved in water. M1 and V1 are known and V2 is obtained from the titration. Phenolphthalein was used in the titration as an indicator. Few drops were added to the benzoic acid prior to the titration. The colour change was from colourless to pink. Next, from the values of C obtained, a graph of ln C versus 1/T in which T is in Kelvin (K) could be drawn. From the graph, the value of delta H can be calculated using the Vant Hoff equation where (write the equation). Generally, ln C = delta H / RT + constant. This is the equation for the graph ln C against 1/T. Therefore, the slope of the graph is delta H /R. To obtain delta h, the slope is multiplied with R which is gas constant and has a value of 8.314 J K-1 mol-1. The value of delta H obtained from this experiment is 66.512 kJ mol-1. However, the delta h obtained might not be accurate as there were errors occurred during the experiment. Random errors that might have occurred include parallax error when taking measurements and when determining the end point of the titration. Besides that, there might be some benzoic acid left in the pipette when transferring it into the conical flask. Adding to that, upon removal from water bath, some heat might have lost to the surrounding which means when starting the titration, the temperature of benzoic acid might have a temperature less than the one it is supposed to have. There also might be systematic errors in terms of incorrect calibration of some measuring apparatus such as the pipette and the thermometer. Some precautions that can be taken are taking repeated readings to minimise the effect of random error and making sure there are no air bubbles in the pipette when removing benzoic acid from the beaker.