S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1

REVISION 1

NAVAL SHIPS TECHNICAL MANUAL CHAPTER 223 VOLUME 2

SUBMARINE AND DEEP SUBMERSIBLE STORAGE BATTERIES (SILVER-ZINC BATTERIES)

THIS CHAPTER SUPERSEDES CHAPTER 223, VOLUME 2 DATED 1 OCTOBER 1977 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT C: DISTRIBUTION AUTHORIZED TO U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND THEIR CONTRACTORS; ADMINISTRATIVE AND OPERATIONAL USE (1 OCTOBER 1977). OTHER REQUESTS FOR THIS DOCUMENT WILL BE REFERRED TO THE NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND (SEA-03Z61). DESTRUCTION NOTICE: DESTROY BY ANY METHOD THAT WILL PREVENT DISCLOSURE OF CONTENTS OR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DOCUMENT.
PUBLISHED BY DIRECTION OF COMMANDER, NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND.

1 SEP 1999 TITLE-1

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S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1

CERTIFICATION SHEET

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S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter/Paragraph 223 SUBMARINE AND DEEP SUBMERSIBLE STORAGE BATTERIES (SILVER-ZINC BATTERIES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page

223-1 223-1 223-1 223-1 223-1 223-2 223-2 223-2 223-2 223-3 223-3 223-3 223-3 223-4 223-4 223-4 223-4 223-5 223-5 223-5 223-6 223-6 223-6 223-6 223-7 223-7 223-7 223-7 223-8 223-8 223-8 i

SECTION 10 223-10.1 223-10.2 223-10.3

MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

223-10.4 BATTERY THEORY, REACTIONS, AND PHENOMENA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.4.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.4.2 REACTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.5 CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

223-10.6 VOLTAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.6.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.6.2 USE OF THE MANUFACTURERS TECHNICAL MANUAL. 223-10.6.3 VOLTAGE MONITOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.6.4 OVERCHARGE CONDITION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.7 ELECTROLYTE LEVEL CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.7.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.7.2 EFFECT OF INSUFFICIENT ELECTROLYTE. 223-10.7.3 EFFECT OF OVERFILLING ELECTROLYTE. 223-10.8 HEAT 223-10.8.1 223-10.8.2 223-10.8.3 223-10.9 223-10.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GENERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CHARGE ACCEPTANCE. . . . EFFECT OF CELL CONFIGURATION LAYOUT. . . . . . . . . . .

GAS EVOLUTION

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CELL REVERSAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

223-10.11 CAPACITY LOSS . . . . . . . . . 223-10.11.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . 223-10.11.2 NATURAL CAUSES. . . . 223-10.11.3 INDUCED CAUSES. . . . 223-10.11.4 MECHANICAL CAUSES. 223-10.12 223-10.13 INTERNAL CELL SHORTING

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SPILL ANGLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Chapter/Paragraph 223-10.14 BATTERY CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.14.1 DESCRIPTION AND IDENTIFICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.14.2 BATTERY LOCATION AND DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.15 223-10.16 PRESSURE COMPENSATION IN EXTERNAL BATTERIES Page 223-9 223-9 223-9

. . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10

CELL EXTERNAL DESIGN AND COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-15 223-15 223-15 223-15 223-16 223-16 223-16 223-17 223-17 223-18 223-19

223-10.17 CELL INTERNAL COMPONENTS . . . . 223-10.17.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.17.1.1 Positive Electrode. . . . 223-10.17.1.2 Negative Electrode. . . 223-10.17.1.3 Additives. . . . . . . . . 223-10.17.1.4 Separator Materials. . . 223-10.17.1.5 Electrolyte Composition. 223-10.17.1.6 Electrolyte Effect. . . . 223-10.17.1.7 Electrolyte Adjustment. 223-10.17.1.8 Electrolyte Protection. . 223-10.17.1.9 Firewalls. . . . . . . . .

223-10.18 INTERCELL CONNECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-19 223-10.18.1 NR-1 AND ALL SAFETY AND EMERGENCY BATTERIES. . . . . . . . . 223-19 223-10.18.2 DSRV, DSV (MAIN BATTERIES). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-19 223-10.19 BATTERY BOX COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . 223-10.19.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.19.1.1 Battery Box (Main Batteries). 223-10.19.1.2 Battery Cover. . . . . . . . . 223-10.19.1.3 Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-19 223-19 223-19 223-19 223-19 223-20 223-20 223-20 223-20 223-20 223-20 223-20 223-20

223-10.20 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.20.1 CELL VOLTAGE MONITORING SYSTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.20.2 VOLTMETERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.20.3 AMMETERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.20.4 AMPERE-HOUR METERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.20.5 HYDROGEN DETECTORS IN INTERNAL BATTERIES (NR-1 ONLY). 223-10.20.6 GROUND DETECTOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.20.7 TEMPERATURE SENSORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10.21 223-10.22 223-10.23 223-10.24

CHARGING AND DISCHARGING EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-20 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-20

ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT NOT SUPPLIED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-20 GUARANTEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-21

ii

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Chapter/Paragraph 223-10.25 223-10.26 SECTION 11 223-11.1 Page ACTION IN CASE OF FAILURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-21 FINAL CAPACITY TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-21 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-21 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-22 223-22 223-22 223-22 223-22 223-22 223-22 223-22 223-23 223-23 223-23 223-23 223-23 223-23 223-24 223-24 223-24 223-24 223-24 223-24 223-25 223-25 223-25 223-26 223-26

223-11.2 SAFETY EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.2.1 FIRE EXTINGUISHER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.2.2 FACE SHIELD AND GOGGLES. . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.2.3 RUBBER GLOVES AND NEOPRENE SHEETING. 223-11.2.4 INSULATED TOOLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.2.5 VASELINE OR PETROLATUM. . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.2.6 FIRE RETARDANT ENGINEERING COVERALLS. 223-11.2.7 FIRST AID MATERIALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.2.8 GLASS BEAKER OR LARGE TEST TUBE. . . . . 223-11.2.9 RAGS OR TOWELS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.3 HAZARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.3.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.3.2 ELECTRICAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.3.3 GROUNDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.3.4 HYDROGEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.3.4.1 Concentration and Safety. 223-11.3.4.2 Ventilation. . . . . . . . . 223-11.3.4.3 Fire Hazards. . . . . . . . 223-11.3.5 ELECTROLYTE . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.3.5.1 Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.3.5.2 Protective Clothing. . . . 223-11.3.5.3 Antidotes. . . . . . . . . . 223-11.3.6 SEAWATER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-11.3.7 MERCURY (DSRV ONLY). . . . . . 223-11.3.8 HOT SHORT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 12 223-12.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SHIPMENT, STORAGE, AND PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT . . . . . . . . 223-26 SHIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-26 CELLS AND BATTERIES . . . GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . DRY, UNCHARGED CELLS. WET CELLS. . . . . . . . . . CRATING NEW CELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-26 223-26 223-26 223-26 223-26

223-12.2 NEW 223-12.2.1 223-12.2.2 223-12.2.3 223-12.2.4

223-12.3 INSPECTION UPON ARRIVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-27 223-12.3.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-27 iii

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Chapter/Paragraph 223-12.3.2 223-12.3.3 223-12.3.4 223-12.3.5 223-12.3.6 223-12.3.7 NOTIFICATION OF MANUFACTURER. . . . DAMAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EQUIPMENT NEEDED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . REMOVING CELLS FROM PACKING CASE. DRY CELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WET CELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 223-27 223-27 223-27 223-27 223-27 223-27 223-28 223-28 223-28 223-28

223-12.4 STORAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-12.4.1 DRY STATE STORAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-12.4.2 WET CHARGED STATE STORAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . 223-12.4.3 WET DISCHARGED STATE STORAGE. . . . . . . . . . 223-12.4.4 LONG WET STORAGE (CHARGED OR DISCHARGED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-12.5 PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT . . . . . . . 223-12.5.1 DISCHARGE OF WET CELLS. . . . 223-12.5.2 DISCHARGE CAPACITY. . . . . . . . 223-12.5.3 VOLTAGE CUTOFF. . . . . . . . . . . 223-12.5.4 USABLE BATTERIES OR CELLS. . . 223-12.5.5 UNUSABLE BATTERIES OR CELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NR-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ONLY). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 223-29 . . . . . . 223-29 223-29 223-29 223-29 223-29 223-29

223-12.6 DESTINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-29 223-12.6.1 USABLE BATTERIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-29 223-12.6.2 UNUSABLE BATTERIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-29 223-12.7 223-12.8 SECTION 13 223-13.1 223-13.2 223-13.3 223-13.4 PACKING AND PACKAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-30 MODE OF TRANSPORTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-30 PREPARATION AND INSTALLATION SAFETY PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-30

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-30

ELECTRICAL (NR-1 ONLY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-30 ELECTROLYTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-30 HYDROGEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-31 223-31 223-31 223-31 223-31

223-13.5 PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-13.5.1 FILLING CELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . 223-13.5.2 ASSEMBLING BATTERY. . . . . . 223-13.5.3 FORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-13.5.4 CELL INSTALLATION MATERIAL.

223-13.6 INSTALLATION OF NR-1 BATTERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-31 223-13.6.1 OLD BATTERY REMOVAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-31 iv

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Chapter/Paragraph 223-13.6.2 NEW CELL TESTING. . . . . . . . . 223-13.6.2.1 Leakage. . . . . . . . . . 223-13.6.2.2 Dielectric Test. . . . . . . 223-13.6.2.3 Wedging and Numbering. 223-13.6.2.4 Intercell Connectors. . . . 223-13.6.2.5 Voltage Monitor Leads. . 223-13.6.2.6 Level Indicators. . . . . . 223-13.6.2.7 Temperature Sensors. . . 223-13.7 223-13.8 223-13.9 SECTION 14 223-14.1 223-14.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 223-31 223-32 223-32 223-33 223-33 223-33 223-33 223-33

TESTING AFTER INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-34 PLACING BATTERY IN SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-34 OIL AND DYE FILLING FOR EXTERNAL BATTERIES OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-34

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-34

GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-34 BATTERY VENTILATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-35 223-35 223-35 223-35

223-14.3 SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.3.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.3.2 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS. 223-14.3.3 GROUND RESISTANCE. . . . .

223-14.4 BATTERY TEMPERATURE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-35 223-14.4.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-35 223-14.4.2 AIR-COOLED BATTERIES (NR-1 ONLY). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-35 223-14.5 JUMPERED CELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-36 223-36 223-36 223-36 223-36 223-36 223-37 223-37 223-37 223-37 223-37 223-38 223-38 223-38 v

223-14.6 OPERATING PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.6.1 OVERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.6.2 OPEN CIRCUIT STAND. . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.6.3 CONNECTED TO DC BUS (NR-1 ONLY). 223-14.7 CHARGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.7.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. . 223-14.7.2 WHEN TO CHARGE. . . . . . . . . 223-14.7.3 NORMAL CHARGE. . . . . . . . . . 223-14.7.4 OVERCHARGE. . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.7.5 PARTIAL CHARGE. . . . . . . . . . 223-14.7.6 FLOAT (NR-1 ONLY). . . . . . . . . 223-14.7.7 EQUALIZING CHARGE. . . . . . . 223-14.7.7.1 Individual Cell Charging. 223-14.7.8 CHARGE RATE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Chapter/Paragraph 223-14.7.9 223-14.7.10 Page CHARGE EFFICIENCY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-38 VOLTAGE LIMITS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-39 223-39 223-39 223-39 223-40 223-40 223-41 223-41 223-41 223-42

223-14.8 DISCHARGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.8.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.8.2 DISCHARGE RATE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.8.3 VOLTAGE LIMITS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.8.4 CAPACITY TEST DISCHARGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.8.5 DISCHARGE DURATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.8.6 DISCHARGE EFFICIENCY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.8.7 PARTIAL DISCHARGES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14.8.8 STATE OF CHARGE OF A PARTIALLY DISCHARGED BATTERY. 223-14.8.9 DETERMINATION OF STATE OF CHARGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 15 223-15.1 223-15.2 223-15.3 223-15.4

MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-43 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-43 CAPACITY MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-43

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-44 223-44 223-44 223-44 223-44 223-44 223-44 223-44 223-44 223-44 223-45 223-45 223-45 223-45 223-45 223-45 223-45 223-45 223-45 223-46 223-46 223-46

223-15.5 STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-15.5.1 VOLTAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-15.5.2 CAPACITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-15.5.3 ELECTROLYTE LEVEL. . . . . . . . . . 223-15.5.3.1 Level Indicators. . . . . . . . . 223-15.5.3.2 Proper Level. . . . . . . . . . . 223-15.5.4 GROUND RESISTANCE. . . . . . . . . . 223-15.5.5 METERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-15.5.6 VENTILATION SYSTEM (NR-1 ONLY). 223-15.5.7 CELL SEALS (NR-1 ONLY). . . . . . . . 223-15.5.8 BATTERY SEALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-15.5.9 GENERAL CLEANLINESS. . . . . . . . . 223-15.5.10 MAINTENANCE DISCHARGE. . . . . . 223-15.6 SHIPBOARD ACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-15.6.1 VOLTAGE CHECK. . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-15.6.2 CAPACITY TEST DISCHARGE. . . . . . 223-15.6.3 ELECTROLYTE LEVEL CHECK. . . . . 223-15.6.3.1 Clean Indicators (NR-1 Only). 223-15.6.3.2 Check Levels. . . . . . . . . . 223-15.6.3.3 Adjust Levels. . . . . . . . . . 223-15.6.4 GROUND RESISTANCE. . . . . . . . . . 223-15.6.5 METERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Chapter/Paragraph 223-15.6.6 223-15.6.7 223-15.6.8 223-15.6.9 223-15.6.10 223-15.6.11 VENTILATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CELL SEALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BATTERY SEALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL CLEANLINESS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . FLASH ARRESTERS (NR-1 ONLY). . . . . . . . . ELECTROLYTE ENTRAINMENT ELIMINATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (DSRV AND DSV). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 223-46 223-46 223-47 223-47 223-47 223-47 223-48 223-48 223-48 223-48 223-48 223-48

223-15.7 PROLONGING BATTERY LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-15.7.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-15.7.2 OPEN CIRCUIT VS FLOAT. . . . . . . . . . 223-15.7.3 TEMPORARY STORAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . 223-15.7.4 LOW TEMPERATURE STORAGE. . . . . . 223-15.7.5 PERIOD OF INACTIVITY - ELECTROLYTE SECTION 16 223-16.1 223-16.2 223-16.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LEVEL.

BATTERY FAILURE AND CORRECTIVE ACTION

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-48

FAILURE CAUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-48 ACCELERATION BY IMPROPER TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-48 ELIMINATION OF FAILED CELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-49

223-16.4 CAPACITY LOSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-49 223-16.4.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-49 223-16.4.2 CAUSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-49 223-16.5 LIMITING CELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-50 223-50 223-50 223-50 223-50 223-50 223-50 223-51 223-51 223-51 223-51 223-51 223-51 223-51 223-52 223-52

223-16.6 INTERNAL SHORTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-16.6.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-16.6.2 DETECTION OF SHORTS. . . . . . . . . . . 223-16.6.2.1 Charged Stand. . . . . . . . . . . . 223-16.6.2.2 Float. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-16.6.2.3 Charge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-16.6.2.4 Discharge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-16.6.3 VERIFICATION OF SUSPECTED SHORTS. 223-16.6.3.1 Charged Stand. . . . . . . . . . . . 223-16.6.3.2 Float. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-16.6.3.3 Charge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-16.6.3.4 Discharge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-16.6.4 ACTION TO BE TAKEN. . . . . . . . . . . . 223-16.6.4.1 Slow Short. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-16.6.4.2 Hot Short. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-16.6.4.3 Troubleshooting Diagram. . . . . .

223-16.7 RESTORING BATTERY CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-53 223-16.7.1 CAUSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-53 vii

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Chapter/Paragraph 223-16.7.2 SECTION 17 PROCEDURE. Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-53

INSPECTION AND REPAIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-54

223-17.1 PREPARING NEW CELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-54 223-17.1.1 SPARE CELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-54 223-17.1.2 ELECTROLYTE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-54 223-17.2 FILLING SPARE CELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-55 223-55 223-56 223-56 223-56

223-17.3 FORMATION . . . . . . . 223-17.3.1 GENERAL. . . . . 223-17.3.2 INITIAL CHARGE. 223-17.3.3 DISCHARGE. . . . 223-17.3.4 RECHARGE. . . . 223-17.4

INSTALLATION OF SPARE CELLS . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-57 223-57 223-57 223-57

223-17.5 FLASH ARRESTER (NR-1) . . 223-17.5.1 CLEANING. . . . . . . . 223-17.5.2 REPAIR. . . . . . . . . . 223-17.5.3 REPLACEMENT. . . . .

223-17.6 REDUCING GROUNDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-57 223-17.6.1 RESISTANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-57 223-17.6.2 CLEANING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-57 SECTION 18 223-18.1 BATTERY RECORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-57 EQUIVALENT CYCLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-58 223-58 223-58 223-58 223-58 223-58 223-58 223-58 223-59 223-59 223-59 223-59 223-59 223-59

223-18.2 TYPES OF RECORDS . . . . . . . . 223-18.2.1 VOLTAGES. . . . . . . . . . . 223-18.2.2 CHARGING. . . . . . . . . . 223-18.2.3 DISCHARGING. . . . . . . . 223-18.2.4 MONTHLY REPORT. . . . . 223-18.2.5 BATTERY RECORD BOOK.

223-18.3 BATTERY RECORD BOOK INSTRUCTIONS . . . . 223-18.3.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-18.3.2 ENTRIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-18.3.3 COPIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-18.3.4 NEW BOOKS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-18.3.5 COVER PAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-18.3.6 SECTION A - REMARKS. . . . . . . . . . . . 223-18.3.7 SECTION B - CONDENSED SUMMARY OF

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHARGES.

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S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Chapter/Paragraph 223-18.3.8 223-18.3.9 223-18.3.10 223-18.3.11 223-18.3.12 A. SECTION C - SUMMARY OF TEST DISCHARGES AND TRIAL RUNS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION D - MAINTENANCE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION E - CELL FAILURE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION F - CHARGE AND DISCHARGE LOG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION G - DAILY ICV LOG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 223-60 223-60 223-61 223-61 223-61 0-0

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ix

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 LIST OF TABLES Table 223-10-1 223-10-2 233-10-3 223-10-4 223-15-1 223-18-1 Title ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 223-1 223-9

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TOP NUT TORQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-14 ELECTROLYTE SPECIFICATIONS (45% KOH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-17

METER ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-44 ABBREVIATIONS FOR REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-60

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Title CERTIFICATION SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10-1 223-10-2 223-10-3 223-10-4 223-10-5 223-10-6 223-14-1 223-14-2 223-16-1 Typical Discharge Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical Charge Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 0-2 223-5 223-5

Silver - Zinc Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-10 Silver-Zinc Battery Components Installation of Battery Scanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-13

Electrolyte Level Indicator (Permanently Installed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-15 Capacity (%) Vs. Discharge Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-40

Discharge Efficiency Factor Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-42 Troubleshooting Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223-53

xi

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 NOTE THIS CHAPTER HAS BEEN REFORMATTED FORM DOUBLE COLUMN TO SINGLE COLUMN TO SUPPORT THE NSTM DATABASE. THE CONTENT OF THIS CHAPTER HAS NOT BEEN CHANGED.

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S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 CHAPTER 223 SUBMARINE AND DEEP SUBMERSIBLE STORAGE BATTERIES (SILVER-ZINC BATTERIES) SECTION 10 GENERAL 223-10.1 DESCRIPTION

223-10.1.1 The silver-zinc battery differs considerably from the more familiar lead-acid battery, and to some extent from other alkaline batteries such as nickel-cadmium or nickel-iron. In the uncharged state, negative electrodes consist of zinc-oxide on a silver grid, and positive electrodes consist of sintered silver powder on a silver grid. Plates of opposite polarities are separated by several layers of semi-permeable membrane material. The electrolyte is a solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH), a strong alkali. The energy available from silver-zinc batteries is several times that achieved with a lead-acid battery of equivalent size or weight. 223-10.2 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

223-10.2.1 Table 223-10-1 lists abbreviations and symbols used in discussion of the silver-zinc battery. Table 223-10-1 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
Abbreviation A Ah CO2 E I ICV K KOH kWh mA MFV MJ MPa mV OH PKP P/N R V VCO Term Ampere Ampere-hour Carbon dioxide Potential (in volts) Current (in amperes) Individual cell voltage Hydrogen distribution factor Potassium hydroxide Kilowatt-hour milliamps Minimum Final Voltage Megajoule Megapascal millivolts Hydroxyl ion Purple K Type Fire Extinguisher Part Number Resistance (in ohms) Volt(s) Voltage cutoff

223-10.3

MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS

223-10.3.1 Conversion of U.S. customary units of measurement to the International System of units (SI) is in accordance with Metric Practice Guide, ASTM-E 380. Rounding of converted quantities to the proper number of 223-1

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 signicant digits is intended to be consistent with required precision. Where great precision is not required, conversion is approximate. NSTM Chapter 223, Volume 1 (Appendix A) carries conversion tables to be used as needed. 223-10.4 BATTERY THEORY, REACTIONS, AND PHENOMENA

223-10.4.1 GENERAL. Although a storage battery supplies electrical energy on discharge, it stores chemical energy, rather than electrical energy. On discharge, chemical energy stored in the battery is converted to electrical energy which is delivered to an external circuit. Active materials in the battery are converted during discharge to inactive materials which cannot supply electrical energy. To restore the battery to a condition in which it again can supply electrical energy, the battery is subjected to electrical energy from an outside source. Current is forced through the battery in a direction opposite to the discharge current ow. This reconverts inactive material to active material so it again can deliver electrical energy. This is known as battery charging. 223-10.4.1.1 The direction of current ow in the external circuit connecting the battery terminals is conventionally dened as being from positive terminals on discharge, and to positive terminals on charge. Electrical energy which must be supplied to charge any battery, from completely discharged to a fully charged condition, is always greater than the energy the battery will supply on discharge. 223-10.4.1.2 The energy (kWh) efficiency of the silver-zinc cell is approximately 75 percent. On the other hand, the coulombic (Ah) efficiency of the silver-zinc cell is normally 95 to 98 percent. This is considerably higher than the efficiency of lead-acid, nickel-iron, or nickel-cadmium systems. 223-10.4.2 REACTIONS. Reversible () chemical reactions which occur on charge and discharge are shown by the following simplied equation:

The above equation shows that zinc is converted to zinc-oxide at the negative electrode during discharge while divalent silver oxide (AgO) is converted to silver (Ag) at the positive electrode. An intermediate conversion is not shown in the equations. On discharge, divalent silver oxide (AgO) is converted to monovalent silver oxide (Ag2 O) then to silver metal, and on charge, silver is converted to monoxide silver, then to dioxide silver. 223-10.5 CAPACITY

223-10.5.1 Cell capacity is expressed as the number of ampere-hours available for discharge, at a certain discharge rate, to a specic voltage cutoff. Ampere-hours are calculated from the discharge rate in amperes, and duration of discharge in hours. Life of the battery is determined from its total ampere-hour output. Total number 223-2

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 of ampere-hours discharged during the life of a battery is a measure of the amount of useful work done by the battery. In normal operation, the capacity loss is mainly due to the negative plates loss of active material from parts of the electrodes. 223-10.5.2 Under certain types of operation, such as successive very low rate discharges, the rechargeability of positive electrodes may be reduced. The battery should be discharged from a fully charged condition to the low voltage limit as prescribed by its manufacturer. This helps to recover full capacity. 223-10.5.3 Moderate to high rate shallow discharges are good for capacity maintenance. 223-10.5.4 When the battery is not in use for short periods (see paragraph 223-12.4.2), it is better to have the battery charged than partially discharged. For longer periods of inactivity, see paragraph 223-12.4.3 or 223-12.4.4. 223-10.6 VOLTAGE

223-10.6.1 GENERAL. After the cell has been charged according to the manufacturers instructions and charge is secured, voltage will drop quickly to 1.85 - 1.86 V. The 1.86 voltage level is attributed to the higher silver oxide (AgO) in which silver has a valence of two. If the cell is discharged enough to eliminate most of the higher silver oxide, the cell open circuit voltage drops to about 1.60 - 1.62 V. Discharge voltage is less than open circuit voltage by an amount approximately proportional to the current. A continuous discharge from the fully charged condition will result in a high initial voltage less than 1.86 V, which drops to a relatively constant value after about 25 percent discharge. This constant value is called the plateau voltage and is less than 1.60 V. On continuation of the discharge, voltage remains constant until the cell is about 90 percent discharged, thereafter, voltage drops sharply. Typical discharge voltage curves are shown in Figure 223-10-1. 223-10.6.1.1 Charge voltage is higher than open circuit voltage. If the cell was deeply discharged before the charge, voltage should be about 1.7 V at the start, rising sharply to about 1.95 V and then, more slowly, towards 2.0 V. If the current is maintained constant, voltage rises sharply to the limiting voltage (see Figure 223-10-2). This last rise corresponds to the beginning of oxygen evolution from positive electrodes. 223-10.6.2 USE OF THE MANUFACTURERS TECHNICAL MANUAL. The manufacturers technical manual gives the curves and data for a full battery, based on actual values from cells during early cycles. Initial voltage is read within ve seconds of the time when the load is applied. It is lower than the open circuit voltage by an amount equal to the voltage drop due to current and battery resistance. In guring the battery voltage at the one-hour rate, two percent was allowed for the voltage drop in terminal-to-bus connections or in the bus connections and switches between battery and load. Average voltage is useful in calculating power output of a full discharge to the proper cutoff voltage. Plateau voltage is that at portion of the discharge curves which includes most of the discharge. Final voltage is one of the two low voltage limits for the battery and serves as one of the discharge cutoff points, varying for each discharge rate as shown in the curve. The other cutoff point is the minimum voltage any cell reaches at a given discharge rate. 223-10.6.3 VOLTAGE MONITOR. A voltage monitor is part of ships electrical system. Its primary function is the continuous scanning of cell voltages during charge and discharge and indication of the high and low Individual Cell Voltage (ICV) of the battery. Although discharges can be continued until the rst cell reaches 1.0 V independently of the discharge rate, the minimum voltage (shown typically in the discharge characteristics in the ) must be observed. This margin provides an operational safety factor and takes into account time required to 223-3

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 scan the battery. Continuing a discharge may result in cell reversal and subsequent generation of heavy gassing, resulting in electrolyte spewage. A secondary but important use of the battery monitor is in detection of internal shorts as the battery ages. This is discussed in paragraph 223-16.7.

223-10.6.4 OVERCHARGE CONDITION. Late in the life of the battery, negative electrodes tend to limit cell capacity. Continuation of the charge after a cell has reached the designated cutoff voltage is termed overcharge. Overcharge must be avoided because it contributes to hydrogen evolution and leads to dendritic growth of negative active material into the separators, called zinc penetration. Zinc penetration of the separator will cause internal shorts. Zinc penetration actually is a function of negative plate potential rather than cell potential, but the latter is the only value readily measured in the eld. Critical negative plate potential at which zinc penetration begins is not reached when charging at low rates. Relatively high voltages observed at times on cells within a battery during oat or low rate charging are attributable to high internal resistance, and do not place the negative electrode at the critical potential. If approved by Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEASYSCOM), a higher cutoff voltage may be used under these conditions.

223-10.7

ELECTROLYTE LEVEL CHANGE

223-10.7.1 GENERAL. The height of the electrolyte in a cell is important for proper operation. There must be sufficient electrolyte for electrochemical reactions (see paragraph 223-10.4.2), yet not so much as to promote zinc bridging (see paragraph of 223-10.17.1.7.2) or electrolyte spillage through the vent. Most of the electrolyte is absorbed into electrodes and separators.

223-10.7.2 EFFECT OF INSUFFICIENT ELECTROLYTE. If insufficient electrolyte is available, charge acceptance is reduced. The only measurable level is that of the free electrolyte. Levels rise during high rate (charge or discharge) operation; they recede during open circuit stand. Levels also rise as voltage rises at the end of a charge. Electrolyte level change is related partially to displacement of the electrolyte by trapped or occluded gas in, or at, the electrodes, but the main cause is displacement of water during charge from inside the positive electrode bags to outside the positive bags. The process is reversed during discharge. The only electrolyte level measured is the level outside electrode bags.

223-4

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1

Figure 223-10-1 Typical Discharge Curves

Figure 223-10-2 Typical Charge Curves 223-10.7.3 EFFECT OF OVERFILLING ELECTROLYTE. Electrolyte must not be allowed to overow because such overow may cause a low battery-to-ground resistance. Additionally, it may also lead to terminalto-terminal on intercell shorts. A continuous path of electrolyte on terminals of adjacent cells will cause them to discharge through the electrolyte. Therefore, electrolyte levels must be checked frequently to ensure that they are neither too high nor too low. 223-10.8 HEAT GENERATION Heat generation in a battery results from internal resistance of the cells and current not 223-5

223-10.8.1 GENERAL.

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 used for electrochemical conversion. Heat also is generated in intercell bussing and cell terminals. Little heat is dissipated to ambient because of the close proximity of cells. Heat build-up in a cell is not desirable because it is detrimental to cell life. 223-10.8.2 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CHARGE ACCEPTANCE. As battery temperature increases, charge acceptance increases. In addition, there is also an increase in gas evolution and deterioration rate of organic separator materials. The silver-zinc battery does not have a temperature rise at the end of charge, since charge is terminated when gassing starts. 223-10.8.3 EFFECT OF CELL CONFIGURATION LAYOUT. In some batteries, the cell conguration layout is such that center cells are usually hotter than outside cells. If charged in this condition, some electrical unbalance of the battery will develop. Normally this will correct itself during a periodic oat for maintenance. However, if the discharge has been at a high rate, allow a few hours for temperatures to equalize, when possible, before beginning a charge. 223-10.9 GAS EVOLUTION

223-10.9.1 Gassing characteristics of silver-zinc cells are appreciably different from those of lead-acid cells. The gassing rate is not a factor in determining the end of a charge since the silver-zinc cell normally requires no overcharge with its accompanying heavy gas production. As a consequence, battery temperature is not normally high at the end of charge. 223-10.9.2 A small amount of gas representing self-discharge is evolved from silver-zinc cells at all times. In the normal charging procedure, negative plates are not charged to the point where they begin to gas hydrogen. Very little oxygen is produced by positive plates, except at the end of a constant current charge. 223-10.9.3 Charge and discharge inefficiencies as well as self-discharge reactions produce gas. Reaction rates, as well as volume of gas, increase with a rise in temperature. Since electrodes are in a tight pack, gas escapes slowly. 223-10.9.4 Gas produced during high rate discharge and open circuit stand is principally hydrogen, resulting from chemical interaction between negative active material and the electrolyte. The ideal oat current is equivalent to the cells self-discharge rate. If voltage is higher, charge energy will go into heat and gas, once one electrode or both positive and negative electrodes are fully charged. Voltages and, consequently, gassing rates can vary from one cell to another during oat. No toxic gases are produced. The wet separator materials have a slight odor. 223-10.10 CELL REVERSAL

223-10.10.1 Cell reversal results when a cell is discharged considerably beyond the normal cut-off voltage. If discharge is continued and cell voltage is permitted to approach zero, current owing through the battery will continue to ow through the zero voltage cell and will result in a change in relative polarity of the terminals of that cell. As current continues to ow, a voltage will develop across the terminals of that cell, opposite to the normal voltage. A cell in this condition is said to have experienced cell reversal. A reversed cell will gas vigorously. 223-6

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-10.10.2 When reversed, if positive plates have less capacity than negative plates, which is the usual case, the cell will evolve hydrogen. If the opposite is true, and the negatives are limiting, the cell will evolve oxygen. Any cell, after a long enough reversal, will evolve both gases. 223-10.10.3 Cell reversal should be avoided because of temperature buildup and electrolyte spewage with the vigorous gassing. Proper use of ICV monitoring equipment, and securing discharges at the minimum nal voltage will prevent cell reversal. 223-10.11 CAPACITY LOSS

223-10.11.1 GENERAL. Capacity loss is a common mode of failure for silver-zinc batteries. There will be an initial loss within a few cycles, followed by a very gradual loss for the remainder of usable life. Two causes of capacity loss are discussed in the following paragraphs. 223-10.11.2 NATURAL CAUSES. Natural causes relate to the inevitable degradation of cell materials with time and cycling. As cells age, there is a loss of active material, either by shedding or by migration into the separator. Furthermore, the remaining active materials suffer progressive passivation, due to changes in material structure. Very old cells may experience slow shorts which would appear as capacity loss. 223-10.11.3 INDUCED CAUSES. Although losses from natural causes are usually irreversible, there are others that are induced which may be corrected by a change in procedure. Some of these induced causes are described in the following paragraphs. 223-10.11.3.1 If oat voltage is too low to overcome normal self-discharge, it will fail to keep the cells in a permanent state of full charge; in the worst case they may lose as much capacity as if they were standing on open circuit. 223-10.11.3.2 If the amount of electrolyte in cells is insufficient for any reason (lled with improper amount, leakage, gassing due to overcharge or too high a oat voltage), cells will have poor charge acceptance, which results in low capacity. If the insufficiency is acute, cells may suffer permanent damage, in which case capacity losses will become irreversible. NOTE DSRV, DSV only: If cells are pressure-compensated with oil, insufficient electrolyte will allow oil to coat the tops of the electrodes, resulting in capacity loss. The amount of loss depends on how much of the electrode area is coated with oil. 223-10.11.3.3 The silver-zinc battery, as any other battery system, will lose capacity when charged and discharged at temperatures lower than the normal range of room temperature (16 to 30C (61 to 86F)). Losses are not signicant on discharge unless the temperature drops below 0C (32F) because of heat generated by the battery; furthermore, any such losses are fully recovered as soon as the battery is restored to room temperature. Charge acceptance is markedly reduced at lower temperatures and would appear as capacity loss. This effect is reversible. 223-7

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-10.11.3.4 Cells or batteries discharged at very low rates (50-hour rate or lower) to the cutoff voltage may not accept a normal recharge. This could result in a permanent loss if done repetitively, but is generally recoverable if recharged at a rate comparable to the rate at which the battery was discharged. Whenever possible, avoid very low rate discharges. 223-10.11.3.5 After an open circuit stand of several weeks or more, there is a capacity loss. It may take up to three cycles to recover full capacity. 223-10.11.4 MECHANICAL CAUSES. Capacity losses also may result from a variety of causes which are infrequent and are the effect of gross battery mistreatment. They are: a. Electrode or electrode tab breakage due to extreme levels of shock or vibration b. External short circuits c. Intercell current leakages due to electrolyte pools covering terminal areas of two or more cells d. Exposure to unusually high temperatures 223-10.12 INTERNAL CELL SHORTING

223-10.12.1 An internal short is any low resistance electrical connection between a positive and a negative plate within a cell. It may involve one or more pairs of adjacent plates. Since all plates of like polarity are in parallel, the energy of the entire cell may be dissipated through the short, instead of doing useful work as part of the battery. 223-10.12.2 Shorts seldom break once they are made. They often increase in intensity with time or cycling due to degradation of the adjacent separator by localized heating at the short. Every short varies in degree from every other, but a distinction is sometimes made in action required between a short which is vigorous enough to boil the electrolyte (hot short), and one which is not (mild short). A mild short may become hot if the affected cell is used during charges and discharges; therefore, it should be isolated from the battery circuit. 223-10.12.3 Any one or a combination of factors can promote an internal short. A mild short could result from zinc bridging over the top of the separator (see paragraph 223-10.17.1.7.2). Zinc dendrites tend to grow through the separator, particularly if a cell is overcharged. 223-10.12.4 Still another factor is chemical deterioration with time and temperature of the cellulosic separator in the electrolyte, regardless of cycling. Growth of sizable potassium salt crystals (oxalate and others), usually at positive electrode sites, places the separator under pressure points and may cause physical deterioration of the separator. 223-10.13 SPILL ANGLE

223-10.13.1 Spill angle is dened as the angular displacement from the vertical position beyond which electrolyte will ow out of the cell in a plane perpendicular to either the width or length dimension of the cell (corresponding to pitch or roll). The cell is designed for no-spill at a 45 angle. Even in an extreme condition where the electrolyte level could be relatively high, such as discharge at the 1-hour rate or a long charge, spill angle would still be 45. 223-8

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-10.14 BATTERY CONSTRUCTION

223-10.14.1 DESCRIPTION AND IDENTIFICATION. Batteries consist of series-connected cells of ample number to provide a desired nominal voltage for the system. Each manufacturer provides individual identication and instructions for the silver-zinc battery, which is designed for a specic use. For submersible vehicles, batteries may be located either internal or external to the pressure hull and, thus, will vary accordingly in design. In this text, a battery mounted external to the submarine pressure hull is referred to as an external battery. A battery mounted internal to the hull is referred to as an internal battery. 223-10.14.1.1 Cells for battery installation are delivered wet, formed, and charged in certain instances, dry in others. Spare cells are delivered dry and unformed. Table 223-10-2 lists characteristics of silver-zinc batteries used in deep submergence vehicles. Physical containment of the individual cells of a battery varies according to its use. (Refer to the specic description of the appropriate battery or cell in the manufacturers technical manual for more information.) Table 223-10-2 BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS
Battery Types Navy Designation: Location: Specication: DOD-BBatteries per vehicle Cells per battery Guarantee: Months Ah Discharge Dimensions (mm): Cell length Cell width Cell height Battery length Battery width Battery height Mass (kg) (wet) Max mass per cell Max mass per battery Electrical Characteristics Nominal Capacity (Ah) Battery Minimum Voltage (V) Battery Maximum Current (A) Main Batteries DSV (External) 24594 2 57 per box (30V and 60V) 18 26,000 140 95 496 DSRV (External) 24505 2 76 18 22,000 107 107 480 1,213 940 610 11.5 1045.0 700 100 300 NR-1 (Internal) 24507 1 150 24 26,000 121 116 480 Safety and Emergency Batteries DSV (Internal) 24531/5 2 18 12 1,500 N/A N/A N/A 238 103 191 DSRV (Internal) 24531/2 1 17 12 3,000 N/A N/A N/A 575 132 177 11.4

14 750 25 and 50 200

14.6 850 210 275

30 20 30

70 18 80

223-10.14.2 BATTERY LOCATION AND DESIGN. The construction of a typical silver-zinc battery is shown in Figure 223-10-3. Individual silver-zinc battery components are shown in Figure 223-10-4. Finally, Figure 223-10-5 depicts the installation of a silver-zinc battery scanner. a. Batteries installed internally (inside the ship) 1. NR-1. The main battery consists of individual cells connected in series and installed in the ship battery compartment. 223-9

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 2. DSV. The safety and emergency batteries are supplied as individual cells connected in series, the whole assembly taped. 3. DSRV. The safety and emergency battery is provided fully assembled in a box. b. Batteries installed externally (pressure-compensated) 1. DSRV, DSV. Both box and cover of the envelope are constructed of laminated berglass, the cover having a positive slope from all edges toward the center. Connectors or stuffing tubes are provided for the main power cables and the ICV cables.

Figure 223-10-3 Silver - Zinc Battery 223-10.15 PRESSURE COMPENSATION IN EXTERNAL BATTERIES

223-10.15.1 Pressure compensation is accomplished by lling the upper part of each cell, plus all voids in the battery box, with a nonreactive oil. The battery is then connected to a compensator which is part of the vehicles equipment. The compensator is also lled with oil and varies in volume with existing pressure. 223-10.15.2 As the vehicle descends into the sea and pressure increases, oil moves from the compensator into the battery box to make up for the volume reduction in the system. There is virtually no pressure differential across the walls of the battery box, but all cell and battery components may experience large compressive forces - the magnitude depending on the depth. At 1800 meters (5900 feet), these compressive forces amount to approximately 18 megapascals (MPa) (2610 psia). 223-10

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-10.15.3 Cells are open directly to the oil in the upper part of the battery box and the oil moves freely in and out of cells with pressure changes. The major part of the volume change with pressure is the compression of the gas in, or occluded on, the porous plates. As pressure increases, oil moves further down into the cell but, by design, will not reach the active area of the plates at any time if electrolyte is kept at proper level.

223-11

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1

Figure 223-10-4 Silver-Zinc Battery Components

223-12

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1

Figure 223-10-5 Installation of Battery Scanner

223-13

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-10.16 CELL EXTERNAL DESIGN AND COMPONENTS

223-10.16.1 Cells are designed so the electrolyte will not spill from the vent at angles to 45 degrees. Activated cells should not be laid on their sides; rough handling cannot be permitted. Components of a cell are described in the following paragraphs. a. Cell Jar. Cell jars are molded out of high-temperature thermoplastic material polysulfone (PS) a tough, rigid, high strength plastic material which does not soften up to 150 C (302 F). b. Cell Cover. Cell covers are molded out of the same thermoplastic material, polysulfone (PS). Where required, the cover contains openings for terminals, electrolyte level indicator, ash arrester, electrolyte entrainment eliminator, vent, and safety equipment. c. Cover-to-Jar Seal. The case-to-cover bonding is done with an epoxy-type or solvent adhesive compound. d. Cell Terminals. Cell terminals are threaded-type terminals which are made to accommodate large anged terminal nuts. In general, terminal material is silver-plated brass or copper. The at washer and nut on top of the cell must never be removed in the eld because they maintain the seal; removing them also could permit the terminal to slip out of the seat in the underside of the cover and the plate tube may twist upon retightening. The top nuts are used to lock intercell connectors to terminals. These nuts should be torqued as described in Table 223-10-3: e. Metal Insulation. NR-1. except for the top contact surface of terminals, all exposed metal surfaces of the cell cover components are insulated with an electrical insulating material such as epoxy-polyamide coating. DSRV, DSV (main batteries). Rubber insulated quick-disconnect intercell busbars are used (see paragraph 223-10.18). f. Electrolyte Level Indicator. NR-1. an acrylic plastic device, inserted in a level indicator opening in the cover, shows level conditions without opening the cell vent (see Figure 223-10-6). DSRV, DSV. levels are checked and adjusted in accordance with the manufacturers service manual. g. Flash Arresters. NR-1. a ash arrester limits access of air to the cell, prevents ame in the vicinity of the battery cover from igniting the gas under the cover, and serves as a removable plug for cell servicing. DSRV, DSV. none. h. Electrolyte Entrainment Eliminator. NR-1. none. DSRV, DSV. an electrolyte entrainment eliminator (also called bubble-breaker) is a device (mounted on the cover vent) which diffuses hydrogen bubbles, allowing gas to escape and electrolyte to ow back into the cell. i. Valve. NR-1. a valve is installed on the cover vent and sealed to the cover with an O-ring. DSRV, DSV (safety and emergency batteries only). valve is installed on the cover vent and sealed to the cover with an O-ring. j. Temperature Sensor. NR-1. has pilot cells with special holes in the terminals to accept temperature monitoring probes. DSRV, DSV. none. k. Cell Marking. The manufacturers serial number is stamped on the cover with lot number indicated on the case, near the bottom. In addition, cell position number in the battery is attached to the cover. Table 233-10-3 TOP NUT TORQUE
Main Batteries NR-1: 170-180 in-lbs. DSRV, DSV: 40-60 in-lbs. Safety and Emergency Batteries DSRV DSV: 35-40 in-lbs.

223-14

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1

Figure 223-10-6 Electrolyte Level Indicator (Permanently Installed) 223-10.17 CELL INTERNAL COMPONENTS

223-10.17.1 GENERAL.

Internal cell components are described in the following paragraphs.

223-10.17.1.1 Positive Electrode. A positive electrode is made of sintered silver powder over a silver metal collector. The material is porous, having less than half the density of the equivalent thickness of metal, and has a large active surface area. As the electrode is cycled (charged and discharged), silver particle size changes, and therefore its electrical characteristics change. For example, during low rate discharges, sizable clumps are produced which decrease active area and increase the difficulty of charging the mass. Silver metal is virtually insoluble in the electrolyte but the oxides produced during charge have a measurable solubility. Higher temperatures increase rate of reaction between silver oxides and separator material. Silver deposition in the separator, which may become electronically conductive, can shorten cell life. As much as twenty percent of the active material may be lost from positive electrodes over the cell lifetime, thus contributing to capacity loss.

223-10.17.1.2 Negative Electrode. A negative electrode is made of zinc oxide mix, spread over a silver grid. The zinc oxide mix contains a small amount of additive to minimize corrosion of the zinc and therefore minimize hydrogen evolution. (See paragraph c. below.) There is more negative active material in a cell than is required by the cell capacity. In early life, cell capacity is limited by positive plate capacity while late in life, cell capacity is limited by negative plate capacity. 223-15

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-10.17.1.2.1 The negative is considerably more soluble than the positive and, due to concentration gradients does not replate uniformly upon recharge. There is a tendency for zinc metal to be lost from the upper part and the edges of the electrode, and replated toward the bottom. This effect reduces active electrode area and increases current density. This phenomenon is called shape change. 223-10.17.1.2.2 Another characteristic of the negative plate which becomes a factor in cell life is zinc dendrite growth. This does not occur until the negative electrode potential exceeds the critical potential (see paragraph 223-10.6.3). It is one of the reasons a charge is secured as soon as any cell reaches the cutoff voltage for that particular charge rate. The other reason for observing the cutoff voltage is that at least one of the polarities, positive or negative, has reached the point beyond which little if any more charge is accepted but instead, goes into formation of gas and heat. Some zinc metal escapes the connes of the separator, does not replate, reduces negative plate capacity, and forms gray masses of spongy zinc randomly inside the cell. These masses are harmless unless direct contact between positive and negative plates is established. 223-10.17.1.3 Additives. electrode manufacture:
NR-1 DSV (Main Battery) DSRV/DSV (Safety and Emergency Batteries) DSRV (Main Battery)

A small amount of the following additives is incorporated at the time of the negative
NAVSEC-1 Mercury NAVSEC-1 Mercury

Mercury is introduced as mercury oxide in the zinc oxide mix. It amalgamates with the zinc during the rst charge. It increases the potential at which the cells begin to evolve gas. Benets are a marked reduction of hydrogen evolution from self-discharge and better wet charged stand life. However, it creates a potential personnel hazard if the mercury vaporizes during hot shorts. Elimination is being considered; the mercury substitute (NAVSEC-1) will be used, as in the other batteries. 223-10.17.1.4 Separator Materials. Two types of separator materials, described as follows, are in most silverzinc cells: interseparator and main separator. 223-10.17.1.4.1 The positive or negative interseparator is a thin non-woven nylon felt placed around each electrode as if it were a bag. It is called Pellon (from Pellon Corp.). It serves as a physical separation between the electrode and the cellulosic material, as well as providing electrolyte space near the electrode surface. The main separator consists of several layers of cellophane-type material and acts as a semipermeable membrane, retarding silver migration and zinc dendrite growth. It is assembled as a bag containing the positives and a U containing the negatives. A strip of microporous polypropylene lm is placed between the two layers of cellulosic separator adjacent to positive plates in the upper four inches of the cell. This is intended to give physical strength above the electrode top where cellulosic-material deteriorates with time. 223-10.17.1.4.2 In NR-1 and DSV batteries, a layer of asbestos or equivalent re-retardant material is inserted between each set of consecutive positive and negative electrodes. Frequently, it is located after the rst cellulosic layer adjacent to the positive electrode. Its purpose is to prevent any short from becoming violent or hot, thus serving as a possible re-retardant. 223-10.17.1.5 Electrolyte Composition. Electrolyte used for lling the cells is an aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution of 45 1 percent KOH by mass with no additives. Maximum concentration of impurities allowable in the electrolyte prior to lling is listed in Table 223-10-4. 223-16

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-10.17.1.6 Electrolyte Effect. Although it is not shown in the simplied equations for cell reactions, electrolyte plays an important part in the electrochemistry of the silver-zinc cell. Its reactions at positive and negative plates are equal and opposite so there is no net change in electrolyte composition between charge and discharge. Consequently, specic gravity measurements cannot be used to determine state of charge, as with the lead-acid battery, and are not required for the silver-zinc battery. Although the percentage of KOH used for lling is specied as 45 1 percent, the percentage of KOH after a few days soaking in the cells, and after cycling, stabilizes at a value much lower; typically in the range of 34 to 36 percent. This is due to the fact that the potassium ion is preferentially tied (reacts) to cellulosic material (cellophane-type) in the cell, leaving a more dilute solution as free electrolyte. NOTE No adjustment is necessary or required except when periodic make-up is required by adding only KOH solution and not water. 223-10.17.1.7 Electrolyte Adjustment. Normally, neither the positive nor the negative electrode reaches full gassing potential when charged to the prescribed voltage cutoff. Therefore, little water is lost through electrolysis in that type of operation. 223-10.17.1.7.1 With oat operation, however, cells continually are charged at a low rate and periodic makeup is required. Even though it is water that is lost in electrolysis, water is not used for makeup. It destroys the cellulosic separator, especially on the top of the electrode pack, because it does not mix readily with the electrolyte. Electrolyte, such as was used in the initial ll, is added when makeup is needed. This does not increase total alkalinity appreciably since carbonation and separator degradation reactions reduce the available hydroxyl ions with time. 223-10.17.1.7.2 Electrolyte cannot be allowed to remain above the separator top. The zinc negative partially dissolves during discharge and replates during charge. In replating, it is deposited as a loose sponge which grows out into the electrolyte. If separators were continuously submerged, this zinc could grow up from the top of the negative plate, cross over the separator tops and down to the positives. Such an electrical bridge could short the cell. To forestall this, the electrolyte is allowed to rise above the separators during charge only at the end of the charge when the voltage makes its short rise. This period is too brief for the zinc to electroplate a bridge between negatives and positives. NOTE DSRV, DSV only: DSRV and DSV cells have electrolyte above the top of the separators all of the time. Each has a 2-inch separator above the electrodes to prevent bridging. This level is necessary for level variations due to pressure cycling. Table 223-10-4 ELECTROLYTE SPECIFICATIONS (45% KOH)
Impurities Potassium carbonate Chloride (as Cl) Sulfate (as SO4 ) Nitrogen compounds (as N) Maximum Concentration (in ppm) 200 20 5 2

223-17

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 Table 223-10-4 ELECTROLYTE SPECIFICATIONS (45% KOH) Continued

Impurities Ammonium hydroxide precipitate Phosphate (as PO4 ) Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Chromium Iron Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Selenium Silicon Sodium Titanium Vanadium Heavy Metals (Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn) Carbon Sulfur Phosphorous Reducing material Note Reducing material shall be determined at 75C 5C in an acid medium by a maximum of 1.5 ml of 0.001 normal potassium permanganate solution reacting completely with reducing material contained in a 10 ml sample of KOH solution. Maximum Concentration (in ppm) 20 1 0.25 1.60 0.15 0.05 1.30 2 0.05 0.05 0.25 0.15 19 200 0.15 0.05 4 1100 2.05 0.35 See note below

223-10.17.1.8 Electrolyte Protection. Electrolyte allowed to stand exposed to the air tends to form potassium carbonate with the carbon dioxide (CO) in the air. Electrolyte drums must be kept closed when not being used and access of air to cells must be minimized by lightly taping or capping the vent holes when ash arresters, level indicators, or electrolyte entrainment eliminators are not in place. Do not cap tightly, however, because the cells evolve gas, and pressure may build up. It is important that sufficient amount of electrolyte always is present to keep the cellulosic separator from drying out, losing its physical strength, and becoming a weak area where a short could begin. NOTE For external batteries (DSRV and DSV) only: It is important that there always be sufficient electrolyte present to keep the oil from reaching the plates when the battery is under pressure or during long periods of open circuit stand. Parts of the plates soiled with oil lose their corresponding capacity temporarily until the oil is washed out by the electrolyte after a few cycles. Electrolyte level checks and 223-18

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 adjustments are required, along with the capacity check, to ensure the level is at optimum. Typically, oil is difficult to remove once it is allowed to impregnate the porous electrodes. Thus, oiled plates may cause permanent damage. 223-10.17.1.9 Firewalls. NOTE NR-1 and DSV Main Batteries: contain internal rewalls which extend across the bottom and up the four sides to above electrode height. These rewalls are made of sheet asbestos or equivalent re-retardant material encased in plastic bags. NOTE DSRV Main Battery: cells do not use rewalls. 223-10.18 INTERCELL CONNECTORS Intercell connectors consist of

223-10.18.1 NR-1 AND ALL SAFETY AND EMERGENCY BATTERIES. silver-plated copper bus bars which bridge the appropriate cell terminals. 223-10.18.2 DSRV, DSV (MAIN BATTERIES). paragraph 223-10.16.1. 223-10.19 BATTERY BOX COMPONENTS

A rubber-insulated quick-disconnect connector is used (see

223-10.19.1 GENERAL.

Components of the battery box are described in the following paragraphs.

223-10.19.1.1 Battery Box (Main Batteries). For DSR and DSV, the battery box is constructed of berglass. A drain port is provided at the bottom of one side. The upper lip of the box consists of a gasket ange to which the battery cover is bolted. 223-10.19.1.2 Battery Cover. For DSRV and DSV, the battery cover is constructed of berglass and has a positive slope from all edges toward the center. The edge of the cover consists of a ange which mates to the battery box. Manhole covers provide access to the inside. 223-10.19.1.3 Oil. For DSRV, DSV (Main Batteries), an approved mineral oil is used to ll the upper part of each cell and all voids in the battery box. In conjunction with the vehicles compensator system, it distributes the pressure of the sea equally on all components within the battery. Such an oil must be relatively unaffected by and nonmiscible in seawater, and a strong alkali. It must possess good dielectric properties, and maintain a low viscosity at deep ocean temperatures. A small amount of an approved blue dye is added to make it readily distinguishable from electrolyte and other types of oils. The procedure for adding oil is described in paragraph 223-13.9. 223-19

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-10.20 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT

223-10.20.1 CELL VOLTAGE MONITORING SYSTEM. This system scans individual cell voltages (ICV) and provides a signal if any cells voltage is outside the preset limits of the high and low voltage detectors. 223-10.20.2 VOLTMETERS. 223-10.20.3 AMMETERS. Voltmeters are used for monitoring battery potential. Ammeters are used for monitoring battery loads.

223-10.20.4 AMPERE-HOUR METERS. An installed ampere-hour meter shows decreasing ampere-hours during charge and increasing ampere-hours during discharge, except for DSRVs which have separate unidirectional ampere meters for charge and discharge. 223-10.20.5 HYDROGEN DETECTORS IN INTERNAL BATTERIES (NR-1 ONLY). The hydrogen analyzer samples any one of several parts of the vehicle including the gas leaving the battery well. 223-10.20.6 GROUND DETECTOR. The ground detector is used to measure resistance to ground. These resistance-type devices are installed, as required, to measure

223-10.20.7 TEMPERATURE SENSORS. cell temperatures. 223-10.21

CHARGING AND DISCHARGING EQUIPMENT

223-10.21.1 Battery charging and discharging equipment consisting of resistive loads designed for individual cells or batteries, are used in the charging and discharging procedures outlined in this chapter. 223-10.22 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED

223-10.22.1 The battery manufacturer provides, as a part of the instruction book, a detailed breakdown of equipment supplied. 223-10.23 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT NOT SUPPLIED

223-10.23.1 Certain other equipment, not supplied by the battery manufacturer, is required for safe and efficient operation of the battery. Some of the equipment included in this category is as follows: a. Wedging b. Intercell connector c. Circuit breakers d. Fuse e. Meters f. Ground detection equipment 223-20

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 g. A ventilation system h. Cell and battery voltage monitoring equipment i. Hydrogen detectors j. Safety equipment 223-10.24 GUARANTEE

223-10.24.1 Submarine and deep submersible main storage batteries and renewal elements are always guaranteed by the manufacturer for a term of service life stipulated in the contract under which delivery was made. This guarantee begins with the date the battery is lled and charged, or two years from date of manufacture, whichever occurs rst. 223-10.24.2 The guarantee is enforceable against the contractor, if the capacity of the battery as a whole or a certain number of individual cells (as given in the specications) falls below 70 or 80 percent (as applicable) of rated capacity prior to expiration of the guaranteed period, provided failure is not due to violation of approved instructions. Specic guarantee terms and details are given in each manufacturers service manual. 223-10.24.3 It is important that operating and maintenance personnel become familiar with the guarantee period covering their particular batteries and that no violation of existing instructions or good engineering practice be allowed to invalidate guarantees. 223-10.25 ACTION IN CASE OF FAILURE

223-10.25.1 Whenever it becomes apparent that the batteries as a whole, or individual cells, will not fully meet the guaranteed life, a report covering the deciencies in detail shall immediately be forwarded to NAVSEA. 223-10.26 FINAL CAPACITY TEST

223-10.26.1 A nal capacity test shall be run to determine the battery capacity at time of removal, whether or not the battery has been shown previously to have less than required capacity. This capacity test shall be made as near as possible to the time of removal but not more than two weeks before the battery is unbussed (see paragraph 223-14.8.4). SECTION 11 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 223-11.1 GENERAL

223-11.1.1 Numerous precautions must be observed in operating and handling silver-zinc storage batteries to ensure the safety of personnel and prevent damage to batteries. 223-21

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-11.1.2 Practices which result in rapid deterioration of a battery increase the probability of accidents which may cause injury to, or loss of, personnel. All precautions, therefore, are to be considered as ultimately contributing to safety of personnel, even when the immediate purpose is to prevent damage to the battery. 223-11.2 SAFETY EQUIPMENT Use only CO2 type extinguishers. CAUTION

223-11.2.1 FIRE EXTINGUISHER.

Purple K (PKP) type extinguishers are not to be used on battery res except in cases of extreme emergency. 223-11.2.2 FACE SHIELD AND GOGGLES. Use face shield and goggles when handling electrolyte, or when in the vicinity of a cell which is vigorously shorting. 223-11.2.3 RUBBER GLOVES AND NEOPRENE SHEETING. Use sheeting to blanket any exposed electrical hardware not required for actual service or maintenance operations in progress. 223-11.2.4 INSULATED TOOLS. Use only tools made of materials which are not electrically conducting, or which have been insulated except for a small area where surfaces must be exposed. CAUTION

Metal tools may create a short across points with different voltages, causing damage to contact surfaces, or more serious casualty. Absence of insulation also could cause a spark which might start a hydrogen re near the cell vent. 223-11.2.5 VASELINE OR PETROLATUM. ing gaskets. These materials may be used as lubricants and as an aid in seal-

223-11.2.6 FIRE RETARDANT ENGINEERING COVERALLS. Wear re retardant engineering coveralls when handling silver-zinc storage batteries. These provide ash and re resistivity, one-piece covering, and are preferable to wool and rayon fabrics, which are vulnerable to deterioration by alkali. 223-11.2.7 FIRST AID MATERIALS. are being handled: a. Water b. Eye wash bottle c. Vinegar or citrus fruit juices d. Olive oil 223-22 The following should be immediately available when cells or electrolyte

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 e. Cetapred ointment or equivalent f. Rags or toweling (see paragraph 223-11.2.9) 223-11.2.8 GLASS BEAKER OR LARGE TEST TUBE. One of these should be available when checking electrolyte of external batteries. Sample of liquid drawn from the cell is viewed in a beaker or large test tube to determine presence or absence of electrolyte in the sample. Do not return sample to cell. 223-11.2.9 RAGS OR TOWELS. strong caustics. 223-11.3 HAZARDS Cotton is preferred over wool or rayon, which are susceptible to attack by

223-11.3.1 GENERAL. Hazards associated with silver-zinc storage batteries exist while batteries are being charged, discharged, handled or worked on. Hazards are due primarily to the following: a. Energy stored in battery b. Hydrogen evolved from cells c. Concentrated potassium hydroxide d. Electrical shocks caused by completing an electrical path to ground e. Voltage differences between adjacent cells within the battery 223-11.3.2 ELECTRICAL. Beginning with the rst charge, care must be taken that a cell or battery is not accidentally shorted. Several thousand amperes could be drawn for a limited time through a short. Arcing with only a few hundred amperes could ruin terminal contact surfaces. For example, a charged 150-cell battery will show 280 V across its terminals, and could show 240 V even after being discharged and placed on open circuit. 223-11.3.2.1 Electrical leakage paths, whether to ground or to a point in the battery, may furnish a return path for current from another ground on any of a vehicles power or lighting circuits. 223-11.3.2.2 Such paths may arise from seawater, spilled electrolyte, or electrolyte which is carried out of cells as ne droplets with evolved gas. Electrolyte entrainment eliminators are designed to minimize electrolyte carryover. It is important that any electrolyte spillage is cleaned up immediately. 223-11.3.3 GROUNDS. Grounds are a hazard to personnel working on batteries if contact is simultaneously made with either the ships structure or the sea, and with a live conductor. Ground readings should be checked daily when vehicle is operating, and also prior to working on battery. The battery must not be operated if ground resistance value is less than 100,000 ohms, or 50,000 ohms with two batteries in parallel. For any battery, resistance to ground of less than 500,000 ohms requires maintenance at the earliest opportunity (see paragraph 223-15.6.4). 223-11.3.3.1 When performing maintenance, open as few battery access covers as required at one time, and blanket cells not being worked on with a neoprene sheet to prevent accidental shorting. Use only insulated tools and ashlights. Personnel should know and follow the electrical safety instructions contained in NSTM Chapter 300, Electric Plant - General . 223-23

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-11.3.3.2 Never mate or de-mate connectors, ICV leads, and intercell connectors with current owing. De-mated connectors shall be capped or otherwise insulated. A charge must be secured if battery ground is less than 100,000 ohms. If an abnormality occurs, secure battery until abnormality is corrected or it is determined safe to continue. NOTE For external batteries: Draining some liquid from the battery box periodically will help maintain good resistance to ground, since both electrolyte and seawater are heavier than oil and tend to settle to the bottom of box. 223-11.3.4 HYDROGEN. 223-11.3.4.1 Concentration and Safety. Hydrogen concentration in any area must be kept below two percent at all times to prevent explosion. A mixture of at least four percent of hydrogen and air will burn if ignited by spark or ame. Mixtures containing greater than eight percent hydrogen will explode with increasing force as hydrogen concentration rises. Inasmuch as a spark to ignite the mixture is nearly always possible in a submarine (NR1), safety consists of preventing hydrogen concentration from too closely approaching the ammable limit. The maximum safe concentration is determined by the K factor of the submarine (NR-1). 223-11.3.4.2 Ventilation. Some hydrogen is being evolved from batteries at all times, whether they are being worked or not, so the battery area should be well ventilated. No smoking or equipment which could generate a spark should be permitted in the immediate vicinity of a battery. 223-11.3.4.3 Fire Hazards. When the cell headspace is open (for example, prior to lling an external battery with oil), any spark in the vicinity of the cell could set off a re in the headspace of the cell. Overcharging or overdischarging (reversing) a cell sharply increases the rate of hydrogen evolution. This not only increases possible hydrogen re hazard, but also has unfavorable effects on battery life. CAUTION

Always have a CO2 type re extinguisher readily available when battery well is open. Do not use PKP type except as a last resort. 223-11.3.5 ELECTROLYTE 223-11.3.5.1 Use. Do not use any electrolyte other than that supplied with the battery or as described in paragraphs 223-10.17.1.5 through 223-10.17.1.8 Other types of electrolyte will destroy the battery.

WARNING

If electrolyte is accidentally allowed to contact skin, eyes or clothing, affected areas must be ushed immediately with generous quantities of fresh water and affected clothing removed immediately. Electrolyte is concentrated 223-24

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1
Warning - precedes

potassium hydroxide (KOH). Use safety equipment and extreme caution because severe, painful damage can rapidly result from acute exposure to this alkali. CAUTION

Electrolyte corrodes aluminum and glass, but not steel or most plastics. 223-11.3.5.2 Protective Clothing. Preferably, a full face shield made of plastic should be worn to avoid splashes on the face. Gas-tight safety goggles must be worn for protection of the eyes as a minimum precaution. Welltting protective clothing must be worn to avoid skin contact when handling electrolyte. (See paragraphs 223-11.2.2, 223-11.2.3, and 223-11.2.6 for additional guidance.) 223-11.3.5.3 Antidotes. If electrolyte is taken internally, administer large amounts of water or milk, followed by a weak acid solution such as vinegar, lemon juice, or orange juice. Give careful attention to outer tissues such as mouth and lips, and wash with large amounts of fresh water. Olive oil, one teaspoon at a time, may be given frequently by mouth and applied to all burned areas.

WARNING

Do not induce vomiting. Obtain medical attention at once. 223-11.3.5.3.1 If electrolyte comes in contact with skin, immediately wash the area with large quantities of water. Alkali is not easily rinsed from skin, but continuous ushing with water is preferable to using a further irritant such as dilute acid. Obtain medical attention at once. 223-11.3.5.3.2 If electrolyte comes in contact with eyes, immediately ush the eyes with plentiful amounts of water, using an eye wash bottle. Flush eyes continuously for a minimum of fteen to twenty minutes, making certain that eyes are open and that water is ushed under upper and lower lids. Be certain eyes are rotated during ushing to ensure complete removal of electrolyte. After ushing is completed, obtain medical attention immediately. Where medical attention is not available, and within one-half hour after ushing, use Cetapred opthalmic ointment. This rst aid treatment must be followed by medical treatment as soon as possible. NOTE Do not store electrolyte in umarked containers or bottles. 223-11.3.6 SEAWATER. Every effort should be made to keep seawater out of battery cells (external batteries) or battery well (internal batteries). Although anything short of completely ooding the battery area will not cause immediate loss of power, resistance to ground could be reduced below safe limits. Seawater is not compatible with cell components. 223-25

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-11.3.7 MERCURY (DSRV ONLY). DSRV batteries may contain a small amount of mercury in the negative electrode. This may vaporize during a hot short and some may be carried out of the cell in gas or boiling electrolyte.

WARNING

Avoid contact with or breathing mercury vapors in the immediate area of a casualty. 223-11.3.8 HOT SHORT. Electrolyte may boil in a cell which has a hot short. Water vapors coming from the cell may carry caustic droplets or mist. An Oxygen Breathing Apparatus (OBA) should be used in the battery tank to aid breathing in the event a hot shorted cell is emitting smoke. Appropriate protective clothing must be used if personnel need to be in the immediate vicinity of a hot shorting cell. SECTION 12 SHIPMENT, STORAGE, AND PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT 223-12.1 SHIPMENT

223-12.1.1 Where special instructions are issued covering shipment and storage, they shall be followed in preference to instructions contained in this chapter. 223-12.2 NEW CELLS AND BATTERIES

223-12.2.1 GENERAL. Spare cells for batteries normally are shipped dry and unformed. Complete cells or batteries, ready for installation, are shipped in one of two conditions, depending upon individual contracts. These conditions are described in the following paragraphs together with requirements for crating new cells for shipment. 223-12.2.2 DRY, UNCHARGED CELLS. rarily sealed against damp air. When shipped dry, cells do not contain electrolyte, and are tempo-

223-12.2.3 WET CELLS. When shipped wet, cells are completely assembled, contain electrolyte, are either discharged or charged, and are ready for installation. Wet cells should always have the electrode face side of the cell case supported to prevent cells from swelling and cracking the cell jar. 223-12.2.4 CRATING NEW CELLS. All cells are shipped in secure packing cases. For shipment involving water transportation, the packing case is provided with iron slings for hoisting. Packing cases are plainly marked to indicate contract number, type, consignee, number of cells, and case number. Cases containing instructions for lling and initial charging are so marked. Tops of cases which contain spare cells are painted gray and are marked SPARE. 223-26

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-12.3 INSPECTION UPON ARRIVAL

223-12.3.1 GENERAL. When a battery arrives at a naval shipyard, an inspector familiar with storage batteries shall be detailed for inspection. When a battery arrives at a private shipyard, the Supervisor of Shipbuilding shall detail an officer familiar with storage batteries. 223-12.3.2 NOTIFICATION OF MANUFACTURER. The battery manufacturer shall always be notied of inspection date and may have a representative present if he so desires. NOTE Whenever possible, inspection should be conducted prior to or during removal of battery from carrier, in order that breakage resulting from rough handling during shipment may be denitely established. 223-12.3.3 DAMAGE. Should damage be discovered after unloading, the carrier and the cognizant inspector of naval material for the manufacturer should be notied at once. In the case of batteries which have been shipped unusually long distances, or where rough handling in shipment is deemed probable, the row of cells at each end of the car or compartment must be given especially careful inspection, since these are most likely to be damaged. Inspection should be conducted as outlined in paragraphs 223-12.3.4 through 223-12.3.7. 223-12.3.4 EQUIPMENT NEEDED. Prior to handling or inspection of cells, the cell-lifting gear and other necessary equipment must be at hand and properly rigged. See NSTM Chapter 223, Volume 1 for description and illustrations of required equipment. 223-12.3.5 REMOVING CELLS FROM PACKING CASE. Remove the outer case of cells where double boxing is used. Care shall be taken to thoroughly brush off any packing material from top of inner packing case, to prevent entry into cell. Inner cover shall not be removed until this has been done. 223-12.3.6 DRY CELLS. Inspection of cells shipped dry shall proceed as follows:

1. Loosen packing case covers and lift them off carefully. 2. Examine cell tops for possible breakage of jar and cover. 3. Take special care in inspection of jar corners. 4. Lift cells from packing cases when damage is suspected. 5. Inspect for breakage of jar and cover, and for condition of terminal posts. 6. Replace cell in packing case. 7. Secure packing case cover. 223-12.3.7 WET CELLS. The following procedure details the inspection required for cells shipped wet:

1. Loosen packing case covers and lift them off carefully. 223-27

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 2. Examine tops of cells for possible breakage of parts, with special attention to jar corners. 3. Examine packing cases for signs of jar leakage or loss of electrolyte by spillage in transit. 4. Remove jars from packing cases for further examination when breakage is suspected. CAUTION

When a cell is removed from a packing case or otherwise not given side support, bulging of jars occurs, particularly in warm weather, resulting in a permanent set. This set in a jar may render installation impossible. 5. Leave cells in packing cases, with packing case covers in place, until ready to lower into vehicle, or into the battery box, if no suspicion of leakage is present. 6. Remove lling vent cap or ash arrester and note height of electrolyte. Pay special attention to any cell in which level of electrolyte is markedly lower than in surrounding cells. NOTE If a broken or leaking jar is found, the cell shall not be used, and must be replaced. 7. In case of loss of electrolyte by spilling, rell to normal level with some electrolyte used for initial lling of spare cells (see paragraphs below). Inner packing cases containing spare cells should not be opened for inspection until the cells are to be installed, unless there is reason to believe that damage has occurred. Sealing of dry cells is necessary to avoid entrance of excessive moisture. When the average level of electrolyte in all cells has fallen below the minimum permissible level, electrolyte must not be added until cells or battery have been submitted to a charge and placed on oat for at least 24 hours. 223-12.4 STORAGE

223-12.4.1 DRY STATE STORAGE. Spare cells are shipped dry and uncharged. They may be stored up to three years in a level, dry place having a temperature range from 55C (41F) to 20C (68F) with occasional excursions to 40C (136F). It is important that cell vents be covered at all times to keep moisture from entering the cell, and to limit access of air. Cells are shipped with vent holes plugged. For cells equipped with ash arresters, it is important that the shipping seal under the ash arrester be in place during storage, and removed upon activation. 223-12.4.2 WET CHARGED STATE STORAGE. If activated batteries or cells are to be stored less than 60 days, leave them fully charged. If the stand is more than 30 days, prior to using battery, place it on oat (see paragraph 223-14.7.6) for 48 hours or until current is down to one ampere. Check voltages twice a week on units being stored charged. If fully charged battery cell voltage drops below 1.84 V within two weeks, the cell is shorting. It shall be discharged immediately, and not put back into use. Store below 21 C (70 F). Provide ventilation in the area where cells or batteries are stored to prevent build-up of hydrogen concentration. Individual silver-zinc battery service manuals should be consulted for charging and discharging details. 223-12.4.3 WET DISCHARGED STATE STORAGE. If activated batteries or cells are to be stored more than 60 days, discharge until rst cell reaches voltage cut off. Discharge at medium to low rate (5- to 10-hour rate). 223-28

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 If cells are to be removed from ship, discharge prior to removal. Leave cells or battery on open circuit. To reactivate, charge using a normal charge, followed by oat. Store below 20C (68F). 223-12.4.4 LONG WET STORAGE (CHARGED OR DISCHARGED) (NR-1 ONLY). See paragraph 223-15.2.1. It should be noted that in long wet discharged storage, the electrolyte level may appreciably drop, thus admitting air causing carbonation of electrolyte and deterioration of the separator tops. It is advisable to prevent or minimize such contact with open air. (See paragraph 223-15.7.3 for procedure). 223-12.5 PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT

223-12.5.1 DISCHARGE OF WET CELLS. A discharge-in-ship procedure is advantageous. It is safer to handle and remove used cells in the discharged state, and more economical to discharge the entire battery in the ship rather than on the dock, where discharge equipment is lacking. DSRV and DSV batteries may be discharged after removal from the ships, since discharge load banks are available. 223-12.5.2 DISCHARGE CAPACITY. If the discharge can be done within the last 30 days prior to removal, the battery should be charged, then discharged as indicated for a test discharge, (see Section 14) after all failed cells have been jumpered out. This procedure will establish battery capacity at the end of its useful life, for future reference or possible guarantee claim (see paragraph 223-10.24). 223-12.5.3 VOLTAGE CUTOFF. If the battery cannot be properly charged, it should be discharged at the 8- to 10-hour rate, to a voltage cutoff of 1.3 times the number of cells in series, or, to the rst cell to reach 1.3 V, whichever occurs rst. If individual cell voltages cannot be monitored, because of defective voltage monitoring equipment or connectors, use only the battery cutoff voltage. 223-12.5.4 USABLE BATTERIES OR CELLS. When applicable, batteries or cells are shipped in the discharged or charged state. As required, batteries shall be discharged as directed in paragraphs 223-14.8.1 through 223-14.8.3. Individual cells shall be discharged at the eight-to ten-hour rate to voltage cutoff of 1.2 V per cell. 223-12.5.5 UNUSABLE BATTERIES OR CELLS. When destined for scrap and silver reclamation, batteries and cells shall be further discharged at the 20-hour rate to less than 0.5 V per cell (0.5 x the number of cells for a battery), and drained of electrolyte, prior to disposition. When cells are permanently connected, as in DSRV or DSV batteries, clean the vent of each cell to ascertain that the opening is free (electrolyte level indicators should be removed, if removable) so the cell can vent freely if a cell reverses during discharge. Caution should be taken against possible electrolyte carry-over (gloves, eye protection). Remove any trace of free electrolyte from top of cells or batteries prior to shipment. 223-12.6 DESTINATION

223-12.6.1 USABLE BATTERIES. Destination of usable batteries shall be given on a case-by-case basis by Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). 223-12.6.2 UNUSABLE BATTERIES. After discharging, unusable batteries or cells shall be turned over to the local Defense Reutilization and Marketing Office (DRMO). 223-29

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-12.7 PACKING AND PACKAGING

223-12.7.1 If original containers are available, batteries should be repacked in such containers; if not available, containers should be constructed in accordance with the appropriate ship type battery specication. The nearest supply center should be able to provide assistance and guidance regarding container construction. It will be useful and economical to salvage and retain all original containers for this purpose. 223-12.8 MODE OF TRANSPORTATION

223-12.8.1 Batteries or cells should always be in the upright position when shipped, because of possible spillage of electrolyte (potassium hydroxide) which is corrosive and hazardous to personnel when in contact with the skin. Usable batteries or cells shall be shipped in temperature-controlled van type trailers (motor carrier), with air-ride suspension because of the sensitive and fragile nature of the equipment. Temperature range must be maintained below 30C (86F). Batteries or cells for scrap shall be shipped by the most economical overland mode of transportation. SECTION 13 PREPARATION AND INSTALLATION 223-13.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

223-13.1.1 To ensure safety of personnel and machinery, the following precautions must be observed. Review Section 12 for proper handling of silver-zinc storage batteries.

WARNING

Injury or death could occur from an accidental short of the battery. 223-13.2 ELECTRICAL (NR-1 ONLY)

223-13.2.1 Follow standard safety procedures for working with high voltage equipment. Before working in battery well, verify that battery is disconnected from the ship. Remove only one battery well access cover at a time. Prevent foreign objects from entering battery well. 223-13.3 ELECTROLYTE

223-13.3.1 Electrolyte for silver-zinc batteries is a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH). Antidotes must be available in event of accidental electrolyte spillage. Use safety equipment and extreme caution because severe, painful damage can result rapidly from acute exposure to this alkali. If electrolyte is accidentally allowed to contact skin, eyes, or clothing, affected area must be ushed immediately with generous quantities of fresh water, and affected clothing removed. 223-30

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 CAUTION

Activated cells contain a ammable hydrogen-oxygen mixture in the upper portion of the cell.

223-13.4

HYDROGEN

223-13.4.1 Hydrogen concentration must be kept below two percent at all times. Maintain good ventilation in the battery area, and keep sparks and ame away from cells, especially when service openings are being used. Review NSTM Chapter 223, Volume 1, Section 9 for details on prevention of hydrogen res and explosions.

223-13.5

PREPARATION

223-13.5.1 FILLING CELLS. Cells for ship installation as a battery are normally lled by the manufacturer. See paragraphs 223-17.1 through 223-17.2 for precautions used in preparing spare cells.

223-13.5.2 ASSEMBLING BATTERY. Assembly of NR-1 and DSV batteries is done by the installing activity. The DSRV battery is assembled by the manufacturer.

223-13.5.3 FORMATION. Cells for installation as a battery and DSRV batteries normally are formed by the manufacturer before delivery. See paragraphs 223-17.1 through 223-17.2 for information on spare cells.

223-13.5.4 CELL INSTALLATION MATERIAL. Check the manufacturers shipping list to ascertain that all required components are included. Insure that extra ash arresters, O-rings, level indicators, bubble breakers, cell marker blanks, electrolyte adjustment devices, and other needed parts are on hand during installation.

223-13.6

INSTALLATION OF NR-1 BATTERY

223-13.6.1 OLD BATTERY REMOVAL.

Proceed as follows:

1. Discharge the old battery as indicated in paragraphs 223-12.5.1 through 223-12.5.3. If a few cells are shorted or have appreciably less capacity than the remainder of the battery, jumper these out of the circuit and continue discharge to VCO. 2. Remove intercell connectors, wedges, and cells. Verify that all objects are removed from battery well, that it is clean, and that the well liner is intact.

223-13.6.2 NEW CELL TESTING. which hold covers in place.

Remove new cells from shipping crate. To do this, cut the metal straps

223-31

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 CAUTION

Cells are fully charged and must not be shorted, allowed to be knocked over, or dropped in handling. Do not loosen tie rods or remove cells until ready to check and test them. 223-13.6.2.1 Leakage. Air-pressure testing should be done in shipping crate before loosening tie rods. Prior to installation, check each cell as follows: 1. Remove ash arrester and replace it with pressure cap adapter. 2. Plug level indicator hole with level indicator or stopper. 3. Provide means of restraining plug so it does not blow out under pressure. 4. Connect a low pressure air supply, with a pressure gage, to adapter nipple. 5. Apply not more than 14 kilopascals (2 psi) air to cell. 6. Shut off input after pressure stabilizes. NOTE Pressure in cells must not decrease more than 1.5 kilopascals (0.2 psi) within one minute. If leak cannot be stopped, cell must be replaced. 223-13.6.2.2 Dielectric Test. 1. Provide a test circuit (see Figure 223-19, NSTM Chap 223, Volume 1) consisting of: a. A 200 V minimum direct current source b. A suitable voltmeter (with range of not over 500 V) with an internal resistance of about 50,000 to 100,000 ohms c. A 200 to 300 ohm variable resistor d. Three lamps 2. Provide a tank large enough to contain the jar, and enough water so height of water is 25 mm below jar top. If tank is wood or plastic, supply a metal strip extending from the rim down into the solution which partially lls the tank. 3. Conduct the test as follows: a. Fill tank partly with water and add sufficient salt to make dilute solution. b. Lower cell into tank slowly, particularly when testing rst jar, to ensure water does not come over the top of jar and onto the cover. NOTE Height of water should be 25 mm below top of jar when cell is resting on the bottom of tank. It will be necessary to add water, as well as salt, from time to time. c. Connect one side of voltage source, in series with resistor, to metal tank or grounding strip. 223-32

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 d. Connect other side of potential source to voltmeter terminal. e. Test circuit by touching a test probe, connected to the other voltmeter terminal, to the metal tank or grounding strip connected through the lamps to voltage source. 4. If voltmeter gives a reading approximately equal to source voltage, test circuit is ready for use. If voltmeter reading is zero or only a small fraction of source voltage, leave lamps connected to tank, but interchange voltage source leads, connect to lamps and voltmeter, and test again. 5. After test circuit has been tested and found suitable for use, test the cell in the tank by touching voltmeter test probe to one of the cell terminals. In the absence of cracks or leaks in the jar, no deection should be observed on voltmeter. If deection is observed, do not assume that a leak through the jar exists. Check the voltmeterto-test probe lead to make sure it is everywhere insulated. Wash and dry entire cover and top edges of jar to make sure reading was not due to surface leakage caused by moisture. If deection is still obtained, the jar has a leak and should be rejected. 6. After testing, wash and dry the cell before installation. Place each cell in the battery tank. Verify that cells are positioned with polarity as shown in manufacturers service manual. 223-13.6.2.3 Wedging and Numbering. Wedge cells securely. Wedging should not distort cell jars. Number each cell according to its battery position. Plastic disks supplied in installation kits should be cemented in place on cell covers in locations where they can be seen with bus-bars in place. A record should be kept of the numbered disk and corresponding serial number, which is both stamped on top of one terminal post and stenciled on the side of cell. 223-13.6.2.4 Intercell Connectors. Terminals should be clean and free from burrs before installation of intercell connectors. Torque terminal nuts to the torque recommended in the manufacturers service manual. Intercell connectors should be as high off the top of the cell as possible. NOTE NR-1 only: Intercell connectors should have oversized holes for ease in making connections. If an intercell connector does not t readily, use another with the proper distance between holes, or ream the holes in the intercell connector to t. Do not force a t with a drift pin or other such means. CAUTION

Hammering is prohibited. 223-13.6.2.5 Voltage Monitor Leads. responding intercell connectors. Connect the intercell voltage monitor leads from battery scanner to cor-

223-13.6.2.6 Level Indicators. Flush the cell head space as described in manufacturers service manual. Remove a level indicator plug. Select proper type level indicator for the particular cell. Coat O-ring and immediate adjacent area of the level indicator with petrolatum or vaseline and carefully insert indicator into the hole vacated by level indicator plug. Check and record electrolyte levels but do not adjust at this time. 223-13.6.2.7 Temperature Sensors. Install temperature sensors as indicated in manufacturers service manual. 223-33

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-13.7 TESTING AFTER INSTALLATION

Prior to placing a battery in service, take a ground and ICV reading to ensure proper connections and polarities. Make the following checks after installation of the battery: 1. Verify that battery temperature monitor is calibrated and that the system is operating correctly, as specied by operating instructions for temperature monitor. 2. Check all intercell connections for voltage drops (to do this, discharge battery for a time sufficient to check voltage drop across each connection, by placing voltage probes on corresponding terminals). 3. Input connections with a voltage reading exceeding the average value after battery terminals have been allowed to cool. NOTE NR-1 only: Primary cause for high readings is undertorqued terminal bolts. If inspection shows that bolts were torqued correctly, connection should be disassembled, cleaned, checked for burrs, and reassembled. If the subsequent voltage drop test is still high, terminals should be checked carefully, and connection reassembled and reinspected. 223-13.8 PLACING BATTERY IN SERVICE

223-13.8.1 An equalization type charge will be the rst electrical operation (see paragraph 223-14.7.7). Check and record electrolyte levels within one hour after terminating charge. Withdraw electrolyte only if necessary. Electrolyte level adjustment should be made as in paragraphs 223-17.3, after batteries have run the equivalent of about two cycles. If this cycling prior to leveling includes any high rate cycle, check level periodically in cells which showed a high level during the check in the previous paragraph of 223-13.8 (above). 223-13.9 OIL AND DYE FILLING FOR EXTERNAL BATTERIES

223-13.9.1 An approved mineral oil is used to ll all voids in cells and battery. Packets of blue dye are used with the oil. One packet of an approved blue dye is to be added to each drum of oil to facilitate visually distinguishing between electrolyte and oil. Add contents of dye packet to not less than 0.25 liter of oil and stir for several minutes. Let stand for 30 minutes. Stir dye mixture again and then pour into 200 liters of oil. Roll the drum to facilitate mixing. If the dye is in bulk form rather than in packets, use 1.25 milliliters per 200 liters. SECTION 14 OPERATION 223-14.1 GENERAL

223-14.1.1 This section deals specically with battery operation relative to charging and discharging in actual use. Certain general principles applicable both to charge and discharge are treated in the following paragraphs. 223-34

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-14.2 BATTERY VENTILATION

223-14.2.1 Every battery evolves some hydrogen at all times (see paragraph 223-10.9). The amount of gas evolved is a function of battery temperature. Sparks and open ames shall be kept away from the battery. Ventilation shall be provided in the battery well. One exhaust fan should be adequate in the battery well, but exhaust gas should be sampled frequently for percentage of hydrogen, and ventilation increased if necessary. A charge never shall be initiated until the atmospheric analyzer is set to sample battery exhaust, at least one ventilating fan is operating, and hydrogen concentration in the system is below one percent. Neglect of battery ventilation creates serious danger of explosion.

223-14.3

SAFETY

223-14.3.1 GENERAL. Safety of personnel must be maintained during all battery operations. Special instruments are provided to detect development of certain unsafe conditions. However, strict adherence to specied procedures by qualied operators is the only method of ensuring safety for all personnel.

223-14.3.2 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS. Personnel responsible for supervision and operation of the battery must meet specic qualication requirements.

223-14.3.3 GROUND RESISTANCE. Danger of electric shock by simultaneously making contact with ground and a live conductor is decreased as the resistance to ground is increased. Every effort shall be made to keep ground resistance as high as possible. In addition, ground resistance measurements shall be made before performing work which involves touching a cell terminal. Refer to the battery technical manual or MRC for ground measurement instructions. When disconnecting cells, take care to insulate all parts of the body from ground by using a rubber sheet over parts of ships structure with which contact can be made. In this way, even if the battery should accidentally ground during the working period, it is not likely that personnel will simultaneously contact a live terminal and ground. Safety precautions and instructions discussed in Section 11 shall also be followed.

223-14.4

BATTERY TEMPERATURE CONTROL

223-14.4.1 GENERAL. During discharge, battery temperature should not be permitted to exceed 65C (150F) except in emergency conditions. Temperature will be highest during a high rate discharge. Consult the manufacturers service manual for highest discharge rate that can be used. Charge acceptance is reduced at lower temperatures and higher charge rates.

223-14.4.2 AIR-COOLED BATTERIES (NR-1 ONLY). Operations in warm water generally impose difficulties caused by high battery temperatures. Battery ventilation systems are designed to furnish adequate airow to dilute hydrogen to a concentration below two percent during charges, but they do not provide sufficient cooling to prevent battery electrolyte temperatures in excess of 65C (150F) under all conditions of operation. Cooling produced by ventilation is mainly derived from evaporation of water from the electrolyte. 223-35

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-14.5 JUMPERED CELLS

223-14.5.1 A cell may be jumpered out if an internal short circuit is suspected. Jumpering out means bypassing the cell by disconnecting the cell from the circuit and interconnecting the adjacent cells. Jumper cables shall provide good electrical connection for a low resistance path. A poor connection can result in high voltage drop across the jumper cable that will affect cell voltage readings. 223-14.5.2 Short circuiting positive and negative terminals of a shorted cell to jumper the cell shall not be done. 223-14.5.3 A jumpered cell may be returned to service when its problem has been favorably resolved (that is, examination does not disclose an internal short). This may be done, however, only if jumpered cell and battery are at the same state of charge. 223-14.6 OPERATING PROCEDURES Procedures for operating a battery in two different modes are given in the following

223-14.6.1 OVERVIEW. paragraphs.

223-14.6.2 OPEN CIRCUIT STAND. Whenever operations permit, place the battery on open circuit stand as the preferred mode for maximizing battery life in a discharged state. 223-14.6.3 CONNECTED TO DC BUS (NR-1 ONLY). Whenever a battery is connected to the DC bus to provide standby power, the battery is maintained on oat (see paragraph 223-14.7.6) with a very low charging current sufficient to compensate for self-discharge. Prolonged oat is not recommended. As operations permit, the battery can be trickle-discharged for no more than ten percent of its rated capacity, then recharged by oat charging. 223-14.7 CHARGING

223-14.7.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. A battery is charging when electric current converts active material which can later deliver electrical energy. If the cell is internally shorted, however, heat or gas is generated with part or all of the current passing through it in the charge direction. Effective charge is only that portion of the current which is forming active material. Proper charging is an important factor in determining life and performance of a storage battery. 223-14.7.1.1 Charge acceptance is inuenced by several factors. Among these are battery temperature, charge rate, and batterys immediate past history. Charge acceptance is appreciably reduced at lower temperatures and higher charge rates. Even though ampere-hour efficiency is greater than 95 percent over several cycles, any single charge may accept more or less than the previous discharge. 223-14.7.1.2 Section 16 deals with failure modes, such as internal shorts which develop in cells. Shorts are most likely to occur during charge and are usually detectable before they become serious by abnormal individual cell voltages. 223-36

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-14.7.1.3 A cell whose voltage is below 1.86 V during oat, or is declining during charge would be suspect. The latter is not necessarily true in the period immediately after cell voltage makes the break up from +1.7 to the +1.9 V level, since voltage will peak and then come down a few hundredths of a volt onto a plateau (see Figure 223-10-2). Suspected shorts should be veried as discussed in paragraphs 223-16.6.3.1 through 223-16.6.3.4. A fully charged cell with an open circuit voltage of less than 1.85 V should be suspected of being shorted.

223-14.7.1.4 State of charge of a silver-zinc cell cannot be determined by measuring the specic gravity of the electrolyte even when such measurement is feasible. Therefore, hydrometer readings are not taken. If a cells voltage is 1.85 V or greater on open circuit, the cell is at least 90 percent charged. A reading of 1.6 to 1.84 V indicates that cell is from 50 to 90 percent charged. A reading of 1.59 V or less indicates that a cell is from 0 to 50 percent charged. Capacity remaining in a partially discharged battery is determined as in paragraphs 223-14.8.8.

223-14.7.2 WHEN TO CHARGE. As a general procedure, a battery should be charged immediately following a discharge, when it is operationally feasible. Capacity maintenance is better if the battery is placed on opencircuit stand in a fully charged condition rather than in a partially discharged condition. Also, charge acceptance is better on a warm battery than on a cold one, so the charge should be scheduled accordingly, when possible.

223-14.7.2.1 If a battery is partially discharged, or if discharge is interrupted, the battery need not be charged if discharge will be resumed within 24 hours. Ampere-hour records may be helpful in determining the capacity obtainable after partial discharge.

223-14.7.2.2 After partial or interrupted discharge of less than 50 percent of rated capacity and if discharge will not be resumed within 24 hours, the battery should be charged.

223-14.7.3 NORMAL CHARGE. A normal charge is dened as a routine modied constant current charge given during ordinary cyclic operation to restore a partially or fully discharged battery to a substantially fully charged condition. Constant current charges are run in two or more steps. Current is maintained until any cell reaches rst the voltage cutoff value for that particular charge rate (see Figure 223-10-2). There must be at least one hour open circuit stand or oat between the two charge rates for the second rate to be effective. See manufacturers manual for specic details.

223-14.7.4 OVERCHARGE. For silver-zinc cells, overcharging is dened as continuing the charge after it has reached specied cutoff voltage for the charge rate being used. Overcharge is undesirable and must be avoided.

223-14.7.5 PARTIAL CHARGE. Partial charge is one terminated before any cell in a battery reaches rst its recommended cutoff voltage. Partial charges are not detrimental to a silver-zinc battery, but full charges should be the rule if operations permit.

223-14.7.6 FLOAT (NR-1 ONLY). A battery is said to oat when connected to a constant potential source whose voltage is slightly higher than the open circuit voltage of the battery. A battery can be oated at any state of charge. 223-37

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-14.7.6.1 Set the low alarm at 1.85 V during oating a fully charged battery. If necessary to oat a partially discharged battery, set low ICV alarm at 1.6 V or 1.85 V depending on ICV of lowest cell. During oat, reduce current to keep all cells below 2.00 V. Overall battery voltage must be reduced to maintain high cells below 2.00 V, as occasion demands. 223-14.7.6.2 When a battery is rst placed on oat, there will be initially high current decreasing as battery voltage increases. Current must be restricted by regulating applied oat voltage to a value given in manufacturers service manual. 223-14.7.6.3 Because the silver-zinc battery has two levels of charge voltage, initial charging voltage from a fully or partially discharged condition is only 1.6 V, and maximum oat voltage cannot be applied without producing a very large charge current. Normally a discharged or partially discharged battery would be placed on charge. If oat is necessary, oat voltage must be set low enough to conform to the maximum current restriction stated in manufacturers service manual. 223-14.7.6.4 Extended oat is detrimental to battery life and capacity maintenance. As operations permit, oat period should not exceed seven days without an open circuit stand period of at least 24 hours. 223-14.7.7 EQUALIZING CHARGE. With silver-zinc batteries, an equalizing charge is dened as a modied constant potential procedure where the constant potential portion is at the oat voltage. It may be used with a partially or fully discharged battery and conducted in accordance with manufacturers technical manual. 223-14.7.7.1 Individual Cell Charging. Even with an equalizing charge, some cells may exhibit a lower voltage than the majority of cells on charge or on oat. In this case, prior to considering these cells as shorted or defective and replacing them, they should be checked further. They may be only undercharged. They should be recharged separately and individually until they reach the designated voltage, then checked on open circuit stand to determine if they show signs of a slow short, by monitoring their open circuit voltage over a few hours (dropping from 1.86 V). This procedure may keep good cells, which may appear to be defective, in service, thus prolonging the entire battery life. 223-14.7.8 CHARGE RATE. Most charges will be run at constant current to voltage cutoff. Cutoff depends on charge rate being used. No charge rate is too low for a silver-zinc battery if time is available, providing it is high enough to more than make up for normal self-discharge. 223-14.7.8.1 The amount of ampere-hours returned to the battery can be nominally computed as the product of charging rate and time in hours run. Ampere-hour meter indications give more accurate readings because uctuations in voltage/current have been taken into account. However, neither method provides a completely accurate total of ampere-hours input, because at any charge rate the current is generating heat and gas as well as returning energy to the battery. Generation of heat and gas is due to the internal resistance of the battery. Therefore, as charging rates increase, more energy is being used to generate heat and gas in proportion to energy being used to return capacity to the battery. 223-14.7.9 CHARGE EFFICIENCY. Charge efficiency (Kc ) can be determined from the ratio of the actual ampere-hour output (Aho ) to the indicated or calculated ampere-hour input (Ahi ): Kc = (Aho ) / (Ahi ) 223-38

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 For example, the ampere-hour input reading from a meter or calculated from a charge at 60A for ve hours is 300 Ah at the end of the charge. A test discharge to cutoff voltage yields at 285 Ah, then charge efficiency at 60A is: Kc = 285/300 = 0.95 or 95 percent If actual efficiency factors are observed to be less than those expected, then it is likely that the battery is becoming unbalanced (cell voltage spread is high) and records of cell voltages should be carefully checked for cells which may be degraded.

223-14.7.10 VOLTAGE LIMITS. Charges are secured when any cell in the battery reaches rst its voltage limit for the particular charge rate in use. Continuing charge after a cell reaches cutoff value overcharges the cell, generates additional heat and gas, causes electrolyte spewage, and promotes internal shorts. High cell detector shall be operating whenever a battery is charging. It will provide an alarm when any cell reaches the preset cutoff value.

223-14.8

DISCHARGING

223-14.8.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Manufacturers discharge characteristics tables show service ratings as well as nal voltages. It should be noted that battery performance depends on several factors, an important one being battery life (time, cycles, and total ampere-hours discharged). Therefore, neither data in the tables nor curves will represent battery performance at all times during battery life.

223-14.8.1.1 If a battery reaches nal battery voltage for a particular discharge rate or if any cell reaches nal cell voltage (minimum cutoff voltage), the discharge must be secured. Otherwise, the cell will shortly reverse and energy going through it will generate only heat and gas and excessive electrolyte spewage. This does not create an immediate casualty condition (except possible grounds), but is detrimental to cell life.

223-14.8.1.2 Capacity is expressed in ampere-hours, time on discharge multiplied by average current. A batterys capacity at any particular time is the number of ampere-hours it can deliver before reaching the low voltage limit.

223-14.8.2 DISCHARGE RATE. Battery discharge rates, commonly referred to either in amperes or by number of hours a specic rate nominally can be sustained, are given in manufacturers service manuals. Note that less energy is available at higher rates, due to the lower voltage and reduced ampere-hour capacity.

223-14.8.3 VOLTAGE LIMITS. Curves in Figure 223-14-1 are based on service ratings and data from cells in early cycles. Headings and signicance of various items are discussed in Section 1 of this chapters volume 1. Discharges must be secured when any cell reaches the VCO for the specic discharge rate. Voltage is lower at higher discharge rates and also at lower temperatures.

223-39

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1

Figure 223-14-1 Capacity (%) Vs. Discharge Rates 223-14.8.3.1 The battery ICV monitor must be operating whenever the battery is discharging. Once all cells have reached the long, relatively stable voltage level below 1.6 V, any cell reading 0.06 V less than the next lowest cell might have a short. During a discharge, this deviation may be detected by setting the low voltage alarm to 1.40 V, with subsequent lowering to the minimum cutoff voltage for the rate in use after the rst alarm at 1.40 V. On a partially discharged battery, set the low ICV alarm at 1.60 V. 223-14.8.3.2 If operationally feasible, let the suspect cell stand on open circuit for an hour. If voltage is dropping during the last 30 minutes of that hour, a short is indicated. If the stand is not feasible, monitor the recharge on this cell and its performance on charged stand or oat. A short should be handled as described in the paragraphs of 223-16.6.4. 223-14.8.4 CAPACITY TEST DISCHARGE. Battery condition is to be checked by using a test discharge to determine actual capacity. Test discharge should follow a period of oat (see paragraph 223-14.7.6) to balance cells and equalize cell temperatures. Limiting voltage, which determines when the test discharge is secured, depends on design, capacity rating against which discharge output is compared, and actual discharge rate used. At least the last one-fourth of the test discharge, therefore, should be run at a fairly constant rate in accordance with applicable discharge procedure for the battery. 223-14.8.5 DISCHARGE DURATION. The length of time that a battery can be expected to maintain a discharge at any given hourly rate is shown on the battery curves and data plan (Figure 223-10-1). These data are based on service ratings. The battery may possibly exceed rated time of discharge for the rst 10 to 20 percent of its life. After that, discharge time will gradually decrease, higher rate discharge times decreasing somewhat more rapidly than lower rate discharge times. 223-14.8.5.1 As in charging (see paragraph 223-14.7.8), heat and gas also are generated in discharging a battery because of internal resistance of the battery. At high discharged rates, therefore, less total energy is delivered than at low discharge rates. 223-40

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-14.8.6 DISCHARGE EFFICIENCY. Discharge efficiency Kd can be determined from the ratio of total ampere-hours delivered at a selected rate Ah (at x-hour rate) to total ampere-hours delivered at the ten-hour rate Ah (at 10-hour rate): Kd = Ah (at x-hour rate)/Ah (at 10-hour rate) For example, assuming a value of one for the ten-hour rate output, any higher rate such as one-, three-, or six-hour rate, yields a lower output than the ten-hour rate. Figure 223-14-1 illustrates discharge curves corresponding to discharge capacity percent vs. discharge rates.

223-14.8.6.1 For discharge rates, a curve plotting the above efficiency factors versus rate (see Figure 223-14-2) would immediately give any intermediate value desired.

223-14.8.7 PARTIAL DISCHARGES. A partial discharge is one terminated before the rst cell in a battery or total battery voltage reaches recommended cutoff voltage. Partial discharges are not detrimental to silver-zinc batteries when recharged in accordance with paragraphs 223-14.7.1 through 223-14.7.3 and 223-14.7.5.

223-14.8.8 STATE OF CHARGE OF A PARTIALLY DISCHARGED BATTERY. Specic gravity of electrolyte does not change appreciably and, therefore, is not used to determine state of charge or discharge. Voltage furnishes a denite and conclusive indication of a state of complete discharge since the low voltage limit is the criterion which determines when a discharge shall be stopped. However, for a battery which is only partly discharged, voltage is a far less certain guide to the state of discharge.

223-14.8.8.1 There is no suitable relationship between discharge voltage, the amount of capacity remaining in the battery, and discharge rate.

223-14.8.8.2 Indication of state of charge is best gained from the ampere-hour meter. This instrument is bi-directional, showing an increasing number as ampere-hours are discharged and a decreasing number during charge. The ampere-hour meter reads directly the ampere-hours discharged when meter is zeroed at full capacity. The ampere-hour meter may be zeroed any time full capacity is achieved. Ampere-hour meters must be checked and calibrated periodically to maintain accuracy. Cumulative meter errors are minimized by frequent zeroing as described above.

223-41

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1

Figure 223-14-2 Discharge Efficiency Factor Curve 223-14.8.9 DETERMINATION OF STATE OF CHARGE. After a battery has been partially discharged at a single rate or at any combination of rates, the length of time that a discharge can be expected to continue at new desired rate is found as follows (assuming that all temperatures are normalized to 25C (77F)): a. Algorithm. 1. Determine the ampere-hour output for each partial discharge (number of ampere-hours taken out of the battery). NOTE Ampere-hour output is found from reading the ampere-hour meter or from the current and time duration of the partial discharge. 2. Divide, for each partial discharge, ampere-hour output by the efficiency factor corresponding to the current of the partial discharge. 3. Add all outputs so corrected. 4. Subtract the total obtained in step 3 from ampere-hour output at the ten-hour rate. 5. Find residual capacity at desired rate, by multiplying the result of step 4 by efficiency factor corresponding to desired rate. 6. Divide the resulting gure by desired rate to nd the residual time. b. Example. Assume that a battery has a capacity output of 875 Ah at the 10-hr rate (87.5 A). Since it was last fully charged, the battery supplied 350 Ah at the 5-hr rate (170 A), then 200 Ah at the 3-hr rate (250 A). How much residual capacity and time are left at the 2-hr rate (340 A)? c. Solution. Let us convert all outputs to the 10-hr rate using the efficiency factor curve of Figure 223-14-2: 350 223-42

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 Ah at the 5-hr rate is equivalent to 350/0.96 = 365 Ah 200 Ah at the 3-hr rate is equivalent to 200/0.93 = 215 Ah Total extracted at the 10-hr rate is 365+215 = 580 Ah. Remaining at the 10-hr rate is 875-580 = 295 Ah. Converting back to the 2-hr rate, the remaining capacity is: 295 Ah x 0.91 = 268 Ah i.e. 268 Ah/340 Ah = 0.79 hr = 47 minutes NOTE All above calculations are rounded off. They only give estimates within 10 to 15 percent. SECTION 15 MAINTENANCE 223-15.1 GENERAL

223-15.1.1 Maintenance, as used here, includes battery capacity maintenance as well as physical checks and adjustments. The silver-zinc battery requires a minimum of maintenance, but some items are critical. 223-15.1.2 Maintenance procedures included in this section supplement the Planned Maintenance System (PMS) where installed. Preventive maintenance, including schedules of test, inspections, and overhaul cycles, shall be conducted in accordance with the appropriate MRCs. 223-15.2 CAPACITY MAINTENANCE

223-15.2.1 Capacity maintenance is enhanced by the precautionary measures as follows: a. No cells should be left with terminals shorted. b. The battery should be kept on open circuit stand; nearly or fully charged is preferable to oat charging. If left on open circuit for a long time, the battery should be left in a discharged state, which is preferable to a charged state. (See paragraph 223-12.5.4) c. The battery should be charged in the temperature range of 21 to 38 C (70 to 100 F). 223-15.3 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

223-15.3.1 Preventive maintenance includes reducing the probability of grounds developing. Any electrolyte spilled or dripped in servicing should be wiped up immediately. 223-15.4 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE

223-15.4.1 When the vehicle is deployed, maintenance may not be feasible in accordance with MRCs. Every effort should be made, however, to perform maintenance as near as possible to scheduled times. 223-43

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-15.5 STANDARDS

223-15.5.1 VOLTAGE. When checked during open circuit charged condition, every cell should show at least 1.85 V. When checked during oat, every cell must read 1.86 V or more. These requirements are part of the short detection procedure discussed in paragraph 223-15.6.1. 223-15.5.2 CAPACITY. Capacity will be well above rated capacity in early life and decline with use. Rate of decline will depend on how the battery is used. 223-15.5.3 ELECTROLYTE LEVEL. ing electrolyte level. The following paragraphs describe indicators and procedures for check-

223-15.5.3.1 Level Indicators. In NR-1, acrylic indicators are used. An auxiliary indicator consists of an electrical contact device used if there is a problem with the installed indicators or if there is a need to know the level at greater depth in a cell. Indicators must give a positive reading of level. If there is any doubt about the observed reading, an indicator must be removed and cleaned. 223-15.5.3.2 Proper Level. Consult the manufacturers service manual for electrolyte level as a function of cell voltage. Prior to level check, indicators must all be cleaned to minimize possibility of reading error. 223-15.5.4 GROUND RESISTANCE. A battery must not be operated if its resistance to ground is less than 100,000 ohms, or 50,000 ohms in parallel, excluding auxiliary equipment. If it is less than 500,000 ohms, it requires maintenance (see paragraph 223-15.6.4). 223-15.5.5 METERS. All meters used with battery and cells have scales and accuracies specied in manufacturers technical manuals. Meters capable of accuracy shown in Table 223-15-1 shall be used. Table 223-15-1 METER ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS
1. Voltage Open Circuit Charge Discharge 2. Amperage General Low Rate 3. Ampere-Hours +/- 2% Cells +/- 1 mV +/- 10 mV +/- 20 mV +/- 3 A +/- 0.02 A (in 0-5 A range) Battery +/- 0.1 V +/- 0.5 V +/- 0.5 V

223-15.5.6 VENTILATION SYSTEM (NR-1 ONLY). Selector valve and all sampling lines to the hydrogen detector must be clear. Hydrogen analyzer operation and calibration must meet equipment manufacturers standards. Battery exhaust fans must operate without undue noise or vibration. Battery well covers must t tightly. 223-15.5.7 CELL SEALS (NR-1 ONLY). Flash arresters shall have no cracks in plastic parts or aluminum oxide ring. There shall be no evidence of carbonate in the ring. Cover or case and terminal or cover seals shall not have carbonate blooms which indicate a crack or leak. 223-44

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-15.5.8 BATTERY SEALS. eign materials. Battery box or cover gasket and sealing surfaces must be clean and free of for-

223-15.5.9 GENERAL CLEANLINESS. battery ground resistance remains high.

Cover, terminals, and cover ttings should be clean to ensure that

223-15.5.10 MAINTENANCE DISCHARGE. When the battery is fully charged and not used, it may be desirable to discharge it at approximately the 5-hour rate to at least 50 percent depth once every month when the vehicle is operating. Recharge with a normal charge (see paragraph 223-14.7.3). This will prevent the electrolyte level from receding too low and will help keep the electrolyte in proper places uniformly within electrode pores and separators. 223-15.6 SHIPBOARD ACTION

223-15.6.1 VOLTAGE CHECK. This check is made only on a fully charged battery. If a cell voltage is low, by the criteria dened in paragraph 223-15.5.1 , check its voltage at the cell terminals or fuse box. This eliminates a possible high resistance in the line or erroneous readout by the high detector. If low voltage is conrmed, the cell is shorting and should be handled as discussed in Section 16. 223-15.6.2 CAPACITY TEST DISCHARGE. As closely as possible, precede the capacity test discharge with a recording of all ICVs (paragraphs 223-18.2.1 through 223-18.2.4) cleaning of level indicators (paragraph 223-15.6.3.1), checking of electrolyte levels (paragraph 223-15.6.3.2), meter check (paragraph 223-15.5.5), a check of ventilation equipment (paragraph 223-15.6.6), cell seals (paragraphs 223-15.5.7 and 223-15.6.7), general cleanliness (paragraph 223-15.6.9), and ash arrester or bubble breaker condition (paragraph 223-15.6.10). The oat, in connection with the level check, will help equalize cells to nearly the same temperature and correct electrical imbalance. Voltage and meter checks will give condence in the results. 223-15.6.3 ELECTROLYTE LEVEL CHECK. described in the following paragraphs. Electrolyte levels and indicators shall be maintained as

223-15.6.3.1 Clean Indicators (NR-1 Only). Remove each level indicator in turn by lifting and rotating. Carefully wipe any deposited material from the exposed ends of the acrylic rods using a clean dampened lint-free cloth or towel. 223-15.6.3.2 Check Levels. Electrolyte levels shall be checked after maintenance discharge and charge (paragraph 223-15.5.3) with the battery on oat (paragraph 223-14.7.6) and within 48 hours after ending a normal charge. Refer to manufacturers service manual for instructions on checking and interpreting the indications of installed indicators.

WARNING

When a procedure involves inserting a dipstick into electrolyte and removing it, take care that strong caustic is not allowed to contact operators skin or be dripped on the cell top. Wash skin immediately with generous quanti223-45

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1
Warning - precedes

ties of water and wipe up any electrolyte dripping. Also, wipe off auxiliary level indicator when procedure is nished. The capability of checking levels by an auxiliary level indicator is also provided for some batteries. See battery manufacturers service manual for details. 223-15.6.3.3 Adjust Levels. Adjust levels if necessary after the level check. Use only 44 to 46 percent potassium hydroxide (KOH) as per specication of Table 223-10-4. Refer to the manufacturers service manual. 223-15.6.3.3.1 For NR-1. All adjustments are made with the battery on oat within 48 hours of ending a normal charge. 223-15.6.3.3.2 For DSRV and DSV. Electrolyte levels are adjusted during secondary rates or maintenance charges after vacuuming the cell to remove gas bubbles. To ensure correct electrolyte levels, no gas bubbles should be trapped inside the cell, otherwise a false reading will occur. Adjustments are made after the maintenance discharge and charge (paragraph 223-15.5.10). 223-15.6.4 GROUND RESISTANCE. If ground resistance is less than 500,000 ohms, the top surface of cells and the intercell connectors shall be thoroughly cleaned. This shall be accomplished, as soon as possible, by wiping them free of alkali, water, and other materials, using clean dry cloths. If resistance to ground is below 100,000 ohms, the battery must not be operated. In DSRV the ground resistance may be greater than 200 megohms. 223-15.6.5 METERS. 223-15.5.7). Replace meters which cannot be brought within calibration limits (see paragraph

223-15.6.6 VENTILATION. if leaking.

Clean gas lines and valves as required, service fans, and repair battery well seals

223-15.6.7 CELL SEALS. Look for cracks in cover-to-jar joint. If the cell is leaking, cracks will usually show white due to electrolyte carbonation. a. If a leak around the cover is suspected: 1. Replace ash arrester assembly with a pressure cap adapter. (NR-1) 2. Restrain level indicator or it may blow out. (NR-1) 3. Apply air pressure, recommended by manufacturers service manual to the cell via pressure cap nipple for one minute. 4. Close off input air. 5. Note pressure in cell. b. If pressure drops more than 1.5 kPa (0.2 psi) in one minute, locate leak. If point of leakage is not readily determined visually, pressurize cell and carefully paint a soap solution over the cover. If leak is between cover and jar wall, or other potted areas, clean and reseal as recommended by the manufacturer. If the leak is at service opening of cover, replace the O-ring. If this is not adequate, coat contacting surfaces with a grease such as Petrolatum or KEL-F. 223-46

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-15.6.8 BATTERY SEALS. Wipe and inspect battery box or cover gaskets and sealing anges for foreign matter or damage. Replace gasket if damaged. 223-15.6.9 GENERAL CLEANLINESS. Any electrolyte, dirt, or carbonated material on cover or ttings should be wiped off with a cotton rag or towelling dampened with water. Do not use wool or rayon as they are susceptible to attack by the electrolyte. 223-15.6.9.1 For external batteries, drain liquid from the box (during semiannual maintenance period) until only oil is being removed. If there is considerable foreign matter in the box, drain all the liquid and ush box with water. This will help eliminate seawater and alkali. NOTE Be sure that ushing water does not enter the top of the electrolyte entrainment eliminators. 223-15.6.10 FLASH ARRESTERS (NR-1 ONLY). Flash arresters with cracks must be replaced with new units. If there is carbonate on the O-ring, clean as described in paragraph 223-17.4.1.

WARNING

Use care in disposing of used entrainment eliminator material, as it should be assumed to contain alkali. 223-15.6.11 ELECTROLYTE ENTRAINMENT ELIMINATORS (DSRV AND DSV). eliminators (or bubble breakers) are not potted in place. Electrolyte entrainment

1. Remove them and cap cell vent holes with loose stoppers or tape to prevent extraneous material getting into cells. Do not seal tightly since some gas will evolve. 2. Wash plastic parts and O-rings with water, removing all traces of alkali. If the entrainment eliminator body was not removed from the cell, wipe inside with a swab dampened with water and then wipe dry. 3. Insert new material in plastic housing. This is supplied in rolls already treated with indicator. In handling, such as when cutting the proper length for an entrainment eliminator, some indicator may be shed as a white powder. This should not be cause for alarm since sufficient material will adhere to give the desired color change with alkali. 4. Stuff the material into plastic body starting with one end of the strip to give a random crushed effect. 5. Install top cap. If entire entrainment eliminator was removed for cleaning, check to be sure O-ring is undamaged and seat in the cell cover is clean. 6. Screw breaker rmly into cell cover. 223-47

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-15.7 PROLONGING BATTERY LIFE

223-15.7.1 GENERAL. The four following recommendations are intended to maximize battery life. They should be applied when and to the extent they are operationally feasible. They may conict with maximum capacity maintenance, but length of battery life is considered to be the more critical of the two considerations. 223-15.7.2 OPEN CIRCUIT VS FLOAT. During inactive periods, not anticipated to exceed 60 days, let battery stand charged on open circuit. If inactive period may exceed 60 days, discharge the battery and let stand discharged on open circuit. 223-15.7.3 TEMPORARY STORAGE. Store the battery charged on open circuit, keeping it as cool as possible (the optimum storage temperature is 20 to 41 F). Never permit it to stand in direct sunlight; instead, provide shade and as cool an area as possible. 223-15.7.4 LOW TEMPERATURE STORAGE. Battery life will be prolonged if the battery is kept cool. If facilities are available, store battery at a temperature between -7 and 5C (20 and 41F). Schedule reactivation so the battery has at least one day to warm to room temperature prior to use. There is little or no advantage in storing unactivated cells cold, but activated cells, whether stored charged or discharged, are preferably stored cold. Tape the vent to reduce access of air but do not seal tightly since some gas will be evolved. (See paragraph 223-12.5.4.) 223-15.7.5 PERIOD OF INACTIVITY - ELECTROLYTE LEVEL. If the battery has been inactive, do not check levels until after it has run one or two cycles (see the last paragraph of 223-12.3.6). Check electrolyte levels during or at end of periods when the battery has been active rather than after periods of inactivity. SECTION 16 BATTERY FAILURE AND CORRECTIVE ACTION 223-16.1 FAILURE CAUSES

223-16.1.1 Failure of main storage batteries is usually attributable to either age or working and may be expected from the following conditions: a. Deterioration of negative electrode (zinc shape change) b. Internal short circuits due to silver and zinc penetration through separators Batteries are guaranteed for age (number of months from wet down) or operation (life cycles). 223-16.2 ACCELERATION BY IMPROPER TREATMENT

223-16.2.1 These conditions of failure may be accelerated by lack of proper treatment. Therefore, conformance to this manual and the manufacturers service manual is imperative to obtain maximum life consistent with good maintenance. 223-48

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-16.3 ELIMINATION OF FAILED CELLS

223-16.3.1 Normally in silver-zinc battery installations, failed cells are replaced as they fail. Cells which fail prematurely may be jumpered out of the battery circuit and not replaced. Operating a cell with a slow short can lead to a hot short. Prior to jumpering out a cell, its previous history should be analyzed to determine whether poor performance is due to mechanical failure, improper reading, fuse, or bad voltage lead. When a cell is jumpered out, it should be noted on the battery report with a proper notation specifying reasons for taking this action. 223-16.4 CAPACITY LOSS

223-16.4.1 GENERAL. A common mode of failure with silver-zinc batteries is capacity loss due to cycling. An initial drop to near rated capacity will occur, and then a gradual loss. The rate of gradual loss will be indicated by capacity test discharges. 223-16.4.2 CAUSES. Some capacity losses can be attributed to degradation of cell materials, and loss or passivation of active materials with time and cycling. These generally are irreversible. Other capacity losses are a result of the way the battery is operated. Examples of detrimental operation are as follows: a. Electrolyte being too low in cells b. Charges being done with battery at low temperatures c. Float voltage insufficient to make up for normal self discharge d. Battery otherwise abused electrically or physically A single cell may limit the entire battery and need treatment as described in paragraph 223-16.6.4.1. Many of these types of losses can be recovered. 223-16.5 LIMITING CELL

223-16.5.1 Charge or discharge shall be terminated under the present system whenever any cell in the battery reaches a specic cutoff voltage and data recorded in accordance with paragraph 223-18.3.11. A battery cutoff voltage is also supplied, but in practice a single cell normally limits an operation. However, it is not necessarily the same cell in each cycle. If a particular cell begins to limit consistently and battery capacity reaches a point at which it is no longer acceptable, the limiting cell requires special treatment as follows: 1. Determine whether the cell is shorting by observing its voltage as discussed in paragraph 223-16.6.2. If a short is veried (see paragraph 223-16.6.3), act in accordance with the applicable paragraph(s) of 223-16.6.4. 2. If the cell limits discharge but not charge, charge the battery. Continue the charge on the problem cell using an auxiliary charging source which can be connected across the cell. A low charging rate is adequate. 3. If the cell limits both charge and discharge, establish rst that electrolyte level is high enough so the full area of plates can work. Remove ash arrester (NR-1) and visually determine that there is electrolyte in the cell. Auxiliary level indicator also can be used to check electrolyte level. Adjust level if necessary. 4. In either case, if the cell continues to limit, discharge it, jumper it out of the circuit, and replace it as soon as practicable. 223-49

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-16.6 INTERNAL SHORTING

223-16.6.1 GENERAL. Several factors, singly or in combination, permit a low resistance connection to be formed between a positive and a negative electrode. In most cases, this condition is irreversible and the cell must be replaced. Shorts vary in intensity, however, and this will determine the action required. Detection of shorts, verication of suspected shorts, and remedial action are discussed in the following paragraphs. 223-16.6.2 DETECTION OF SHORTS. Shorts can usually be detected from cell voltage readings. Therefore, the key to early detection of developing shorts is proper use of battery voltage monitoring equipment. On occasion, this equipment may give a spurious reading. Always compare at least two successive readings. Ensure that voltage monitoring equipment is calibrated and accurate. Should a high resistance develop between a cell and the output of the scanner switch, an incorrect low reading would result. Voltage shall be measured at cell terminals to verify the reading. When a battery is on open circuit, resistance between a cell terminal and the point where voltage monitor lead is attached to intercell bus will not affect cell reading. During charge and discharge, however, this resistance may be signicant at cells on one side or the other of the transducer, due to the additional length of intercell connector, and must be taken into account. Continuously scan the voltage of every cell in the battery and record reading at least once during every 24 hour period. This includes time when a battery is on open circuit or oat. If a cells voltage begins to drop when remainder of cells are maintaining a constant or rising voltage level, a short may be present. Personnel are thereby alerted to monitor that particular cell and conrm or disprove the possible short (see paragraphs 223-16.6.3.1 through 223-16.6.3.4). 223-16.6.2.1 Charged Stand. A cell is suspect if voltage drops to 1.85 V or less. Rate of drop depends on the magnitude of the short and state of charge of the cell. If the battery is partially discharged, rather than fully charged, three days may be required for voltage to decrease from 1.85 to 1.84 V. A sizable short usually will show up within 48 hours on stand. Immediately after any full charge, a cell ICV should read at least 1.86 V. Anything less is sign of a short and action must be immediately taken in accordance with the applicable paragraph(s) of 223-16.6.4. 223-16.6.2.2 Float. Voltage of less than 1.86 V during oat of a fully charged battery is indication of a short. To get such a voltage, the magnitude of discharge through the short plus self-discharge must be greater than the oat current. Cell voltage may show erratic readings. Any cell showing a voltage of 1.86 V or less or erratic readings during oat charge, and, having been veried that the battery is fully charged (paragraph 223-16.6.3.2), must be immediately isolated from the battery circuit and action taken in accordance with the applicable paragraph(s) of 223-16.6.4. 223-16.6.2.3 Charge. During most of a charge, cell voltage is near one of two voltage plateaus. These plateaus or levels vary with charge rate and age of cell, but are in the +1.6 and +1.9 V range. There is a transition period between voltage levels in which voltage may peak and fall back normally. The low voltage limit alarm, when properly set, may indicate a shorting cell. Furthermore, if the battery is only partially discharged, the rst (1.6 V) level may be short or non-existent. Set low alarm 0.02 V below the voltage of the lowest cell on each voltage level. Allow 15 to 30 minutes after the last cell makes the break upward, from rst to second level, before readjusting low alarm. If a cell activates the low voltage alarm and continues to decline through several successive readings, the cell is probably shorted. Stop charge, verify in accordance with paragraph 223-16.6.3.3, isolate the cell and take action in accordance with the applicable paragraph(s) of 223-16.6.4. 223-16.6.2.4 Discharge. Normally, the low voltage alarm is set to terminate discharge when any cell reaches voltage cutoff for the rate being used, independent of short detection procedures. When a cell limits discharge, 223-50

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 it does not automatically mean that a cell has a short, since it could be out of balance for other reasons. After all cells are on the long relatively at portion of the discharge curve, if one cell is 0.060 V or more lower than the next lowest cell, a short is suspected. 223-16.6.3 VERIFICATION OF SUSPECTED SHORTS. If a cell is suspected of shorting as discussed in paragraphs 223-16.6.2.1 through 223-16.6.2.4, the short shall be veried using the checks described in the following paragraphs. 223-16.6.3.1 Charged Stand. Check immediate past history of the battery to see if it might be less than fully charged. Check voltage at the cells terminals to see if it differs from that read at ICV monitor. If both checks are negative, the cell is shorting. 223-16.6.3.2 Float. Check the immediate past history of battery to see if it might be less than fully charged. If this check is negative, the cell is shorting. 223-16.6.3.3 Charge. Continue to monitor and record the cells voltage. If downward trend continues on open circuit or oat, the cell is shorting. 223-16.6.3.4 Discharge. Voltage may recover somewhat once the load is removed. If voltage of the suspected cell drops, short is conrmed and the battery should not be recharged. Action must be taken as specied in the applicable paragraph(s) of 223-16.6.4. If, at the end of an hour, voltage has not started down, recharge with frequent monitoring using the indications in paragraph 223-16.6.2.3 as a guide. 223-16.6.4 ACTION TO BE TAKEN. described in the following paragraphs. 223-16.6.4.1 Slow Short. After a short has been veried, appropriate action shall be taken as

A cell with a slow short shall be replaced as soon as feasible.

WARNING

Operating a cell with a slow short can lead to a hot short. (see paragraph 223-16.6.4.2) Take the following action as soon as a slow short has been veried or, for external battery powered vehicles, as soon as operations permit. 1. Isolate battery (open circuit). CAUTION

Don face shield, safety goggles, and gloves. 2. Open battery box (on external batteries). 223-51

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 3. Unbus cell or use discharge device to discharge it. (Discharge device also may be used before unbussing the cell). NOTE Discharge through discharge device at 5-hour rate. Leave discharge device connected until voltage measured across the cell terminals is below 0.2 V. If operation is feasible, continue discharge of battery until the shorting cell is discharged. Discharge rate should not exceed the 3-hour rate. 4. Unbus cell (if not done in step 3) and replace shorted cell with a formed and charged spare cell. NOTE If it cannot be replaced immediately, jumper it out until such time as it can be replaced. 5. Make necessary adjustments to ICV panel so all ICVs can be read on all cells not jumpered out. 223-16.6.4.2 Hot Short. If the short is of such magnitude that voltage is dropping rapidly, or if electrolyte has begun to boil and steam, or if smoke is visible, immediate action is required as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Isolate battery (open circuit). Open intrarow disconnects on batteries. Increase ventilation to maximum and direct overboard, if possible, on internal batteries. Open battery box on external batteries to allow venting. Don protective items (goggles and gloves as a minimum). Get CO extinguisher, electrolyte antidotes, and vent adapter to site. Open battery cover over shorting cell (internal batteries). Spray with CO if electrolyte has already accumulated on cell top. Remove level indicator and substitute vent adapter.

10. Use tube to lead electrolyte spray into bottle or container. NOTE Do not discharge cell. If cell is hot shorting, increasing discharge rate would add heat without appreciably shortening discharge time. 11. Clean adjacent cell tops, if necessary. NOTE If cell is not to be replaced immediately, bus over it until such time as it can be replaced. Be sure ICVs can be read through the monitor for all cells. 223-16.6.4.3 Troubleshooting Diagram. Figure 223-16-1 diagrams actions to be taken for a suspect or shorted cell. 223-52

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-16.7 RESTORING BATTERY CAPACITY

223-16.7.1 CAUSES. Unexpectedly low battery capacity may have resulted from one or a combination of conditions. A single cell may be limiting because it is shorting or its electrolyte level is low. Battery electrical unbalance may occur because of temperature gradients across the battery (self-discharge and charge efficiency are both functions of temperature). In addition, entire battery capacity may be down due to method of operation.

Figure 223-16-1 Troubleshooting Diagram 223-16.7.2 PROCEDURE. Battery capacity is restored as follows:

1. Verify whether the limiting cell or cells are shorting. If a shorted cell is identied: a. Jumper it out of the circuit and remove it as soon as conditions permit. b. Fill, form, and install a spare cell. 2. Rebalance battery in accordance with manufacturers service manual. 223-53

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 3. Check electrolyte levels with battery still on oat and current down to less than recommended value in manufacturers service manual. 4. Adjust levels, if necessary. If level is found to be low in cell or cells which limited battery capacity on previous discharge: a. Add extra electrolyte. b. Let battery stand on open circuit for a minimum of six hours. c. Resume oat until previously limiting cells reach 1.97 V or more. d. Withdraw excess electrolyte, if necessary, and secure oat. 5. Discharge 50 percent of nominal capacity at ve-hour rate. 6. Recharge with normal charge. 7. Discharge at 5-hour rate to VCO. NOTE If the same cell or cells limit discharge and appear to be coming down appreciably ahead of the remainder of the battery, replace that cell or cells with spares. Follow instructions in Section 17 if a cell is to be replaced. 8. Recharge battery with a normal charge (see paragraph 223-14.7.3). SECTION 17 INSPECTION AND REPAIR 223-17.1 PREPARING NEW CELLS

223-17.1.1 SPARE CELLS. Spare cells are always shipped dry and unformed. Formation may be done in the shipping crate or in another suitable xture, but under no circumstance should a cell be formed unsupported. Activated cells should not be left unsupported any longer than required for handling in connection with installation, and should never be cycled while unsupported. More than one cell can be activated at the same time. 223-17.1.2 ELECTROLYTE. Personnel working with electrolyte must use adequate safety precautions. Preferably, a full face plastic shield and goggles should be worn to avoid splashes on the face. As a minimum, gastight safety goggles must be worn for protection of eyes. Well-tting protective clothing must be worn to avoid skin contact with electrolyte when handled. Synthetics or cotton fabrics are preferable to wool or rayon, which are susceptible to alkali attack.

WARNING

If electrolyte is accidentally allowed to contact skin, eyes or clothing, affected area must be ushed immediately with generous quantities of freshwater (see paragraph 223-11.3.4 for antidotes). 223-54

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 CAUTION

Electrolyte for this battery is concentrated potassium hydroxide (KOH solution). It is corrosive to aluminum and slowly attacks glass, but is not corrosive to steel or such plastics as polyethylene or lucite. 223-17.2 FILLING SPARE CELLS

223-17.2.1 Each cell shall be lled to a designated level, rather than with a xed amount of electrolyte. A cells electrolyte level may be determined by proper use of the level indicator in accordance with manufacturers technical manual. The following procedure should be used for lling a spare cell: 1. Identify items in activation kit. 2. Remove ash arrester (NR-1) or electrolyte entrainment eliminator (DSRV, DSV).

WARNING

Once a cell has been lled, its upper portion soon contains a ammable hydrogen-oxygen mixture. Maintain good ventilation in the area and keep sparks and ames away from cells, particularly when service openings are being used. 3. Fill cell, using funnel. NOTE Add electrolyte until at the end of ten minutes it remains above the top of separators. Personnel doing the lling must be positioned to stop ow should cell begin to overow. Operator should wear a face shield or goggles, and protective clothing throughout the lling operation. 4. Wipe up any electrolyte which might have dripped on cover or terminals. 5. Install level indicator. (NR-1 only) (This may be inserted at this point, although it will be removed temporarily while cell is being installed.) 6. Remove cell from its bracing and check it for a possible leaky jar (see paragraph 223-13.6.2.1). 7. Rebrace cell jar immediately when test is completed, and cell jar has been rinsed with water. 8. Perform pressure test as outlined in the nal paragraph of 223-15.6.7. 223-17.3 FORMATION

223-17.3.1 GENERAL. Twenty-four hours after the initial ll, electrolyte should still be above the separators. If it is not, add electrolyte until level is again at or above separator top. Just before beginning the initial forma223-55

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 tion charge, withdraw electrolyte, if necessary, to below separator tops. Accomplish this using the withdrawal device provided, following procedure in manufacturers technical manual. Use care in disposing of removed electrolyte. 223-17.3.2 INITIAL CHARGE. An initial charge should begin no sooner than 72 hours, nor later than 30 days after the cell is lled. Refer to the manufacturer battery service manual for the recommended minimum soak period. Charge until the cell reaches the cut-off voltage recommended by the manufacturer. Secure charge. 223-17.3.3 DISCHARGE. ever occurs rst. 223-17.3.4 RECHARGE. directed in that manual. 223-17.4 Discharge at the 10-hour rate for 10 hours, or until any cell reaches 1.36 V, which-

Recharge in accordance with the manufacturers technical manual and proceed as

INSTALLATION OF SPARE CELLS

223-17.4.1 A battery should be fully charged before installing replacement cells. Installation of spare cells is similar to installation procedure in Section 13. 1. Attach a blank numbering disc to cell top: a. Number cell for its position. b. Record serial number of cell in Battery Log Book. Use cell handling strap to lower cell into correct location. Replace any adjacent cells removed. Verify cell polarity is correct. Replace wedging. Replace intercell connectors. Torque terminal nuts. Connect intercell voltage monitor leads. Conduct air pressure check (see paragraph 223-13.6.2).

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. Check intercell connectors for voltage drop. NOTE All connections which had been loosened must be checked. 11. Place battery on oat for 72 hours (minimum) to allow all cell voltages to equalize. 12. Check electrolyte level of replaced cell after oat. 13. Adjust, if required. 223-56

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-17.5 FLASH ARRESTER (NR-1)

223-17.5.1 CLEANING. Porous domes must be kept clean of carbonate and dirt to allow proper cell ventilation. Domes should be cleaned by placing the assembly in water and allowing water to ow through until assembly appears clean. Assembly should be dried, either by compressed air or the use of a low temperature (38 to 50C (100 to 122 F)) oven. Cleaning is required semi-annually. Clean and test in accordance with PMS if applicable.

223-17.5.2 REPAIR.

Field repair of ash arrester is not recommended.

223-17.5.3 REPLACEMENT. Flash arresters are constructed from two or three pieces: a plastic threaded base, a porous aluminum oxide disk or dome, and a plastic top through which level-indicator is inserted (NR-1 only). Pieces are cemented together and have an O-ring to ensure a tight seal against the cell cover. If pieces are cracked or become uncemented, assembly should be removed and replaced with a new spare ash arrester assembly. The O-ring should be replaced if it becomes cut or slit. A small amount of Vaseline or Petrolatum may be used on screw base threads.

223-17.6

REDUCING GROUNDS

223-17.6.1 RESISTANCE. Resistance to ground from the battery must be kept high for safe operation of ship and battery. If resistance to ground decreases, as indicated by ground detector, the battery must be cleaned. Spilled or sprayed electrolyte usually is the cause of decreased resistance to ground.

223-17.6.2 CLEANING. While in theory all free electrolyte should be removed from the battery well, in practice it is necessary only to keep the tops of cells clean. It is impractical to remove cells to clean electrolyte from cell sides and battery well, and if cell tops are clean, no electrical path can be established to sides and bottom of the cells. Cell tops should be washed with cotton dampened with water, and then thoroughly dried. Whenever possible, demineralized or distilled water should be used.

SECTION 18 BATTERY RECORDS

223-18.1

EQUIVALENT CYCLES

223-18.1.1 The number of equivalent cycles is calculated as follows:

N = total ampere hours discharged/rated capacity where rated capacity is that shown on the cover page of the record book (paragraph 223-18.2.5). 223-57

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-18.2 TYPES OF RECORDS

223-18.2.1 VOLTAGES. Voltage monitoring equipment must be operating whenever batteries are being worked. ICVs of pilot cells must be recorded before starting a test discharge or charge, and periodically throughout each of these operations. Hourly readings are adequate during charge and half-hourly readings during discharge. 223-18.2.2 CHARGING. ICV and cell number of limiting cell, pilot cells, and cells less than 1.90 V are to be recorded at end of charge, with the power load still on. These data are not to be recorded after securing the operation. 223-18.2.3 DISCHARGING. For periodic test discharges, record ICV of all cells before securing, when discharge is not prematurely limited by a single cell. 223-18.2.4 MONTHLY REPORT. Recorded data from monitoring equipment are discussed in the following paragraphs. Even though accuracy and reproducibility of some equipment available to read cell voltages may extend to three places to the right of decimal point, the third place should be ignored during charge and discharge. This includes voltage cutoff values. The third place may be of value on charged open circuit stand in detecting a downward trend in voltage which could mean a short has developed. However, it is the change in voltage which is important since indicated voltage may include a voltage drop in measuring circuit or an out-of-calibration meter. 223-18.2.5 BATTERY RECORD BOOK. A loose-leaf Submarine Battery Record Book, Silver-Zinc Battery has been supplied to each vehicle using this type of battery. 223-18.2.5.1 Sections A through E of this record book make up the permanent battery records. Sections F and G are log sheets issued as an aid to taking daily or single operation data. As noted in general instructions on the inside of the front cover, not every column will be applicable to every vehicle. 223-18.2.5.2 Cell temperatures of pilot cells will be available for some batteries. The number of hours and the approximate average current are to be logged on all maintenance type charges in Section D of battery book. Instructions for each section of record book are given in the following paragraphs. 223-18.3 BATTERY RECORD BOOK INSTRUCTIONS

223-18.3.1 GENERAL. This book shall be used to record the history of the installation, operation, condition, and treatment of silver-zinc storage batteries. 223-18.3.1.1 It is intended primarily for information of commanding officers and for personnel charged with inspection of vehicle battery records, to enable ready detection of any deviation from normal conditions in the battery as a whole, or in any cell. It also will follow the results of special treatment given to remedy troubles which have developed. From data contained in the record book, it will be possible to arrive at a reasonable estimate of remaining battery life. 223-58

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-18.3.1.2 The Battery Record Book is in several sections. Each section is introduced by an index page which includes any special instructions required for entries in a particular section. Silver-zinc batteries and the vehicles in which they are used vary considerably in size and mode of operation. Therefore, not every column will be applicable to every vehicle. 223-18.3.1.3 Since the book is loose-leaf type, pages in each section are to be numbered consecutively in the lower right hand corner, for example, A-1, A-2, ...B-1, B-2, ...and so forth. 223-18.3.2 ENTRIES. Information to be entered will be of two general types: summaries, and operational logs. The summaries, Sections A through E, will be entered in ink and veried by an officers signature. The logs, Sections F through G, are detailed data taken during specic operations. These need only be legible and can be inserted directly in the book. 223-18.3.3 COPIES. A copy of all battery correspondence, including periodic reports submitted, should be led in the manila envelope attached to the back cover. 223-18.3.4 NEW BOOKS. A new record book will be started whenever a battery is replaced. All records pertaining to a battery will be retained until such time as a complete new battery is installed. When battery is removed, the record book and all related data shall be forwarded to NAVSEA. 223-18.3.5 COVER PAGE. a. Name of vehicle b. Battery type c. Battery technical manual number d. Date of lling e. Battery serial number, if assigned 223-18.3.6 SECTION A - REMARKS. In this section, background or summary information of a general nature should be entered. This would include date of activation; date, manner and place of installation; casualties and repairs during installation; date of initial instrument calibration; and date and reason for replacement of the battery. Each entry should be dated and signed. Manufacturers representative should enter, date, and sign a brief summary of activity occurring during service visit. Positive elements as well as problems should be included in the summary. Date of receipt of technical manual revisions, or changes in operating procedures, shall be entered. Record any observations which might be helpful in evaluating battery performance, or which would lead to improved battery design or installation. Even if in doubt as to the relevance of an observation, record it. Table 223-18-1 lists abbreviations to be used in reports. 223-18.3.7 SECTION B - CONDENSED SUMMARY OF CHARGES. 223-18-1, record the following information: a. Serial number, if assigned, or battery position, (for example F#1 or A#2). 223-59 Using abbreviations from Table The following information should be entered on the cover:

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 NOTE When data from two batteries are recorded on the same sheet, use alternate lines for each battery. b. Amount of charge beyond constant current portion in ampere hours. c. Whether normal, partial or equalization charge (maintenance charges are recorded separately in Section E, but inputs are included in additional charge column of this section, along with M for maintenance or F for oat). Table 223-18-1 ABBREVIATIONS FOR REPORTS
Symbol S Forward S Symbol N P E M F Symbol O C D Position of Battery Port Aft Starboard State of Charge Normal Partial Equalization Maintenance Float ICV Open Circuit Charge Discharge

223-18.3.8 SECTION C - SUMMARY OF TEST DISCHARGES AND TRIAL RUNS. mation should be entered in this section: a. Serial number, if assigned, or battery position (for example S#1 or P#2). NOTE

The following infor-

When data from two batteries are recorded on the same page, use alternate lines for each battery. b. Correction for starting temperature. c. Designate limiting cell rst, then others that are signicantly lower than the remainder of cells in battery. 223-18.3.9 SECTION D - MAINTENANCE SUMMARY. Summarize all maintenance performed. This includes such information as electrolyte level checks and adjustments, maintenance charges, cleaning, and repairs. Scheduled items are listed in most technical manuals. Reference may be made to Sections A or G if detailed information is included there. The following information should be noted: a. Check whether special (unscheduled) or routine maintenance (if routine, indicate technical manual item number, if applicable). b. Serial number, if assigned, or battery position (for example A#1 or S#2). c. Note whether battery manufacturers representative was consulted. Initial this column. 223-60

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 223-18.3.10 SECTION E - CELL FAILURE SUMMARY. this section: The following information should be recorded in

a. Serial number, if assigned, or battery position (for example P#1 or F#2). b. Refer to cover page for guarantee start date. 223-18.3.11 SECTION F - CHARGE AND DISCHARGE LOG. This sheet is used for recording data during a single charge or discharge, with asterisks marking items recorded only for charge. The charge data are then summarized in Section B and the test discharge and trial run data in Section C. Circle either charge or discharge, as appropriate, at top of sheet. ICV set alarm points should be entered at the lower left hand part of sheet before beginning charge or discharge. The rst set of readings shall be taken with batteries on open circuit or at zero current prior to beginning charge or discharge. When ampere-hours discharged cannot be known accurately, substitute ampere-hours charged throughout. Under remarks, record cell number and voltage of all cells with an ICV of less than 1.90 V at the end of the charge. The following information shall be entered in the charge and discharge log: a. Cumulative time in minutes or hours. b. Additional pilot cell ICVs if necessary. (Use separate log, Section G, when recording all cells voltages.) c. Both start and end date, if appropriate. 223-18.3.12 SECTION G - DAILY ICV LOG. This sheet may be used not only for recording daily ICVs but also for recording ICVs periodically during charge or test discharge, and for electrolyte level indicator readings. Enter: a. Open circuit, charge, discharge, or oat voltages. b. Average temperature of pilot cells.

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S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 APPENDIX A. INDEX

Subject A Additives Ammeters Ampere-Hour Meters B Battery Box (description) Battery Box (Components) Battery (External) Oil and Dye Filling for External Batteries Pressure Compensation in External Batteries Abbreviations and Symbols Assembly Capacity Cleanliness Construction Cover Description Failure Guarantee Oil Phenomena Placing in Service Prolonging Life Reactions Theory Types Voltage C Capacity Loss Induced Mechanical Causes Natural Causes Maintenance Test Discharge Test (Final) Cell Cover Cover-to-Jar Seal Electrolyte Entrainment Eliminator Electrolyte Level Indicator External Design and Components Flash Arrester (description)

Paragraph 223-10.17.1.3 223-10.20.3 223-10.20.4 223-10.19 223-10.19 223-13.9 223-10.15 223-10.2, Table 223-10-1 223-13.5.2 223-10.5 223-15.5.9, 223-15.6.9 223-10.14 223-10.19.1.2 223-10.1 Section 16 223-10.24 223-10.19.1.3 223-10.4 223-13.8 223-15.7 223-10.4.2 223-10.4 Table 223-10-2 223-10.6

223-10.11 223-10.11.3 223-10.11.4 223-10.11.2 223-15.2, 223-15.4 223-14.8.4 223-10.26 223-10.16.b 223-10.16.c 223-10.16.h 223-10.16.f 223-10.16 223-10.16.g

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S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1

Subject Internal Components Limiting Cell Treatment of Marking Metal Insulation Negative Electrode Positive Electrode Preparation Reversal Seal Maintenance Separators Shipment Shorting (Internal) Detection of Temperature Sensor Terminals Valve Voltage Monitoring System Charge and Charging Characteristics Determination of State of Charge Efficiency Equalizing Equipment Float Normal Overcharge Partial Charge Rate Voltage Limits When to Charge Connectors (Intercell) D Damage (Arrival Inspection) Discharge and Discharging Capacity Test Characteristics Duration Efficiency Equipment Maintenance Discharge Partial Rate State of Charge of a Partially Discharged Battery Voltage Limits E Efficiency of Charging of Discharging

Paragraph 223-10.17 223-16.5 223-16.5.1.1-4 223-10.16.k 223-10.16.e 223-10.17.1.2 223-10.17.1.1 223-13.5 223-10.10 223-15.5.7, 223-15.6.7 223-10.17.1.4 Section 12 223-10.12, 223-16.6 223-16.6.2 223-10.16.j 223-10.16.d 223-10.16.i 223-10.20.i 223-14.7 223-14.7.1 223-14.8.9 223-14.7.9 223-14.7.7 223-10.21 223-14.7.6 223-14.7.3 223-14.7.4 223-14.7.5 223-14.7.8 223-14.7.10 223-14.7.2 223-10.18 223-12.3 223-10.21, 223-14.8 223-14.8.4, 223-15.6.2 223-14.8.1 223-14.8.5 223-14.8.6 223-15.5.10 223-14.8.7 223-14.8.2 223-14.8.8 223-14.8.3

223-14.7.9 223-14.8.6

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S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1

Subject Electrolyte Adjustment Composition Entrainment Eliminators Hazards Insufficient Level Change Level Check Maintenance Overlling Protection Equalizing Charge Equipment (Accessory) Not Supplied Supplied F Failed Cells (Elimination of) Final Capacity Test First Aid Materials Flash Arresters (NR-1 only) Float Charge G Gas Evolution Grounds Detectors Resistance Guarantee (Battery) Action in case of failure H Hazards Electrical Electrolyte Grounds Hot Short Hydrogen Mercury Seawater Heat Generation Effect on Charge Acceptance Effect on Cell Conguration Layout Hot Short (hazards of) Hydrogen Concentration and Safety Detectors Fire Hazard Ventilation I Inspection (Arrival) Dry Cells

Paragraph 223-10.17.1.7 223-10.17.1.5, Table 223-10-4 223-15.6.11 223-11.3 223-10.7.2 223-10.7 223-15.6.3, 223-15.7.5 223-15.4, 223-15.5.10 223-10.7.3 223-10.17.1.8 223-14.7.7 223-10.23 223-10.22 223-16.3 223-10.26 223-11.2.7 223-15.6.10 223-14.7.6 223-10.9 223-10.20.6 223-15.5.4, 223-15.6.4 223-10.24 223-10.25

223-11.3.2, 223-13.2 223-11.3.5, 223-13.3 223-11.3.3 223-11.3.8 223-11.3.4, 223-13.4 223-11.3.7 223-11.3.6 223-10.8 223-10.8.2 223-10.8.3 223-11.3.8 223-11.3.4.1 223-10.20.6 223-11.3.4.3 223-11.3.4.2, 223-14.2 223-12.3 223-12.3.6

A-3

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1

Subject Wet Cells Intercell Connectors Installation J Jumpered Cells M Maintenance of Capacity General of Meters Preventive Schedule Measurement conversion Mercury Monitor N NAVSEC-1 NR-1 Battery Connected to DC Bus Installation of Battery (New) Cell Testing (Old) Battery Removal Temperature Control Normal Charge O Oil and Dye Filling Open Circuit Stand Operation Procedures Overcharge P Packing and Packaging Partial Charge Partial Discharge Preparation (Battery and Cell) Pressure Compensation (External Batteries) Procedures (Operational) R Rate (Charging) Rate (Discharging) S Safety Electrical Electrolyte Equipment General Ground Resistance Hydrogen Personnel Requirements

Paragraph 223-12.3.7 223-10.18 223-13.6, 223-13.7 223-14.5 Section 15 223-15.2 223-15.1 223-15.5.5, 223-15.6.5 223-15.3 223-15.4 223-10.3 223-11.3.7 223-10.6.3 223-10.17.1.3 223-14.6.3 223-13.6 223-13.6.2 223-13.6.1 223-14.4 223-14.7.3 223-13.9 223-14.6.2 Section 14 223-14.6 223-10.6.4, 223-14.7.4 223-12.7 223-14.7.5 223-14.8.7 223-13.5 223-10.15 223-14.6 223-14.7.8 223-14.8.2 Section 11, 223-13.1, 223-14.3 223-13.2, 223-14.3.2 223-13.3 223-11.2 223-11.1 223-14.3.3 223-13.4 223-14.3.2

A-4

S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1

Subject Seal Maintenance Seawater (hazards of) Shipment Destination Guidance Inspection Upon Arrival Packing and Packaging Preparation for Transportation Mode Shorting (Internal) Detection of Spill Angle State of Charge Storage Dry State Long Wet Storage Wet Charged State Wet Discharged State T Technical Manual (Use of Manufacturers) Temperature Control For Air-Cooled Batteries (NR-1) Sensors V Ventilation Maintenance System Maintenance (NR-1 only) Voltage Check Limits (during charging) Limits (during discharging) Maintenance Monitor

Paragraph 223-15.5.10, 223-15.6.8 223-11.3.6 223-12.1, 223-12.2.1, 223-12.3, 223-12.5 223-12.6 223-12.3 223-12.7 223-12.5 223-12.8 223-10.12, 223-16.6 223-16.6.2 223-10.13 223-14.7.1.4, 223-14.8.8, 223-14.8.9 223-12.4 223-12.4.1 223-12.4.4 223-12.4.2 223-12.4.3 223-10.6.2 223-14.4 223-14.4.2 223-10.20.7 223-14.2 223-15.6.6 223-15.5.6 223-15.6.1 223-14.7.10 223-14.8.3 223-15.4 223-10.6.3

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S9086-G1-STM-020/CH-223V2R1 REAR SECTION NOTE TECHNICAL MANUAL DEFICIENCY/EVALUATION EVALUATION REPORT (TMDER) Forms can be found at the bottom of the CD list of books. Click on the TMDER form to display the form.

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