AIRYSTRESSFUNCTIONFORTWO

DIMENSIONALINCLUSION
PROBLEMS

by

DHARSHINIRAOKAVATI

PresentedtotheFacultyoftheGraduateSchoolof
TheUniversityofTexasatArlingtoninPartialFulfillment
oftheRequirements
fortheDegreeof

MASTEROFSCIENCEINMECHANICALENGINEERING

THEUNIVERSITYOFTEXASATARLINGTON
December2005
ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhogavemethepossibilityto
complete this thesis. I am deeply indebted to my supervising professor, Dr. Seiichi
Nomura for his guidance, patience and motivation. I sincerely thank him for his help
not only in completing my thesis but also for his invaluable suggestions and
encouragement.
I sincerely thank committee members Dr. Wen Chan and Dr. Dereje Agonafer
for serving on my committee. They have been a continuous source of inspiration
throughoutmystudyatTheUniversityofTexasatArlington.
Iwouldliketoendbysayingthatthisthesiscametoasuccessfulendduetothe
supportandblessingsfrommyfamily.LastbutnottheleastIthankSameerChandragiri
andallmyotherfriendsfortheirhelpandencouragement.
November18th,2005

iii

ABSTRACT

AIRYSTRESSFUNCTIONFORTWO
DIMENSIONALINCLUSION
PROBLEMS

PublicationNo.______

DharshiniRaoKavati,MS

TheUniversityofTexasatArlington,2005

SupervisingProfessor:Dr.SeiichiNomura
This thesis addresses a problem of finding the elastic fields in a two-
dimensional body containing an inhomogeneous inclusion using the Airy stress
function. The Airy stress function is determined so that the prescribed boundary
condition at a far field and the continuity condition of the traction force and the
displacementfieldattheinterfacearesatisfiedexactly.Allthederivationsandsolving
simultaneous equations are carried out using symbolic software.

iv

TABLEOFCONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................... ii

ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. iii

LISTOFILLUSTRATIONS.................................................................................... vi

Chapter

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1Overview. 1

1.2UseofSymbolicSoftware ...................................................................... 3

2.FORMULATIONOFTHEAIRYSTRESSFUNCTION........................... 6

2.1AiryStressFunction .............................................................................. 6

2.1.1PolarCoordinateFormulation.................................................. 8

2.2ComplexVariableMethods.. 9

2.2.1PlaneElasticityProblemusingComplexVariables. 10

2.3InvestigationofComplexPotentials..... 13

2.3.1FiniteSimplyConnectedDomain.. 13

2.3.2FiniteMultiplyConnectedDomain... 14

2.3.3InfiniteDomain.. 15

3.ADVANCEDAPPLICATIONSOFTHEAIRYSTRESSFUNCTION 17

3.1FinitePlatewithaHoleSubjectedtoTensileLoading.. 17

v
3.2InfinitePlatewithaHoleSubjectedtoTensileLoading ................... 19

3.3TwoDimensionalCircularInclusion................................................. 23

3.3.1StressFieldInsidetheTwoDimensional
CircularInclusion.. 24

3.3.2InfinitePlateSurroundingtheDisc 26

4.CONCLUSIONSANDSUGGESTIONSFORFUTUREWORK.............. 37

Appendix

A.MATHEMATICACODE.......................................................................... 39

REFERENCES.......................................................................................................... 52

BIOGRAPHICALINFORMATION........................................................................ 53

vi

LISTOFILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page

2.1 TypicalDomainforthePlaneElasticityProblem6

2.2 ComplexPlane..9

2.3 TypicalDomainsofInterest:(a)FiniteSimplyConnected,
(b)FiniteMultiplyConnected,(c)InfiniteMultiplyConnected.....................14

3.1 FinitePlatewithaHoleSubjectedtoTensileLoading ...................................17

3.2 InfinitePlatewithaHoleSubjectedtoTensileloading.......20

3.3 InfinitePlatewithaCircularInclusionSubjectedtoTensileLoading23

3.4 Variationofthetensilestressalongthey-axis.....33

3.5 Variationofthetensilestressalongthex-axis.....33

3.6 Variationofthecompressivestressalongthey-axis...34

3.7 Variationofthecompressivestressalongthex-axis.......34

3.8 Variationoftheshearstressovertheplate......35

3.9 VariationoftheVonMisesstressovertheplate.35

3.10 VariationoftheVonMisesstressalongthex-axis.36

3.11 VariationoftheVonMisesstressalongthey-axis..36

CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Overview
Elasticityisanelegantandfascinatingsubjectthatdealswiththedetermination
of the stress, strain and distribution in an elastic solid under the influence of external
forces. A particular form of elasticity which applies to a large range of engineering
materials, at least over part of their load range produces deformations which are
proportionaltotheloadsproducingthem, giving risetotheHookes Law.Thetheory
establishes mathematical models of a deformation problem, and this requires
mathematical knowledge to understand the formulation and solution procedures. The
variable theory provides a very powerful tool for the solution of many problems in
elasticity. Employing complex variable methods enables many problems to be solved
that would be intractable by other schemes. The method is based on the reduction of
the elasticity boundary value problem to a formulation in the complex domain. This
formulation then allows many powerful mathematical techniques available from the
complexvariabletheorytobeappliedtotheelasticityproblem.
Another problem faced is the complexity of the elastic field equations as
analytical closed-form solutions to fully three-dimensional problems are very difficult
toaccomplish.Thus,mostsolutionsaredevelopedforreducedproblemsthattypically
include axisymmetry or two-dimensionality to simplify particular aspects of the

2
formulation and solution. Because all real elastic structures are three-dimensional, the
theoriessetforthherewillbeapproximatemodels.Thenatureandaccuracyofthe
approximation depend on the problem and loading geometry. Two basic
theories, plane stress and plane strain represent the fundamental plane problem in
elasticity.Thesetwotheoriesapplytosignificantlydifferenttypesoftwo-dimensional
bodiesalthoughtheirformulationsyieldverysimilarfieldequations.
Numerous solutions to plane stress and plane strain problems can be obtained
throughtheuseofaparticularstressfunctionstechnique.ThemethodemploystheAiry
stress function [1] and will reduce the general formulation to a single governing
equation in terms of a single unknown. The resulting governing equation is then
solvablebyseveralmethodsofappliedmathematics,andthusmanyanalyticalsolutions
to problems of interest can be generated. The stress function formulation is based on
the general idea of developing a representation for the stress field that satisfies
equilibrium and yields a single governing equation from the compatibility statement.
This thesis is a successful attempt to apply the above-mentioned method to a plate of
infinite length and width with a central hole and a disc separately. The problem of a
circular hole in an infinite plate has been studied for many years with various
approaches [1] including the Airy stress function approach. This problem has many
applications in engineering as it can reveal stress singularity around the hole.
However, due to the complexity of algebra involved, there has been no work about a
two-dimensional plate with a circular inclusion (disc) using the Airy stress function to

3
our best knowledge. This thesis addresses such a problem using symbolic algebra
software
1.2UseofSymbolicSoftware
The development of hardware and software of computers has made available
symbolicalgebrasoftwarepackagessuchasMATLAB,MAPLE,MATHEMATICA[2].
Older packages such as Macsyma- one of the very first general-purpose symbolic
computationssystemswerewritteninLISPwhereasnewonessuchasMathematicaare
written in the C language and its variations and is one of the most widely available
symbolicsystems.
Using symbolic algebra systems, one can evaluate mathematical expressions
analytically without any approximation. Differentiations, integrations, expansions and
solvingequationsexactlyarethemajorfeaturesofsymbolicalgebrasystems.Mostof
the symbolic algebra systems have been used by mathematicians and theoretical
physicists[8].Theabilitytodealwithsymbolicformulae,aswellaswithnumbers,is
one of its most powerful features. This is what makes it possible to do algebra and
calculus.
Ithasbeendemonstratedthatincertaincircumstancesthewidelyheldviewthat
one can always dramatically improve on the CPU time required for lengthy
computations by using compiled C or Fortran code instead of advanced quantitative
programming environments such as Mathematica, MATLAB etc is wrong. A well
writtenCprogramcanbeexpectedtooutperformMathematica,R,S-PlusorMATLAB
[7] but, if the C program is not efficiently programmed using the best possible

4
algorithm then in fact it may take longer than using a symbolic software byte-code
compiler.
At a technical level, Mathematica performs both symbolic and numeric
calculations of cross-sectional properties such as areas, centroids, and moments of
inertia.SymbolicsoftwaressuchasMathematicacanderiveclosed-formsolutionsfor
beamswithcircular,elliptical,equilateral-triangular,andrectangularcrosssections[2].
Symbolic software also addresses the finite element method and is useful in finding
shape functions, creating different types of meshes and can solve problems for both
isotropicand anisotropicmaterials. They are alsousefulinthekinematicmodelingof
fullyconstrainedsystems[2].
This thesis will formulate a boundary value problem cast within a two-
dimensionaldomain(subjectedtofarfieldloading)inthex-yplaneusingtheCartesian
coordinates and then reformulating in the polar coordinates to allow further
developmentandstudyinthatcoordinatesystem.TheAirystressfunctionforspecific
two-dimensional plane conditions is computed and the stresses and displacements at a
givenpointcanbefoundusingMathematica.
Thethesisisdividedinto4chapters.
Chapter 2 discusses the theory of two-dimensional elasticity behind the Airy
stress function and the foundation of its formulation. It establishes a single governing
equationfortheplanestressandplanestrainconditionsbyreducingtheNavierequation
toaformfromwhichtheAirystressfunctioncanbederived.
Chapter3containstheapplicationoftheAirystressfunctionto:

5
Afiniteplatewithaholesubjectedtotensileloading
Aninfiniteplatewithaholesubjectedtofarfieldloading
Aplatewithacircularinclusion
The formulations for all of the above problems were carried out using
Mathematicaandas aresultthestresses anddisplacement givena certainpointonthe
platecanbefound.
Graphswillbeshowntodescribethevariationofstressesatthevariouspoints
ontheplate.
Chapter4containstheconclusionandrecommendation
The Appendix will contain the description of all the formatted codes used to
carryouttheabove.

CHAPTER2
FORMULATIONOFTHEAIRYSTRESSFUNCTION
2.1AiryStressFunction
Solutions to plane strain and plane stress problems can be obtained by using
various stress function techniques which employ the Airy stress function to reduce the
generalizedformulationtothegoverningequationswithsolvableunknowns.Thestress
function formulation is based on the idea representing the stress fields that satisfy the
equilibriumequations.
The method is started by reviewing the equilibrium equations for the plane
problemwithoutabodyforceasfollows:

Figure2-1TypicalDomainforthePlaneElasticityProblem.

x
xy
x y
+ = 0, (2.1.1)

xy y
x y
+ = 0. (2.1.2)
y
x
Si
R
S

7
It is observed that these equations will be identically satisfied by choosing a
representation

x
y
xy
x
x
x y
=
=
=

2
2
2
2
2
,
,
.
(2.1.3)
where = ( , ) x y iscalledtheAirystressfunction.
Thecompatibilityrelationship,assumingnobodyforces,intermsofstresscan
bewrittenas
+ =
2
0 ( ) ,
x y
(2.1.4)
where istheLaplaceoperator.
NowrepresentingtherelationintermsoftheAirystressfunctionusingrelations
(2.1.3),weget

4
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
2
0
x x y y
+ + = = .(2.1.5)
This relation is called the biharmonic equation, and its solutions are known as
biharmonic functions[1]. Now that we have the problem of elasticity reduced to a
single equation in terms of the Airy stress function, , it has to be determined in the
two-dimensional region R bounded by the boundary S as shown in Figure 2-1.
AppropriateboundaryconditionsoverSarenecessarytocompletethesolution.

8
2.1.1PolarCoordinateFormulation
Thepolarcoordinatesplayanimportantpartinsolvingmanyplaneproblemsin
elasticityandtheabovedevelopedequationcanbeworkedoutbyconvertingitintothe
polarcoordinatesthusgivingusthegoverningequationsinthiscurvilinearsystem.For
the polar coordinate system, the solution to plane stress and plane strain basic vector
differential problems involves the determination of the in-plane displacement and
stresses { u u
r r r r r
, , , , , , ,

} in region R subjected to prescribed boundary
conditiononS.
The two-dimensional in-plane stresses from the Cartesian to the polar
coordinateswilltransformasfollows:

r x y xy
x y xy
r x y xy
= + +
= +
= + +
cos sin sin cos ,
sin cos sin cos ,
sin cos sin cos (cos sin ).
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 (2.1.6)
Therelations(2.1.3)betweenthestresscomponentsandtheAirystressfunction
canbetransformedtothepolarformtoyield

r
r
r r r
r
r r
= +
=
=
|
\

|
.
|
1 1
1
2
2
2
2
2
,
,
.
(2.1.7)
In the absence of a body force, the biharmonic equation (2.1.5) changes to the
polarcoordinatesas

9
= + +
|
\

|
.
| + +
|
\

|
.
| =
4
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1 1 1 1
0

r r r r r r r r
.(2.1.8)
The plane problem again is formulated in term of the Airy stress function,
( , ) r ,withasinglegoverningbiharmonicequationasrequired.
2.2ComplexVariableMethods
Acomplexvariablezisdefinedbytworealvariablesxandy
z x iy = + . (2.2.1)
Thisdefinitioncanalsobeexpressedinpolarformby

Figure2-2ComplexPlane.
z r i re
i
= + = (cos sin )

(2.2.2)
where r x y = +
2 2
knownasthemodulusofzand
=

tan ( / )
1
y x theargument
z x iy re
i
= =

. (2.2.3)
z isthecomplexconjugateofthevariablez

10
Usingdefinitions(2.2.1)and(2.2.3),thefollowingdifferentialoperatorscanbe
developedasfollows:

x z z
y
i
z z
z x
i
y
z x
i
y
= +
=
|
\

|
.
|
=
|
\

|
.
|
= +
|
\

|
.
|
,
,
,
.
1
2
1
2
(2.2.4)
2.2.1PlaneElasticityProblemusingComplexVariables
Complex Variable theory [1] provides a very powerful tool for the solution of
many problems in elasticity. Such applications include solutions of torsion problems
and the plane stress and plane strain problems. Although each case is related to a
completely different two-dimensional model, the basic formulations are quiet similar,
andbysimplechangesinelasticconstants,solutionsareinterchangeable.
For a linear elastic 2-D body, the relations between the stress components and
thedisplacementsareexpressedas:

x
y
xy
u
x
v
y
u
x
u
x
v
y
v
y
u
y
v
x
= +
|
\

|
.
| +
= +
|
\

|
.
| +
= +
|
\

|
.
|
2
2
,
,
.
(2.2.5)

11
where is called the Lames constant, and is referred to as the shear modulus or
modulusofrigidity.
We now wish to represent the Airy stress function in terms of functions of a
complexvariableandtransformtheplaneproblemontooneinvolvingcomplexvariable
theory. Using relations (2.2.1) and (2.2.3), the variables x and y can be expressed in
terms of z and z . Applying this concept to the Airy stress function, we can write
= ( , ) z z . Repeated use of the differential operators defined in equations (2.2.4)
allowsthefollowingrepresentationoftheharmonicandbiharmonic[1]operators:
= =
2
2
4
2
2
2
4 16 ()
()
, ()
()
.

z z
z z
(2.2.6)
Therefore,thegoverningbiharmonicelasticityequation(2.1.5)canbeexpressed
as:


4
2
2
0
z z
= . (2.2.7)
Integratingtheaboveresultyields
( , ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )) z z z z z z z z = + + +
1
2

= + Re( ( ) ( )), z z z (2.2.8)

where (z) and ( z) are arbitrary functions of the indicated variables, and we
concludethat mustbereal.ThisresultdemonstratesthattheAirystressfunctioncan
beformulatedintermsoftwofunctionsofacomplexvariable.
Followingalonganotherpath,considerthegoverningNavierequation[1]

12
+ + =
2
0 u u ( ) ( . ) .(2.2.9)
IntroducethecomplexvariableU=u+ivintotheaboveequationtoget
( )

+ +
|
\

|
.
| + =
z
U
z
U
z
U
z z
2 0
2
.(2.2.10)
Integrating the above expression yields a solution form for the complex
displacement
2 U z z z z = ( ) ( ) ( ). (2.2.11)
where again (z) and ( ) ( ) z z = are arbitrary functions of a complex variable and
theparameter dependsonthePoissonsratio
= 3 4v, planestrain
=

+
3
1
v
v
, planestress(2.2.12)
Equation(2.2.11)isthecomplexvariableformulationforthedisplacementfield
andiswrittenintermsoftwoarbitraryfunctionsofacomplexvariable.
Therelations(2.1.3)and(2.2.11)yieldsthefundamentalstresscombinations.


x y
y x xy
z z
i z z z
+ = +
+ = +
2
2 2
( ( ) ( )),
( ( ) ( )).
(2.2.13)
By adding and subtracting and equating the real and imaginary parts, relations
(2.2.12)canbeeasilysolvedfortheindividualstresses.Usingstandardtransformation
laws [Appendix B [1]], the stresses and displacements in the polar coordinates can be
writtenas

13

r x y
r r y x xy
i
r
i
i i e
u iu u iv e
+ = +
+ = +
+ = +
,
( ) ,
( ) .
2 2
2
2
(2.2.14)
2.3InvestigationofComplexPotentials
The solution to plane elasticity problems involves determination of the two
potential functions, (z) and (z), which have certain properties that can be
determined by applying the appropriate stress and displacement conditions. Particular
generalformsofthesepotentialsexistforregionsofdifferenttopology.Mostproblems
of interest involve finite simply connected, finite multiply connected and infinite
multiplyconnecteddomainsasshownintheFigure2-3.
2.3.1FiniteSimplyConnectedDomain
ConsiderafinitesimplyconnectedregionshowninFigure2-3(a).Forthiscase,
thepotentialfunctions, (z)and (z),areanalyticalandsingle-valuedintheregionR.

( ) ,
( ) ,
z a z
z b z
n
n
n
n
n
n
=
=
=

0
0
(2.3.1)
where a
n
and b
n
are constants to be determined by the boundary conditions of the
problemunderstudy.

14

(a)(b)

(c)
Figure2-3TypicalDomainsofInterest:(a)FiniteSimplyConnected,
(b)FiniteMultiplyConnected,(c)InfiniteMultiplyConnected.
2.3.2FiniteMultiplyConnectedDomain
For a general region surrounded with a defined external boundary assumed to
have n internal boundaries as shown in Figure 2-3(b), the potential need not be single
valued. This can be demonstrated by considering the behavior of the stresses and
displacements around each of the n contours C
k
in region R. Assuming that the
displacementandstressesaresinglevaluedandcontinuouseverywhere,weget
R
R
C1
C2
C3
C0
y
y
x x

15

( )
( )
log( ) ( ),
( )
( )
log( ) ( ),
*
*
z
F
z z z
z
F
z z z
k
k
n
k
k
k
k
n
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
=

2 1
2 1
1
1
(2.3.2)

where F
k
is the resultant force on each contour C
k
, z
k
is a point within the contour C
k
,

*
(z)and
*
(z)arearbitraryanalyticfunctionsinR,and isthematerialconstant
2.3.3InfiniteDomain
For an externally unbounded region having m internal boundaries as shown in
Figure 2-3, the potentials can be determined by taking into consideration that the
stressesremainboundedatinfinity.Takingtherequirementintoconsiderationweget

( )
( )
log ( ),
( )
( )
log ( ).
**
**
z
F
z z z
z
F
k
z
i
z z
k
k
m
x y
k
k
m
y x xy
=
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
=

=

1
1
2 1 4
2 1
2
2
(2.3.4)
where
x y xy

, , are the stresses at infinity and
**
( ) z and
**
( ) z are arbitrary
analyticfunctionsoutsidetheregionenclosingallncontours.Usingpowerseriestheory
theseanalyticfunctionscanbeexpressedas:

**
**
( ) ,
( ) .
z a z
z b z
n
n
n
n
n
n
=
=

1
1
(2.3.5)

16
The displacements at infinity would indicate unbounded behavior as even a
boundedstrainoveraninfinitelengthwillproduceinfinitedisplacements.Thereforethe
caseoftheaboveregionisobtainedbydroppingthesummationtermsin(2.3.4).

17

CHAPTER3
ADVANCEDAPPLICATIONSOFTHEAIRYSTRESSFUNCTION
3.1FinitePlatewithaHoleSubjectedtoTensileLoading
Applying the same approach as the finite multiply connected domains in
Chapter 2 for the plate shown below, the respective potential functions would be the
sameasdiscussedin(2.3.2).

Figure3-1FinitePlatewithaHoleSubjectedtoTensileLoading.
Assume a finite plate of length 2l and width 2c with a central hole of radius a
subjected to uniform tension S along the x-axis. This is the case of a finite multiply
connected region, whose complex potential functions can be expressed as (2.3.2).
Since ( ) ( ) z z = ,integratingthesecondcomplexfunctionin(2.3.2)yields

( )
( )
log( ) ( ) ,
*
z
F
z z z dz
k
k
k
n
=
+
+
|
\

|
.
|
=

2 1
1
(3.1.1)
wherek=1sincethereisonlyoneinternalboundaryandz
k
is0sincethecenterofthe
circleistakenastheorigin(0,0)and
*
(z)and
*
(z)arearbitrary analyticfunctions.
S
2l
2c
a
X

18
Sincetheyaresingle-valuedwithintheregionR,theycanbeexpressedasthefollowing
series.

*
*
( ) ,
( ) .
z a z
z b z
n
n
n
n
n
n
=
=
=

0
0
(3.1.2)
Substitutingtheaboveinthecomplexpotentialfunctionsweget

( )
( )
log( ) ...,
( )
( )
log( ) ...,
( )
( )
log( ) ... ,
z
F
z z a a z a z a z
z
F
z z b b z b z b z
z
F
z z b b z b z b z dz
k
k
n
k
k
k
k
n
k
k
k
n
=
+
+ + + + +
=
+
+ + + + +
=
+
+ + + + +
|
\

|
.
|
=
=
=

2 1
2 1
2 1
1
0 1 2
2
3
3
1
0 1 2
2
3
3
1
0 1 2
2
3
3
(3.1.3)
where k=1 as there is only one internal boundary, z
k
= 0 as the center of the internal
boundary which is a circle is the origin (0, 0). In fact, the logarithmic part of the
equations is omitted as it corresponds to discontinuity in the displacements or
dislocationwhichdoesnotexistinthiscaseasitisanelasticplate.Therefore,theAiry
stressfunctionof(2.2.8)is
( ) Re . z z a z b z dz
n
n
n
n
n
n
= +

(
=

0 0

Forthegiventensileloadingtheboundaryconditionsfortheaboveplatewillbe

19

x
y
xy xy
r r
l y S
x c
l y x c
a a a a
( , ) ,
( , ) ,
( , ) ( , ) ,
( , ) ( , ) .
=
=
= =
=
0
0
0
(3.1.4)
SolvingfortheAirystressfunction,weget
( , )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
. x y
S x y a x y b x a y a x a y
a y
=
+ + + +

2 2 2 2 2
0
2 2
0
2 2
2 2
6 12 12
12
(3.1.5)

From the above result we can see that the Airy stress function is an indefinite
value. Therefore, we can conclude that for a finite plate with a central hole infinite
serieshavingappropriateboundaryconditionshastobetakenintoconsiderationtogeta
validsolution.
3.2InfinitePlatewithaHoleSubjectedtoTensileLoading
Consider an infinite plate with a central hole subjected to uniform tensile far
fieldloading
x
S

= inthexdirection.From(2.3.4),wegetthecomplexpotentialsto
be

( )
( )
log ( ),
( )
( )
log ( ),
**
**
z
F
z z z
z
F
k
z
i
z z
k
k
m
x y
k
k
m
y x xy
=
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
=

=

1
1
2 1 4
2 1
2
2

where F
k
is the resultant force on the central hole, but the logarithmic part of the
equations is omitted as it corresponds to discontinuity in the displacements or

20
dislocation which does not exist in this case as it is an elastic plate and

x
S

= ,
y z xy

= = = 0 .

Figure3-2InfinitePlatewithaHoleSubjectedtoTensileLoading.
Substituting the power series for the arbitrary analytic functions
**
( ) z and

**
( ) z ,weget

( ) ,
( ) .
z
S
z a z
z
S
z b z
n
n
n
n
n
n
= +
= +

4
2
1
1

The number of terms to be taken into consideration for the summation is

determined by the boundary condition. Therefore, taking the first three terms for the
abovecondition,weget

( ) ,
( ) .
z
Sz a
z
a
z
a
z
z
Sz b
z
b
z
b
z
= + + +
=

+ + +
4
2
1 2
2
3
3
1 2
2
3
3
(3.2.1)
Integratingthesecondpotentialfunction,wecanobtain (z)as:
a
X
Y
S

21
( ) (log ) . z
Sz
z b
b
z
b
z
=

+
2
1
2 3
2
4 2
(3.2.2)
Aplatewithaholeisbettermanipulatedusingthepolarcoordinates.
Substituting z re
i
=

in(3.2.1)and(3.2.2)givestheAirystressfunctioninterms
ofthepolarcoordinatesas


( , ) ( sin cos log
cos cos cos cos ).
r
r
Sr b b r r
b a r a a
= +
+ + +
1
2
2
2 2 2 2 3 2 4
2
4 2
3 1
2 2
2 1 2 3
(3.2.3)
Applying (2.1.7) to the above Airy stress function, we get the stresses in polar
formasfollows:


rr
r
Sr Sr b r b r
b a r a r
= + + +
+
1
2
2 2 4
6 2 8 2 20 3
4
4 4
1
2
2
3 1
2
2
( cos cos
cos cos cos ),
(3.2.4)

=
+
1
2
2 2 4
6 2 4 3
4
4 4
1
2
2
3 2
r
Sr Sr b r b r
b a r
( cos cos
cos cos ),
(3.2.5)


r
r
Sr b r b
a r a r
= + +

1
2
2 4 6 2
4 2 12 3
4
4
2 3
1
2
2
( sin sin sin
sin sin ).
(3.2.6)
Thedisplacementscanbedeterminedusing(2.2.11)as

u
r
Sr S r Sr b r
b r b a r
a r a r a r
r
= +
+
+ + +
1
8
2 2 4
4 4 2 4 2
4 2 8 3 4 3
1
3
4
1
4 4
1
2
2 3 1
2
1 1
2
2 1 2

( cos
cos cos cos
cos cos cos ),
(3.2.7)

22
u
r
Sr b r b a r
a r a a r

= +
+
1
4
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 4 3 2 3
3
1
4
2 3 1
2
1 1
2
2 1 2
( sin sin sin sin
sin sin sin ).
(3.2.8)
where the constants can be found using the boundary conditions. The stress free
conditionontheholeisdenotedas

rr
r
=
=
0
0
,
,
at r a =
whichcanbeexpressedas

rr r
i = 0at r a = .(3.2.9)
Therefore,
S
Se
a e
a
a e
a
a e
a
a e
a
a e
a
a e
a
b
a
b e
a
b e
a
i
i i i i
i i i i
2
1
2
3 8 2
15 3 2 3
0
2 1
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
4
3
4
4
1
2
2
3
3
2
4
+
+ + + =

.
(3.2.10)
The constants can be determined from (3.2.10) by equating like powers of e
in

as
a
a S
a a
b
a S
b b
a S
1
2
2 3
1
2
2 3
4
2
0 0
2
0
2
= = =
=

= =
, , ,
, , .
(3.2.11)
Substituting the above constants in (3.2.3), the Airy stress function is
determinedas:


( , )
( ) cos log sin
, r
a a r S a Sr r r S
r
=
+ 2 3 2 3 6
12
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2
2
(3.2.12)

23
fromwhichthestresscomponentscanbeobtainedusingequations(3.2.4)to(3.2.6)as:


rr
r S a r S a S a r S r S
r
=
+ +
4 2 2 4 2 2 4
4
2 2 4 2 2
2
cos cos cos
,

=
+ r S a r S a S r S
r
4 2 2 4 4
4
2 2 2
2
cos cos
,

r
a S a r S r S
r
=
2 2 2 2 2
2
4 2 2 4
4
sin sin sin
. (3.2.13)

3.3TwoDimensionalCircularInclusion
Consider a circular inclusion with radius a and material constants, and ,
where is a parameter depending only on the Poissons Ratio and is the shear
modulus,embeddedinaninfiniteplatewithmaterialconstants,
1
and
1
.Iftheplateis
taken as a two-dimensional object with a disc inserted instead of the central hole, the
aboveobservationsofaninfiniteplatewithahole

Figure3-3InfinitePlatewithaCircularInclusionSubjectedtoTensileLoading.
a
X
Y
S

24
canbeclubbedwiththefinitesimplyconnecteddomain,bymaintainingtheequilibrium
andcontinuityofstressesanddisplacementsattheboundaryofthetwophases.
3.3.1StressFieldInsidetheTwoDimensionalCircularInclusion
The two-dimensional circular disc is similar to a finite simply bounded region.
Complexpotentialsareassumedtobe

( ) ,
( ) .
z c z
z d z
n
n
n
n
n
n
=
=
=
=

0
2
0
2
(3.3.1)
Sincethediscisgoingtobeclubbedwiththeinfiniteplate,thesameboundary
conditionsapplytoit.Thereforewetakethefirstthreeterms.

( ) ,
( ) ,
z c c z c z
z d d z d z
= + +
= + +
0 1 2
2
0 1 2
2

( ) . z d z
d z d z
= + +
0
1
2
2
3
2 3
(3.3.2)
TheAirystressfunctioninpolarform, z re
i
=

,isexpressedas




( , ) cos cos sin cos cos
sin sin cos cos sin sin
cos cos sin sin
cos cos sin sin .
r c r c r c r c r
c r d r d r
d r d r
d r d r
= + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
0 1
2 2
1
2 2
2
3
2
3
0 0
1
2
1
2
2
3
2
3
2
2 2 2
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
3
4
1
3
4
(3.3.3)
Thestressesinpolarformusing(2.1.6)areexpressedas

25

rr
in
in
r
in
c c r d d r
c c r d d r
c c r d d r
= +
= + + +
= + + +
2 2 2 2 3
2 6 2 2 3
2 6 2 2 3
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
cos cos cos ,
cos cos cos ,
cos cos cos .
(3.3.4)
Determiningthedisplacementsusing(2.2.11),weget
u c c r c r c r c r
d d r d r
u c c r c r d
d r d r
r
in
in
= + +

= + + +
+ +
1
2
2
2 3
1
2
2
2 3
0 1 1 2
2
2
2
0 1 2
2
0 2
2
2
2
0
1 2
2

( cos cos cos

cos cos cos ),
( sin sin sin sin
sin sin ).
(3.3.5)
The stresses and displacements in a circular disc of radius a and material
constantsofandat r a = areexpressedas

rr
in
in
r
in
c ac d ad
c ac d ad
ac d ad
= +
= + + +
=
2 2 2 2 3
2 6 2 2 3
2 2 2 3
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
2 1 2
cos cos cos ,
cos cos cos ,
sin sin sin .
(3.3.6)
u a c c a c d
ad a d
u c a c a c d
ad a d
r
in
in
= + + + +

= + + +
+ +
1
2
1 2
2 3
1
2
2
2 3
1 0
2
2 0
1
2
2
0
2
2
2
2 0
1
2
2

( ( ) ( ( ) ) cos
cos cos ),
( sin sin sin sin
sin sin ).
(3.3.7)

26
3.3.2InfinitePlateSurroundingtheDisc
Deriving the stress and displacement components for the part outside the
inclusion which material constant
1
which depends only on the Poissons Ratio and a
shearmodulusof
1
.From(2.3.4)and(2.3.5)at r a = yields


rr
out
a
a S a S a b ab
b a a aa
= + + +
+
1
2
2 2 4
6 2 8 2 20 3
4
4 4 2
1 2
3
2
1 2
( cos cos
cos cos cos ),

out
a
a S a S a b ab
b aa
=
+
1
2
2 2 4
6 2 4 3
4
4 4 2
1 2
3 2
( cos cos
cos cos ),

r
out
a
a S ab b
a a aa
= + +

1
2
2 4 6 2
4 2 12 3
4
4
2 3
2
1 2
( sin sin sin
sin sin ),
(3.3.8)
u
a
a S a S a S a b
ab b a a
a a aa a a
r
out
= +
+
+ + +
1
8
2 2 4
4 4 2 4 2
4 2 8 3 4 3
3
1
4 4
1
4 2
1
2 3
2
1
2
1 1 2 1 2

( cos
cos cos cos
cos cos cos ),

u
a
a S ab b a a
a a a a a
out

= +
+
1
4
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 4 3 2 3
3
1
4
2 3
2
1
2
1 1 2 1 2
( sin sin sin sin
sin sin sin ).
(3.3.9)
Thecontinuityconditioncanbesatisfiedifthetractionforceanddisplacements
arethesameattheinterface.
Equating(3.3.6)to(3.3.8)and(3.3.7)to(3.3.9)wegetthefollowingequations:

27

1
2
2 2 4
6 2 8 2 20 3 2
2 2 2 3 0
4
4 4 2
1 2
3
2
1 2 1
2 1 2
a
a S a S a b ab
b a a aa c
ac d ad
( cos cos
cos cos cos )
cos cos cos ,
+ + + +

+ + =



(3.3.10)

+

+ =
2 6 2 2 3
1
2
2 2 4
6 2 4 3 0
1 2 1 2
4
4 4 2
1 2
3 2
c ac d ad
a
a S a S a b ab
b aa
cos cos cos
( cos cos
cos cos ) ,



(3.3.11)
+ + +
+ +
=
2 2 2 3
1
2
2 4 6 2
4 2 12 3 0
2 1 2
4
4
2 3
2
1 2
ac d ad
a
a S ab b
a a aa
sin sin sin
( sin sin sin
sin sin ) ,



(3.3.12)
+ + + +
+
+
+
+ + + =
1
2
1 2
2 3
1
8
2 2 4
4 4 2 4 2
4 2 8 3 4 3 0
1 0
2
2 0
1
2
2
3
1
4 4
1
4 2
1
2 3
2
1
2
1 1 2 1 2

( ( ) cos ( ( ) )
cos cos )
( cos
cos cos cos
cos cos cos ) ,
a c c a c d
ad a d
a
a S a S a S a b
ab b a a
a a aa a a
(3.3.13)
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
=
1
2
2
2 3
1
4
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 3 2 3 0
0
2
2
2
2 0
1
2
2 3
1
4
2 3
2
1
2
1 1
2 1 2

( sin sin sin sin
sin sin ) ( sin
sin sin sin sin
sin sin ) .
c a c a c d
ad a d
a
a S
ab b a a a a
a a a
(3.3.14)

28
Equating the coefficients of cos , cos , cos , sin , sin , sin 2 3 2 3 and the
constantsintheaboveequationstozero,thefollowingequationsareobtained.

2
2
0
2
2
3
ac
b
a
= , (3.3.15)
+ =
S
d
b
a
a
a 2
3 4
0
1
3
4
1
3
, (3.3.16)
+ = 2
10
0
2
2
3
ad
a
a
, (3.3.17)
2
2
0
2
2
3
ac
b
a
= , (3.3.18)
S
d
b
a
a
a 2
3 2
0
1
3
4
1
2
+ + = , (3.3.19)
2
6
0
2
2
3
ad
a
a
+ = , (3.3.20)

c a c a c d b
a
0
2
2
2
2 0 2
2
1
2 2 2 2
0 + + = , (3.3.21)
+ =
aS ad b
a
a
a
a
a 4 2 2 2 2
0
1
1 3
3
1
1
1
1 1
1

, (3.3.22)
=
a d a
a
a
a
2
2 2
2
1
1 2
2
1
2 2
0

, (3.3.23)
+ + + + =

c a c a c d b
a
0
2
2
2
2 0 2
2
1
2 2 2 2
0, (3.3.24)
aS ad b
a
a
a
a
a 4 2 2 2 2
0
1
1 3
3
1
1
1
1 1
1

+ + + = , (3.3.25)

29
a d a
a
a
a
2
2 2
2
1
1 2
2
1
2 2
0

+ = , (3.3.26)
aS aS ac a c b
a 8 8 2 2 2
0
1
1
1
1 1 1
1

+ + = , (3.3.27)
+ =
S
c
b
a 2
2 0
1
1
2
. (3.3.28)
Solvingtheaboveequationssimultaneouslytofindtheconstants,weget
a
a S S
a a
1
2
1
1 1
2 3
2
0 0 =

+
= =
( )
( )
, , ,



b
a aS aS aS aS
b b
a S a S
1
1 1 1
1 1
2 3
4 4
1
1 1
2 2
0
2
=
+ +
+
= =

+
( )
( )
, ,
( )
,





c
d
c
S S
c
0
0
1
1
1 1
2
4 2
0 = =
+
+
=

,
( )
( )
, ,
d c d
S S
d
0 0 1
1
1 1
2
2
0 = =
+
+
=


,
( )
, .
Substituting the above solutions into (3.3.6) and (3.3.7), we get the final stress
anddisplacementequationsforthediscas

rr
in
S S S S
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
1 1
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1
( ) ( )
cos
( )
cos
( )
,

in
S = +
+ +

+
|
\

|
.
|
1
2
1
1
2 1
2
1
1 1 1
( )
( )
cos
,

r
in
S S
=
+
+
( ) sin
( )
,
1
1 1
2
2
(3.3.29)
u
rS
r
in
=
+ +
+ +
( )( )
( )
,
1 1
16 8 1
1
1

30
u
rS
in

=
+
+
( ) sin
( )
.
1 2
4
1
1 1
(3.3.30)
The above equations can be verified by substituting them into the equilibrium
equationsi.e.(2.1.7).
Substitute the constants into equations (3.3.8) and (3.3.9) to obtain the final
stressanddisplacementequationsforthepartsurroundingthecircularinclusioni.e.

rr
out
S a S
r
a S
r
a S
r
a S
r
S
a S
r
a S
r
a S
r
a
=
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
2
2
3 2
2
2 2 3 2
2
2
2
2
1 1
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
1 1
4
4
1 1
2
2
1 1
4
1
4
1 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
cos
cos
( )
cos
( )
cos
( )
2
1
2
1 1
2 S
r


cos
( )
,
+

out
S a S
r
a S
r
a S
r
S
a S
r
a S
r
= +
+

+
+
+

+
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2
2
3 2
2
3 2
2
2
2
2
2
1 1
2
1
2
1 1
4
4
1 1
4
1
4
1 1
( ) ( )
cos
cos
( )
cos
( )
,

r
out
S
a S
r
a S
r
a S
r
a S
r
=
+ +
+
+

+
1
2
2
3 2
2
2
3 2
2
2
4
4
1 1
2
2
1 1
4
1
4
1 1
2
1
2
1 1
sin
sin
( )
_
sin
( )
sin
( )
sin
( )
,
(3.3.31)
u
a S
r
rS rS a S
r
a S
r
rS a S
r
a S
r
a S
r
a S
r
a S
r
out
= +
+

+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

2
1 1
1
1
2
1 1 1
2
1
1 1 1
1
4
3
1 1
2
1 1
2
1
1 1
4
3
1 1 1
2
4 8 8 4 2 4 2
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4

( ) ( )
cos cos
( )
cos
( )
cos
( )
cos
( )
cos2
4
2
4
1 1 1
2
1
1 1 1

r
a S
r ( )
cos
( )
,
+

+

31
u
S a a r r
r
out

=
+ + + + + +
+
( ( ) ( )( ) ( )) sin
( )
.
4
1
2 2
1 1
4
1 1
3
1 1 1
1 2
4
(3.3.32)
The above equations can be verified by substituting them into the equilibrium
equations(2.1.7).
ExampleProblem:CircularInclusionProblem
Consider finding the stresses for a thin Infinite plate with a hole made of Iron,
havingatwo-dimensionalcircularinclusionmadeofcarboninthecenter,subjectedto
farfieldtensileloadingof1000N/mm
2
problem.
weknowthat,
forCarbon,
PoissonsRatio,=0.24,
ShearModulus=12.4GPa,
Parameterfortheplanestrainfrom(2.2.12)=3-4=2.04.

forIron
PoissonsRatio,1=0.29,
ShearModulus1=77.5GPa,
Parameter1fortheplanestrainfrom(2.2.12)==3-4=1.836.
Let,
theradiusofthecentraldiscbe,a=100mm,
Substitutingtheabovevaluesinthestressanddisplacementcomponentsderived
above,weget

32

rr
in
in
r
in
rr
out
out
r
out
r r r
r r
r
= +
=
=
=

+

= +



= +

166 993 175481 2
166 93 175481 2
175481 2
500
333 10
500 2
9 736 10 2 1298 2
500
333 10
500 2
9 736 10 2
500 2
9 74 10 2 6 49 10
6
2
6
4 2
6
2
6
4
10
4
6
. . cos ,
. . cos ,
. sin ,
.
cos
. cos . cos
,
.
cos
. cos
,
sin
. sin . sin2
2

r
.
(3.3.33)

ConvertingtheabovetotheCartesiancoordinatesystem,weget

xx
in
xx
out
x y
x y x y
x y
y
x
=
= +
+
+
+ +

342 413
500 2
1
9 46 10 2 076 10
686 10 30000 2 4
2 2 2
7 9
9 2 2 1
. ,
(
( )
( . ( . ( )( )
. ( ( )) cos( tan ))),
(3.3.34)
fromwhichwecanseethatthestressesinx-directionatanypointontheinnerdiscare
constantbutchangesoutsidethediscwithrespecttothelocation.

yy
in
yy
out
x y
x y x y
x y
y
x
=
=
+
+
+

854812
1
0000473 668 10
686 10 30000 2 4
2 2 2
9
9 2 2 1
. ,
( )
( . ( . ( )( )
. ( ( )) cos( tan ))),
(3.3.35)
andsameobservationcanbemadeforthestressesinthey-directionalso.

33

xy
in
xy
out
xy x y
y
x
x y
=
=
+
+

0
6 66 10 9 74 10 6 49 10 6 49 10 4
6 10 6 2 6 2 1
2 2 2
,
. ( . . . ) sin( tan )
( )
.

(3.3.36)
Thestressesalongthexandy-axescanbeshownusingthefollowinggraphs:
150 200 250 300
alongyaxis
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200

Figure3-4Variationofthetensilestressalongthey-axis.
150 200 250 300
alongxaxis
400
500
600
700
800

Figure3-5Variationofthetensilestressalongthex-axis.

34
150 200 250 300
alongyaxis
50
100
150
200

Figure3-6Variationofthecompressivestressalongthey-axis.
150 200 250 300
alongxaxis
-150
-125
-100
-75
-50
-25
25

Figure3-7Variationofthecompressivestressalongthex-axis.
Theshearstressesturnouttobezeroalongthexandyaxestherefore,the3-D
graphfortheshearstressescanbedemonstratedasfollows:

35
100
150
200
250
300
alongxaxis
100
150
200
250
300
alongyaxis
-150
-100
-50
0

100
150
200
250
300
alongxaxis

Figure3-8Variationoftheshearstressovertheplate.

100
150
200
250
300
alongxaxis
100
150
200
250
300
alongyaxis
1300
1400
1500
1600
VonMises
100
150
200
250
300
alongxaxis

Figure3-9VariationoftheVonMisesstressovertheplate.

36

150 200 250 300

alongxaxis
800
900
1000
1100
1200
VonMises

Figure3-10VariationoftheVonMisesstressalongthex-axis.

150 200 250 300

alongyaxis
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
VonMises

Figure3-11VariationoftheVonMisesstressalongthey-axis.

37

CHAPTER4
CONCLUSIONSANDSUGGESTIONSFORFUTUREWORK
This thesis demonstrated how to solve an elasticity problem using the Airy
stress function. It showed how the method can be applied to find the stresses and
displacements at any point on a two-dimensional plate subjected to different boundary
conditions.ThiseventuallyledtohowtheAirystressfunctioncanbeappliedtoatwo-
phase plate with a circular inclusion in finding the stresses and displacements at any
point.
The problem studied in Chapter 3 further demonstrated how the Airy stress
function is applied to an infinite plate with a circular inclusion. On studying the
graphicalrepresentationoftheresult,itcanbeseenthatallstresseswithintheinclusion
are constant and the shear stress is zero when subjected to a far-field stress. The
maximumtensilestressoccursattheboundaryofthediscintersectingthey-axisandis
decreased along the boundary of the disc as it nears the x-axis. The maximum
compressivestressoccursattheboundaryintersectingwiththex-axisanddecreasesas
itnearsthey-axisalongtheinterfacingboundary.
Thefollowingextensionissuggestedtofurtherexploitthecontentofthepresent
thesis:
a. The boundary conditions can be generalized to include all the stress
componentsatfarfields.

38
b. Multi-layercircularinclusionscanbeconsidered.
c. Theshapeoftheinclusioncanbeextendedtoanellipticshape.

39

APPENDIXA

MATHEMATICACODE

40
Mathematica code for finding the stresses and displacements for a circular
inclusion

=
n=0
2
a
n
z
n
=
n=0
2
b
n
z
n

a
0
+za
1
+z
2
a
2

b
0
+zb
1
+z
2
b
2

1 = HS z4L +
n=1
2
m
n
z
n

Sz
4
+
m
1
z
+
m
2
z
2

1 = HG z2L +
n=1
3
f
n
z
n

Gz
2
+
f
1
z
+
f
2
z
2
+
f
3
z
3

d = D@,zD
d1= D@1, zD

a
1
+2za
2

S
4

m
1
z
2

2m
2
z
3

41
=Integrate[,z]
1=Integrate[1,z]
zb
0
+
z
2
b
1
2
+
z
3
b
2
3

Gz
2
4
+Log@zDf
1

f
2
z

f
3
2z
2

z = ComplexExpand@r Exp@I DD

rCos@D+rSin@D

e=ComplexExpand[Conjugate[z]]
rCos@DrSin@D

h= FullSimplify@ComplexExpand@HeL+DDTrigReduce
h1 = FullSimplify@ComplexExpand@1+H1eLDDTrigReduce

1
6

rH6a
0
+6

ra
1
+ 6
2
r
2
a
2
+6
2
b
0
+3
3
rb
1
+ 2
4
r
2
b
2
L

1
4Abs@rD
4
H
4Im@D
r
2
H
4HRe@DL
Conjugate@rD
2
HH1+
2
Lr
2
S+4HIm@DLog@
Re@D
rDLf
1
L
2
2
f
3
+4
2Re@D
Conjugate@rDH

f
2
+rm
1
L+4
3
rm
2
LL

=FullSimplify[ComplexExpand[Re[h]]]
1=FullSimplify[ComplexExpand[Re[h1]]]
1
6
rH6ra
1
+6Cos@DHa
0
+r
2
a
2
+b
0
L+3rCos@2Db
1
+2r
2
Cos@3Db
2
L

r
4
SSin@D
2
Cos@2Df
3
+rHrLog@r
2
Df
1
2Cos@Df
2
+2rCos@2Dm
1
+2Cos@3Dm
2
L
2r
2

42

rrIni
=
HHD@,rD1rL+HD@,8,2<D1r^2LL.Cos

@DSin@D.Cos

@DCos@D
TrigReduce

2a
1
+2rCos@Da
2
Cos@2Db
1
2rCos@3Db
2

rr1Ini
=HHD@1,rD1rL+HD@1,8,2<D1r^2LL.Cos

@DSin@D.
Cos

@DCos@DTrigReduce

1
2r
4
Hr
4
S+r
4
SCos@2D+2r
2
f
1
+
4rCos@Df
2
+6Cos@2Df
3
8r
2
Cos@2Dm
1
20 rCos@3Dm
2
L

rr
=
HHHFullSimplify@HD@,rD1rL+HD@,8,2<D1r^2LDL.Cos

@DSin@DL.
Cos

@DCos@DL.raTrigReduce

rr1
=
HFullSimplify@HD@1,rD1rL+HD@1,8,2<D1r^2LDL.Cos

@DSin@D.
Cos

@DCos@D.raTrigReduce

2a
1
+2aCos@Da
2
Cos@2Db
1
2aCos@3Db
2

1
2a
4
Ha
4
S+a
4
SCos@2D+2a
2
f
1
+
4aCos@Df
2
+6Cos@2Df
3
8a
2
Cos@2Dm
1
20aCos@3Dm
2
L

Ini
= D@, 8r, 2<DTrigReduce

2a
1
+6rCos@Da
2
+Cos@2Db
1
+2rCos@3Db
2

1Ini
= D@1, 8r, 2<DTrigReduce

r
4
Sr
4
SCos@2D2r
2
f
1
4rCos@Df
2
6Cos@2Df
3
+4rCos@3Dm
2
2r
4

= Simplify@HD@, 8r, 2<DL.r a TrigReduceD

2a
1
+6aCos@Da
2
+Cos@2Db
1
+2aCos@3Db
2

43

1
=FullSimplify@HD@1, 8r, 2<DL.r a TrigReduceD

a
4
SSin@D
2
3Cos@2Df
3
aHaf
1
+2Cos@Df
2
2Cos@3Dm
2
L
a
4

rIni
=
HFullSimplify@D@D@,D1r,rDDL.Cos

@DSin@D.Cos

@DCos@D
TrigReduce

2rSin@Da
2
+Sin@2Db
1
+2rSin@3Db
2

r1Ini
= HFullSimplify@ D@D@1, D1r, rDDLTrigReduce


r
4
SSin@2D+4rSin@Df
2
+6Sin@2Df
3
4r
2
Sin@2Dm
1
12rSin@3Dm
2
2r
4

r
=
HHHFullSimplify@D@D@,D1r,rDDTrigReduceL.raL.
Cos

@D Sin@DL.Cos

@DCos@D

r1
=
HHHFullSimplify@D@D@1,D1r,rDDTrigReduceL.raL.
Cos

@D Sin@DL.Cos

@DCos@D

2aSin@Da
2
+Sin@2Db
1
+2aSin@3Db
2

a
4
SSin@2D+4aSin@Df
2
+6Sin@2Df
3
4a
2
Sin@2Dm
1
12aSin@3Dm
2
2a
4


u
rIni
= FullSimplify@urDTrigReduce

1
2
HCos@Da
0
ra
1
+ra
1
2r
2
Cos@Da
2
+
r
2
Cos@Da
2
Cos@Db
0
rCos@2Db
1
r
2
Cos@3Db
2
L

44
u
r1Ini
= FullSimplify@ur1DTrigReduce

1
8r
3
1
Hr
4
S+r
4
S1+2r
4
SCos@2D4r
2
f
1
4rCos@Df
2
4Cos@2Df
3
+
4r
2
Cos@2Dm
1
+4r
2
1Cos@2Dm
1
+8rCos@3Dm
2
+4r1Cos@3Dm
2
L

u
r
=HFullSimplify@u
rIni
TrigReduceDL.ra
u
r1
=HFullSimplify@u
r1Ini
TrigReduceDL.r a

aH1+La
1
+Cos@DHa
0
+a
2
H2+La
2
b
0
LaCos@2Db
1
a
2
Cos@3Db
2
2

1
8a
3
1
Ha
4
SH1+1+2Cos@2DL4Cos@2Df
3
+
4aHaf
1
Cos@Df
2
+aH1+1LCos@2Dm
1
+H2+1LCos@3Dm
2
LL

u
1Ini
= HComplexExpand@ui1DTrigReduceL.Cos@D^2 + Sin@D^2 1

1
4r
3
1
Hr
4
SSin@2D2rSin@Df
2
2Sin@2Df
3
+
2r
2
Sin@2Dm
1
2r
2
1Sin@2Dm
1
+4rSin@3Dm
2
2r1Sin@3Dm
2
L

=HSimplify@u
Ini
DTrigReduceL.ra
u
1
=HSimplify@u
1Ini
DTrigReduceL.r a

Sin@Da
0
+2a
2
Sin@Da
2
+a
2
Sin@Da
2
+Sin@Db
0
+aSin@2Db
1
+a
2
Sin@3Db
2
2
1
4a
3
1
Ha
4
SSin@2D2aSin@Df
2
2Sin@2Df
3
+
2a
2
Sin@2Dm
1
2a
2
1Sin@2Dm
1
+4aSin@3Dm
2
2a1Sin@3Dm
2
L

45
THE SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS THAT HAVE TO BE SOLVED TO
FINDTHECONSTANTS
Eq1 = FullSimplify@ Coefficient@
rr
Expand, Cos@DD
Coefficient@
rr1
Expand, Cos@DDD

2aa
2

2f
2
a
3

Eq2 = FullSimplify@Coefficient@
rr
Expand, Cos@2 DD
Coefficient@
rr1
Expand, Cos@2 DDD

S
2
b
1

3f
3
a
4
+
4m
1
a
2

Eq3 = FullSimplify@Coefficient@
rr
Expand, Cos@3 DD
Coefficient@
rr1
Expand, Cos@3 DDD

2ab
2
+
10m
2
a
3

Eq4 = FullSimplify@Coefficient@
r
Expand, Sin@DD
Coefficient@
r1
Expand, Sin@DDD

2aa
2

2f
2
a
3

Eq5=
FullSimplify@Coefficient@
r
Expand, Sin@2 DD
Coefficient@
r1
Expand, Sin@2 DDD

S
2
+b
1

3f
3
a
4
+
2m
1
a
2

Eq6 = FullSimplify@Coefficient@
r
Expand, Sin@3 DD
Coefficient@
r1
Expand, Sin@3 DDD

2ab
2
+
6m
2
a
3

46
Eq7=
Expand@Coefficient@u
r
Expand,Cos@DDCoefficient@u
r1
Expand, Cos@DDD

a
0
2

a
2
a
2

+
a
2
a
2
2

b
0
2
+
f
2
2a
2
1

Eq8=
Expand@Coefficient@u
r
Expand, Cos@2DDCoefficient@u
r1
Expand,Cos@2DDD

aS
41

ab
1
2
+
f
3
2a
3
1

m
1
2a1

1m
1
2a1

Eq9=Coefficient@u
r
Expand, Cos@3DDCoefficient@u
r1
Expand,Cos@3DD

a
2
b
2
2

m
2
a
2
1

1m
2
2a
2
1

Eq10= Coefficient@u

Expand, Sin@DDCoefficient@u
1
Expand, Sin@DD

a
0
2
+
a
2
a
2

+
a
2
a
2
2
+
b
0
2
+
f
2
2a
2
1

Eq11=Coefficient@u

Expand, Sin@2DDCoefficient@u
1
Expand,Sin@2DD

aS
41
+
ab
1
2
+
f
3
2a
3
1

m
1
2a1
+
1m
1
2a1

Eq12=Coefficient@u

Expand, Sin@3DDCoefficient@u
1
Expand,Sin@3DD

a
2
b
2
2

m
2
a
2
1
+
1m
2
2a
2
1

Eq13=
Expand@u
r
Coefficient@u
r
, Cos@DDCos@D
Coefficient@u
r
, Cos@2DDCos@2DCoefficient@u
r
,Cos@3DDCos@3D
Hu
r1
Coefficient@u
r1
,Cos@DDCos@DCoefficient@u
r1
,Cos@2DDCos@2D
Coefficient@u
r1
, Cos@3DDCos@3DLD

47
aS
81

aS1
81

aa
1
2
+
aa
1
2
+
f
1
2a1

Eq14=FullSimplify@u

Coefficient@u

, Sin@DDSin@D
Coefficient@u

, Sin@2DDSin@2DCoefficient@u

,Sin@3DDSin@3D
Hu
1
Coefficient@u
1
,Sin@DDSin@DCoefficient@u
1
,Sin@2DDSin@2D
Coefficient@u
1
, Sin@3DDSin@3DLD

0

Eq15=FullSimplify@
rr
Coefficient@
rr
, Cos@DDCos@D
Coefficient@
rr
, Cos@2DDCos@2DCoefficient@
rr
,Cos@3DDCos@3D
H
rr1
Coefficient@
rr1
,Cos@DDCos@D
Coefficient@
rr1
, Cos@2DDCos@2DCoefficient@
rr1
,Cos@3DDCos@3DLD

S
2
+2a
1

f
1
a
2

Eq16=FullSimplify@
r
Coefficient@
r
, Sin@DDSin@D
Coefficient@
r
, Sin@2DDSin@2DCoefficient@
r
,Sin@3DDSin@3D
H
r1
Coefficient@
r1
,Sin@DDSin@D
Coefficient@
r1
, Sin@2DDSin@2DCoefficient@
r1
,Sin@3DDSin@3DLD
0

Solve@8Eq130, Eq150<, 8a
1
, f
1
<D

99a
1

SS1
4H21+1L
,f
1

aHaS+aS1+aS1aS1L
2H21+1L
==

Solve@8Eq1 0,Eq2 0, Eq3 0,Eq40,Eq60,Eq90,Eq110,

Eq80, Eq12 0, Eq70,Eq100,Eq130,Eq15 0<,
8a
0
,a
2
,b
0
,f
2
,b
1
,b
2
,m
1
,m
2
,f
3
,f
1
,a
1
<D

48
99b
0
a
0
,f
1

a
2
S
2
+
a
2
HS+S1L
2H21+1L
,a
1

HS+S1L
4H21+1L
,b
1

S+S1
2H1+1L
,
f
3

a
4
Sa
4
S1
2H1+1L
,m
1

a
2
HSS1L
2H1+1L
,f
2
0,a
2
0,b
2
0,m
2
0==

RADIALSTRESSESONTHEINNERANDOUTERPARTS

rrFinal
=H
rrIni
L.a
1

HS+S1L
4H21+1L
.b
1

S+S1
2H1+1L
.a
2
0.b
2
0

HS+S1L
2H21+1L
+
HS+S1LCos@2D
2H1+1L

rr1Final
=
ExpandAH
rr1Ini
L.f
3

a
4
Sa
4
S1
2H1+1L
.m
1

a
2
HSS1L
2H1+1L
.f
2
0.m
2
0.
f
1

aHaS+aS1+aS1aS1L
2H21+1L
E

S
2

a
2
S
2r
2
H21+1L
+
a
2
S1
2r
2
H21+1L
+
a
2
S1
2r
2
H21+1L

a
2
S1
2r
2
H21+1L
+
1
2
SCos@2D
3a
4
SCos@2D
2r
4
H1+1L
+
2a
2
SCos@2D
r
2
H1+1L
+
3a
4
S1Cos@2D
2r
4
H1+1L

2a
2
S1Cos@2D
r
2
H1+1L

SHEARSTRESSESONTHEINNERANDOUTERPART

rFinal
= H
rIni
L.b
1

S+S1
2H1+1L
.a
2
0. b
2
0

HS+S1LSin@2D
2H1+1L

49

r1Final
=
ExpandA
r1Ini
.f
3

a
4
Sa
4
S1
2H1+1L
.m
1

a
2
HSS1L
2H1+1L
.f
2
0.m
2
0E

1
2
SSin@2D
3a
4
SSin@2D
2r
4
H1+1L
+
a
2
SSin@2D
r
2
H1+1L
+
3a
4
S1Sin@2D
2r
4
H1+1L

a
2
S1Sin@2D
r
2
H1+1L

ANGULARSTRESSESONTHEINNERANDOUTERPARTS

Final
=
FullSimplifyA
Ini
.a
1

HS+S1L
4H21+1L
.b
1

S+S1
2H1+1L
.a
2
0.b
2
0E

1
2
SH1+1LJ
1
2+H1+L1

Cos@2D
1+1
N

1Final
=
ExpandA
1Ini
.f
1

a
2
S
2
+
a
2
HS+S1L
2H21+1L
.f
3

a
4
Sa
4
S1
2H1+1L
.m
2
0.
f
2
0E

S
2
+
a
2
S
2r
2

a
2
S
2r
2
H21+1L

a
2
S1
2r
2
H21+1L

1
2
SCos@2D+
3a
4
SCos@2D
2r
4
H1+1L

3a
4
S1Cos@2D
2r
4
H1+1L

RADIAL DISPLACEMENTS FOR THE INNER DISC AND THE OUTER

PLATE
u
rFinal
= FullSimplifyAu
rIni
.a
0

b
0

.b
1
0.a
1

HS+S1L
4H21+1L
,
b
1

S+S1
2H1+1L
.a
2
0.b
2
0E

50
rHSH1+LH1+1L+4rH2+H1+L1LHH2+LCos@Da
2
Cos@3Db
2
LL
8H2+H1+L1L

u
r1Final
=
FullSimplifyA
u
r1Ini
.f
1

a
2
S
2
+
a
2
HS+S1L
2H21+1L
.f
3

a
4
Sa
4
S1
2H1+1L
.
m
1

a
2
HSS1L
2H1+1L
.f
2
0.m
2
0E

1
8r
3
1
i
k
S
i
k
r
2
Hr
2
H1+1LH2+H1+L1L2a
2
HH1+1L+11LL
2+H1+L1
+
2Ha
4
H1L+a
2
r
2
H1+1LH+1L+r
4
H1+1LLCos@2D
1+1
y
{
y
{

ANGULARDISPLACEMENTSFORTHE INNERDISCANDTHEOUTER
PLATE
u
Final
= FullSimplifyAu
Ini
.b
0
a
0
.b
1

S+S1
2H1+1L
.a
2
0.b
2
0E

rSH1+1LSin@2D
4H1+1L

u
1Final
=
FullSimplifyAu
1Ini
.f
3

a
4
Sa
4
S1
2H1+1L
.m
1

a
2
HSS1L
2H1+1L
.f
2
0.m
2
0E

SHa
4
H+1L+a
2
r
2
H1+1LH+1L+r
4
H1+1LLSin@2D
4r
3
1H1+1L

51
VERIFICATIONOFTHEEQUILIBRIUMEQUATIONS

Simplify@D@
rrFinal
,rD+D@
rFinal
,D1r + H
rrFinal

Final
LrD

Simplify@D@
rr1Final
,rD+ D@
r1Final
,D1r+H
rr1Final

1Final
LrD

Simplify@D@
rFinal
, rD + D@
Final
,D1r +H2
rFinal
rLD

Simplify@D@
r1Final
, rD + D@
1Final
,D1r +2
r1Final
rD

52

REFERENCES
[1] Sadd, Martin H. (2005). Elasticity: Theory, Applications and Numerics (pp.
123-259).Burlington,MA.:ElsevierAcademicPress.
[2] Wolfram, Stephen (1988). Mathematica: A System for Doing Mathematics by
Computer.RedwoodCity,CA.:Addison-Wesley.
[3] Martin, Emily (1996). Mathematica 3.0: Standard Add-On Packages.
Champaign,IL.:WoolframMedia
[4] Hearn, E. J. (1985). Mechanics of Materials (2
nd
Ed.). Elmsford, N.Y.:
PergamonPress.
[5] L.M. Milne-Thomson (1960). Theoretical Hydrodynamics (4
th
Ed.). N.Y.: The
MacmillanCompany(pp.128-134).
[6] Sokolnikoff, I.S. (1956). Mathematical Theory of Elasticity (2
nd
Ed.). N.Y.:
McGraw-Hill.
[7] Ian McLeod & Hao Yu. Timing Comparisons ofMathematica, MATLAB, R, S-
Plus, C & Fortran, published in March 2002 located at
http://www.stats.uwo.ca/faculty/aim/epubs/MatrixInverseTiming/default.htm
[8] Wolfram Research. Mathematica: The Smart Approach to Engineering
Education, published in 2001 located at
http://www.wolfram.com/solutions/engineering/enged.pdf

53

BIOGRAPHICALINFORMATION
Dharshini, finished her Bachelors in Mechanical Engineering from Vijaynagar
Engineering college, Bellary, Karnataka, India. She worked on a project in Hindustan
Aeronautics Limited for three months and realized her interest in design and analyses.
InJanuary2004sheleftherhomelandtopursueherdream.ShegraduatedasaMaster
ofScienceinMechanicalEngineeringinDecember2005fromtheUniversityofTexas
at Arlington, with a great deal of confidence and knowledge and the satisfaction of
beingastepclosertohergoal.