DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS Dra.

Matheus
Diencephalon Gross Feature o Hidden from the surface of the brain EXCEPT at inferior surface EXTENDS from: o Anterior Interventricular foramina (Monroe) o Posterior Cerebral aqueduct Boundaries: o Superiorly: o Corpus callosum o Fornix o Lateral ventricle o Septum pellucidum o Laterally: o Caudate nucleus o Internal nucleus o Medially: o 3rd ventricle cavity of diencephalons, bordered bilaterally by the thalamus & hypothalamus o Interthalamic adhesion / Mass intermedia connection b/w thalami & _____ Four major parts: o Thalamus o Subthalamus o Epithalamus o Hypothalamus

Dorsomedial nucleus o Lateral: Dorsal tier of nuclei Ventral tier of nuclei o

ANTERIOR PART o Contains anterior nucleus o Receives mamilothalamic tract from mammillary nuclei o Reciprocal connections with cingulated gyrus & hypothalamus o Function: Associated with the limbic system, emotional tone & mechanisms of recent memory MEDIAL PART Dorsomedial nucleus o Reciprocal connections with prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe & hypothalamic nuclei o Plays a role in expression of affect, emotion & behavior o When destroyed, causes memory loss (Wernickes Korsakoff syndrome) Midline nucleus o Diffuse, small nuclei in the paraventricular area & inner thalamic adhesion o Relay information for the consciousness system LATERAL PART Dorsal tier nuclei o Lateral dorsal nucleus o Receives mamillothalamic input o Projects to cingulated gyrus o Part of limbic system o Lateral posterior nucleus o Connections with superior parietal cortex & precuneus o Pulvinar nucleus o Connections with association cortex of occipital, parietal & temporal lobes o Receives input from LGB & MGB & superior colliculus Concerned with integration of visual, auditory & somesthetic input Ventral tier nuclei o Ventral anterior (VA)

Receives from corpus striatum, substantia nigra & reticular formation o Projects to premotor cortex (area 6) Ventral lateral (VL) o Some connections as VA; plus input from cerebellum & red nucleus o Projects motor area (area 4) & premotor area (area 6) *VA&VL Influences motor activity called Motor nuclei

Ventral posterior: 3 subnuclei o Ventral posterolateral receives spinothalamic, spinal & medial lemnisci (inputs from libs & trunk) o Ventral posteromedial receives ascending trigeminal & taste pathways (input from anterior head) o Ventral posteroinferior receives vestibulothalamic fibers from vestibular nuclei *Projects to the sensory cortex sensory nuclei

THALAMUS
o o o o o Large egg-shaped mass of gray matter Forms major part of diencephalons Situated on each side of the 3rd ventricle Serves as a cell station to all main sensory systems EXCEPT olfactory Activities are closely related to that of cerebral cortex o *damage to thalamus cause great loss of cerebral function

INFRALAMINAR NUCLEI o Numerous, small, collections of nerve cells within the internal medullary laminae o Receives input from reticular formation, spinothalmaic & trigeminothalmaic crisis o Include the following: o Centromedian Nucleus (CM) lies adjacent to ventral posterior complex o Reticular nucleus medial to centromedian nucleus o Influence levels of consiousness & alertness METATHALAMIC NUCLEI includes: Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB) o Visual relay nucleus o Receives retinal input o Projects to visual cortex via optic rasiation Medial Geniculate Body (MGB) o Auditory relay nuclei o Receives auditory input via Brachium of Inferior colliculus o Projects to primary auditory cortex via auditory radiation

Internal Medullary Lamina o Y-shaped white matter that subdivides the thalamus into 3 main parts: o Anterior: Anterior thalamic nuclei o Medial: Midline nucleus
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HYPOTHALAMUS
o o o Lies within the floor & lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle below the thalamic sulcus Primary function: maintenance of homeostasis Subserves 3 systems o Autonomic o Endocrine o Limbic

Components: o Mamillary bodies paired spherical bodies b/w cerebral peduncles o Tuber cinereum between mamillary bodies & pituitary o Median eminence downward extension of tuber cinereum o Infundibulum contains the stalk of pituitary Subdivided into 3 areas: o Supra chiasm o Tuber cinereum o Mammillary bodies & nucleus most rostral most caudal

If stimulated, it inhibits urge to eat Destruction results in hyperphagia, obesity & savage behavior o Infundibulum (arcuate nucleus) o Lateral hypothalamic nucleus Huger or feeding center When stimulated, induces eating. Lesions leads to anorexia or starvation 4. MAMILLARY REGION o Mamillary nuclei receives input from hippocampal formation via the _____ o Posterior nucleus thermal regulation Response to cold Lesions poikilothermia (inability to thermoregulate) Functions of the main hypothalamic nuclei Supraoptic nucleus ADH/ Vasopressin Paraventricular Oxytocin Preoptic/ anterior nuclei Parasympathetic system Post. & lateral nuclei Sympathetic system Anterior hypothalamic nuclei Temperature/ heat Lateral hypothalamic nuclei >Initiate eating & food intake (hunger center) > H2O intake (thirst center) Medial hypothalamic Inhibit eating (satiety center) Suprachiasmatic Circardian rhythm Afferent Connection of the Hypothalamus 1. Visceral & somatic afferents 2. Olfaction 3. Corticohypothalamic fibers 4. Hippocampohypothalamic fibers 5. Amygdalohypothalamic fibers 6. Thalamohypothalamic fibers 7. Tegmental fibers Efferent Connection 1. Mammillothalamic tract 2. Mammillotegmental tract 3. Descending fibers to brainstem & spinal cord Connections of the hypothalamus with hypophysis cerebri 2 pathways: 1. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

o o 2.

Vasopressin & oxytocin are synthesized in the neurons of supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei Hormones pass along axons w/c are absorbed by capillaries of the neurohypophysis

Hypophyseal Portal system o Formed from superior hypophyseal artery (br. Of internal carotid artery) o Artery enters median eminence & divide into capillaru tufts drains into descending vessels adenohypophysis o Carries releasing & releasing-inhibitory hormones

SUBTHALAMUS
o o Lies inferior to the thalamus (b/w thalamus & midbrain tegmentum) Contains 3 nuclei: o Dorsolaterally Zona Incerta o Dorsomedially Prerubral field/ field of forel o Ventrally Subthalamic nucleus Aka: Body of Luys the largest nuclear mass in the subthalamus Biconvex structure rested in the arm of the most part of the cerebral crus Has connections with corpus striatum & therefore involved in control of muscle activity

HYPOTHALAMIC REGIONS & NUCLEI o Fornix & mamillothalamic divides into 2 areas: (imaginary parasagittal plane) o Lateral hypothalamic o Medial hypothalamic 1. PREOPTIC REGION regulates release of GnRH hormones from anterior lobe of hypophysis o Preoptic nuclei controls parasympathetic system o Preoptic periventricular nucleus 2. SUPRAOPTIC REGIMEN o Suprachiasmatic nucleus controls circardian rhythm o Anterior nucleus temperature regulation (response to heat); destruction results in hyperthermia o Supraoptic nucleus secretes vasopressin/ ADH; destruction can lead to Diabetes Insipidus 3. TUBERAL REGION o Dorsomedial nucleus o Ventromedial nucleus Satiety center

EPITHALAMUS
o o Forms the most dorsal surface of the diencephalon Consists of: o Pineal gland main structure o Habenular nucleus triangular area o Posterior commissure o Stria Medullaris thalami

PINEAL GLAND o Small, conical structure attached by pineal stalk to diencephalon o Base of stalk o Superior part contains Habenular commissure o Inferior part Post. Commissure o Melatonin & Serotonin present in high concentration HABENULAR NUCLEUS

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Center for integration of olfactory, visceral, & somatic afferent pathways Mediate olfactory stimuli & feeding behavior

o o o

o Pars Opercularis Orbital gyrus Paracentral lobule Marginal sulcus

Pathologic reflexes Muscle tone

+ Increased

decresed

CEREBRUM
Dr. Vibar o o (2) Functions o Languange function o __ Highest center perceives sensations, command skilled movements, provides awareness of emotions & is necessary for memory, thinking, language abilities & other higher ventral functions Paired (left & right) superior parts of brain The surface is made of ridges (gyri) & grooves (sulci)

TEMPORAL
o o o Superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Superior temp. sulcus Inferior temp. sulcus o Premotor cortex (BA 6) o Located anterior to the precentral gyrus; o Plays a role in the control of proximal & axial muscles o Supplementary motor cortex (BA 6) Located in the medial surface Brocas area (BA 44, 45) o Aka: motor speech area o Located in the operculuar & triangular parts of inferior frontal gyrus o Associated with expressive or motor aphasia Pre-frontal cortex (BA 9-12) o Areas of higher cortical function o Divisible into 2 parts: Orbitofrontal region includes the orbital gyri Associated with visceral & emotional activities Dorsolateral region For intellectual activities

PARIETAL
o o o o o Note: o Post-central gyrus - SENSORY Superior parietal lobule Intraparietal sulcus Inferior parietal lobule Supramarginal gyrus o Above it angular gyrus o dulo ng lateral fissure of sylvius Parieto-occipital sulcus o

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Functional areas: o Anatomically described according to lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, limbic & insular) o Functionally described according to number areas (Broadmanns classification) Layers: o Gray matter o Outer matter o Composed mostly of neuron cell bodies o White matter o Fiber tracts inside the gray matter o Corpus callosum largest white matter Note: o o Cerebrum: gray out ; white in Spinal cord: gray in ; white out

Above corpus callosum is cingulate gyrus

OCCIPITAL
o o o o Parieto-occipital sulcus Cuneus calcarine sulcus Lingual gyrus Uncus ~~000~~

PARIETAL LOBE
o Primary somatosensory area (BA 3,1,2) o Located in the postcentral gyrus & in the posterior part of paracentral lobule o For reception of general sensations. o Lesions produces paresthesia/ numbness on the opposite side of the body Somatosensory association areas o Aka: Superior parietal lobe (BA 5,7) o Parietal lobule include 2 gyrus Angular gyrus (BA 39) Supramarginal gyrus (BA 40)

FRONTAL LOBE
o Primary motor cortex (BA 4) o Located in the precentral gyrus & in the anterior part of paracentral lobule o Contribute to corticospinal tract o Contralateral movements of voluntary muscles o Lesion result to contralateral upper motor neuron lesion

Frontal lobe motor area; seat of mental acitivities Parietal lobe somesthetic area Occipital lobe visual center Temporal lobe hearing

FRONTAL LOBE
o o o o Pre-central gyrus - MOTOR Superior central gyrus Middle central gyrus Inferior central gyrus (divided into 3) o Pars orbitalis o Pars Triangularis

SIGNS OF MOTOR NEURON LESIONS Upper motor neuron lesions Paralysis Spastic Atropy Fasciculations Clonus +

Lower motor neuron lesions Flaccid + + -

TEMPORAL
o o Primary auditory area (BA 41,42) o Located in the transverse temporal gyri of Heschl Auditory association area (BA 22) o Located in the superior temporal gyrus o Aka: Wernickes are (BA 22)

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Lesion called sensory/ receptive speech area; located in the posterior part of superior temporal gyrus Associates with receptive or sensory aphasia

APHASIA involved motor & sensory language disturbances o Wernickes/ sensory aphasia patient hears but doesnt understand o Brocas/ motor aphasia patient knows what he wants to say but speech is slow, deleting many words

Language Areas Brocas area Opercular & triangular parts of inferior frontal gyrus motor programs for production of words & projects to the motor cortex Expressive/ motor aphasia NONfluent

Wernickes area Posterior part of area 22 in superior temporal gyrus Contains the mechanism for the comprehension & formulation of language Receptive/ Sensory aphasia Fluent

Hemispheric with lateralization of function o Motor & sensory function contains contralateral representation o Higher function analytical thinking, language comprehensive o Mostly dominant LEFT Dominant: LEFT hemisphere language dominance intellectual process like analytical thinking, calculating & verbalization Nondominant: RIGHT h. sensory discrimination emotional nonverbal thinking artistic skills like drawing & composing music

OCCIPITAL
o Primary visual area (BA 17) o Located in the occipital lobe along the calcarine sulcus o Lesions causes visual hallucinations Secondary visual area (BA 18, 19) o Lesions causes visual dirorganization Uncus associated with SMELL Frontal MOTOR

o Note: o o

~~000~~ For Easy Recall BA 3,1,2 BA 4 BA 5,7 BA 6 BA 9-12 BA 17 BA 18, 19 BA 22 BA 39 BA 40 BA 41,42 BA 44, 45

DISORDERS
o AGNOSIA failure to recognize stimuli perceived by the senses o VISUAL failure to recognize objects visually in the absence of a defect in visual acuity. Aka: receptive disability can see the object but cannot identify it. o TACTILE inability to recognize objects by touch when tactile proprioceptive senses are intact. Lesion in supramarginal gyrus o AUDITORY (BA22) failure to recognize what the patient hears with intact hearing. Lesion in BA 22.

Primary auditory area Primary motor cortex Superior parietal lobe Premotor cortex Pre-frontal cortex Primary visual area Secondary visual area Auditory association area Angular gyrus Supramarginal gyrus Primary auditory area Brocas area

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