Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Section 1
Operations & Wellsite Geology Chapter 1: Operations Geology Chapter 2: Wellsite Geologist Chapter 3: Wireline Logs Chapter 4: Coring Chapter 5: Log Witnessing Chapter 6: Pressure Concepts Chapter 7: Pressure Detection Chapter 8: Fracture Pressure Reporting Procedures End-of-Well Report Daily Reports Wellsite Geological Processes Chapter 1: Formation Evaluation Chapter 2: Lag Time Chapter 3: Mudlogging Unit Chapter 4: Gas Detection Chapter 5: Sedimentary Petrology Chapter 6: Cuttings Evaluation Measurement While Drilling Chapter 1: MWD Overview Chapter 2: Imaging Logs Chapter 3: Geosteering Techniques Chapter 4: Geosteering Strategies Log Examples Geosteering Case Study Log Interpretation Charts
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Operations Geology
Introduction
Operations and Wellsite Geology support plays a crucial role in the success of drilling and production ventures. Typically the Operations Geologist will be a member of the exploration department of the operating company although now, in many cases, he is responsible to the project or drilling manager and thus may have a dual reporting role. The drilling department will require information during the planning stage regarding the detailed geological stratigraphy, targets, offsets, problem formations and the exploration department will require the collection and quality control of geological data as the well is drilled. The Operations Geologist will have been assigned at the beginning of the well planning phase and is the main communication link between the exploration and drilling departments. He is a vital interface between the rig and the office and is also responsible for the provision of wellsite contractor services. Partners will require the Operations Geologist to provide them with data and operational information in a timely manner. The Wellsite Geologist is responsible the wellsite geological data collection and quality control of contractors services under the supervision of the Operations Geologist. He may not have been involved in the planning process but obviously needs to be sufficiently briefed prior to the commencement of the job in order to be fully aware of the duties and responsibilities required of him. The Operations Geologist and the Wellsite Geologist may be full time employees of the Operator or specialist consultants. Consultants are usually very experienced in both drilling and formation evaluation; many having begun their careers as Mudloggers and so gained an appreciation of many the different disciplines involved in drilling, evaluating and completing wells. It is often the case that full time employees of oil companies are given operations and wellsite roles early in their careers as a stepping stone in their overall development. The latter will need a great deal of supervision, guidance and training from their managers as well as constructive support form the contractors personnel that they are dealing with.
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Operations Geology
Compile the G&G section of the drilling program. Identify and select wellsite and post well analysis services Manage and QA formation evaluation Contractors and services Provide office based technical support to the rig team Receipt of data from all formation evaluation service providers Logistical support for wellsite Formation evaluation services Focal point for distribution of daily updates and communication for partners and government bodies Review of actual versus planned performance indicators Cost control of formation evaluation services Compilation of Completion Log Production of End-of-Well report
Well Planning
Establishing a time frame for all activities is critical to the success of the project management. All critical path activities should be carried out efficiently and smoothly; other activities need to be conducted in a manner that will not adversely affect critical path activities and particularly to the effect that they will not become critical path activities themselves. The lack of key geological information can have a serious impact on the critical path. For example the lack of site survey information may delay rig choice and well path planning and the lack of a pore pressure profile will impact casing and wellhead design.
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Operations Geology
Well Planning Process
Geology Geophysics
Seismic Sections ! Maps ! Structures
Archives
!Field
Studies
Studies
Petrophysics (Logs)
Gross column ! Net column
!
Surface location & ID, well length, orientation & targets Surface location & ID, well length, orientation & targets Correlation wells, regional data, sections & maps Correlation wells, regional data, sections & maps Prognosed Geology, formation tops, FBG, temperature Prognosed Geology, formation tops, FBG, temperature Formation evaluation, logging, coring WSG Formation evaluation, logging, coring WSG Expected reservoir pressures & fluids Expected reservoir pressures & fluids Recoverable reserves, production forecast oil, water & gas Recoverable reserves, production forecast oil, water & gas Completion requirements inc. sand control &/or stimulation Completion requirements inc. sand control &/or stimulation Completion design & predicted flowing conditions Completion design & predicted flowing conditions Potential for for future well interventions Potential for for future well interventions Quality indicators Quality indicators
! ! !
Reserves
Field Block ! Area of Interest ! Reservoir ! Well
! !
- Original oil/gas in place & recovery to date - Original oil/gas in place & recovery to date - Drive mechanisms - Drive mechanisms - Changes of OWC & GOC with time - Changes of OWC & GOC with time - Rock & fluid characteristics of all zones - Rock & fluid characteristics of all zones - Production/completion problems e.g. sand, wax - Production/completion problems e.g. sand, wax - Depletion of reservoir pressure with time - Depletion of reservoir pressure with time - Production forecasts assuming no EOR - Production forecasts assuming no EOR - Field/reservoir recovery factors - Field/reservoir recovery factors - Remaining recoverable oil & gas reserves - Remaining recoverable oil & gas reserves - Identify/explain zones of low recovery &/or bypassed oil - Identify/explain zones of low recovery &/or bypassed oil - Construct reservoir model to predict reservoir performance - Construct reservoir model to predict reservoir performance
Material balance calculations Material balance calculations Volumetric analysis Volumetric analysis Decline curve analysis Decline curve analysis Log evaluation Log evaluation Pressure transient analysis Pressure transient analysis Analytic models e.g. JTI Horizontal Analytic models e.g. JTI Horizontal EOR screening EOR screening Geostatistics & reservoir characterization Geostatistics & reservoir characterization Reservoir simulation Reservoir simulation
Methods Methods
Figure 1: Well Planning Process The project team will have determined a set of well objectives which will form the basis of the Detailed Drilling Plan (DDP). This will be compiled from G&G data supplied by the Operations and Exploration department. In turn the DDP will allow the Authorisation for Expenditure (AFE) proposal to be written and submitted for approval. The AFE then becomes the most important document in the planning and execution phases since it provides the controls and limitations for the entire project.
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Operations Geology
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Operations Geology
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Operations Geology
Generalised G&G data needs to be submitted to the Drilling Engineers at an early stage in order that the initial well plan and design can begin. This may be up to one year before spud date. The G&G data will necessarily be lacking detail but the generalities of a planned logging programme will influence the drilling plan. Some logging tools will, for example, be mud specific and will need to be identified early on. The Geological Program and the DDP will evolve over time. They will be compiled by individuals with input from many other contributors. Regular meetings need to be held with project and exploration team members to communicate goals and plans and solicit constructive feedback. All planning documents need to be verified by team members before being submitted for approval. The distribution of all documents will be controlled in order that amendments may be managed correctly and that all individuals are using the most up-to-date versions of them.
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Operations Geology
Site Survey/Shallow hazards
The site survey should be carried out at least six months prior to spud and will normally consist of the following components: Positioning Sea-Bed Investigations Sub-Bottom Investigations
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Operations Geology
Positioning Geodesy: Measuring the Earth 3 Reference Surfaces: Topography Geoid Ellipsoid (Spheroid) 2 Measurement Systems: Geographical Projections Ellipsoid is the basic reference surface Heights are often related to Geoid (MSL) GPS heights are related to Ellipsoid Latitude/ Longitude referenced to Ellipsoid Lat/ Long ALWAYS need associated DATUM Projections (UTM etc.) ALSO need DATUM
Locating & Orientating the Ellipsoid in space requires 8 constants to be defined: Size & shape of Ellipsoid (2 parameters) Direction of minor axis (2 parameters) Position of the centre (3 parameters) A zero coordinate (1 parameter) Naming of Datums can be problematical Venezuela has 17 Datums in Maracaibo 3 are called "Maracaibo Cathedral
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Operations Geology
Ellipsoids always associated with Datums Ellipsoid names can be duplicated Ellipsoid PARAMETERS are best There are several versions of ED50 Datum All convert to/from WGS 84 DIFFERENTLY 54 deg N/ 3 deg E (ED50 / ED87 Equivalent): --53d 59m 57.51s N/ 2d 59m 55.08s E (WGS 84) 54 deg N/ 3 deg E (ED50, old general): --53d 59m 57.29s N/ 2d 59m 54.87s E (WGS 84) Approx. 8 metres variation Vessel navigation, typically (95%) 3 - 5 m Bathymetry: depends on depth Sidescan sonar, typically (95%, relative) 5 - 8 m Sparker, boomer, airgun (95%, relative)3 - 5 m Hydrophone arrays (95%, relative) 5 - 8 m RMS Sidescan6 - 9.5 m RMS sources4 - 7 m RMS hydrophones
Sea-bed Investigations
Sea floor cores and samples are taken to determine the nature and strength of sediments and to calibrate side-scan sonar and bathymetry data. This is particularly important for Jack-Up rigs in order to prevent leg instability.
Sea-floor samples
Grab sampler This is dropped under its own weight and is spring triggered on impact. The bucket rotates, trapping the sample. It is limited to the top 30-40 cm of seabed. The sample is collected with minimal disturbance.
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Operations Geology
Rotating Bucket
Fin
Weight
Core sampler Gravity Corers - these corers are available in a wide range of options, with lengths of corer tubes from 1m to 10m in a variety of diameters, with or without internal tube liners. With tube barrels of either mild steel (with a choice of finishes) or stainless steel. The tube barrels are supplied with or without cutters. The largest Gravity Corer supplied to-date, had a barrel length of 32m and weight 10 tonnes.
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Operations Geology
Side-scan Sonar
The intensity of sound received by the sidescan-sonar tow vehicle from the sea floor (backscatter) provides information as to the general distribution & characteristics of the superficial sediment. This may include channels, boulders, subsidence (pock marks), sea-bed features and sub-sea structures e.g. wellheads, pipe lines and shipwrecks. In the lower left schematic, strong reflections (high backscatter) from boulders, gravel & vertical features facing the sonar transducers are white; weak reflections (low backscatter) from finer sediments or shadows behind positive topographic features are black. The sea floor is typically surveyed in swaths 100-500 meters wide; the swaths are mosaiced together to form a composite image of the survey area.
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Operations Geology
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Operations Geology
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Operations Geology
Figure 9: Pockmarks
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Operations Geology
Figure 10: Seismic Reflection Profiling The Sparker The Sparker is a relatively high powered sound source, dependent on an electrical arc which momentarily vaporises water between positive & negative leads. The collapsing bubbles produce a broad band (50 Hz - 4 kHz) omni directional pulse which can penetrate several hundred meters into the subsurface. Resolution is 2-5 metres. Hydrophone arrays towed nearby receive the return signals.
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Operations Geology
The Pinger (CHIRP) The Geo Acoustics GeoChirp is a sub-bottom profiling system for high resolution shallow geophysical surveys. The Chirp concept uses advanced frequency modulation (FM) & digital signal processing to attain good penetration of the subbottom layers whilst achieving higher resolution records. The Geochirp is configured with the electronics bottle mounted on the towfish & the receiving hydrophone attached & towed directly from the rear of the fish. Data from the GeoChirp may be displayed on a variety of graphics recorders or sonar acquisition systems.
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Operations Geology
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Operations Geology
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Operations Geology
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Operations Geology
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Operations Geology
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Operations Geology
The Boomer This is a broad band sound source operating in the 300Hz - 3kHz range. By sending electrical energy from the power supply through the wire coils (above), the two spring loaded plates in the boomer transducer are charged, causing the plates to repel, thus generating an acoustic pulse. This system is commonly mounted on a sled & towed behind the boat. Resolution of the boomer system ranges from 0.5 to 1 m; penetration from 25 to 50 m. The processed section, (Fig.18), is of a boomer source into a single short streamer. Profile spacing 500m. Sea floor is either a strong till-layer reflection (1) or a weaker mud horizon at (2) from unconsolidated sediments. A bright spot at 3 is a reflection with inverted signal phase. This has been interpreted to be shallow gas, at a depth of around 4 m below the mud surface. There is a second till-layer at (4) which is faulted & may consist of coarser material than the sea floor till. At this depth we also see dipping features (5) which arent classified. Deeper, we start to see prominent multiples, which mask deeper geology.
Definition
Shallow Gas can be defined as formation gas that is encountered in a well prior to running the full pressure containing BOP stack. In general, this means top hole until 20" casing (or similar diameter) has been set, but wells have been drilled with a diverted installed until the 133/8" casing has been set at depths in excess of 4,000 ft.
Equipment
The equipment employed to handle shallow gas is principally dependent on the type of installation or rig carrying out the drilling operation. If the installation is a floating unit, then where environmental legislation permits the well should be drilled riserless. Where riserless drilling is not permitted a subsurface divertor is
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Operations Geology
employed. Both options allow all gas to be released subsea & the rig involved to move off the location. If a bottom supported rig is being employed a surface divertor system is used. In case the rig cannot be moved off location, diverting the gas away from the unit is the only option. Shallow gas is only diverted if the wellbore formation is sufficiently weak that if closed-in by use of a conventional BOP stack a sub-sea blowout would result.
Type of Gas
Shallow Gas is most likely to be a hydrocarbon gas but may also be H2S. It can be capable of carrying large quantities of abrasive formation such as sand & rocks, consequently erosion of equipment is a major issue. Irrespective of its chemistry, shallow gas will create a risk to personnel & equipment if allowed to surface around the rig.
Detection
The detection of shallow gas falls into two distinct phases: Prior to spud This involves various surveys that are carried out by the Operator prior to drilling. These include, but are not limited to: a) Sea bed surveys b) Shallow seismic surveys
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Operations Geology
c) Soil borings Soil sampling is a hazardous operation, because shallow gas might be encountered during the coring process. The lack of string valve protection, can result in the hole blowing out through the pipe. In offshore operations, a safer approach would be to investigate the soil for shallow gas prior to undertaking soil sampling by drilling a test hole with float valve protection to at least the deepest sampling point. It is imperative that the Operator undertakes extensive soil borings when selecting a location for a bottom supported rig &/or platform location. Soil borings offer: Tie-in of geology to seismics & other offset data. Potential shallow gas zones. Information on hydrocarbon content. Detailed lithology of soil layers. Strength determination of formation, important for platform position, conductor setting depth & the cementation design for surface casing. Note that in soft seabed areas, leg penetration can be up to 100 ft below the mud line, which can cause risks with jacking up. d) Pilot hole drilling from specialised units Pilot holes may be drilled up to conductor string depth, as part of a preliminary shallow gas investigation programme, prior to spudding a well. The following situations may justify drilling pre-spud pilot holes: At locations where offshore platforms are planned to be installed. In areas where little geological information is available. In areas with a high probability of shallow gas whereby the depth of shallow gas is unknown. In floating drilling operations, which require returns to surface for geological reasons (formation cuttings control). Pilot hole drilling (pre-spud) should be done with a floating vessel, which can move off location efficiently in case of a shallow gas problem. e) Information which may be used to examine the potential for shallow gas should also include a review of all existing documentation (& experience) for the area in question, which may contain useful pointers to shallow gas. The following reports may be considered: Subsea Platform Inspection Reports Pile & Conductor Reports
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Operations Geology
Offset Well Data Whatever type of data is collected, it is the responsibility of the Rig Manager to ensure that data is reviewed & analysed in conjunction with the client. It is essential that offshore & onshore senior personnel make every effort to research & communicate information relating to special features during top hole drilling. Remember that the success of a survey (non-invasive technique), is no guarantee that there will be an absence of shallow gas. Specific shallow gas pre-spud meetings with all concerned are a must. All contingencies must be covered & mutually agreed & written up for distribution prior to spud. After spudding Following spud, rig-site supervisors must ensure that hole & environmental conditions are continually monitored from spud to casing being set. Parameters that must be monitored include ROP, hole volume & return flow (if riser employed), geology (cuttings, MWD), swab & surge, prevailing weather & moon pool watch. Well control techniques relevant to top hole drilling must be employed
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Operations Geology
Initial casing design is based upon the pore pressure and rock fracture estimates and the associated mud weight and ECD requirements. Remember that ECD will continue to increase when drilling horizontal sections although pore pressure and fracture pressure values may remain the same.
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Operations Geology
Other Geological Hazards
Gas Hydrates
Gas Hydrates are compounds of frozen water that contain gas molecules. They look similar to white, powdery, snow and have one of two basic structures: Small structure holding up to 8 methane gas molecules and 46 water molecules. This structure may also contain ethane, H2S and CO2. Larger structure consisting of 136 water molecules with larger hydrocarbon molecules of pentanes and butanes. Gas hydrates only occur in high pressure-low temperature conditions in shallow arctic or deep oceanic sediments. In Alaska they occur between 750m and 3500m. They may have a shallow biogenic origin or, because of their carbon and helium isotope ratios, a crustal inorganic origin. They may appear as bright spots on seismic lines but their presence is only usually confirmed with drilling; penetration rates are typically slow and they have high resistivity and acoustic velocity coupled with low density.
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Operations Geology
Hydrating Clays
Mixed layer clays consisting of Illite/Smectite will exhibit hydrating and swelling characteristics due to the bound water in the mineral structure. The 2:1 layer clays consist of negatively charged mica-like sheets which are held together by chargebalancing counter-ions such as Na+ and Ca2+. In the presence of water, the counterions hydrate and the interlayer water forces the clay layers apart. The interlayer configuration, and therefore the swelling properties of the clay, is controlled by a number of factors including composition (total layer charge and charge location), interlayer cation (type, valency and hydration energy) and external environment (humidity, temperature and H2O pressure). Typically swelling clays are controlled by using oil based mud which does not have any free water to react with the clays to produce the hydrated material that will ball bits, restrict downhole circulation, and block flowlines and shale shakers. Otherwise the use of sea water and the addition of salts (K, Ca, Na) and various polymers will suppress this swelling tendency. Recently synthetic fluids based on olefins and esters and the addition of glycol to water based systems has also been used.
Hard Carbonates
Thick deposits of carbonates can cause major drilling problems. They are rarely homogenous; the autochthonous chalks of the North Sea are generally low porosity
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Operations Geology
whilst the allochthonous chalks are often very porous which contributes, together with extensive fracturing, to the oil and gas reserves of Norway, Denmark and Holland. Variable clay content, fracturing, recrystallisation, dolomitisation and the presence of flint and chert all have a major impact on the choice of bits and drillstring components. Commonly these rocks produce a harsh drilling environment with severe downhole vibration caused by bit bounce and stick-slip processes. Minimising weak points in the BHA is prudent so running MWD tools in these sections should be avoided if at all possible. If there are no objectives or operational decisions to be made in these rocks then the decision is relatively easy. If there is a need to steer the well through Chalk sections or if they are objectives then mud motors and vibration modules and thrusters should be used.
Evaporites
The presence of salt will have a major impact on well design, particularly the mud and casing string. High pressures caused by squeezing salts need to be resisted during and after drilling and dissolution of salt is required by the use of oil based muds or salt saturated water based systems.
H2S
The presence of H2S will have a significant impact on well design. H2S is a safety hazard and will affect wellsite operations. If the well is designated as an H2S well special training programmes will need to be available for all personnel together with the provision of specific PPE. H2S is also extremely corrosive; special H2S resistant drillstring components, casing and tubing will have to be supplied. Long lead times on this equipment can be expected.
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WSG Responsibilities
Offshore Geologist
Job Specification
a. Key Result Area To supervise the acquisition of all offshore geo-seismic well information, interpret and evaluate the obtained data and communicate the results effectively according to the objectives in the Drilling Programme. b. Performance Indicators Attaining the highest possible standards of technical achievements with relation to safety and secure acquisition and evaluation of geo-seismic data. c. Responsibilities
1. To ensure that all relevant geological information from offset well is available on the rig. 2. Co-ordinate and supervise all geological operations and provide support and troubleshooting as and when required. Core handling, mudlogging, sampling, pore pressure evaluation, biostratigraphy and logging. 3. To ensure that all relevant geological data is acquired, recorded and of the highest possible quality. 4. To supervise the contractor personnel in the performance of their duties. 5. Perform and ensure compliance with all Quality Control requirements contained within the relevant QMS documents. 6. Maintain and revise existing Wellsite Geology work instructions based on post-well experience and new Government requirements. 7. Prepare and send daily geology reports and well data to Company, Government and partners 8. Proactively participate in daily offshore team meetings 9. At the end of each well section or during periods slow operations, collate the data in a way that it can be put straight into reports such as the Final Well Report. 10. Log and monitor MWD tools offshore and report to Offshore Well Supervisor 11. Evaluate MWD formation evaluation logs for changes in lithology and rock parameters. Use the data for correlating against offset wells. Report on the quality of the data received and operational efficiency of each run
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d.Organisation Accountable to: Offshore Well Supervisors (Operationally) Operations Geologist (Functional and Technical)
Subordinates:
None
Internal Interfaces:
All members of the Drilling Team and G&G operations staff
External Interfaces:
Service companies and Drilling Contractor.
Qualification Requirements
a.Work Experience
Essential 6-8 years general wellsite geological experience with a minimum of 3 years offshore experience in the North Sea Arena. Desirable Computer/keyboard skills and knowledge of reporting systems. Knowledge of data formats Knowledge of MWD and wireline logs Knowledge of real time pore pressure evaluation
b) Qualifications
University degree or equivalent in geology/earth science. Updated in issues related to wellsite geology Fluent in the English language. Leiro II Part I and Part III
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WSG Responsibilities
Knowledge of relevant Country Rules and Regulations.
c) Physical Make-up
Offshore Health Certificate
e) Abilities
Communications and team skills. Setting of priorities and ability to meet deadlines. Ability to perform under pressure.
Wellsite Geologist
Wellsite Geology Responsibilities
Planning Phase Ensure adequate pre-job briefing. Familiarization with Client policy and procedures. Familiarization with well specific data requirements. Familiarization with relevant software packages used for reporting, log drawing and communication. Operational Phase Participation in rig safety meetings. Liaison with key personnel (Operations Geologist, Well Supervisor, Mudloggers, Log Witness, Mud Engineer, FEMWD/geosteering personnel, Directional Driller, core contractor representative, Toolpusher, Driller, Radio Operator, etc. Monitoring of operations Responsibility for collection, QC and dispatch of geological samples Responsibility for collection, QC and reporting of geological data Responsibility for lithological description and geological interpretation
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WSG Responsibilities
Responsibility for core point selection Responsibility for core retrieval and expeditious dispatch Supervision of contractor personnel (mudloggers, FEMWD/geosteering contractor etc.) Attendance and participation in relevant operational meetings and calls as operations dictate Ensure good team working and communication when more than one wellsite geologist is at the wellsite (e.g. HPHT, geosteering, extended coring programmes, etc.) Ensure adequate briefing and full documentation at crew change Post-well Phase Ensure that geological data and samples are dispatched from the rig. Ensure that geological computer hardware and consumables are secured. Completion Log Finalisation
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Outlook e-mail Schlumbergers PDS View / Atlas Meta Viewer software Zip software
Techniques
Sample preparation and description Hydrocarbon show detection and description FEMWD service quality control Mudlogging Core point selection Core handling Geosteering supervision Biosteering supervision Pore Pressure detection and prediction Wellbore instability indications HT/HP techniques Petrophysical log operations witnessing when required including sidewall coring Formation evaluation interpretation from FEMWD and wireline logs Correlation.
Communications
The Wellsite Geologist is required to maintain effective communications with the Operations Geologist and key wellsite personnel. All operationally significant communications and data should be copied to the following personnel: Operations Geologist Well Supervisor
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WSG Responsibilities
All changes to the geological programme, or operational instructions will be directed to the Wellsite Geologist through the Operations Geologist. Where more than one Wellsite Geologist is at the wellsite, working practices must be adapted so that there is 24 hour geological cover. Work rotas should allow all the Wellsite Geologists to attend the morning operations meetings and calls. It is imperative that hand-over between shifts and/or between crews is seamless. Effective hand-over is a requirement and the responsibility of the all the parties involved. Any queries or clarifications that arise should be addressed to the Operations Geologist.
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Conventional Cores The Wellsite Geologist is responsible for the following aspects of conventional coring: Core point selection (as per the criteria in the Well Proposal Document) Core handling, depth control and marking Sampling for lithological identification and description Preserved sample collection and preservation Description and interpretation Packing Expeditious dispatch from the wellsite
Reporting Procedures
On arrival at the wellsite, contact the Operations Geologist. Daily at 06:00, submit the following reports and logs to the Operations Geologist: (a) Geological Morning Report reflecting the geology, gas levels, ROP and operations that have occurred within the previous 24 hour period (b) Digital file of Mudlog, covering the section logged in the previous 24 hours. When appropriate, other logs such as the pressure log should also be attached with the report. (c) FEMWD logs at 1:500 scale in both MD and TVD acquired over the previous 24 hours. (d) Periodically send in CGM files of Geologists Field Completion Log/ Lithlog illustrating the geological interpretation over the previous section
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Telephone updates to the Operations/Duty Geologist or geological support to the Drilling Supervisor as follows: (a) Morning rig call at designated time. (b) Afternoon rig call at designated time. (c) Ad-hoc updates as requested by the Operations Geologist. (d) At Any Time for geological support from the Operations Geologist or Duty Geologist. e.g. key decision points such as casing and coring). During coring operations; for each core as soon as available: (a) Core Report detailing the depths in MD and TVDSS, recovery, missing intervals, gas, ROP and geology (b) Core log at agreed scale (c) Core dispatch details (d) Sidewall Core Descriptions Miscellaneous: (a) Quality control report for the mudlogging service weekly (b) Quality control report for the FEMWD/Geosteering after each run (c) Sample dispatch details (d) Hot-shot sample dispatch details
Operational Guidelines
The geologist should make every effort to maintain tight security on well data even when the well is not on tight hole status. All confidential data such as logs, reports etc. will be restricted to authorised personnel. No contractor personnel
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should be admitted into the mud logging unit or the wireline logging unit, both of which should be locked when unmanned. On completion of the well the last wellsite geologist to leave the rig will extract from the file all working copies of exploration data and forward these to the Client.
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bility of the data and usefulness for geological interpretation. Any problems should be noted and appraised with recommendation for further action or evaluation.. Lost time e.g. trip to replace MWD module etc. should be highlighted. As with wireline logging it is very desirable to try and tie in the logs with a previous run. Generally MWD companies do not recommend that the well is logged at more than 20 m /hr however, for tie in purposes logs can be run at up to 60 m/hr with certain companies.
Any drilling/engineering data contained in the daily geological report should be verified by the drilling supervisor before distribution. In addition to the routine reports, the geologist should at his discretion send in supplementary reports whenever important information becomes available.
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WSG Responsibilities
Distribution of these reports would normally be the same as for the geological morning reports. Geological issues requiring immediate attention should be discussed by phone or email with the duty geologist. Out of office hours contact with the duty geologist should be made by phone. Any geological report should be clear and concise and include any comments the geologist considers pertinent to the interpretation of the section based on his observation of the well data and his overall experience. Such comments may appear highly subjective at the time but are often extremely valuable to head office personnel. Long and detailed lithological descriptions should be avoided on these reports. Formation tops should be marked as preliminary and should indicate the information used to aid selection. Mudlogging Supervision It is the responsibility of the wellsite geologist to supervise the mud logging crew and to ensure that they perform their duties in a satisfactory manner. In particular, it is very important that the mud log is updated twice daily at shift change. Should the geologist consider any aspect of the mud logging service to be unsatisfactory he/she should report this to the Client drilling supervisor offshore and to the operations geologist onshore.
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version is made. Work on the final version of the completion log will not commence until all post well data required for the log has been received. The Field log is prepared on a 1:500 vertical scale using Resistivity/Sonic/GR data. The MWD logging contractor will supply this data on a disc in LAS / ASCII format shortly after completing each logging run. Final Completion Log should have the following curves: GR (API) ROP (M/HR) CAL (IN) (Log Track 1) RD & RS (OHMM) TGAS (%) (Log Track 2) Sonic (US/FT) DEN (G/CC) CNC (V/V) (Log Track 3)
Back up scales should be used if necessary. A tension curve, is not required. Density and resistivity logs recorded inside casing should be removed from the display. (Note: the Field Log will have all log curves replaced using HQLD logs in the production of the Final Completion Log).
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Coring
The decision to core will be decided upon entering a sandstone with shows in the prognosed Jurassic sandstones. The operational decision process is bulleted below and fully outlined in the drilling program. Resistivity close to bit (Resistivity 3m behind bit) Flow Check drill break on 3m Drill 5-8 m into top sst to identify increase in resistivity Low resistivity suggests water wet rock drill on Increase in resistivity possible hydrocarbons (or increased cementation). Cut 9m core (Use fluted aluminium inner barrel or pressure relief valves) (Use low invasion Core Head) (Use circulating sub above core barrel) After breaking off core circulate annulus to above BHA, activate circulating sub and circulate annulus clean of hydrocarbons POOH carefully (Do not jar barrel or trip at excessive speed) At 1000m wait on core to degas (Do not RIH with core) At 500m wait on core to degas. (Do not RIH with core) The preferred handling on the rig is to minimise handling of the core. If it is possible to decide on continued coring from the base of the core then cap the core, mark the core barrel as outlined in appendix 2, cut into 1 m lengths and ship to town.. Where possible take digital photographs of core / core chips and send as email attachments to town. Minimise core handling and exposure to air.
Sidewall Cores
Rotary sidewall plugs (RCOR) may be required for reservoir data, petrographic analysis, biostratigraphy and geochemistry. Sidewall coring points will be selected by the wellsite geologist in conjunction with the project geologist, after evaluation of the electric logs. Recommended coring points should therefore be
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telefaxed or emailed to the operations geologist as soon as possible. Once the RCOR points have been selected all partners should be advised ASAP. Handling of these cores should be kept to a minimum as petrophysical measurements will be made on these plugs at the laboratory. On collecting of the plug from the tool, it should be gently wiped clean of drilling fluid and placed into a container. Each SWC container should then be labelled with depth, well number, date and other relevant data. A brief visual description of each core can be made by the wellsite geologist and the plug can be viewed under UV light. Under no circumstances should any fluids (water, acid etc.) be applied to the plug, nor should any part of the plug be rubbed or scratched. Once briefly described the plugs should be securely packed in the special boxes provided. SWCs and original descriptions should be despatched to the core laboratory by helicopter.
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Report on anything related to the pore pressure of the well under construction (the actual pore pressure and its deviation from what was planned, problems resulting from (unexpected) pore pressure). Fracture Gradient Provide a table summary of all the casing shoe tests that have been performed. Casing Size Depth (TVD BRT) Mud Weight (ppg) Surface test pressure (psi) Equivalent mud weight (ppg) Type of test
Logging Witness
Job Specification
a. Key Result Area Provide expert advice on the drilling rig related to wireline logging, to ensure quality control of the measurements and to gather all relevant petrophysical data in such a way that the objectives outlined in the Drilling Programme are being met. To supervise the acquisition of borehole seismic survey information, interpret in-field and evaluate the obtained data to ensure quality control of measurements, and or gather all relevant geophysical data. b. Performance Indicators That the wireline logging objectives are achieved and that a detailed log of logging operations is maintained. That the wireline logging operations are carried out in a coordinated and safe manner without any unnecessary delays.
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WSG Responsibilities
That the petrophysical logs are reported in a timely and professional manner. Attaining the highest possible standards in the acquisition of borehole seismic surveys through quality control. That borehole seismic survey operations are carried out in a co-ordinated and safe manner in an optimal time frame. That all data acquired for borehole seismic survey and site surveys is reported and transmitted for processing in a timely manner. c. Responsibilities To ensure that all specified wireline equipment and personnel are available on the rig (and boat) with correct specification and/or certificates, to perform the service safely and efficiently. To supervise all wireline logging operations and provide technical support and troubleshooting as required. To ensure that all relevant petrophysical data is recorded at the required quality and that RFT samples are collected as per the programme and properly labelled. Supervise all borehole seismic survey operations, providing technical support as and when required solely or in liaison with wellsite geologist(s). Keep a log of the operation and report any deviation from the planned activities or any unplanned events without delay to the Senior Drilling Supervisor. To report and agree any deviations from the Wireline manual with the Operations Geologist. To immediately report and agree any deviation from Borehole Seismic Work Instructions Manual or scope of contracted service/planned activity with Senior Drilling Supervisor and Wellsite Geologist. To prepare daily updates to the logging activities and analysis report. This should be passed on to the wellsite geologist for distribution to Company, Government and partners. Communicate observations, interpretations and suggestions to the operations geologist.
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WSG Responsibilities
Verify the logging engineers tickets before passing onto the offshore supervisor for signing. Note on the tickets any disagreements and concerns. d. Organisation Accountable to: Drilling Supervisors (Operationally); Operations Geologist (Functionally and Technically) Subordinates: None Internal Interfaces: Drilling Supervisor, Wellsite Geologist and all members of the Drilling Team. External Interfaces: Formation Evaluation service companies; Drilling Contractor; Other service companies.
Qualification Requirements
a.Work Experience Essential 4 years petrophysical experience with a minimum of 2 years experience from the North Sea. Desirable A broad experience in geology and petroleum engineering. Awareness of advances in the field of Borehole Seismic services. Computer/keyboard skills b. Qualifications Technical education. Updated on technical issues related to wireline logging operations. Fluent in the English language. Leiro II part I and part II Knowledge of relevant Country Rules and Regulations.
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WSG Responsibilities
c. Physical Make-up Offshore Health Certificate d. Abilities Communications and team skills. Setting of priorities and ability to meet deadlines. Ability to perform under pressure.
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WSG Responsibilities
Calcimetry Cuttings analysis - microscope, chemicals, Rock Colour Chart, Grain size chart, UV light box Ditch Magnet Remote Data Management System Software data link Fingerprinting is a technique requiring the establishment of a base line for a parameter e.g. gas composition. Specific arrangements relating to finger printing analysis will be agreed at the wellsite between the data engineers and the offshore drilling supervisors.
Responsibilities
The mudlogging geologists will work under the instructions of the wellsite geologist. They will be responsible for the collection of all cuttings and mud samples as outlined in the drilling programme. This includes 1 x 5 litre tin of unwashed cuttings, 1 x 1 litre tin composite geochem sample, 1 washed and dried sample and periodic mud samples. Mud samples will be taken on bottoms up at the end of each well section, before coring, before wireline logging, on entering the chalk, on entering the Jurassic reservoir and at 20 m intervals whilst drilling the Jurassic reservoir. At the end of the well the mud logger's crew chief will bring the complete well database and log plots to the contractor's field office for reproduction together with the contractor's "End of Well Report". One proof copy of the report will be sent to RFC, attention S.QSAPP. Also one proof copy of the CD will accompany the report. The CD will contain: PDF file of the report Tabular listings of all drill parameter and gas data Text file of the lithological descriptions All log plots in CGM format (EMF and PDF if CGM unavailable) CGM or EMF & PDF file of any time based plots featured in the end of well report. A data listing at every 1m interval of all gas and drilling data should be output as ASCII and LIS files onto CD. After any amendments are made the final data package required is; 8 CDs 1 hardcopy report with included log prints 1 extra set of paper log prints (Sepia logs may be requested if partners unable to print image files).
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WSG Responsibilities
Each morning the mud loggers will prepare a report covering the interval drilled and sampled, chromatography, pressure data, hydraulics and drilling breaks in the previous 24 hours. This report, will be used by the wellsite geologist and the drilling supervisor in the preparation of their daily reports. A single print of the up-to-date mud log covering new footage drilled should be supplied to the wellsite geologist, for use in the morning meeting. PDF or TIFF image files of the up-to-date mud log and other logs should also be provided for distribution with the morning reports. If there are problems relating to the email connection then the up-to-date mud log will be telefaxed to RFC, partners, and NPD. At the end of each bit run a ASCII file of drilling parameters and gas data parameters should be downloaded to floppy and given to the wellsite geologist for distribution to the partners. At the end of the well the mud log data disk for the entire well will be brought in to the mud loggers field office. The mudlogging contractor will arrange to transcribe this data to ASCII and LIS files on CD to be included in the mud logger's "End of Well Report". Drilling mud may have an effect on the detection of hydrocarbon shows. It is therefore important that the mud properties are closely monitored throughout the well. The senior mud logger must communicate closely with the mud engineer, obtain samples of mud constituents, and keep a time/volume record of significant quantities of materials added to the mud. Mud additives should be examined for fluorescence and other possible hydrocarbon indications, and a chromatograph profile should be obtained of all liquid additives, including diesel. Before and at regular intervals during the penetration of zones of interest, the mudloggers should take small reference samples of mud in the special cans provided by the mudlogging contractor for any oil samples. These mud samples should be taken from the flowline, labelled with depth, time and well name, then boxed and stored with the cuttings samples ready for shipment at the end of the well. At the end of the well, the Mudlogging contractor should be requested to provide a text file of all the sample descriptions. The senior mudloggers / data engineers, should compile an independent pressure analysis of the well utilising; drilling parameters Dxc trends gasses temperature cuttings shape LOTs & Direct Pressure measurements (RCI) Hole conditions (eg drag and fill on trips, )
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WSG Responsibilities
The majority of the data provided will be depth based. However, during periods of very slow drilling or well monitoring, time based information maybe required, particularly if a non conformance has occurred eg a twist off, stuck pipe, a kick. Such data could be plots of torque time, or mud pit volume versus time. The mudlogging crew must be able and prepared to generate such plots as requested during the course of the operation. Where such events have occurred the mudlogging crew will note the event and report it in their end of well report. Plots of the time based evidence should be included in the end of well report and on the accompanying CD. The mudloggers will monitor the weight of metal collected from a ditch magnet and will graph it for each hole section. The metal should be collected from the magnet every100,000 drill string revolutions, weighed and plotted against depth. The purpose is to monitor casing wear and give early warnings of anything untoward happening. Any large metal fragments collected should be reported to the drilling supervisor immediately. Hydraulics calculations to be made for each BHA and hole section for the range of flow rates to be used. During wireline logging formation fluid samples may be recovered by use of the RCI tool. If opened at the wellsite the mudlogging crew need to be prepared to collect any gas samples and perform gas chromatography on these collected samples. Mudlogging crew will assist the wellsite geologist as and when required and particularly with core catching, preparation of preserved samples and core chip description and analysis During coring the mudloggers responsibilities include continual monitoring of coring parameter trends with feedback to drill floor to safeguard against drilling formation after core pack-off. If torque, ROP or stand pipe pressure vary substantially from the baseline, the core hand, driller, wellsite geologist and coring engineer should be notified. Coring parameters in paper form and electronic / ASCII format at wellsite to be provided to the wellsite geologist and coring engineer after each core run. Trip monitor information (depth of bit vs. time, instantaneous pipe speed) in electronic / ASCII format to be provided to the wellsite geologist and coring engineer at wellsite immediately after each core run. A paper plot of trip performance should also be produced for immediate discussion with the company man, wellsite geologist and core specialist, in case trip schedule requires modification. Analysis of drill string vibration while coring when MWD tools run above core barrel. Checking core on the drill floor for gas, (particularly H2S)
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WSG Responsibilities
using a portable gas sniffer - when not undertaken by specialist company or rig crew.
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WSG Responsibilities
Gas Ratio Log
Track 1: Average ROP (M/HR), GR (API) Track 2: Measured Depth (M - BRT) Track 3: Interpreted Lithology Track 4: Total Gas - average (%), Resistivity (ohmm) Track 5: Chromatographic analysis: C1, C2, C3, iC4, and nC4, (PPM). Track 6: Oil Character Qualifier Track 7: Wetness Ratio, Light to Heavy ratio Log header to contain algorithm used to define Oil Character Qualifier, Wetness ratio and Light to heavy ratio
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WSG Responsibilities
Track 5: Dxc Track 6: Pore Pressure (SG), Fracture Pressure (SG), OBG (SG) Track 7: Interpreted Lithology Track 8: Comments. Note particularly pit gains, LOT, drag and fill on connections, cuttings shape
Reporting
The final data package required is; 8 CDs 1 hardcopy report with included log prints 1 extra set of paper log prints
The report will contain the following information: Introduction Summary information Casing Summary Logging Services Rig Equipment Events by hole section Geological discussion Pressure Discussion Data Summaries Bit and Hydraulic Data BHA Data Drag Plots On / Off bottom Torque plots On / Off Bottom Pressure Plots
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WSG Responsibilities
Appendices Formation Evaluation Log Engineering Log Pressure Evaluation Log Gas Ratio Logs Time based plots (if required)
Note: Any issues related to geohazards such as gumbo, stuck pipe, vibration related problems, inflows to the well, significant mud losses etc, should be discussed in detail in the appropriate section of the report. Time based prints should be used, if necessary, to elaborate on the incident under discussion.
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WSG Responsibilities
Tripping Display Cementing Display Testing Display
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WSG Responsibilities
The logging contractor's Real Time Acquisition Tape will be hand carried to the service companies office at the end of the job by the logging engineer. At the end of each section of the well the MWD operator should splice all FEMWD log runs together and save this to disc. The survey data should also be included as a separate LAS or ASCII file. Four paper prints should be made of this spliced log. The data disc, verification listing, log plot and image file to be sent to MWD Contractor for QC. Two log prints to be sent to RFC office and one copy to be retained at the wellsite. At the end of the well the MWD contractor will provide to RFC: A composite set of FE curves from memory data, on tape or CD in LIS or DLIS format All the unspliced FE data (and full waveform data where applicable) for each MWD run on tape or CD in DLIS or LIS Format Verification listing of the data tape / CD. A complete survey listing of the entire well in LAS format Six paper log prints of the FE logs at 1:200 scale (separate from the report) One end of well report including log prints. The report is also to be provided in digital PDF format PDF, EMF & CGM files of all log prints (Sepia logs may be requested if partners unable to print image files) The draft report of all MWD activity during the well should be prepared and forwarded to RFC with one week of completion of the well. All non-conformances must be addressed in the report. The final report should be delivered to RFC within 6 weeks of the end of the well. The report will contain the following: Description of each BHA MWD run, including bit type Performance of each MWD run and a brief description of the lithologies drilled Details of any problems encountered (engineering or geological) during the MWD run Section relating to the findings of the PWD data. The tool is run in the well to compare actual downhole pressures with the mud hydraulic modelling program. The tool may also highlight good and bad drilling practises or supply useful information in the evaluation of an unexpected event whilst drilling or tripping. All these should be addressed.
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WSG Responsibilities
Time based example plots over limited periods should be generated to highlight examples being discussed in the text Section related to the vibration sensor results. Note the settings used for activation of caution and stop alarms. Note action taken through use of the information Tabulated listing of the survey data Battery Life monitoring records for each tool Composited MWD FE log plot Composited Depth Vibration Log plot Details of all splicing of MWD runs Details of all post well processing e.g Shear velocities from Sonic data. This section to include QC semblance plots and other QC plots. Section giving statistics relating to overall tool reliability. The compiled monthly reports calculating Mean Time Between Failure (MTBFF)should be included here. The statistics to include Total Operating time lost Total Circulating Hours MTBFF Highlights and Lowlights Section containing details of tool failures giving details of the problem, tool serial number, cause, action taken, closed out or open.
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WSG Responsibilities
Wireline Logging Procedures
In the event that an RFC log analyst is not at the wellsite, the wellsite geologist shall supervise all logging operations. He/she will make sure that all log headings are complete and correct and instruct the mud engineer or mudlogger to have circulated mud samples ready for the logging engineer at the beginning of the logging job. Any difficulties experience during logging, and any anomalous log responses should be noted on the Remarks section of the log header. On arrival at the wellsite the logging engineer and the wellsite geologist should go over the mudlogs and MWD logs of the section to be logged and review the objectives of the wireline programme. The Wireline Specific Guidelines and logging parameters should also be reviewed to ensure that there are no misunderstanding regarding requirements from the job. A repeat section of at least 50 m should be recorded over a zone where log responses show large variations, e.g. a sand/shale sequence. Additional repeat sections should be run over any intervals which show anomalous log responses. All logs (with the exception of the NMR and resistivity logs) should be run at least 50 m up into the casing. If no casing has been run since the previous logging run then all logs should overlap the previous run by at least 50 m. If a continuous temperature log is not being run in combination with the cable tension head then 3 thermometers should be run on all logging sondes, and the maximum temperature is to be recorded on the log header. All logs must be digitally recorded on magnetic tape or CD. Field prints of all logs are to be produced on both 1:500 and 1:200 vertical scales. Each 1:200 scale log with wall contact or centralised logging tools should have a cable tension curve recorded on the least crowded track. Repeat sections part to be attached to the 1:200 print. QC logs should be included as part of the final log print. If difficulty is experienced running logging tools to the bottom of the hole, the engineer will in any case log out from the deepest point reached bearing in mind that the tool may stick at a shallower depth on subsequent runs. At the wellsite four (4) sets of prints will be made of each log. One set of prints will be retained at the wellsite. Two (2) sets of prints should be packed in a separate envelope, marked "Exploration Dept, attention Ops. Geologist", and 1 set of prints are to accompany the raw data tape to Logtek, via the wireline companies office. (Sepia logs may be requested if partners unable to print image files)
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WSG Responsibilities
The logging contractor's Real Time Acquisition Tape and the original log will be hand carried to town at the end of the job by the logging engineer. The tape will also contain a full set of presentation and raw logs for the repeat section. A copy of this tape should be sent to Logtek with a verification listing and a paper print of the log. All tools outlined in the logging programme for the section of the well will be required to have a backup. The backup to the RCI for the 12.25" hole section will be the FMT. All logging tools should be accompanied by appropriate wireline cutting equipment, fishing tools and other attachments that may be required to aid logging e.g. a hole finder. Pipe conveyed logging equipment should be available onshore for mobilisation at short notice, when not specified in the logging programme. After logging all tools that are on rental should be returned to base on the first available boat to minimise rental charges. Note. A GR/FMT run may be required before coring in the 8.5" section. These tools should be left onboard whilst drilling the 8.5" section. Data Requirements At the end of each logging run the Logging Engineer will provide the witness with: A floppy disk containing the main FE curves acquired (LAS Format) A log print of the data acquired METAVIEW / PDS / TIFF file of log print Header information (Mud type, MW, Vis, BHT, Rm & RMF ifappropriate) At the end of the job the logging engineer shall supply the witness with: 4 field prints Printout of logging diary (note the witness and logging engineer shall discuss and agree on what was downtime, non productive time and operational time. Job tickets to be verified by witness and authorised by the drilling supervisor The engineer will take the data tape to the contractors office and generate Digital data tapes or CD containing full waveform data of all display and raw logs, including repeat section logs (LIS Format).
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Wireline Logging
Introduction
Electric logging services were introduced by Schlumberger in 1927. The first resistivity log was hand plotted from point data and designed to help identify the location of reservoir rocks and hydrocarbon bearing formations. Since then, of course, the sophistication, range and quality of logging operations has increased dramatically but the principle aims remain largely the same. Petrophysical logging tools are inserted into the borehole, usually at casing points, and the hole logged whilst retrieving the tools to the surface. Traditionally the tools are conveyed by wireline which also provides for tool operation and data communication. Typically measurements of natural radioactivity (Gamma Ray Log), formation resistivity, and porosity (Sonic Log, Neutron Porosity Log and Bulk Density Log) are measured in the open hole section. Some radioactive tools can measure through casing. Recently, high definition azimuthal tools have enabled images of the borehole to be produced that can show bedding, dip, fractures and other geological and geoengineering features. Early electric logging was largely qualitative and it was not until the 1940s when Archie (working for Shell) developed mathematical models for quantifying hydrocarbon saturation. Tool conveyance methods have also widened over the years. In tough conditions such as high borehole inclination or poor hole quality, logging tools can be conveyed by drillpipe or coiled tubing; some companies such as Reeves Wireline have also developed tools powered by batteries so eliminating the need for wire cables in these cases. Since the late 1970s Measurement While Drilling (MWD) services have also been developed with logging tools incorporated into the drillstring to facilitate logging during the drilling processes. This provides valuable data for real-time geosteering operations as well as reducing the need for traditional wireline type needs.
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Wireline Logging
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Wireline Logging
Logging Tools
The tools, or sondes, typically contain a variety of transducer with associated power supplies, measurement systems, analogue-digital converters, processors and communications electronics, encased in a stainless steel pressure casing. The tools are supported and powered by a cable which may contain seven or more electrical conductors. The surface equipment comprises a cable drum, motor and gearbox capable of running into and out of the hole quickly and of providing a smooth, stable pulling speed during logging. The length of the cable is measured with a depth wheel over which the cable passes. The tools vary in length from about 1m- 6m, with modern trends being towards more compact tools for ease of handling and deployment in tough logging conditions.
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Wireline Logging
Historically many tools had to be run by themselves, thereby increasing time and costs; today most tools are combinable and basic measurements of gamma ray, resistivity and porosity can usually be made in a single run. For example, Schlumbergers Platform Express service measures gamma ray, neutron porosity, bulk density, photoelectric effect (Pe), flushed zone resistivity (Rxo), mudcake thickness (Hmc), also called pad standoff, and true resistivity (Rt) derived from laterolog or induction imaging measurements in one tool 12m (38ft) long. Their previous integrated tool (the Triple Combo) came in at 27m (90ft).
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Wireline Logging
Reeves Wireline have Compact services with tools of 2.25 O.D. for use in slim holes and tubing conveyed applications. Their triple combo is 9m (29ft) long and the heaviest tool weighs just 41Kg (90lbs). Many of these tools are also available as CML tools (Compact Memory Logging) powered by a battery pack which means there is no need for a wire cable when conveyed by tubing. data are stored in non-volatile memory, recorded every half second, and converted into depth logs when recovered to the surface. CML tools mean that data can be collected in holes that were not previously logged for technical or financial reasons. When conveyed with drillpipe there is no wireline, side-entry-sub or wet connect to slow the process down.
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Wireline Logging
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Wireline Logging
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Wireline Logging
Measurements
Traditional open hole logging normally includes the following tools and associated data.
Gamma Ray
This records naturally occurring gamma radiation which originates from the radioactive isotopes of Potassium (K40), Uranium (U238) and Thorium (Th232). In sedimentary rocks these have low abundance in sandstones, siltstones and carbonates, but generally high abundance in clays and shales. Basic tools record total gamma ray abundance in API Gamma Ray units which is defined as 1/200th of the difference between high and low radioactive concrete in the API test borehole at the University of Houston. The tools typically have scintillation detectors recording radioactive events which are counted and recorded. Because of this, logging speeds need to be kept relatively low in order to have enough time to make statistically valid interpretations. Generally logging speeds of 1800 ft/hr are the norm with nuclear tools.
Figure 6: Spectral Gamma Ray Log Interpretation The gamma ray tool is used as a geological correlation tool, across multiple wells and also between logging runs in the same borehole. As a first pass, high gamma values are deemed to be clays and low gamma values, not clays. A sand-shale
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Wireline Logging
sequence will, therefore, have a typical response of alternating high and low gamma ray values. Carbonates, (limestones and dolomites), will also tend to have low gamma responses. However, other minerals may also have higher than minimal gamma values making overall lithological determination less straightforward where the lithologies are more complicated and the sands more shaly. Orthoclase feldspar, micas, glauconite and some evaporites (sylvite, carnallite, polyhalite) all have high potassium content which could lead to misinterpretation. Uranium tends to be preserved in reducing conditions so that typical source rocks (deep water, dark coloured, organically rich clays and shales) often have significantly higher gamma values than other fine grained clastic rocks. Spectral Gamma Ray This records not only the number of gamma rays but also their energy; this in turn allows the elemental concentrations of K, U and Th to be estimated. Spectral analysis can be very helpful in complicated lithologies such as shaly sands, arkoses, micaceous sands, and source rock identification. It can also help with clay mineral determination which can often be important in drilling operations: smectite rich clays (bentonite/montmorillonite) react with fresh water to hydrate and produce a viscous mush, (gumbo), which interferes with mud circulation, impedes hole cleaning and generally slows down the drilling process.
Shale Volume
Whilst the gamma ray log is mostly a qualitative geological correlation tool it can be used, with others, to provide an estimate of the shale content of sandstone reservoirs. Shaly sands produce errors in porosity estimations from the neutron porosity log and the density tool and also reduce overall resistivity values. Hydrocarbon saturation is computed from resistivity and porosity data using the Archie formula. If we assume that high gamma values represent shales and low gamma values represent clean quartz sands then higher than minimal values of gamma ray in sands can indicate the amount of clay content, (Vcly or Vshale). This, in turn, can be used to correct porosity values and obtain truer estimations of formation resistivity (Rt) for saturation calculations. Shaly sand models are normally used for saturation instead of the basic Archie formula. Commonly used formulae are the Simandoux and Indonesia models.
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Wireline Logging
Density Logs
Density logs are used to estimate porosity, establish compaction trends and identify overpressured rocks. The photo-electric factor (Pe) can also be used to help identify rock types. A gamma ray source is required to fire collimated gamma rays into the formation. The source is typically chemical (Cs 137) although Schlumberger have a tool which uses an accelerator. This is generally safer than a chemical source since radiation is only emitted when the tool is switched on downhole. There are typically two gamma detectors around 1.5m and 4.0m from the source. Gamma rays interact with atomic electrons in three ways: Pair production Compton Scattering Photoelectric Absorption
Pair Production
At energy levels above 1.02 MeV the incident gamma rays produce positronelectron pairs. This is usually well above the energy of gamma rays from a
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Wireline Logging
chemical source (662 KeV), and so can be discounted in most logging operations.
Compton Scattering
This is the main interest in density logging. Incident gamma rays collide with, and are scattered by, orbital electrons, losing some of their energy in the process. The number of scattered gamma rays available for detection depends on the electron density of the material through which they have passed. This is converted into bulk density for data collection and log presentation: Z e = 2 -- b A
Photoelectric Absorption
This is the absorption of low energy gamma rays by atomic electrons, together with spontaneous photon emission.The photo-electric cross section index, Pe, measured in barns/electron*, is a measure of the probability of this interaction occurring and is strongly dependent on the atomic number, Z, of the nucleus of the target atom. Thus Pe is sensitive to rock chemistry and can be a useful lithology identifier. Values of Pe for the common reservoir rock forming minerals are: Quartz:1.8 Calcite:5.1 Dolomite:3.1
* 1 barn = 10-24 cm2
The presence of weighted muds can have a detrimental effect on lithology identification from Pe since barite has a Pe value of 267 barns/electron which can completely overshadow to rock mineral values. This may be less of a problem in LWD logging operations since the invasion process will not have had as much time to develop.
Dual Detectors
Density tools have dual detectors, both reading in the flushed zone, in order to make a correction for standoff (mud cake thickness) and the effect this will have on accurate density values.
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Wireline Logging
Porosity Estimations
Porosity can be estimated from bulk density values if the lithology and dominant pore fluid type are known. Since: b = ( fluid ) + ( 1 ) ( matrix ) then: m b = ----------------m f
Neutron Porosity
The most common neutron porosity tools are based on dual spaced thermal neutron detection. Fast, high energy neutrons from a chemical source, (usually Americium-Beryllium), are slowed the thermal energies by collisions with nuclei in surrounding materials. Most energy is lost in collisions with nuclei of similar mass; in this case hydrogen nuclei. Since hydrogen is normally only present in pore fluids the porosity can be determined from the hydrogen index. However, bound water in clay minerals can make the neutron tool a sensitive shale indicator. The mean distance travelled during this phase, the Slowing Down Length, is controlled largely by the density of hydrogen in the formation. Once at thermal energies the neutrons are available for capture or detection in one of two helium3 detectors. The mean distance travelled prior to capture is the Diffusion Length, the principle control on which is the Chlorine content. Thus the ideal neutron log should be sensitive to the Slowing Down Length only. By using two detectors to measure neutron energy reduction, the ratio of near far counts can give a reasonable porosity approximation. Epithermal neutrons are insensitive to Diffusion Length and therefore not affected by chlorine content. Until recently, however, poor count rates have may repeat ability of epithermal tools unreliable. Neutron tools are calibrated so that they read true porosity in clean, freshwater filled limestones. Corrections are normally required when investigating other lithologies and also when significant gas saturations are present.
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Wireline Logging
Sonic Log
Sonic logs measure velocities and waveforms of acoustic signals in the near wellbore environment. Velocity is determined by timing a sound pulse as it traverses a known distance through the rock. The sound pulse is generated by one or more transmitters and the sound energy propagates a compressional wave through the borehole fluid until it encounters the borehole wall at which point part of the incident energy is refracted into the rock where it initiates compressional and shear wave particle motion. The wavefronts travel at different speeds, compressional waves being the fastest. Energy is radiated back into the drilling fluid as compressional energy and some of this is detected by receivers spaced along the tool. The first arriving wave being the compressional energy. Shear energy within the rock leaks back into the borehole as compressional energy but only if the rock shear velocity is greater than the fluids compressional velocity. Measuring the time difference between arrivals at two receivers eliminates the common time spent by the signal in the borehole and enables the time spent in the rock to be determined. This provides the interval transit time, or delta-t, (t). When divided by the receiver separation the log becomes an inverse velocity or slowness log. Units of slowness are microseconds per foot or per metre, ( sec/ ft or sec/m). Values of sec/ft (compressional wave), for common reservoir rock minerals are: Quartz:55 Calcite:49 Dolomite:44
Porous sandstones, limestones and dolomites will have increasing travel times from the matrix values. Pore fluid travel time will also affect overall values. Seawater or salt water drilling fluids typically have sec/ft (compressional wave) travel times of around 180. Sonic logs are often scaled from 40-140 sec/ ft since sedimentary rocks will rarely have values outside these limits.
Porosity Estimations
Porosity estimations from sonic logs require information about matrix and fluid travel times, as is the case with the density log.
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Wireline Logging
Porosity can be calculated as follows: t t m s = --------------------t f t m This works best in clean formations of moderate porosity. At high parasites wave propagation may not be as effective and therefore porosity estimations may be compromised. Algorithms and correction charts are provided by the vendors in order to make suitable corrections.
Resistivity Logs
Electrical logs measure formation resistivity in order to determine fluid type; since the only conductive part of the rock is salty water, low formation resistivity normally represents water filled porosity while high resistivity may indicate the presence of hydrocarbons. There are two basic varieties of wireline tools depending upon drilling fluid type:
Induction Tools
When a non-conductive drilling fluid is being used, such as fresh water or oil based mud, then electrode type logs will not work. Induction logs have a series of electrical coils through which an alternating current is passed. This produces a magnetic field which induces a current to flow in the formation. This induced
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Wireline Logging
current sets up a secondary magnetic field which influences the AC current flowing around the coils. The interference can be detected and used to compute the resistivity of the formation. In fact, this tool measures the conductivity of the rock which is normally converted to resistivity for plotting on the log. Since the tool is measuring conductivity it may give slightly lower resistivity values than laterologs if there is formation heterogeneity.
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Wireline Logging
A2
28ft
A'2
Rxo pad
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Wireline Logging
Other Measurements
Other measurements may be taken and tools run according to operational requirements:
Caliper
Caliper logs measure the size of the borehole. Most are mechanical devices using the spring-loaded arms on pad sensors, (micro-resistivity; density; neutron porosity), to measure the borehole diameter in one or more azimuths.
Formation Pressure
The Repeat Formation Tester (RFT) tool is able to measure formation pressure and take fluid samples from permeable zones. Using a pad, which is squeezed up to the borehole wall to remove mud hydrostatic pressure, and a probe which penetrates the reservoir rock flowing pressures and shut-in pressures can be recorded at multiple depths. Two fluid samples can be collected for surface evaluation. Modern derivatives such as Schlumbergers Modular Dynamics Tester (MDT) can be configured in a variety of operational set-ups, may use multiple probes, collect many fluid samples and using on-board resistivity and optical recognition technology, identify fluid types downhole. By taking multiple pressure readings at different vertical depths through the reservoir fluid pressure gradients can be established which will identify fluid types and, at the intersection points of fluid gradients, fluid contacts.
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Wireline Logging
Imaging Logs
By taking closely spaced readings at multiple azimuths around the borehole imaging logs can provide pictures of the borehole and geological features. Using density, resistivity and sonic measurements imaging logs can show dip and bedding, fractures, secondary porosity and borehole geometry features.
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Wireline Logging
Whilst normally available only after drilling some LWD tools such as Schlumbergers ADT (Azimuthal Density Neutron Tool) service can provide useful information in geosteering applications.
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Wireline Logging
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Wireline Logging
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Wireline Logging
Lithology Identification
Most of the logging tools described above can be used for lithology identification, particularly when two or, more data sets are cross-plotted. Trends, repeated sections and curve shapes can also give indications of facies and environments of deposition.
Gamma Ray
The Gamma Ray is initially thought of as a shale indicator. Typical reservoir rocks, sandstones, limestones and dolomites are likely to have low levels of potassium, thorium or uranium bearing minerals and, therefore, low overall gamma ray values. Shales and clays are likely to have high gamma ray values. API Gamma Ray units are designed to give values readings of about 100 units in average clays. But, of course, this depends upon the exact clay mineralogy. Basic geological correlation can therefore be done with the Gamma Ray for comparing sections over different wells and also between logging runs on the same well. It is also used as a depth correlation tool for matching up different curves and for locating shot depths for sidewall cores and for depths for pressure tests and fluid sampling with RFT/MDT tools. Even clays and shales will have variations in gamma ray count according to their mineralogy; illite clays (because of potassium binding the clay layers together) have high counts whereas smectites (including bentonite and montmorillonite) will have lower counts because of their water, rather than potassium, bonding. Most clays are of mixed and variable mineralogy and so will have intermediate gamma ray values. Other minerals with significant potassium content include: Orthoclase Feldspar Micas Glauconite Evaporites (Sylvite, Polyhalite, Carnalite) This means that arkoses, micaceous sandstones, glauconitic (green) sandstones and certain evaporite sections may have gamma ray values well above expected minimums and could cause interpretation difficulties. Gamma Ray and Grain Size There is a potential correlation between gamma ray count and grain size in clastic sediments. Clay minerals (potentially rich in K40) are more likely to be associated with fine sands and silts than coarser sediments because they will tend to be
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Wireline Logging
deposited in lower energy environments. Thus they will tend to have higher gamma ray values than coarser sands and conglomerates. This is nothing to do with the (quartz) grain size as such but just with the likelihood of associated clay minerals. If there are no clay minerals in the particular environment then none will be deposited and the correlation will not exist. Often, however, not only variations in gamma ray count can be seen but definite trends of changing values can be identified. Increasing gamma ray count upwards in a sand reservoir may indicate a fining upwards sequence; decreasing upward values may indicate a coarsening upwards section. The former may represent a channel and the latter may represent a beach or barrier development. These trends may also be seen on density and resistivity logs.
Photo-electric Absorption
As already discussed the Pe value can identify reservoir rocks when the influence of weighted muds (the associated barite) is not great.
Sonic Log
The sonic log is reflecting rock density so that its response is similar to the bulk density tool. Again, on its own only certain lithologies are identifiable but when cross-plotted with density and/or neutron porosity, dominant mineral assemblages can be identified. Halite at 67 sec/ft, Anhydrite (50) and Gypsum (52) can often be identified directly from the sonic but porous rocks will have a range of travel times.
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Wireline Logging
Resistivity Log
The resistivity log is primarily used for saturation determination. However behavioural trends can help identify environments and facies and absolute resistivity values can help identify lithologies. Tight or impermeable rocks, for example, will have high resistivities whilst porous, water filled formations will have low values. Again, resistivity is based used in conjunction with other curves for lithology investigation.
Curve Geometries
Visual examination of the curves, particularly the arrangement of the densityneutron curves, can indicate rock type. Density-Neutron Porosity curves are plotted on the same track using compatible scales. Since the Neutron Porosity tool is normally calibrated in Limestone Porosity Units the density log scale will have 2.70 gm/cc aligned with 0% apparent neutron porosity. This means that in clean, liquid filled limestones the apparent neutron porosity read from the log will be the correct value and the density and neutron curves will overlay one-another. However in different lithologies the log porosities will need correction and the density and neutron curves will not overlay. In water filled, shale free sandstones, the separation between the curves will be around 3-6 porosity units with the density curve showing a slightly higher apparent porosity. Oil will produce a reduction in density values whilst gas will also cause a reduction in apparent neutron porosity values leading to further curve separation. Shaliness will cause the neutron curve to read high apparent porosities with a slight change in density according to the clay mineralogy in both carbonates and sandstones. The gamma ray will show higher values than clean formations. Clay and shale beds will have high gamma ray values and large separation between the density-neutron curves, with the neutron reading exceptionally high apparent porosity values. Dolomites will show a similar separation to shales but usually skewed towards high densities. The gamma ray will generally be low.
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Wireline Logging
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Wireline Logging
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Wireline Logging
Saturation Determination
The resistivity logs are used to identify potential hydrocarbon bearing zones as long as the rock has porosity and permeability. Porous, water saturated, sediments will tend to have low resistivities while hydrocarbon bearing formations will have higher resistivities. To be sure it is necessary to evaluate both resistivity and porosity logs.
Hydrocarbons
When the rock contains hydrocarbons Rt increases according to hydrocarbon saturation and porosity. Ro remains the same; that is, the theoretical resistivity of the rock when 100% saturated with water, (of resistivity Rw), is Ro. Rt Ro In the early days of logging this is about as far as it got. Quantitative analysis came along in the 1940s from Mr. Archie.
Archie Formula
Archie, working for Shell, developed the basic algorithms to estimate hydrocarbon saturation from resistivity and porosity.
Sw =
Ro -----Rt
Where: Sw=Water Saturation Ro=Formation Resistivity at Sw = 1 Rt=True Formation Resistivity n=Saturation Exponent
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Wireline Logging
The saturation exponent, n, is an empiracally dervived variable. For Quick-Look Interpretation, n is normally 2. Since Ro is not measured when hydrocarbons are present it needs to be determined independently.
Ro Determination
When a rock is saturated with water of resistivity Rw, the ratio of the water overall rock resistivity to the water resistivity is constant, providing the porosity remains the same: Ro F = ------Rw Therefore: Ro = FxRw Where: F=Formation Resistivity Factor
The Formation Resistivity Factor, F, relates to the porosity. Changing the type of water filling the pores does not change the overall Ro/Rw ratio providing the porosity stays the same. Archie determined a relationship for F and the porosity () as follows: a F = ----m Where: a=Tortuosity Index m=Cementation Factor
Values of a and m vary with lithology. Median values of a are around 1 and median values of m are around 2. Sandstones generally cause reductions in a and carbonates cause significant increases in m. Values of a, m and n are computed from core analysis, offset data and other reservoir studies. If no information is
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Wireline Logging
available, a default relationship can be used though this is only an approximation.
1 F = ---2 Substituting for Ro, the working version of Archies formula for Sw becomes: F Rw ----------------Rt
Sw =
Sw =
a Rw ----------------m Rt
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Wireline Logging
3-30
Coring
Introduction
Coring provides information about reservoir conditions and hydrocarbon reserves that may not be available during routine drilling or logging operations. Detailed porosity, permeability and hydrocarbon saturation measurements are possible from conventional cores since the samples are large enough to show most of the controlling features, apart perhaps, from macro or fracture porosity. Of secondary importance is other geological information such as detailed sedimentary and lithological evaluation, micro palaeontological work and the opportunity for uncontaminated geochemistry analysis. Two main type of coring are available: Conventional Coring Performed at the time of drilling Provides macro samples for complete reservoir evaluation
Sidewall Coring Performed after drilling using wireline technology Provides small samples for lithological and palaeontological evaluation
Conventional Coring
Conventional coring is the most basic operation and has been routinely done in vertical wells for many years. Core is collected in a steel tube or barrel usually either 30ft, 60ft or 90ft long, giving sample diameters of between 2 inches and 5 inches. For slimhole operations cores of 1.75 inches diameter may be obtained. Conventional cores are normally cut to provide basic rock mechanics and reservoir information from formations that are easily sampled and not prone to collapse or desegregation. Where more detailed information is required, or when the formation may not be adequately recovered, specialised coring systems such as containerisation may be employed. Conventional coring is time consuming, and therefore expensive. It involves at least two round trips, changing of the BHA and slower drilling rates are achieved over the cored interval. Only those formations of special interest are cored, and even then conventional coring is usually limited to the primary and secondary reservoir targets in most operations.
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Coring
Because of the expense and the importance of the information required coring operations are carried out with great care and usually with the assistance of specialised personnel and equipment.
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Coring
WELL NAME DATE DRILLING DATA DEPTH DRILL BREAK (mddbrt/ mtvdss) LENGTH OF BREAK ROP Pre-break (ft/hr) Torque Pre-break (klbs) Mud weight in (ppg) ECD (ppg) Pit gain (bbl) Est pore pres Pre-break GEOLOGY Lithology after circulating bottoms up Visible porosity Nature of cuttings, e.g. angular, loose grains, size, shape
05/28/2002 12/16/2001
M. Butler 3:25
CURRENT DEPTH (mddbrt/ mtvdss) ROP during break (ft/hr) Torque during break (klbs) Mud weight out (ppg) Estimated O/B ppg Controlled drilling? Est pore pres during break
8560/-8477
40% Sandstone 60% Siltstone Sandstone: generally loose, locally well cemented Siltstone: normal subblocky
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Coring
SHOW DESCRIPTION FLUIDS Oil/ condensate stain bleed colour wax live cut colour and stain crush cut speed crush cut colour and stain GAS Pre-break Total gas C1 C2 C3 iC4 nC4 C5 H2S CO2 0.35 1355 157 136 28 41 N/A 0 N/A From break Total gas C1 C2 C3 iC4 nC4 C5 H2S CO2 (0.35 b'grnd) 1.35 peak 4314 649 975 108 421 N/A 0 N/A Light brown Fluorescence colour % of sample intensity (weak, etc.) cut fluor colour cut speed crush cut fluor colour solvent used moderate yellow 100 Moderate Blue white slow to moderate Blue white Isopropanol
Offset Data
Formation tops have been provisionally determined by the project geologists using seismic, wireline, MWD and wellsite geological data form previously drilled wells if such information is available. Mud logs, lithology logs, drilling exponents, Gamma Ray logs and Sonic logs provide the best information for detailed correlation.
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Coring
During Drilling
As the well progresses, the mud loggers and wellsite geologists need to perform continued analysis to ensure that the core point is reached without drilling to far into the reservoir and perhaps missing vital information form the top of the sequence. Sometimes coring will begin on drilling into the potential reservoir. At other times the cap rock or seal and its contact to the reservoir needs to be evaluated which involves even more detailed study, and substantial local knowledge. Cuttings lithology evaluation, MWD analysis and wireline log correlation provide the basic wellsite evaluation tools, in conjunction with similar offset data. As the reservoir is approached, ROP (rate of penetration) becomes the single most important tool since this will usually indicate drilling through the cap into the reservoir section. The importance of ROP is that it provides instantaneous information about rock strength and drillability when minutes or even seconds can be important. For example, if the ROP increases from 15m/hr to 30m/hr, 0.5 metres will be drilled every minute. If this drilling break is not picked up for two or three minutes a substantial part of the top of the reservoir may not be cored.
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Coring
When all the criteria are met coring can begin. The actual decisions are normally made by operations personnel in the oil company office following discussion with wellsite geologists and supervisors. In the event of poor communications between the wellsite and office then the onus will fall on the wellsite staff to make the decisions. In this case it is vital to clarify oil and gas show characteristics in terms of fluorescence and cut tests, gas ratio analysis and evaluation of drilling parameters such as ROP in order that the correct decisions can be made and substantiated.
Coring Procedures
The basic coring procedures, equipment and requirements will have been decided long beforehand and should be available at the wellsite in the drilling and formation evaluation prognosis. However local conditions may require modification to the original plans and these should be discussed as appropriate but
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Coring
with due regard to allowing enough time for replacement equipment or supplies to be shipped to the wellsite if required. Specifically: All items of rig and coring equipment should be available and checked Drilling fluid properties should be optimised The borehole should be cleaned and stabilised before coring Geological information should be updated such as: Hardness and abrasiveness of the formation Consolidation Fractures Hole and formation pressure problems
Coring Equipment
The core barrel and associated equipment is normally provided by a specialised coring contractor who will also provide experienced personnel to help set up and run the equipment and assist the driller in cutting the core. A standard core barrel configuration will comprise the following: Core Barrel Conventional Core Barrels consist of two main parts and can provide cores from 1.75 - 5.25 inches in diameter. Outer and inner core barrels are connected together to provide different length cores to be cut as required.
Outer Barrel
Large diameter outer tubes provide stiffness and protection for the core. Stabilisers can be attached if required. The outer tube allows drilling fluid to be circulated with the risk of washing away the core and also allows the drillstring to be rotated, again without disturbing the core.
Inner Barrel
Steel inner barrels are manufactured to very strict tolerances and are thoroughly checked at the wellsite to ensure that there are no restrictions or her impediments. All the core is collected in the inner barrel which is removed from the outer sleeve for core recovery.
Swivel
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Coring
The swivel assembly allows rotation of the drillstring without disturbing the core.
Safety Joint
All core barrels are equipped with a safety joint to allow recovery of the inner core barrel and core should the outer core barrel become stuck. It also allows the barrel to be prepared more quickly for the next run and reduces maintenance costs.
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Coring
Pressure Relief Plug
This is necessary to: Circulate out inner barrel fill following running into the hole Enable circulation through the inner barrel when large amounts of fill are encountered. Once the barrel is clean a drop-ball is run to prevent circulation through the inner barrel during coring. Drilling fluid is vented via the drop-ball valve when core enters the inner barrel.
Core Heads
The core is cut by using a regular drilling bit equipped with a large diameter hole through the centre to allow the core to pass into the inner core barrel. Whilst roller cone bits are use it is more common to use a diamond headed, fixed cutter bit to cut the core. Diamond bits give a smoother driller response and generally lead to better core recovery. Natural diamond bits are now being replaced by PDC bits which provide faster coring times without sacrificing recovery.
Core Catcher
The core catcher is located between the core head and the inner core barrel. Its purpose is to prevent the core slipping out of the inner barrel after it has been cut. The core catcher consists of tungsten carbide slips and spring loaded dogs to ensure positive containment of the core. Variations can be made to cope with unconsolidated formations or when containerised sleeves are used.
Containerised Coring
Over the last few years most operators have utilised containerised coring to enhance their coring operations. Containerising developed to help ensure maximum recovery of unconsolidated formations but has developed to include most operations. The process provides additional benefits such as:
Reduced coefficient of friction between core and inner barrel Decreased exposure of core to the atmosphere Reduction of induced fracturing of the core Increased core security
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Coring
The containerised core can be cut to length and shipped directly for analysis
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Coring
Figure 6: Core Catcher Aluminium Inner Tubes The aluminium inner tube replaces the existing steel inner barrel. Useful in high temperature applications the tubes come in lengths of 30ft and can be connected together to provide 120ft of core. The filled tube can be cut to length, capped and shipped. Fibreglass Inner Tubes Fibreglass tubes also come in 30ft connectable lengths to contain difficult samples. They are not suitable for high temperature applications of more than 250 F.
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Coring
Plastic Liners Plastic liners ensure recovery of soft, friable and unconsolidated formations, and can recover up to 60ft at a time. They are unsuitable for temperatures above 140 F.
Coring Procedures
Careful attention to detail and operational parameters is required in order to ensure a successful coring operation. Drilling should proceed relatively slowly and evenly with slightly reduced WOB and Pump Pressure.
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Coring
Junk On the last bit run prior to coring a junk sub should be run in order to collect small bits and pieces from the borehole. Junk in the hole will cause damage to the core head and reduce the chances of cutting and recovering a complete core. Core Head Selection This is made with reference to the formation strength and abrasiveness and to the bottom hole pattern established by the previous bit run BHA Design Sufficient drill collars are required to produced the necessary WOB as with routine drilling., together with adequate stabilization. Circulation Circulation rates need to be enough to clean the hole of cuttings but not too high to lift the core head off bottom and restrict drilling. With PDC core heads this limit of Hydraulic Horsepower per square inch will be enforced anyway. Too high circulation rates may also tend to wash away the core as it enters the inner barrel area. This can be minimised by reducing flow rates and using modern lowinvasion core heads. Lost Circulation Material (LCM) Lost Circulation Material can be used with caution in most coring operations but is not recommended. Other Drilling Parameters Other parameters such as WOB, RPM and Torque will be established according to the equipment configuration and the nature of the formation. Remember though, that the primary objective is t cut ad recover the desired interval of core. WOB is normally kept low until the core head has established a bottom hole pattern and the first stabiliser has entered the new hole. It is then increased until optimum performance is reached. Preparation for Coring With the bit off bottom mud is circulated through the tool to ensure that there are no restrictions to flow or that fill has not entered the barrel. Once this has been established and the hole has been circulated for 15 minutes or so the pressure relief ball can be dropped. When the ball has seated a note is made of the offbottom pump pressure.
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Coring
Cutting the Core Drilling proceeds in controlled manner with WOB and Pump pressure being regulated to achieve optimum performance. Sudden changes to any of the coring parameters could damage the core head or the core itself. The mud logging crew will continue to collect cuttings samples during the cutting of the core as back up information should recovery be incomplete. The quality of these samples is much reduced however since circulation rates are lower, reducing effective hole cleaning and only an annulus around the core head is providing fresh cuttings material. There is though, still the same volume of cavings recycled material and LCM as during normal drilling so that the amount of effective debris is increased. Coring continues until the core barrel is full or becomes jammed. Careful monitoring of depth and ROP should indicate when the barrel is becoming full as ROP will decrease sharply at this stage. The core head should be allowed to drill off the WOB to ensure a clean cut at the end of the core. Core Recovery The type of core being cut will determine the exact handling and recovery procedures that will be followed, along with operator requirements. Most conventional cores are recovered on the rig floor by removing the entire inner core barrel and allowing the core to slide out to be collected in 1m (3ft) core boxes. Wireline retrievable slim-hole cores are also handled in this manner. Containerised core is removed from the outer barrel, cut to length, capped and shipped to town with little or no rig site processing. Conventional Core recovery It is the responsibility of the wellsite geologist to ensure that the core is recovered, processed and evaluated according the operator requirements. In most cases they will recover the core with the assistance of mudlogging personnel. prior to the coring operation it is necessary to ensure that sufficient stocks of consumables such as wooden core boxes, marker pens, rags, wrapping and packaging materials are available for the total amount of core that is to be cut. During the cutting of the core the mudloggers will have gathered all the above material together and labelled the required number of catching boxes with core number, box number and top and bottom markings. The core barrel is retrieved to the surface and the inner barrel removed. The driller holds the inner barrel on the elevators and the core catcher removed. The core tongs are attached by the core hand and the inner barrel is slowly raised whilst the tongs are relaxed. this allows the barrel to slide over the core and expose it on the rig floor. Once 1m (3ft) of core has been exposed it must be broken off in order to fit into the recovery boxes.
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Coring
Often the core will emerge broken pieces which need to be monitored to ensure their correct orientation when placed in the boxes.
Figure 8: Inner Core Barrel Removal Caution It is important to remember not to reach underneath the core barrel when breaking or collecting the core as any uncontrolled slippage could cause serious damage. Recovery of the core should proceed at a rate comfortable for the wellsite geologist or mudlogger catching the samples. Each broken piece should be correctly oriented prior to placement in the box and rubble should be collected and paced in its appropriate place. The very bottom of the core is normally placed in the bottom of box #1, and the last piece of core will be at the top of box #?
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Coring
It should be remembered that the very bottom piece of core may still be attached to the core catcher if it was jammed in. This is potentially the most important piece at the moment since the next rig operation may be dependent on what the bottom section represents. If it is still reservoir lithology with oil shows a decision to continue coring may be made, Alternatively if it is shale or reservoir rock without oil shows normal drilling may be resumed.
Figure 9: Conventional Core Extraction Processing the Core Conventional cores need to be cleaned, measured, described and evaluated for oil and gas shows, wrapped, re-boxed and shipped from the rig. All of this work is the responsibility of the wellsite geologist and has to be performed in a speedy and accurate manner. With long coring runs using 90ft or 120 ft barrels the complete processing of one core can take many hours by which time the next core may be arriving at the rig floor. The core needs to be worked on in a well lit, dry area with plenty of space to allow the core to be removed from its catching boxes, laid out and repackaged. The core should never be washed to avoid damaging its saturation and other reservoir characteristics, but should be wiped clean with rags to remove the mud and allow its lithological and sedimentary features to be described. Prior to description the core should be accurately measured and some attempt made to fit broken pieces together. Orientation marks, normally made by scribing red and black lines along the length of the core need to be mace very
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Coring
quickly so that each core piece can be oriented following removal from the original catching boxes.
Figure 10: Core catching Boxes An accurate measurement is required to determine the amount of core recovery and to correlate the core with depth. At this stage any missing core is deemed to have been lost by falling out of the bottom of the barrel during recovery and all depth measurements proceed from the top of the core. Detailed core analysis may reveal a different story but this is not applicable at the wellsite. Before wrapping, the core should be fully described and particular attention paid to larger scale sedimentary features that are not always apparent in drill cuttings. Samples should be taken at the regular sampling interval and extra samples where oil shows are apparent. These should be processed in the normal manner in the logging unit. Other larger samples may need to be removed from the main body of the core and shipped separately for other processing such as core analysis, or geochemistry. The bulk of the core is wrapped in a variety of media in order to seal and protect it before being placed in clean boxes for shipment. Aluminium foil, Saran wrap, polythene tubing and wax are all used for this process.
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Coring
Once packed for shipment, complete details should be recorded and packing lists kept, plus details of shipping procedures. All this information should also be communicated to the local operations office prior to shipment.
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Coring
dures make this service economical and versatile with both conventional and advanced technology coring systems. The core barrels are usually driven by a Mach 1 Positive Displacement Motor system and incorporates a dropball sub that can be run after circulation to remove fill.
Gel Coring
Gel coring provides a means of protecting the core from the invasive drilling fluid by encapsulating it with a polypropylene glycol compound, and also protects the core during handling, processing and transportation. The gel is preloaded into the core barrel before delivery and isolated from the drilling fluid during the trip into the hole. It is displaced by the core which forces it around the inner barrel annulus as the core is cut. Any gel that does not adhere to the core is ejected to the annulus and displaced by the drilling fluid.
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Coring
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Coring
Sidewall Cores
Sidewall cores, or CSTs (Core Sample Taker), provide a means of sampling the formation when a conventional core was not taken during routine drilling. The gun, which can hold up to 30 bullets, is conveyed into the hole by wireline. Each bullet can be individually fired at a specific depth in order to obtain a sample from a specific geological horizon. Depths are chosen by surface correlation and a Gamma Ray tool is run for confirmation. The bullets are attached to the gun by wire fasteners and fired by an electrically triggered explosive charge. The bullet is pulled from the formation as the tool is raised together with its core plug; it is held by the wire fasteners as the tool is pulled to the surface. Different length fasteners are available to allow for varia-
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Coring
tions in hole size and there are different explosive charges and bullet designs which are also Operator choosable. The main purpose of sidewall cores is to obtain geological samples from a known and specific geological horizon for lithological and bio-stratigraphical confirmation. Since the core is obtained by impact it can damage weak reservoir rocks and render estimations of porosity, permeability and saturation less than accurate. The Wireline Logging personnel set up the tool and retrieve the core samples at the end of the run. The samples are normally placed in small glass bottles with an identification label and passed to the Wellsite Geologist for examination and dispatch. The Wellsite Geologist is normally required to make brief sample descriptions, including oil show evaluations before the samples are shipped from the rig.
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Coring
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Coring
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Coring
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Coring
Drilling Considerations
The purpose of coring is to acquire a representative sample of the formation being cored. Alteration of the rock properties and fluids contained within the formation should be avoided as far as is possible if representative measurements and information is to be gleaned from the core. Any coring operation should approach fastest possible coring at highest possible recovery. Prior to coring make sure to clean and ream the hole properly when POOH prior to start coring. Core with minimum overbalance. Consider high torque motor if string torque/off bottom torque is high. The degree of drilling fluid invasion during coring will in general be influenced by: Mud overbalance Compressibility of pore fluids Time of exposure Drilling fluid filter loss control properties (Relative) permeability of the rock.
Mud invasion can be minimised by increased coring rate, reduced filtration area, increased bridging solids in the drilling fluid and reduced contact time with the gauge cutters (Rathmell et al. (1990)). The low invasion coring system suggested by Tibbits et al. (1990) combines application of specialised equipment (specially designed core head, inner tube pilot shoe) with proper coring parameters and a low spurt loss fluid. Eaton et al. (1991) define low invasion technology as a combination of advanced core bit technology and modified coring techniques to produce cores with no drilling fluid filtrate invasion over two-thirds of the cores cross section. Minimisation of core invasion is achieved by (Eaton et al. (1991)): Reducing the number of cutters over the entire bit Using a parabolic bit design Using a low fluid loss drilling fluid Reducing the number of gage cutters Eliminating all throat diamonds
Low invasion core heads should be preferred to other core heads. Also consider the use of Gel to limit invasion of the core. Alteration of the core is not restricted
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Coring
to the downhole coring process, but also to retrieving the core, (e.g. tripping speed), laying down the core and processing the core for transport to the lab.
Jamming off
It is quite common for cores to 'jam off' before the core barrel is full, especially in hard, fractured, formations. In friable, porous or fractured formations it may not affect the R.O.P, and the only sign of jamming may be a slight increase in torque. In medium to hard formations ROP and torque may decrease. If jam-off of the core is suspected, it is recommended that coring should cease and that the core is recovered before continuing the coring program. This will minimise the possibility of a gap in the cored sequence in softer formations, and reduce the potential for damage to the core already in the barrel. A possible exception is in the event that no further cores are planned for the interval. In this circumstance there may be benefits in attempting to restart the core, since there exists the opportunity of recovering core which would not otherwise be cut. Jamming off can also occur due to the inability of the heave compensation systems of semi subs and drillships to adequately compensate during rough weather. In such circumstances conditions may be fit for drilling but not for coring. Serious considerations should be given to telescopic core systems when coring from floating platforms.
Pulling Out
When a core is brought up to the surface, pressure and temperature conditions are altered considerably. This can cause: Elastic/anelastic expansion of the rock matrix, causing cracks or fissures Expansion of fluids with high compressibility and dissolution of gas. Matrix expansion and capillary suction in rocks with low compressibility fluids This may lead to: Changes in pore geometry, porosity and permeability Wettability alterations Dissolution of gas and capillary effects Loss of interstitial water Salt precipitation Damage to clay fabric Continued filtrate invasion.
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Coring
Pulling out of the hole with a core barrel should be accomplished as quickly as possible, however it is important that the driller and rig crew take more than normal care to ensure that jolts and jarring of the drillstring are avoided. Soft, friable cores and long, heavy cores in hard, dense formations are particularly susceptible to damage or loss by careless tripping. Expanding pore fluids that are unable to escape from the core during trip-out may induce whole core dilation, and/or axial vertical fracturing. This damage mechanism is most common in poorly consolidated sediments containing viscous crude, or core that has suffered a high degree of mud filtrate invasion. Field studies have indicated that reducing the trip-out rate yields core of improved quality, while laboratory studies have shown that the majority of core dilation occurs over the latter stages of the trip. Therefore, reducing the trip rate as the core nears the surface is likely to minimise core dilation and yield core of improved quality. Fragile core material can be prone to structural damage resulting from gas expansion during retrieval. During trip-out, if pore fluid retention causes pore pressure to exceed surrounding mud pressure such that the tensile strength of the core is overcome, then disaggregation or expansion of the core will occur. This type of damage can often be identified if overgauge core is recovered. Reducing the core retrieval speed over the latter stages of the trip can yield core of improved structural quality. Rapid tripping also increases the gas drive effect on core fluid saturation, and this may reduce the accuracy of the oil saturation results. Pressure depletion and temperature reduction during core surfacing also afford opportunities for wettability alteration, controlled tripping may help reduce this effect. If non-hydrocarbon bearing dense zones only is cored, then the core may be tripped at near the normal controlled rate 1-1.5 minutes/stand for the complete trip. In deep / high pressure wells, or areas where hydrogen sulphide gas is a known hazard, it may be considered advisable to stop pulling out 500m below rotary. The core is then allowed to 'de-pressurise' for a period of time, depending on its size, porosity and permeability. About 30mins is usual. However, in most cases the core will have ample time to de-gas on its way out of the hole. RFC policy requires the following tripping speeds: Normal tripping to 900 m 900 m to 450 m : 3 minutes per stand 450 m to surface : 6 minutes per stand
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Coring
Security DBS recommended the following tripping speeds: Reducing POOH rate speed last 350 m Up to 350m: 1,0 min per stand 350-100m : 2,5 min per stand 100-surface ; 5,0 min per stand
Use the drilling brake and the slips GENTLY when POOH to prevent core collapse or lost core.
Circulating Bottoms Up
In contrast to most other drilling situations, circulating bottoms up after coring should be avoided. The usual procedure after terminating a core run is to pull one stand off bottom, check for flow, and then pullout. Circulating carries with it the risk of sucking the core from the barrel. However, it is recognised that unforeseen, unstable well conditions may necessitate circulation, and because of this possibility it is recommended that a circulating sub is run above the core barrel to allow circulation if required.
HTHP Wells
In HTHP wells the expansion of gas in the core as it is pulled to the surface can create a potentially dangerous situation. Documented cases have demonstrated that the pressure of gas trapped in a core barrel or sleeve at surface can be sufficient to eject the core, and propel it across the width of a rig pipe deck with considerable force. To reduce the risk of this happening, core inner barrels are now available with pressure relief valves at intervals along the length of the barrel, and these should be used whenever possible in HTHP situations. Fluted inner barrels are also a solution to this issue. Alternatively pressure relief holes may be drilled in the barrel after recovery, but this operation will present its own hazards which must be addressed at the wellsite. Sensible precautions should be taken with regard to the area used to lay down the barrel, and the presence of any unnecessary personnel. Personnel should be briefed on the potential hazards, and should avoid placing themselves in the danger zones around the open ends of the barrel. In some situations the option of freezing the core in its sleeve may be available. This is achieved using dry ice, before cutting the core into 1metre lengths.
4-29
Coring
Core laydown is not a routine activity. The core hand will lead a briefing and discussion with the rig crew involved to ensure that safe and effective procedures are used before beginning core laydown. Company drilling representative, wellsite geologist, corehand and core specialist and other key personnel should also be present to highlight importance of safe effective core handling, and to promote good teamwork. The core barrel will be checked for gas at surface before breakdown. Gentle core handling is essential - the rig crew input to a safe and successful coring operation is critical at this point The inner barrels must be separated on the rig floor. The rig floor breakdown of the core barrel, laydown of the core inner barrel, and breaking of the catcher will be led by the corehand. Any misalignment of the inner tube during inner tube separation and application of shearboot may result in dropping the core on the drill floor. This activity must be conducted with great care. When breaking the cores into 9m lengths a hydraulic cutting device or shear plate assembly should be used to prevent damage to the core. It has been shown by visual and X-ray CT examination that the use of a hammer damages core up to 1 m from the joint. After removal from the core barrel, the inner barrel must be transferred to the processing area, which provides a safe environment for the core processing team, and minimises disruption to drilling operations. This must be done without allowing the inner barrel to bend. Core cradles (or core sock) are used for this purpose. Note: when a "CORE SOCK" is employed attention MUST be given to preventing movement of the core within the core sock. An unsecured core can suffer damage during movement from the rig floor to the designated core processing area. The core cradle is suspended vertically in the derrick alongside the 9m inner barrel section and is secured to the inner barrel with straps. When the inner barrel is secured in the cradle, the tugger line is connected to the top of the cradle and the air-hoist line removed from the inner barrel pick-up sub. Normal precautions for heavy lifting must be followed - particular care is required if rough weather results insubstantial rig movement. Various techniques are suitable for the successful laydown of core cradles. The rig crane may be used to directly transfer the cradle / inner barrel from the drill floor to the core processing area, or the cradle can be lowered gently down the pipe skid and onto the catwalk, and then transferred by crane.
4-30
Coring
access to the rig floor restricted to essential personnel only. Be aware of the prevailing wind direction and be particularly cautious in calm still conditions. The rig crew must be made aware of the potential H2S presence in the reservoir and hence the core. Checks for H2S by a qualified person wearing breathing apparatus using a suitable H2S detector must be made during core retrieval and when each drill collar connection is broken. If H2S is detected at this time consideration should be given to running the core barrel back into the hole to below the BOP. Circulation can then be commenced to help dissipate the gas.-It will be necessary, under these circumstances for all personnel on the rig floor and those involved in core handling to don breathing apparatus while the inner core barrels are laid out and until declared safe by the qualified person using the detector. When the last drill collar is broken off the core barrel, heavy gas maybe released. The core will be laid out in 30 ft lengths using the inner core barrel handling cradle. When separating the inner tubes, check for indications of confined pressure. If connections bubble with gas, cease backing out the connection until the bubbling has diminished. The upper shoe and core catcher are generally broken out on the catwalk. Gas may be confined and precautions must be taken to prevent personnel from being around the end of the inner tube.
Core Processing
Core cutting requires a high-powered air saw - this must only be used by qualified operators, with appropriate personal protective equipment(gloves, goggles, hearing protection and dust mask). All non-essential staff should stand clear. Core processing is a non-routine activity. Pre-job briefings will be given to any staff who will temporarily assist (e.g. rig crew, mudloggers). Air hoses will be routed to the core processing area and must be properly located, connected and secured. All core processing activities must be discussed with and approved by the drilling representative before work begins. Proper permits must be obtained for any specialised procedures and equipment. Roles and Responsibilities: Core mark-up to be performed by the RFC wellsite geologist with assistance from the core specialist. Core GR to be run by the core hand. Core cutting will be performed by the core hand.
4-31
Coring
The coring contractor to supply personal safety equipment and coremark-up consumables. Rags for cleaning inner barrel. Pens or paint sticks that will indelibly mark inner barrel under rigsite conditions. Core GR Good quality measuring tape at least 10m long. Core Cutting Saw with Diamond cutting blade will be used,cutting wax to be applied onto the saw blade to provide adequate cooling and lubricating. Water must NEVER be used. End Caps, Clips and Tools. Coring company to supply good quality pneumatic and battery driven screwdriver to secure caps& clips. 2 x caps & 2 clips required per cut section. Sealing sample bags and sampling equipment (spoon for sof sandstone and hammer and screwdriver or small chisel for hard sections). Paint scraper for cleaning core faces for inspection. Core Box's Wax bath for core preservation at the wellsite. (Can be supplied by the core analysis contractor). Only essential core processing staff will be allowed in the area.
4-32
Coring
Seran Wrap is recommended since cling film products may react with hydrocarbons. From sands preserve one 15 to 25 centimetre long sample every second meter, as above, and seal the sample in plastic tubing/protec core, using a heat sealing machine (provided by the core handling contractor). In hydrocarbon bearing zones preserve samples every meter. Alternatively, preservation of the chosen pieces may be done by wrapping the core piece in Seran Wrap, then aluminium foil and finally dipping it in a wax bath to seal. In addition to marking the depth interval on the sample, the exterior wrapping material should be labelled with the top and bottom depths, and an arrow should point to the upward end of the section. A cardboard label with details of the core number, well, company, date, and depth interval should be sealed in with waxed samples or placed in a plastic bag inside the protective tubing. Normally preserved samples will be replaced in their correct position with the rest of the core in the core boxes.
4-33
Coring
boxing, each individual core is to be sent to the core laboratory as fast as possible. It should be noted that the wellsite geologist and the mud loggers are responsible for the handling and sealing of all cores. The wellsite geologist will notify each shipment by telefax or email to the Shore base office, attention Ops. Geologist.
Core Handling
It is wise to mark the inner barrel or liner as described above, before shipping to town. It is also wise to minimise core exposure time to the air to prevent drying out. The quicker the core is handled the better. It is essential that the core is not allowed to remain lying around on board the rig or onboard a boat for days on end. Cores that are not preserved deteriorate so it is very important to get the cores to the laboratory as soon as possible.
4-34
CORING REPORT
5 1/4 Formation Rec. Interval Coring Contractor Recovery
Core Description
Diameter
Calleva Sand
Date
Total Cut
Depth
Shows
Odour
Stain
Natural Fluor
8703.5
Good
Strong
Light brown
V. Good
V. Strong
Light brown
8763.75
None
None
None
None
None
8795.65
None
None
None
None
None
Colourless, light brown (oil stain), rarely dusky yellow green, locally white, moderately to very friable, crumbly, predominantly quartz, locally quartzite lithoclasts, rare carbonaceous fragments, medium to coarse, locally very coarse, subrounded, locally subplaty, locally subelongate, poorly sorted, very poorly cemented with calcite. 5-10% visible intergranular porosity, strong hydrocarbon odour, slow oil seepage, uniform bright yellow orange fluorescence, fast streaming blue white cut, instantaneous blue white crush cut, light brown residual ring. Colourless, light brown (oil stain), rarely dusky yellow green, locally white, moderately to very friable, crumbly, predominantly quartz, locally quartzite lithoclasts, rare carbonaceous fragments, medium to coarse, locally very coarse, subrounded, locally subplaty, locally subelongate, poorly sorted, very poorly cemented with calcite. 5-10% visible intergranular porosity, very strong hydrocarbon odour, slow oil seepage, uniform bright yellow orange fluorescence, fast streaming blue white cut, instantaneous blue white crush cut, light brown residual ring. Silty Claystone with interbedded calcareous Sandstone with slumped margins Silty Claystone: Olive black to green black, hard, fractured, abundant slickensides, blocky, locally micaceous, locally pyritic, slickenside fractures filled with fibrous and crystalline calcite, also traces of oil, locally there are more massive calcite veins, locally moderately calcareous. Sandstone: White, colourless, hard, none friable, blocky to subangular, fine, quartz, subangular to subrounded, subspherical, very well cemented with calcite, locally streaked with pyrite veins. Shows slumping structures into Claystone below. Medium to dark grey black, locally green black, hard, subfissile, micaceous, locally slightly pyritic, abundant carbonaceous macro fossils fragments, none calcareous, locally micro lenticular calcite veins.
CORELOG
WELL INFORMATION
Company Contractor Rig Name Well No Field Area Hole Temp Hole Size Hole Angle Formation Lithology Mud Type WT.PPG WL % Solids 6.8 K/CL 11.3 2% Tr LCM n/a
EQUIPMENT
Core BBL Type & NO: Core BBL Size I.T. Type Stab. Size L. Shoe & Catcher Bit Style & Size Bit ser # TFA IADC Dull Grade-Start SPP on/off bottom Liner Size SPM GPM 200--400 HT 60 180'X 9 1/2" X 5 1/4" JAMBUSTER 12 7/32" PILOT SHOE & SPRING RC 478 C3 12 1/4" X 5 1/4" 322935 1.06 0/0/NO/A/X/IN/PN/PR 725--1000 6 1/2"
PERFORMANCE
Core no: Interval Cored-FFinish Start Amount Cored Core Recovery % Recovery Coring Hours ROP Reaming Service Engineer Name Date Remarks 2 8798 8,675.0 123.0 120.7 98% 30.70 4.01 TOM/JOHN 18/19-12/01 Ft Ft Ft Ft % Hrs. Ft/hr
OPERATING PARAMETERS
ROP Ft/hr PRESSURE psi
70 80 1000 1200 200 400 600 800
TORQUE Kft.lbs
10 0 5
WOB Klbs
RPM
10 20
30 40
50 60
100
10 15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
8,675 8,675 8,680 8,680 8,685 8,685 8,690 8,690 8,695 8,695 8,700 8,700 8,705 8,710 8,715 8,720 8,725 8,730 8,735 8,740 8,745 8,750 8,755 8,760 8,765 8,770 8,775 8,780 8,785 8,790 8,795 8,705 8,710 8,715 8,720 8,725 8,730 8,735 8,740 8,745 8,750 8,755 8,760 8,765 8,770 8,775 8,780 8,785 8,790 8,795
8,675 8,680 8,685 8,690 8,695 8,700 8,705 8,710 8,715 8,720 8,725 8,730 8,735 8,740 8,745 8,750 8,755 8,760 8,765 8,770 8,775 8,780 8,785 8,790 8,795
8,675 8,680 8,685 8,690 8,695 8,700 8,705 8,710 8,715 8,720 8,725 8,730 8,735 8,740 8,745 8,750 8,755 8,760 8,765 8,770 8,775 8,780 8,785 8,790 8,795
8,675 8,680 8,685 8,690 8,695 8,700 8,705 8,710 8,715 8,720 8,725 8,730 8,735 8,740 8,745 8,750 8,755 8,760 8,765 8,770 8,775 8,780 8,785 8,790 8,795
120
20
40
60
80
Formation
Total Attempted
60
Well Name:
20/06-4
12
Length (ins)
Shows
Odour
Natural Fluor
Cut Colour
9125.0
1.0
9118.0
0.8
dark grey, firm, slightly silty and micromicaceous, very calcareous, fissile dark grey, firm, slightly silty, very calcareous, trace mica, rare calcite healed microfractures, occasional greasy lustre, fissile
3 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ shale ~ ~ ~ ~ shale
8873.9 9111.9
misfire 0.6
9106.0
0.6
dark grey to dark brownish grey, firm, very calcareous, slightly silty and micromicaceous, subfissile medium dark brownish grey, firm, very calcareous, generally slightly silty and micromicaceous, with moderately silty laminae containing frequent very fine to fine grained muscovite, subfissile to fissile, earthy texture
6 7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
9101.0 9087.0
misfire 0.8
shale
9070.0
0.6
shale
medium dark brownish grey, firm to moderately hard, moderately calcareous, generally slightly silty with frequent very fine grained mica, subfissile medium dark brownish grey, firm to moderately hard, moderately calcareous, very slightly silty and micromicaceous, traces of disseminated pyrite, subfissile to fissile sandstone dark greyish orange to grey brown, unconsolidated, firm to hard, induration altered by bullet impact, very fine to dominantly fine grained transparent and occasionally translucent quartz, angular to subangular, very rarely very well rounded and frosted grains, rare moderate green glauconite and siliceous white cylindrical microfossil debris, weak calcareous cement, very good intergranular porosity
9 10 light brown uniform immediate weak diffuse white, moderate bluish white blooming very slight discolor -ation moderate to bright yellow gold
9050.0 8934.0
misfire 0.8
good
Log Witnessing
Logging Witness
Job Specification
a. Key Result Area Provide expert advice on the drilling rig related to wireline logging, to ensure quality control of the measurements and to gather all relevant petrophysical data in such a way that the objectives outlined in the Drilling Programme are being met. To supervise the acquisition of borehole seismic survey information, interpret in-field and evaluate the obtained data to ensure quality control of measurements, and or gather all relevant geophysical data. b. Performance Indicators That the wireline logging objectives are achieved and that a detailed log of logging operations is maintained. That the wireline logging operations are carried out in a coordinated and safe manner without any unnecessary delays. That the petrophysical logs are reported in a timely and professional manner. Attaining the highest possible standards in the acquisition of borehole seismic surveys through quality control. That borehole seismic survey operations are carried out in a co-ordinated and safe manner in an optimal time frame. That all data acquired for borehole seismic survey and site surveys is reported and transmitted for processing in a timely manner. c. Responsibilities To ensure that all specified wireline equipment and personnel are available on the rig (and boat) with correct specification and/or certificates, to perform the service safely and efficiently. To supervise all wireline logging operations and provide technical support and troubleshooting as required.
5-1
Log Witnessing
Wireline Logging Procedures
In the event that an Operator log analyst is not at the wellsite, the wellsite geologist shall supervise all logging operations. He/she will make sure that all log headings are complete and correct and instruct the mud engineer or mudlogger to have circulated mud samples ready for the logging engineer at the beginning of the logging job. Any difficulties experienced during logging, and any anomalous log responses should be noted on the "Remarks" section of the log header On arrival at the wellsite the logging engineer and the wellsite geologist should go over the mudlogs and MWD logs of the section to be logged and review the objectives of the wireline programme. The Wireline Specific Guidelines and logging parameters should also be reviewed to ensure that there are no misunderstandings regarding requirements from the job. The WL engineer will tell the geologist what he plans to do and what deliverables he intends to give. This will enable any misunderstandings to be dealt with before they cause a problem. If there are added instructions to those that appear in the DP and the DAP then the witness should provide these in written form. All tools outlined in the logging programme for the section of the well will be required to have a backup. In certain instances the backup need not necessarily be the same tool type, e.g. an RCI/MDT may be backed up with a FMT / RFT. Details are given in the drilling program. Verify that all necessary tools and back-ups are available on site in good time. If fluid samples are to be taken, ensure an adequate supply of containers: plastic bottles for water samples and 1 gallon metal cans for oil samples. Also ensure that a suitable measuring vessel, a gas meter and resistivity meter are on-site. Prior to the job, ensure that all tools, and their back-ups are tested on surface and any problems or faults noted and rectified. Ensure calibration checks are made and recorded prior to commencing logging, and again after each run. Attach these to the 1 :200 log plots. All logging tools should be accompanied by appropriate wireline cutting equipment, fishing tools and other attachments that may be required to aid logging e.g. a hole finder. Verify they are onboard. Pipe conveyed logging equipment should be available onshore for . mobilisation at short notice even when not specified in the logging programme. Check its availability.
5-2
Log Witnessing
The Witness should supply the logging engineer with the following information for the log header; Company Name Well Name Location co-ordinates Drillers Depth Reference Point or Datum. Nomally the rig rotary table. It should be recorded as MDBRT (measured depth below rotary table) Water Depth Casing size and depth Hole Size Name of Witness Time circulation stopped A mud sample collected after circulation was stopped, with a mud report on mud properties. Also provide a fresh mud filtrate sample and a filter cake sample. Prior to commencing an operation at the wellsite, a pre-job meeting should be organised to ioclude the wireline crew, the logging witness, the drilling supervisor, the wellsite geologist, the toolpusher and other key personnel. The purpose is to ensure that all personnel involved are familiar with planned work programme and the procedures to be followed in executing it. Roles and responsibilities of personnel involved. Safety and operational procedures to be followed. Safety and operational risks and hazards. Work programme objectives and issues critical to the success of the operation. Well control procedures.
5-3
Log Witnessing
Well status highlighting issues which could impact the planned operation. Operator management approvals for approved work programme. Well evaluation tools or equipment should not be modified without the approval of the onshore supervisor of the company who supplied the tools. Loads should not be lifted over the wireline or coiled tubing whilst operations are in progress. If an important lift is required during the course of operations the wire or coil should be clamped and laid down prior to making the lift Loads in excess of the working strength values of the slickline, wireline or coiled tubing set by service providers will not be exceeded without the approval of the Drilling Supervisor.
Depth Control
Ensure the logger checks the casing depth while going in the hole. Any variance between loggers and drilling casing depths should be resolved. Depths measured with casing are usually much closer to wireline depths; driller and logger should agree within 2ft at 5000ft, and within 5ft at 10000ft. First Log On the first log in a well the tool should be zeroed at the level of the Derrick Floor. Following the standard checks on the cable mark, the tool should be stopped on entering open hole and the casing shoe logged. Any discrepancy of more than 2 ft at 5000ft , and 5ft at 10,000ft between casing depth and log depth should be investigated. For this purpose it is useful to retain each tally list on the wellsite. If the reasons for the discrepancy are not clear, the log may be run and the surface zero depth checked at the end. If any depth adjustments are deemed to be necessary after logging these should be recorded in the remarks section on the log and applied before any playback tapes or data transmissions are made. Subsequent Logs Subsequent logs over the Same interval should be tied into the first survey, and any depth adjustments again applied before playback, transmission or field tape production. Ensure the logger ties in with the previous run.
5-4
Log Witnessing
All subsequent surveys should be run on absolute depth. In addition to the checks above, deeper surveys should include a section of overlap using through-casing gamma ray. If this overlap agrees within the tolerances given above with the previous log, after stretch correction, the depths, should be matched and logging continued, if the discrepancy is outside the above tolerances the reasons for this should be investigated. If it is established conclusively that the new depths are more accurate this should be noted in "Remarks" and the survey can be run with a through-casing gamma ray recorded over the previously logged intervals for correlation. If the shallower logged interval is still in open hole, the complete interval should be re-logged in the event of a depth adjustment. As an additional independent check on depth control a short section of log over the casing shoe should be recorded on the first descent of every set of logs, after stretch corrections have made but before tying in and proceeding to TD. As noted above, the casing shoe depth should agree with the drillers depth within 2ft at 5000ft and 5ft at 10,000ft. The depth shift must be noted while logging up to account for the cable stretch due to the change in cable tension. The amount of stretch should be comparable to stretch charts and the stretch formula. Pay particular attention to the depth units of the correction chart versus those being used for the logging. Depth for cased hole logs Surveys which include a gamma-ray should be tied in to the appropriate openhole density-neutron log. Surveys without a gamma- ray should be tied in to the CBL using the CCL. If a pup joint is present it should be logged and presented if not, enough casing joints must be logged above and below the zone of interest to avoid ambiguity. Investigating Depth Discrepancies: In the event that drillers and loggers casing shoe depths are substantially outside the quoted tolerances, the following checks should be undertaken: Were the logging contractors depth control procedures applied correctly? Was an excessive shift applied to tie in to the previous run? Check the addition on the casing tally. In the event that neither of the above show any discrepancy, the problem should be discussed with the duty petrophysicist and consideration may be given to logging a CCL inside the casing to surface and checking this in detail against the
5-5
Log Witnessing
tally sheet. With this in mind a CCL should be included in the first or second tool string in each logging suite. Change of Derrick Floor Elevation or Rig In the event of a change of rig or adjustment in derrick floor elevation in the course of drilling a well, all log depths should be still referenced to the original Derrick Floor elevation. In the case of development wells drilled from a jack-up, a permanent datum should be established on the wellhead or casing hanger. The original Kelly Bushing height above this datum should be reported on the log headings. The current Kelly Bushing (or deck) height should be noted in "Remarks" and the difference added or subtracted when zeroing the tool at surface before logging. In the case of wells drilled from floaters, mean-sea-level will remain the permanent datum.
Formation Temperature
Where temperatures in the hole are expected to be close to the logging tool limits it is suggested that the time spent on bottom is minimized and that logging commences as soon as the tool gets to bottom. All depth corrections can be made later when the tools are in a less hostile environment. This will also have a bearing on where the repeat sections are performed
Other
All formation tester, sidewall sample and CBL runs should be tied in to the appropriate density log Observe and record any adverse hole problems while RIH. Report these directly to the drilling supervisor. Where possible, record data whilst RIH as an insurance in case of tool failure. Do not slow the RIH operation to acquire quality logs. Log down from the casing shoe to a point several hundred feet above TD at maximum speed without the log overspeed aborting. Then log down a short section near TD at normal logging speed (900 or 1800ft/hr) for depth correlation purposes. In 99% of cases the insurance log will never be needed. A repeat section of at least 50 m should be recorded over a zone where log responses show large variations, e.g. a sand/shale sequence. Additional repeat sections should be run over any intervals that show anomalous log responses. A print of the repeat section should be given to the witness prior to repeat logging of the interval.
5-6
Log Witnessing
All logs (with the exception of the NMR and resistivity logs) should be run at least 50 m up into the casing. If no casing has been run since the previous logging run then all logs should overlap the previous run by at least 50 m. On the top hole log the GR shall be continued inside the casing to the mudline. The Sonic log should be run inside the casing recording tc to top of cement. Following all open hole logging runs a depth zero check at surface should be mandatory with any depth error reported in the log header remarks. If this error exceeds +/-5ft per 10,000ft well depth the reason must be given. Where the zone of interest has been partially logged subsequent runs should cover the entire zone of interest. If a continuous temperature log is not being run in combination with the cable tension head then 3 thermometers should be run on all logging sondes, and the maximum temperature is to be recorded on the log header. If difficulty is experienced running logging tools to the bottom of the hole, the engineer will in any case log out from the deepest point reached bearing in mind that the tool may stick at a shallower depth on subsequent runs. During Pipe Conveyed Logging the drill pipe must not be rotated or significant weight used to push the tools through any tight spots. The maximum compression possible on a tool string should be defined in the programme and agreed with the Driller. TD should not be tagged with the tools While TLC logging the side entry sub must not enter open hole In the event that a wireline tool string is stuck in open hole the maximum pull of 75% of the minimum weak point rating without exceeding 5O% of the cable breaking strength may be applied. Before the decision is made to pull any weak point the drilling supervisor must be informed. Where logging tools with a nuclear source are stuck in hole then every effort must be made to retrieve the sources fishing. On no account should tools with nuclear sources be milled or washed over. In the event that a wireline tool string with nuclear sources is stuck in hole then reverse cut and thread should be used. When new logging cables are used, precautions must be taken during the first 5 runs in hole according to the relevant Logging Contractor Procedures. Where a new cable is used then reference to the revised running procedures and increased job times must be included in the work programme
5-7
Log Witnessing
Temperatures must be checked after every run in hole and recorded in the log header. All hole and tool concerns should be logged in the remarks section of the log header. Note all points of interest in the remarks box. There are several ways of numbering logging runs. Here is one recommendation. The numbering of logging run on all new wells will be as follows, where 1 represents the first evaluation suite on the well and a, b, c etc. represents the individual runs, e.g. First Evaluation Suite First run-in-hole Second run-in-hole Third run-in-hole Second Evaluation Suite First run-in-hole Second run-in-hole Figure 1: Log Numbering 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b
The wellsite witness should use the logs to carry out a "quick look" interpretation at the wellsite, and email the results to the operator. The interpretation should include formation tops, top and bottom of each reservoir interval, together with details of thickness, porosity and water saturations of all significant porous zones penetrated. All logs must be digitally recorded on magnetic tape or CD Field prints of all logs are to be produced on both 1:500 and 1 :200 vertical scales. Each 1:200 scale log with wall contact or centralised logging tools should have a cable tension curve recorded on the least crowded track. Repeat section plots to be attached to the 1:200 print. QC logs and log calibrations should be included as part of the final log print At the end of each logging run the Logging Engineer will provide the witness with: A disk containing the main FE curves acquired (LAS Format) A log print of the data acquired Plot files of log prints
5-8
Log Witnessing
including QC and repeat sections Header information (Mud type, MW, Vis, BHT, Rm & Rmf if appropriate) At the wellsite four (4) sets of prints is normal for each log. One set of prints should be retained at the wellsite. Two (2) sets of prints should be packed in a separate envelope and sent to the operations geologist, and I set of prints are to accompany the raw data tape to the wireline companys office. (Sepia logs may be requested if unable to print plot files). At the end of the job the logging engineer shall supply the witness with; 4 field prints (as mentioned above) Printout of logging diary (note the witness and logging engineer shall discuss and agree on what was downtime, non productive time and operational time. Job tickets to be verified by witness and authorised by the drilling supervisor A diary of times and activities and comments (The witness and the logging engineer should agree which events will be classed as downtime).
5-9
Log Witnessing
repeat section logs, (LIS Format). A final set of plot files on CD - (6 copies) should be sent to the operator for distribution.
Post-Job Responsibilities
After logging all tools that are on rental should be returned to base on the first available boat to minimise rental charges. Note: Any tools that may be required to assist operational decision may be left on the rig e.g. in the event a formation pressure measurement is required before making a coring run decision then a GR/FMT or RFT sonde may be left at the rig site. Large sums of money are spent on logging operations. Even larger sums are at stake when wrong conclusions are made based on faulty logs. Carefully checking the log quality is essential.
5-10
Log Witnessing
A leak at the grease injection head Tools becoming stuck downhole Powerpack failure.
5-11
Log Witnessing
Time breakdown
Job summary Non Productive Time analysis A detailed breakdown and analysis of the non productive time giving root causes and actions taken Log quality control A section on log quality control should reference In each logging run made and notes on the following aspects for each run should include: Log presentation Calibration Logging speed Data quality/spurious readings/repcatability.
Overview of contractor performance A listing of the services with a discussion of the following points: Pre job description Surface cquipment Downholc equipment Operations Reporting Personnel Other - onshore support, logistics etc. All positive and negative points should be included and particular reference to good performance of the individuals. Recommendations and lessons learned Any operational or service issues will be subject to a post job critical review with a summary of lessons learned included in this section.
5-12
Log Witnessing
Appendices Operational Progress Logging Programmee Temperature (see below) Pressure Plots Quick Look Evaluation
Formation Temperature
The static bottom hole temperature can be estimated with a "Horner plot". After two or more electric logs have been run, their respective bottomhole temperature data can be used to construct the plot by following the next steps: (I) Time the last circulation on bottom before logging was started (A). (2) Time the last circulation on bottom before logging was stopped (B). (3) Total circulation time (in hours) on bottom before logging: T = (B - A). (4) Time the logging tool arrived on bottom (C). (5) For each log calculate the time (in hours) between end of circulation (B) and tool on bottom: At = (C - B). (6) For each log calculate the following relationship: X = At/(T + At). (7) For each log record the maximum hottomhole tempe!1lture. . For each log the value for the (log X) can now be plotted against its bottomhole temperature on a semi-logarithmic graph with (log X) plotted on the x-axis and the temperature on the y-axis. Fit a straight line through the points and extend the line to where it intersects the y axis for X = 1.00. The temperature at the intersection point will be an estimate for the static bottomhole temperature.
5-13
Log Witnessing
5-14
LQC
Well Name: TD Depth (m ddbrt) 1743 Mud Weight (SG) 1.18 nil Wireline Rig Down Time at TD last Out at surface Finish Rig Down 16:00 1720.0 25.0 76 Logged Logged from to (mLOGbrt) (mLOGbrt) Max Temp (C) Lost time (hrs) Wireline Rig Up Start Rig Up 8:45 9:45 10:45 14:15 Start RIH 1,000 2.2 nil nil Chlorides (mg/l) K+ (ppm) HGS (barite) % LCM Content (lb/bbl) 23:40 09/15/98 1:39 0.75 1192 18 5/8" 117 17.755" Time Circulation Stopped Circulation Max Well duration @ TD Deviation (hours) (deg) Depth Max Last Casing Last Casing Last Casing deviation Size depth (m (m ddbrt) ddbrt) ID (inches) Date : Logging Suite No : Suite 1
Basic Drilling Information Date and time bit Date section started reached bottom drilling
15/09/98 (12:00) 09/28/98 Basic Mud Information Mud Type (OBM / WBM)
Hydrocarbon in mud? Remarks (losses, any other additives, eg (specify oil, diesel, etc) % soltex) 20bbls total losses (13/09/98)
Run No.
Logged Service
1A DLL/DSI/GR/GPIT/EMS/SP
0:20
Remarks ( operations, downtime, fishing, coring etc.) 1. 20 mins lost time due to generator tripping out whilst logging up. Rmc = 1.325 ohm.m @ 32.1 deg C; Rm = 1.071 ohm.m @ 33.2 deg C; Rmf = 0.474 ohm.m @ 33.2 deg C. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Water Table Depth : 160mBRT BHT Estimation from Horner Plot Estimated BHT (deg C) ; -91.1 MCST Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Total Not Run
Sampling Operations
MDT
No. Pressure tests attempted? No. Successful pressure tests ? No. Tight tests? No. Seal failures ? No. samples recovered/attempted?
Start Time 22:00 22:05 23:45 0:40 1:20 1:30 4:10 4:30 6:40 7:40 8:00 8:15 9:15 9:30 10:30 10:45 12:18 12:20 12:38 12:40 12:47 12:49 12:57 13:01 13:10 14:25 15:15 16:32 16:37 16:42 16:45 17:10 17:15 17:20 19:00 20:30 21:10 21:30 23:24 23:34 0:00 1:50 13:24 15:30 16:00 16:45 17:00 19:25 21:00 21:15 23:10 23:35 0:43 1:17 1:27 2:59 3:15 3:36 3:45 4:45 6:40 7:10 8:40 9:00 10:00 11:00 11:25 11:55 12:03 12:45 12:52 13:00 16:15
Stop Time 22:05 23:45 0:40 1:20 1:30 4:10 4:30 6:40 7:40 8:00 8:15 9:15 9:30 10:30 10:45 12:18 12:20 12:38 12:40 12:47 12:49 12:57 13:01 13:10 14:25 15:15 16:32 16:37 16:42 16:45 17:10 17:15 17:20 19:00 20:30 21:10 21:30 23:24 23:34 0:00 1:50 13:24 15:30 16:00 16:45 17:00 19:25 21:00 21:15 23:10 23:35 0:43 1:17 1:27 2:59 3:15 3:36 3:45 4:45 6:40 7:10 8:40 9:00 10:00 11:00 11:25 11:55 12:03 12:45 12:52 13:00 16:15
Elapsed Time 0:05 1:40 0:55 0:40 0:10 2:40 0:20 2:10 1:00 0:20 0:15 1:00 0:15 1:00 0:15 1:33 0:02 0:18 0:02 0:07 0:02 0:08 0:04 0:09 1:15 0:50 1:17 0:05 0:05 0:03 0:25 0:05 0:05 1:40 1:30 0:40 0:20 1:54 0:10 2:18 1:50 11:34 2:06 0:30 0:45 0:15 2:25 1:35 0:15 1:55 0:25 1:08 0:34 0:10 1:32 0:16 0:21 0:09 1:00 1:55 0:30 1:30 0:20 1:00 1:00 0:25 0:30 0:08 0:42 0:07 0:08 3:15
Wireline Activity 29th December 2001 toolbox talk begin rig up of Run #1: SP-DSI-HRLA-PEX toolbox talk for next crew 30th December 2001 check toolstring load RA sources RIH on bottom, repeat pass main pass at casing shoe finish GR log unload RA sources finish after cals, Max Recorded Temps: 182, 181 degF finish rigging down Run #1, head changed, wait on crane lifts begin rigging up Run #2 operational check tool string RIH with FMI-HNGS-CMR at 8940 ft, open caliper Run #2 pass 1: FMI-HNGS log up repeat section, 900 fph, all buttons active at 8700 ft, close calipers RIH to 9250 ft, open calipers log up main pass, 900 fph, pad press. 17%, every 2nd button on one pad & flap inactive abort log at 9160 ft, close caliper & RIH to 9250 ft, to try again log up main pass 2nd attempt, 900 fph, pad press. 50%, same pad/flap problem at 8200 ft, stop log, retract arms, RIH log up main pass Run #2 pass 2: CMR after tuning tool, 850 fph stop log at 8200 ft, RIH to 8732 ft, tune CMR RIH to 8850 ft start repeat section at 8778 ft end repeat section & drop down to 8732 ft to tune tool tune CMR POOH perform after cals, rig down FMI-HNGS-CMR, MRT 183, 182 degF rig down FMI-CMR complete rig up Run #3: MDT pressure tests RIH Turn on motion compensator stick test 1st correlation pass 31st December 2001, New Year's Eve stabilize temperature of MDT tool in hole at 8565 ft MDT pressure profile. 49 pressures attempted, 26 obtained, 16 dry tests, 7 lost seals POOH with MDT, Pressure survey completed wash down & flush out single probe rigged up additional MDT sampling modules to run #3 MDT tool surface check Run #4: MDT samples RIH to 8450 ft perform stick tests & allow, MDT to warm up correlation log to position for sample at 8468 ft Pumped out 39.7 litres and filled 3.74 litre sample chamber at 8468 ft with water correlation log to position for sample at 8938 ft Pumped out from 8938 ft, MDT tool plugged up after pumping 30 litres 1st January 2002, New Year's Day Pumped out from 8936 ft, MDT tool plugged up after pumping 27 mins of pumping correlation log to position for sample at 8664 ft pumped out from 8664 ft. After pumping for 1.5 hrs O/W ratio was 50/50. Aborted sampling since a 95% pure sample could not be obtained. Attempted to sample at 8561 ft, Aborted sampling after dry pretest Attempted to sample at 8563 ft, Aborted sampling after MDT tool plugged Attempted to sample at 8598 ft, Aborted sampling after dry pretest Attempted to sample at 8600 ft, Aborted sampling after MDT tool plugged Pull MDT tool out of the hole for inspection & servicing Turn off motion compensator, toolbox talk drain SC#1, sample from 8468 ft, volume 3750 psi probe plugged, took 3000 psi to clear, service tool begin making up MDT toolstring for run #5 surface check Run #5: MDT samples operational check Set compensator, RIH correlation run for sample at 8563 ft, add 3.5 ft Attempt sample at 8563 ft, aborted as sample not cleaning up above 50% oil Attempt sample at 8620 ft, telemetry failure, tool retracted automatically. Drop down to 8635 ft, no communication with tool. POOH, found short in cable head, rehead, lay out MDT (program cancelled) Rig up Run #6: VSI
Page 1 of 1
No
Time
Time
Time
File
Depth (Ft)
Hydrostatic Before
Start
Elasped
Finish
MDBRT
TVDBRT
SG
CQG
hh:mm
mm:ss
hh:mm
(ft)
(ft)
(PSIA)
(PSIA)
1 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 11.23 1007.5 380.8 263.1 4606.8 4610.2 4606.2 4609.7 10.09 10.09 6.60 6.54 4595.7 4599.4 4603.0 4603.8 4596.0 4599.5 4602.6 4603.7 10.11 10.11 10.10 10.10 6.86 6.85 6.80 6.85 5101.5 5107.2 5113.1 5114.4 5100.7 5106.4 5112.7 5113.3 171.2 171.4 171.6 171.7 1744.6 481.5 Good Test Good Test Lost Seal after Good Pressure Good Test 4583.0 4583.0 10.13 6.95 5079.6 5078.8 171.0 996.9 Good Test 4584.4 4584.5 10.13 7.07 5080.8 5080.0 170.8 105.9 Good Test with Lost Seal ??? 4578.8 4578.9 10.13 6.86 5074.0 5073.1 170.6 561.5 Good Test 4582.2 4582.3 10.13 7.32 5075.1 5074.3 170.5 Good Test then Lost Seal 4575.9 4576.0 10.13 6.85 5069.4 5068.6 170.3 2383.1 Good Test 4573.1 4573.1 10.14 6.84 5064.7 5064.0 170.2 940.6 Good Test 5063.6 5063.0 169.9 Lost Seal 4566.4 4566.5 10.15 7.07 5052.9 5051.8 169.7 78.3 Good Test 4563.0 4563.0 10.15 6.90 5048.0 5047.2 169.4 951.1 Good Test 4560.6 4560.7 10.15 6.97 5044.0 5043.1 170.0 1179.1 Good Test 4557.5 4557.4 10.15 6.95 5038.6 5037.9 168.5 206.7 Good Test 4555.6 4555.5 10.15 6.91 5035.6 5035.4 168.3 133.2 Good Test 4550.6 4550.4 10.16 6.86 5027.7 5026.9 167.8 1989.2 Good Test 4550.0 4550.0 10.16 6.83 5026.9 5026.7 167.5 Good Test then Lost Seal 4546.5 4546.2 10.16 6.52 5021.1 5020.5 166.9 664.0 Good Test 4543.2 4542.8 10.17 6.49 5015.5 5014.8 166.3 1380.6 Good Test 4540.5 4540.1 10.17 5010.7 5010.2 165.6 773.5 Good Test 5003.7 5003.4 Check Seal in Shale - OK
1:51
11:00
2:02
43
8565.0
8563.9
5011.6
5011.4
11.23
4541.1
4540.7
10.17
5011.6
5011.2
164.6
11.8
2:05
04:40
2:09
44
8551.0
8549.9
5003.7
5003.4
2:12
10:02
2:22
45
8563.0
8561.9
5010.9
5010.5
2:25
10:50
2:35
46
8571.0
8569.9
5015.2
5015.1
2:38
11:00
2:49
47
8581.0
8579.9
5021.2
5020.8
2:51
08:30
2:59
48
8591.0
8589.8
5027.0
5026.9
3:03
10:00
3:13
49
8592.0
8590.8
5027.7
5027.6
3:16
11:10
3:27
50
8606.0
8604.8
5036.0
5035.7
3:29
13:00
3:42
51
8611.0
8609.8
5038.6
5038.6
3:44
10:20
3:54
52
8620.0
8618.8
5044.0
5043.9
10
3:57
12:20
4:09
53
8627.0
8625.8
5048.0
5048.0
11
4:12
14:20
4:26
54
8635.0
8633.8
5052.7
5052.7
12
4:29
07:40
4:36
55
8654.0
8652.8
5063.6
5063.5
13
4:38
11:10
4:49
56
8656.0
8654.8
5064.8
5064.6
14
4:52
11:10
5:03
57
8664.0
8662.8
5069.2
5069.4
15
5:05
09:20
5:14
58
8674.0
8672.8
5075.1
5075.1
16
5:16
12:10
5:28
59
8672.0
8670.8
5074.0
5073.5
17
5:30
13:20
5:43
60
8684.0
8682.7
5081.2
5080.8
18
5:46
09:30
5:55
61
8682.0
8680.7
5079.6
5079.5
19 20 21 22
62 63 64 65
Correlation Pass Logged. MDT Off Depth by 6 feet. Stations 23 & 24 have to have 6 feet subtracted from the TVD for Gradient Studies.
4622.3
4621.8
10.08
6.72
7:22 7:47 8:03 8:13 8:25 8:42 8:52 9:00 9:08 9:18 9:27 9:42
12:50 11:50 06:40 06:40 15:40 07:00 06:50 05:40 06:40 06:40 11:40 08:20
7:34 7:58 8:09 8:19 8:40 8:49 8:58 9:05 9:14 9:24 9:38 9:50
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82
8756.0 8768.0 8777.0 8778.0 8797.0 8854.0 8853.0 8855.0 8871.0 8873.0 8877.0 8898.0
8754.7 8766.6 8775.7 8776.6 8795.7 8852.6 8851.6 8853.5 8869.6 8871.6 8875.5 8896.5
5118.5 5125.9 5130.9 5131.2 5142.2 5175.0 5174.2 5175.5 5184.9 5185.8 5188.6 5201.0
5118.2 5125.6 5130.8 5131.3 5142.1 5175.3 5174.5 5175.5 5185.0 5186.2 5188.5 5200.7
11.22 11.22 11.22 11.22 11.22 11.22 11.22 11.22 11.22 11.22 11.22 11.22
5118.9 5125.7 5129.9 5131.4 5142.5 5175.0 5173.9 5175.5 5185.0 5186.4 5188.9 5201.0
5118.5 5125.3 5130.8 5131.1 5142.2 5175.2 5174.7 5175.8 5185.3 5186.2 5188.3 5200.6
Good Test Good Test Dry Test Dry Test Good Test Dry Test Dry Test Dry Test Dry Test Dry Test Good Test Dry Test
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 4664.0 4665.6 4668.3 4663.6 4665.4 4668.0 10.03 10.02 10.02 6.57 6.58 6.57 11.23 4350.0 4347.5 4346.3 4348.2 9.84 9.84 4687.0 4686.5 10.01 6.65 5256.4 5256.2
07:20
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92
Dry Test Dry Test Dry Test Good Test Good Test Good Test Dry Test Dry Test 140.7 91.8 138.6 Good Test
43
11:47
11:40
11:58
95
8986.0
8985.5
5256.2
5256.1
44 45 46 47 48 49
07:00
Good Test Test with Lost Seal ??? Good Test Dry Test Dry Test Dry Test
DATE 28/09/00
TIME 00:15 01:00 03:00 03:45 06:35 06:50 07:10 08:10 08:35 08:16 08:48 09:05 09:10 09:28 09:30 09:34 09:38 10:06 10:49 10:50 11:04 11:15 12:10 12:12 12:25 12:26 12:29 12:30 12:33 12:36 12:42 13:00 13:36 13:40
RUN NO.1 LATCH 1. Rig up sheaves Rig up tools (MDT/CMR), total length 178.7 ft Power up tools at surface and test, OK. Start RIH (Drift Pipe) At Shoe, 4,371 ft, circ pipe volume Resume RIH to 4749 ft Make up SES and RIH w/ PWCH Latch and Test OK R/U Snatch Pulley Clamp cable and Pull Test to 3000 lbs Start RIH to Station 1 STATION 1 at 4,780 ft, allow Hydrostatic to stabilise Inflate Packer with 24.57 ltrs / 800 psi / Hole Dia 9.1 ins Set Observation Probe Probe Pre-test 1b, draw 10 cc Probe Pre-test 1c, draw 10 cc Packer Pre-test 1a, Pump out of packer 585 cc, pulse seen on Observation probe Packer Pre-test 1d, Pump out of packer 585 cc, pulse seen on Observation probe Retract Observation Probe Pre-test 1e, Pump out of packer 500 cc Deflate Packer, Establish Hydrostatic End Station 1. Move down to next station STATION 2 at 5,500 ft, allow Hydrostatic to stabilise Inflate Packer with 23.9 ltrs / 900 psi / Hole Dia 9.1 ins Set Observation Probe Set Resistivity Probe Probe Pre-test 2c, draw 10 cc Probe Pre-test 2b, draw 10 cc Probe Pre-test 2d, draw 9.5 cc Probe Pre-test 2e, draw 9.66 cc Packer Pre-test 2a, Pump out of packer 585 cc, large pulse seen on Observation probe Packer Pre-test 2f, Pump out of packer 585 cc, large pulse seen on Observation probe Reflate packer to 1000 psi Start pump-out for Interference Test at 350 rpm speed mode. See drop in pressure at Observation probe immediately. See drop in pressure at Resistivity probe after 10 mins. Increase pump speed to 380 rpm First water on OFA after 8.1 ltrs pumped Increase pump speed to 400 rpm Increase pump speed to 420 rpm Increase pump speed to 450 rpm Stop pump-out, Start Build up. Pumped 24.5 ltrs (25.7 ltrs cum) in 86 mins.
20:42 20:52 20:55 21:57 22:02 22:13 22:17 22:28 22:29 22:30 22:31 22:32 22:36 22:59 22:02 22:03 23:30 23:30 23:37 23:39 23:44 23:47
Start pump-out for clean-up / PVT samples at 600 rpm Packer pressure at 1403 psia after 18.7 ltrs (44.4 ltrs cum), decrease pump rate to 570 rpm. Packer pressure at 1401 psia after 20.5 ltrs (46.2 ltrs cum), decrease pump rate to 565 rpm. Packer pressure at 1400 psia after 21.6 ltrs (47.3 ltrs cum), decrease pump rate to 560 rpm. First oil (40%) after 39.1 ltrs (65.8 ltrs cum), packer pressure = 1433.32 psia Packer pressure = 1428.2 psia, after 48.5 ltrs (74.2 ltrs cum): 70% oil Packer pressure = 1424.6 psia, after 59.7 ltrs (85.4 ltrs cum): 80% oil (70% green, 10% white on OFA) and 20% water Packer pressure = 1422.7 psia, after 64.3 ltrs (90.0 ltrs cum): 80% oil (70% green, 10% white on OFA) and 20% water. Open PVT bottle # 326 for low shock PVT sample #1 Close bottle # 326 (1st PVT sample), min pressure 1422.7 psia, final pressure = 1552.29 psia (+4000 psi sealing pressure). Continue pump out Packer pressure = 1433.3 psia, after 69.6 ltrs (95.3 ltrs cum): 80% oil (70% green, 10% white on OFA) and 20% water Packer pressure = 1427.14 psia, after 77.2 ltrs (102.9 ltrs cum): 80% oil (70% green, 10% white on OFA) and 20% water. Open PVT bottle # 327 for low shock PVT sample Close bottle # 327 (2nd PVT sample), min pressure 1359.22 psia, final pressure = 1507.01 psia (+4000 psi sealing pressure). Open PVT bottle # 328 for low shock PVT sample Close bottle # 328 (3rd PVT sample), min pressure 1368.66 psia, final pressure = 1519.07 psia (+4000 psi sealing pressure). Continue pumping with inc pump rate of 1200 rpm Packer pressure = 1220 psia, after 84.3 ltrs (110 ltrs cum): 80% oil (70% green, 10% white on OFA) and 20% water. Inc to 2000 rpm w/ a minimum pressure of 1060 psia at packer and 70%oil / 30% water, no gas. Stop pump out after 93 ltrs (118.7 ltrs cum): 70%oil / 30% water, no gas. Pretest 2g at Observation probe Pretest 2h at Resistivity probe, 2g still building Pretest 2h stable at 1601.34 psia, 2g still building Retract Resistivity probe, stable at 1601.35 psia Retract Observation probe, not quite stable at 1604.48 psia, final packer pressure 1596.72 psia Deflate packer, establish final hydrostatic pressures, unable to get good mobility results from probe tests due to length of test and interference from pump out. Set Observation Probe for Pretest 2i for mobility data Unset probe, obtain hydrostatic and a good mobility End of Station 2. Move down to next station STATION 3 at 6,550 ft., allow hydrostatic to stabilise Pretest 3a on observation probe for mobility data: 14.4 md/cp End pretest 3a, unset probe Start Packer inflation at 6,550 ft MDRT Packer inflated with 19.89 ltrs / 1000 psi / Hole Dia 8.7 ins Set Observation Probe Set Resistivity Probe Probe Pre-test 3d, draw 5.4 cc Probe Pre-test 3c, draw 5.6 cc Packer Pre-test 3b, Pump out of packer 2340 cc, interference seen on Observation Probe Repeat Packer pre-test (3e), interference seen on Observation Probe Observation Probe Pre-test 3f, draw 5.4 cc Resistivity Probe Pre-test 3g, draw 5.4 cc and allow all three pre-tests to stabilise. Start pump-out for Interference Test at 700 rpm speed mode. See drop in pressure at Observation Probe immediately. Packer pressure 1516.6 psia Increase pump speed to 1200 rpm Increase pump speed to 2000 rpm Pumped 11.11 ltrs (15.2 ltrs cum). Switch pump from constant speed mode to constant power mode at 70% duty cycle Pumped 7.0 ltrs (22.2 ltrs cum). Increase duty cycle to 75% Pumped 13.0 ltrs (28.2 ltrs cum). Increase duty cycle to 80% Observation Probe at 1609.41 psia. Resistivity Probe 1614.97 psia
Well: 11111.0
Datum Information Fluid OIL OIL OIL Final Build-up Pressure Quartz (psia) 1573.7 1506.1 1573.0 1563.2 124.3 -4.9 0.53 1593.2 9.93 1490.7 124.7 0.7 0.51 1524.2 9.49 1562.8 124.2 -3.8 0.53 1593.9 9.94 Strain (psig) (Qtz-Strain) (deg F) (psi) to MSL (psi/ft) Pressure (psia) EMW to RT (lbs/gal) Tight (S/C?) Tight, Not Stable Tight (S/C?) Lost Seal 1372.5 1497.0 706.0 1497.0 773.0 1485.0 660.2 1484.5 1112.0 517.0 0.0 1121.0 738.5 736.0 1282.0 0.0 0.0 1255.0 33.0 40.0 605.0 1472.0 1477.0 1471.0 1509.7 1502.1 1502.2 1699.2 1699.4 1673.7 1658.1 1687.9 1688.1 1493.9 1491.2 1491.2 1702.2 1691.1 1702.0 1691.1 1675.1 1659.6 132.1 131.9 132.2 132.4 132.7 132.9 127.9 128.1 128.8 1570.2 1569.7 1559.2 1558.7 127.4 127.5 1546.0 1530.5 127.3 0.8 -3.7 -3.7 0.8 -3.8 -3.6 0.9 -3.4 -3.4 1.1 -3.8 -3.7 1590.4 1579.3 127.1 -3.6 1579.5 1568.7 126.7 -3.9 1547.0 1531.3 126.8 1.0 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51 1544.1 1506.0 1533.8 1490.3 126.6 126.6 -4.5 1.0 0.52 0.51 1507.5 1491.9 126.6 0.9 0.51 1549.7 1560.0 125.7 -25.0 0.53 1506.7 1491.1 125.7 0.9 0.51 1523.7 1568.8 1525.1 1563.8 1523.5 1562.9 1597.6 1608.5 1561.3 1587.7 1587.2 1683.9 1712.9 1713.2 1682.5 1710.2 1710.4 1524.7 1519.2 1519.3 1550.9 1561.3 125.7 -25.1 0.53 1570.0 1507.6 1492.4 125.6 0.5 0.51 1524.5 9.48 9.78 9.48 9.77 9.49 9.74 9.48 9.64 9.86 9.93 9.62 9.80 9.79 9.51 9.68 9.68 9.50 9.66 9.67 9.48 9.45 9.45 Tight Good Test Tight, (S/C?) Good Test Tight, (S/C?) Tight, (S/C?) Tight, (S/C?) B/U on 2nd Stroke Tight slow build up Tight slow build up Tight slow build up Tight slow build up Tight S/C Tight S/C Slow B/U, not fully stable V Tight, Good B/U, S/C? V Tight, Good B/U, S/C? Slow B/U, S/C? V Tight, Good B/U, S/C? V Tight, Good B/U, S/C? Fairly Tight Mod B/U V Fast B/U V Fast B/U Temp Difference Gradient Datum Pressure Formation Comments/Remarks Calculated 78.0 6.6 9.7 Kharaib Depth TVDSS (ft) (cc) 17:51 17:48 1.0 1573.9 1170.0 1582.3 1573.2 2300.0 0.6 1580.1 1571.4 1596.4 1588.0 5.0 1602.7 1593.6 1738.6 1734.5 6.0 2340.0 1734.1 1571.8 1584.4 1576.6 15:33 6.0 5.9 15:32 2340.0 14:20 0.5 05:56 5.9 5.9 05:01 6.0 05:00 2340.0 02:15 0.7 0.7 02:14 1170.0 23:48 0.7 23:46 1170.0 22:15 0.5 1170.0 22:14 1170.0 20:04 0.7 20:03 1170.0 18:36 20.0 916.0 1170.0 1378.9 0.6 725.0 MDT No. 1 2944.8 2951.4 2944.8 2944.8 2951.4 2954.9 2948.3 2954.9 2948.3 2952.9 2946.3 2952.9 2985.9 2979.3 2979.3 2987.9 2981.3 2981.3 3286.9 3280.3 3280.3 3286.9 3280.3 3280.3 2949.9 2960.9 2954.3 2954.3 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 1581.7 5.7 1573.9 (Suite No. 2) Section (ft) Hydrostatic (psia) Set Pressure (psia) Vertical Initial Time DD Vol Min DD 3314.0 1686.0 0.325 ppg Shuaiba 3035.0 1557.0 0.325 ft Nahr Umr 3007.0 1524.0 0.325 ft Formation Depth (ft) Pressure Fluid Density TVDSS psi psi/ft
PRE-TESTS
Packer-Probe Dist
Latch
Test No.
Lith
Depth
No.
Unit
MDRT (ft)
RUN No. 2
1a Probe
NU
3022.9
1b Packer
NU
3029.5
1c Probe
NU
3022.9
1d Probe
NU
3022.9
1e Packer
NU
3029.5
2a Packer
NU
3033.0
2b Probe
NU
3026.4
2c Packer
NU
3033.0
2d Probe
NU
3026.4
3a Packer
NU
3031.0
1 1
3b Probe 3c Packer
NU NU
3024.4 3031.0
4a Packer
SHU
3064.0
4b Probe
SHU
3057.4
4c Probe
SHU
3057.4
5a Packer
SHU
3066.0
1 1
5b Probe 5c Probe
SHU SHU
3059.4 3059.4
6a Packer
KB
3365.0
6b Probe
KB
3358.4
6c Probe
KB
3358.4
6d Packer
KB
3365.0
1 1
6e Probe 6f Probe
KB KB
3358.4 3358.4
7a Probe
NU
3028.0
8a Packer
NU
3039.0
1 1
8b Probe 8c Probe
NU NU
3032.4 3032.4
Well: 1
Sampling Details Pump Out Details Final Build-up Data Initial Packer Pressure (psia) Pumped (ltrs) Pumped (mins) Pressure (psia) Volume (ltrs) Pressure (psia) Volume (ltrs) Pressure (psia) Pumped (ltrs) Pumped (mins) No. No. Volume Time Packer Cum Packer Cum Min Volume Time Fluid on OFA Sample Chamber Chamber Opened (psia) Previous Previous Cum Cum Bottle/ As Flow Volume (ltrs) Pressure (psia) Pressure (psia) Time (mins) Fluid Packer Probe Build-up First Oil First Gas Probe Diff (psia) Time (mins) Flow Pressures Min While Filling (psia) As Chamber Closed (psia)
Initial Pressures
Latch
Min at
Min at
Packer
No.
Packer (psia)
Probe (psia)
Packer (psia)
Probe (psia)
Diff (psia)
1b
1 TOO TIGHT
1e
1 -11.7 UNABLE TO PERFORM TEST 1578.9 15.0 18 1485.7 253.3 224.1 100% Water
2c 1506.7
1560.0
1497.0
1571.7
9.7
3a
1 1 TOO TIGHT
3 3c
4a
5a
1 1
5 5
6a
1 ABORTED - SAND IN VALVES 1673.7 85.0 58 540.6 165.0 463.0 235.0 340.0
6 349.8 346.0 40% Oil / 60% Water Trace Gas 410.0 377.0 4300.0
6d 1673.7
1697.0
1 1 1509.8 23.0 27
8a
1 1
8 8
SAMPLE DETAILS
PRE-TESTS
Well:
Bottle/ Oil Unset (%) 0.2 0.5 18:35 0.5 0.1 100 21:26 23:18 23:22 01:24 01:21 03:22 03:31 1597.7 1589.1 1598.9 1589.5 1571.0 1579.5 9.92 9.95 9.95 9.92 9.96 9.92 0.2 0.4 0.1 05:52 23 (2.5lt) (8.25lt) 77 39000 0 10.75 ltrs Total, 0.27 cu ft Gas, no H2S, 8.25 ltrs dirty Water, 2.5 ltrs Oil Dull straw yellow - yellow brown flourescence, Strong H/C odour (No H2S odour and does not smell like normal Kharaib Oil) 39000 0 Cloudy Water, Trace dead oil flakes with no flourescence, no gas, no H2S 13:04 13:03 14:44 100 22:34 22:29 1734.1 1749.4 1739.6 1569.6 1581.6 1572.2 9.86 9.93 9.90 9.89 9.94 9.90 1.8 1.8 0.2 0.4 n/a 0.1 n/a 39000 0 Dirty Water, Trace dead oil flakes with no flourescence, trace gas, no H2S 21:50 0.1 n/a 1573.2 9.93 0.2 (%) (mg/ltr) (ohms) (API) (ppm) (md/cp) Hydrostatic EMW to RT (psia) (lbs/gal) Water Chlorides Res Gravity H2S Colour, Odour, Flourescence, etc Time Final Hydrostatic Mobility
Water Properties
Oil / Gas
Latch
Sample
Chamber
Total
No.
No.
No.
Volume (cc)
Datum Pressures for Graphs Nahr Umr Shuaiba Kharaib 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1524.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1557.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0 1686.0
6.0 ltrs
1 1
1 1
10.75 ltrs
1 1
3.5 ltrs
1 1
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
The resulting pressure may be expressed in reports or drawn on logs as: Pressure: psi, bar psi/ft, bar/m
Pressure Gradient:
Pressure Gradient EMW: ppg, S.G., gm/cc When computing expected normal pore pressures the average density of formation fluids must be known. Offshore, the pore fluids are initially deemed to be the same as the sea water, whilst onshore a sample of formation water may be obtained. With depth however, the pore fluid density will change. Salty and fresh water horizons may be encountered, from normal environmental changes or because of later diagenesis and variations in geothrmal gradient will cause changes to salt water densities. The nature and extent of these fluid density changes may be detected from log evaluation or from samples collected from MDT and DST tests. Hydrocarbons will also alter the normal fluid gradients and can be detected by routine wellsite geological and mudlogging operations. The calculation of normal pore pressure begins at sea level offshore and water table onshore.
6-5
Depth below Flowline - m 0 MSL Seawater Density 1.04 g/cc Sea Bed Pore-water Density 1.04 g/cc 325 25
Depth 0 325 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500
Fluid density Pore Pressure bar 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 30.61 38.26 48.46 58.66 68.87 79.07 89.27 99.47 109.68 119.88 130.08 140.28 150.49 160.69 170.89 181.09 191.30 201.50 211.70 221.90 232.10 242.31 252.51
PPG bar/m 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
PPG EMW: g/cc 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04
500
1000
Dep th - m
1500
2000
2500
3000
6-6
Depth below Flowline - m 0 MSL Seawater Density 1.04 g/cc Sea Bed Pore-water Density 1.04 g/cc 325 25
Depth 0 325 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500
Fluid density Pore Pressure bar 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 30.61 38.26 48.46 58.66 68.87 79.07 89.27 99.47 109.68 119.88 130.08 140.28 150.49 160.69 170.89 181.09 191.30 201.50 211.70 221.90 232.10 242.31 252.51
PPG PPG FBG bar/m EMW: g/cc EMW: g/cc 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 0.9600 0.9750 0.9880 0.9967 1.0029 1.0075 1.0111 1.0140 1.0164 1.0183 1.0200 1.0214 1.0227 1.0238 1.0247 1.0256 1.0263 1.0270 1.0276 1.0282 1.0287 1.0292 1.0296
500
1000
Depth - m
1500
2000
2500
3000
6-7
Air gap
ill Dr ing Fl uid ad Gr
i en
Gr ad
ien t
Required Drilling Fluid Gradient less than Formation (Pore) Pressure Gradient
Figure 4: Formation Balance Gradient When multiple fluid densities are present in the rock, because of changes in geothermal gradient, variations in fluid type or because of stratigraphic changes a cumulative approach is taken to the normal pore pressure calculation. Normal Pore Pressure Gradient, or (NFBG), is averaged from the point of interest back to the flowline.
A A
Average gradient of fluids A+B+C
A+B B C
A+B+C
6-8
Drill bit
Drill collar
6-9
6-10
Overburden Pressure
Overburden Pressure is computed at the wellsite since it is an input parameter to Fracture Pressure calculations and also provides a means of quantifying pore pressure studies. Overburden Pressure is the total pressure acting on the rock and is produced by both fluid and rock matrix pressures. It may be defined as: S=M+P Where S = Overburden Pressure M = Matrix Pressure P = Pore Pressure It is necessary to know the average bulk density of the formation in order to compute Overburden Pressure. Normally this is broken into like sections and cumulatively calculated. Obtaining values for rock bulk density can be difficult and depends upon the availability of suitable data. Available data sources are: Wireline Formation Density Log MWD Formation Density Log Sonic Log Cuttings Density
6-11
6-12
6-13
Lithology/Fluid Sandstone (Quartz) Limestone (Calcite) Dolomite (Dolomite) Anhydrite Salt (Halite) Gypsum Clay/Shale Fresh Water Salt Water
Density (g/cc) 2.65 2.71 2.87 2.93 2.04 2.35 2.5-2.8 1.00 1.03
Figure 8: Rock, Mineral & Fluid properties Bulk density, b, is defined as: b = f + m ( 1 ) Where: b = Bulk Density gm/cc f = Fluid Density gm/cc m = Matrix Density gm/cc = Porosity % Bellotti & Giacca (1978) published an empirically derived formula to determine porosity from sonic log data where there is difficulty in establishing clay matrix densities or travel times. ( t 47 ) b = 2.75 2.11 ------------------------ ( t + 200 )
6-14
Depth below Flowline 0 MSL Seawater Density 1.04 g/cc Sea Bed Rock Bulk Density 1.95 g/cc 25
Depth Bulk Density Overburden Pressure OBG bar EMW: g/cc 0 325 1.04 30.61 0.9600 400 1.95 44.95 1.1456 500 2.05 65.06 1.3265 600 2.05 85.18 1.4471 700 2.05 105.29 1.5332 800 2.05 125.40 1.5978 900 2.05 145.51 1.6481 1000 2.05 165.62 1.6883 1100 2.15 186.71 1.7302 1200 2.15 207.80 1.7652 1300 2.15 228.89 1.7948 1400 2.15 249.98 1.8202 1500 2.15 271.07 1.8422 1600 2.15 292.17 1.8614 1700 2.15 313.26 1.8784 1800 2.15 334.35 1.8935 1900 2.2 355.93 1.9096 2000 2.2 377.51 1.9241 2100 2.2 399.10 1.9373 2200 2.2 420.68 1.9492 2300 2.25 442.75 1.9623 2400 2.25 464.82 1.9743 2500 2.25 486.89 1.9853
Overburden Gradient
EMW - g/cc 0.0000 0 0.5000 1.0000 1.5000 2.0000 2.5000
500
1000
Depth - m
1500
2000
2500
3000
6-15
6-16
Methodology
Compaction disequilibrium in shales can be recognised by a long pressure transition zone. In the North Sea for example there may be many hundreds of metres of gradually increasing pore pressure in Tertiary clay sections from the onset of overpressure to the point of maximum development. It is possible to monitor the increase of pore pressure with depth whilst still maintaining mud overbalance and making the required changes to mud density before the point of equilibrium with the static and dynamic (ECD) mud pressure. The techniques available are:
7-1
Factors affecting ROP include: Rock Type Bit Type Dulling Bit WOB RPM Hole Size Pump Pressure Bit Hydraulics Mud Weight/ECD
7-2
Increasing Differential Pressure with depth when mud weight & pore pressure gradient remain constant
Depth
Differential Pressure
Pressure
Figure 1: Differential Pressure
7-3
Binghams D-exponent was refined by Jordan and Shirley the following year. They added constants and solved Bingham's original equation for "d", and also added log functions. The most important change made by Jorden and Shirley, however is that they let Bingham's matrix strength constant, "a", be equal to 1. This solved the problem of attempting to define a value for rock strength when computing d, but means that changes in formation type will cause shifts in the dexponent plot which have to be interpreted by the operator. Jorden and Shirley (1967) R log --------- 60N- d = -------------------- 12W log ----------- 10 6 B
Where: R N a W B d = Penetration Rate (ft/hr) = RPM = Matrix Strength Constant = Weight on Bit (lbs) =Hole Size (ins) =Drilling Exponent
7-4
7-5
Figure 2: Drilling Data Plot compaction trend line in order that proper evaluation be made. It should also be realised that the normal compaction trend line will still be a curve, even when plotted on logarithmic paper, and that the early, shallow trends established in the upper parts of the borehole will need to be steepened as drilling proceeds. When, and by how much, to steepen trends requires skilled and experienced operators otherwise significant errors can be introduced.
7-6
7-7
7-8
Sandstone
Depth
Dxco
Dxcn
7-9
7-10
Front
Side
May be striated
Front
Side
Scale
O.5" to 1.5"
Delicate shape
Typically cracked
Plan View
Plan View
Concave Profile
Typical shale caving A caused by underbalanced drilling
B Typical shale caving produced by stress relief
7-11
7-12
7-13
Shale Density
Evaluation of drill cuttings density, whilst not accurate enough for overburden gradient calculation is useful to identify clay undercompaction. A plot of shale density against true vertical depth can pick out transition zones very effectively, by looking for areas of lower than expected density. The following diagram illustrates the procedure. The overpressured zone has lower than expected bulk density values. The minimum bulk density value (which represents the maximum overpressure) would normally be expected at a much shallower depth, the Equilibrium or Equivalent Depth, which can be found by drawing a vertical line from the depth of interest to the intersection with the normal compaction trend line.The Equivalent Depth and the depth of interest both have the same bulk density values and hence the same value of matrix stress (effective stress). This type of plot can be used to help identify overpressured by qualitative means (looking for low density anomalies) but also quantitatively using Terzaghis relationship: S overburden pressure = effective stress + P pore pressure
7-14
Geothermal Gradient
Abnormally pressured zones will usually cause a disturbance to geothermal gradient since the trapped water is a more effective insulator than rock matrix
7-15
7-16
7-17
7-18
7-19
Sonic Logs
Sonic log data is some of the best data available for evaluation of formation pressure in claystone sections. The log measures rock compaction and records interval travel time in m sec/foot. A normally compacting claystone shows increasing density with depth and therefore increased sonic velocity and lower travel times. Again, a normal compaction trend line can be established and compared to actual data. Potential overpressured zones will show as areas of higher than expected m sec/foot. The equivalent depth method is usually used to quantify changes to pore pressure, assuming that the formation is constant and represents a continuous sequence back to the equivalent depth.
7-20
The Equivalent Depth method is used by drawing a line vertically from the point of interest until it intercepts the normal compaction trend line, thus defining the Equivalent or Equilibrium Depth. The pore pressure and overburden pressure values at this depth are used to define the effective overburden pressure, 1, which, assuming Compaction Disequilibrium to be the dominant cause of the abnormal pressure, has remained constant during burial. The value of 1 is therefore the same at the point of interest.
7-21
10 4000
100
200
5000
6000
D ep th
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
t sec/ft
Figure 12: Sonic Log
7-22
Fracture Pressure
Introduction
A knowledge of Formation Fracture Pressure is necessary in order to drill the well both safely and economically. The optimum mud density is sufficient to balance pore pressure but not so high that hydrostatic, circulating or surge pressures would cause the rock to fracture. Measured values of fracture pressure can be obtained from Leak-Off Tests (LOT) which are normally performed just below the casing shoe. With the well shut in, a small volume of mud is pumped at a low flowrate into the borehole. The imposed pressure within the borehole will increase as the mud is pumped and will be recorded on a pressure gauge as a linear increase above hydrostatic pressure. As the fracture pressure is approached fluid will begin to be lost to the formation and the rate of increase of imposed pressure will reduce. At the point at which the straight line increase becomes a curve, the mud hydrostatic pressure plus the imposed pumping pressure is equal to the rock fracture pressure and the test is terminated before fractures are propagated and irreparable damage is done to the formation.
Bleed Off
Total Pressure at B:
Gauge Pressure + Mud Hydrostatic Total Pressure at C: B + Crack Extension Pressure Total Pressure at D: B=D
1 1 2 3
Time, minutes
8-1
Fracture Pressure
There is a general tendency for sedimentary rocks to become stronger with depth due to compaction, so that, mostly, fracture pressure also increases with depth. This is an over simplification however since changes in lithology and pore pressure can both cause significant fracture pressure variations. In order not to have to take further LOTs, (which is both time consuming and potentially damaging to the formation), mathematical models are used to estimate variations in fracture pressure as the well is drilled. All the models used are calibrated from LOTs, causing pessimistic results when only Formation Integrity Tests (FIT) are made rather than true leak-off tests. They also suffer by being too simple in approach and by using empirically derived data that may not always have widespread geographical applicability. When used wisely however, and by skilled operators, the models give useful in-formation and a more accurate view of fracture pressure than from LOT data taken at the casing shoe.
Pore Pressure (P) A non-directional stress which has to be exceeded by the mud pressure if hydraulic fracturing is to be produced
8-2
Fracture Pressure
Effective Stress (1) This is the matrix or grain stress component of the overburden pressure and will be a vertical stress Horizontal Stress Horizontal stresses are produced as a result of the vertical effective stress. In the sub-surface in a confined setting these can be resolved into two, mutually perdendicular, stresses. In the absence of any external directional tectonic stresses the magnitude of the horizontal stresses will be the same, but will be less than the effective stress. In order to break the rock each of the above stresses has to be exceeded by the mud pressure. The pore pressure is known from Wireline or Drillstem Tests, from indirect methods using drilling, geological and petrophysical data or as a result of the analysis of pressure during well control operations. The effective stress is computed from the difference between the overburden pressure and pore pressure. The minimum horizontal stress is the most difficult component to quantify, but is usually thought of as being related to the effective stress. Thus a stress ratio co-efficient, F, is included in most models to relate the effective stress to the minimum horizontal stress The assumptions given above provide the basis for all the commonly used models, and give the general formula: F = ( S P )k + P Where: F = k = S = P = Fracture Pressure Effective Stress Ratio Overburden Pressure Pore Pressure
8-3
Fracture Pressure
Matthews and Kelly (1967)
Matthews and Kelly introduced a variable stress coefficient, Ki, into the general formula as shown above. Values of Ki were obtained by back calculating from known LOT results and the establishment of regional values for future wells. F = ( S P )ki + P It should be noted that the value of Ki is determined from the depth at which 1 is normal, i.e. the Equivalent Depth, and that alternate calibration curves need to be established for areas outside the US Gulf Coast region.
8-4
Fracture Pressure
Eaton (1969)
Eaton decided that rock deformation was elastic, and therefore linked the calculation of K to Poissons Ratio. Eatons equation for Fracture Pressure is: F = ( S P ) ----------- + P 1
8-5
Fracture Pressure
Where: = 1 = Poissons Ratio Effective Stress
Poissons Ratio is the ratio of the lateral unit strain to the longitudinal strain in a body that has been stressed longitudinally within its elastic limits. Eaton decided that Poissons Ratio for the formation of interest would be mostly controlled by depth rather than material. Different materials though have specific values of Poissons Ratio which can be determined by acoustic testing looking at the behaviour of shear waves and compressional waves. It is difficult however to obtain accurate values for Poissons Ratio in the field so Eatons assumption of a depth related response allows the estimation of Poissons Ratio values once some regional data from offset wells has been established. Unfortunately, since rock fracture pressure tends to increase with depth Eatons method tends to show a fairly uniform increase in fracture pressure with depth in response to gradually increasing Poissons Ratios. The values of Poissons Ratio range from about 0.25 - 0.5 (the theoretical upper limit of a liquid). Back calculating values of Poissons Ratio from offset data often gives values >0.5 suggesting some error has been introduced or that, perhaps in Eatons method, some other force is being ignored.
Other Methods
Anderson et al. (1973)
Having seen that fracture pressure gradients could vary considerably in different formations at similar depths, Anderson tried to find some way of putting lithological variation into his equation. Working from US Gulf Coast data, Anderson thought that the major control on rock deformation was the elastic nature of the materials, expressed by Poissons Ratio. Rather than assume that Poissons Ratio increased uniformly with depth, (as Eaton), Anderson attempted to measure it in situ by using wireline log data. He made a further assumption that elastic fracture would be primarily controlled, (in sandstones at least), by the shale or clay content. His method involves calculating the shale content from variations in porosity from density and sonic logs and using this to calculate a value for m. The method is somewhat cumbersome to use in the field, and only sand lithologies are considered. It has not, therefore, found widespread application at the wellsite.
8-6
Fracture Pressure
Pilkington (1978); Cesaroni et al. (1981); Breckels and van Eekelen (1981)
All of these authors were trying to find more accurate ways of determining the stress coefficient, K. The methods are related to specific basins and require extensive offset data and local knowledge to use their methods successfully.
Daines (1982)
This is now one of the most widely used models, albeit with certain limitations. Daines took up the work of Eaton, as uses a similar equation, with certain key variations: Poissons Ratio This is now calculated for rock material rather than depth of burial.Laboratory derived data are used, and it is necessary to equate the formation of interest to results shown in the tables given below. Tectonic Stress Any additional tectonic stress imposed on the system and not yet accounted for can be determined from the results of LOTs and Poissons Ratio values obtained as above. Daines equation for Fracture Pressure is: F = ( S P ) ----------- + P + t 1
The superimposed tectonic stress, t, is computed from the first LOT using values of derived from the tables. To calculate t at other depths, Daines suggests a relationship with 1 that increases uniformly with depth, provided the rocks remain in the same geological setting:
8-7
Fracture Pressure
Suggested Default Poissons Ratio Data Clay Wet/Soft Claystone/Shale Claystone/Shale Claystone/Shale Limestone Limestone Sandstone Indurated Calcareous Sandy Hard Argillaceous Moderate Cement
0.5 0.17 0.20 - 0.28 0.1 - 0.14 0.28 0.17 - 0.25 0.05
The above figures for Poissons Ratio are based on data produced by Weurker in the 1960s and are for guidance only. Offset or recently derived laboratory or log data should be used wherever possible.
Inclined Boreholes
Fracture Pressure determination in inclined boreholes is more complicated and difficult to evaluate. A knowledge of the stress regime is required and also the anisotropy of the rocks. In general terms, fracture pressure will decrease with increasing hole angle and mud density requirements to prevent borehole collapse will increase. This tends to narrow the drilling window between the pore pressure and fracture pressure, especially with horizontal drilling as the ECD will continue to increase along the length of the borehole even though TVD (and therefore fracture pressure and pore pressure) remains essentially constant. Evaluation of fracture pressure in inclined boreholes is normally established by mini-frac tests and observation rather than by mathematical interpretation.
8-8
Fracture Pressure
Variation of Fracture Gradient and Minimum Mud Weight with Well Deviation 18.3 Fracture Gradient ppg
Minimum Mudweight Fracture Initiation
16.3
14.3
12.3
10.3
Figure 5: Fracture Gradient & Mud Weight in inclined boreholes The above diagram shows the theoretical variation of fracture pressure with increasing hole angle. The fracture initiation pressure is that force required to initiate new fractures. The propagation pressure is the force required to extend these fractures. In low inclination boreholes (<55o) the fracture propagation pressure, once fractures have been initiated and the original force released, is less than the original initiation pressure. As the hole angle increases the fracture initiation pressure drops below the fracture propagation pressure. The practical fracture gradient however will remain at the propagation pressure value since small fractures will only cause a slight and finite volume loss.
8-9
Fracture Pressure
16.3
14.3
12.3
10.3
8.3 0 30
55
60
90
8-10
APPENDIX 1:
Reporting Procedures
3.1 DAILY REPORTING The Morning Geological Report and the Lithlog form the basis of the Wellsite Geologists reporting requirements. The report, formatted as a Microsoft WORD document, covers all facets of the rig operations over a 24 hour period and an example of this is shown at the end of this appendix. The report is sent on a daily basis, seven days a week and covers the period 0600 hours to 0600 hours. 3.1.1 Daily Geological Report and Lithlog
Information displayed on the front page of the report is largely derived from the Daily Drilling Report. It is essential that no discrepancies exist between the Drilling and Geology reports, especially with respect to depths, daily footage, costs and operational activity. Pay special attention to documentation of hole problems. Obtain a copy of the Drilling Report immediately upon completion after 06:00hrs to assist completion of the relevant sections. Ensure that the Geology Report is complete within one hour of the report time as this will enable transmission to the office within 1 hours of the specified report time (06:00hrs for UKCS operations). The wellsite litholog (refer to Section 2) should as up to date as possible and transmitted to the office at the same time as the Geology Report. 3.1.2 Nomenclature
A computerised web-based data and reporting transmission system which is currently provided. The listing below uses the standard nomenclature used for the data types and plots that are posted on the website, and it remains important that it is strictly adhered to for the sake of consistency and facilitating data searches. Daily Drilling Report Daily Geological Report Deviation Survey Digital Data Engineering Log Plot Information Lithlog LWD Digital Data LWD Log Plot LWD Memory Digital Data LWD Memory Log Plot MDT Data Mud Log Digital Data Mud Log Plot Pressure Log Plot Progress Log PWD Digital Data PWD Log Plot Time v Depth Graph Welltest Data Wireline Digital Data Wireline Log Plot
Regional offices may adopt specific guidelines on file naming, and it is the responsibility of the Wellsite Geologist to clarify with the responsible Operations Geologist the exact requirement. Such guidelines should be issued in writing. The generic file naming convention should be as follows; (WELLNAME)_(Data or Report Type)_(Date or Depth) Abbreviations for Data/Report Types Daily Drilling Report Daily Geological Report Deviation Survey Digital Data Engineering Log Plot Information Lithlog LWD Digital Data LWD Log Plot LWD Memory Digital Data LWD Memory Log Plot MDT Data Mud Log Digital Data Mud Log Plot Pressure Log Plot PWD Digital Data PWD Log Plot Time v Depth Graph Welltest Data Wireline Digital Data Wireline Log Plot Examples For example, a memory LWD ascii data set from the 12/34-5a between 2700m and 3100m would be labelled 12/34-5a_LWD_DM_2700-3100m. A realtime 1:500 logplot from the same well and depths would be labelled 12/345a_LWD_LRT500_2700-3100m Wireline PEX LAS data from Run 3d from the Titan-8 well at 12115ft would be labelled Titan-8_WD3d_PEX_12115ft The mudlog from Saturn-13 between 11000ft and 13000ft would be Saturn8_MLML_11000-13000ft DDR (Report number) DGR (Report number) SD MLEL info GL LWD_DRT LWD_LRT (500 or 200) LWD_DM LWD_LM (500 or 200) MDT MLDD MLML MLPL PWDD PWDL TDG WTD WD (Run #_ Tooltype) WL (Run #_ Tooltype) Date Date Depth Interval Date Depth Interval Interval Interval Interval Depth Interval Interval DepthTVD Depth Depth Date Date Depth Depth
The Wellsite Geologists Lithlog should commence from the start of the phase with a 100 ft overlap. Mudlogging contractors should supply logs and ASCII data from the start of the phase with a 100ft overlap. LWD contractors should supply logs and ASCII data from at least the start of the drilling run with an initial 100ft overlap, though ideally data should commence also from the start of the phase (note however that slight tool component changes may complicate generation of a consistent data suite). In the event of digital communications not be possible, the Daily Geological Report, Geologists Lithlog and the Mudlog should be transmitted by fax as priority, with digital copies following resumption of communications. 3.1.3 Verbal Reporting
During weekdays the Wellsite Geologist will call the Operations Geologist in both the morning and afternoon at prearranged times to be advised by the Operations Geologist, normally 08:00hrs and 15:15hrs. Weekend verbal reporting will be as agreed with the duty Operations Geologist. 3.2 WEEKLY REPORTING
A Weekly Geological Report and Weekly Service Company Review should be prepared and issued electronically for Friday 12:00 hrs with a 06:00hrs cut-off, though this can be adjusted dependant on operations. Examples are included at the end of this Appendix. The Weekly Report should contain summaries as opposed to detailed descriptions and include the following: a) Basic well information b) Depth, previous and present, and weekly progress c) Concise operations summary d) Formation tops: prognosed, actual, nature of picks, high or low e) Brief lithology description f) Hydrocarbon shows g) Logging/coring/testing details No logs are normally required specific to the Weekly Report. The Operations Geologist will advise separately otherwise.
Casing
OD (ins) 30/20 13 3/8 Type -L-80 72# MD (ft) 600.6 ft 3437 ft TVD (ft) 600.6 ft 3437 ft
Costs
Dry Hole AFE Daily Cumulative Projected GBP 4,670,000 GBP 95,000 GBP 2,960,000 GBP 4,670,000 Test/Completion GBP GBP GBP GBP Total GBP 4,670,000 GBP 95,000 GBP 2,960,000 GBP 4,670,000
Present Operation
Circulating hole clean & bottoms up sample from 17,960, to comfirm 9 5/8 casing shoe setting of 17,935 equal to 35-45 into the Maureen formation.
Operations Summary
Controlled drilled from 17,602 - 17,960, to pick 9 5/8 casing point in the Maureen formation. Circulated sample as required.
24 Hour Forecast
Circulate hole clean for 17,960 if section TD. Pump out or POOH to 16200 just above the Balder formation. RIH. Circulate bottoms up. Drop EMS survey barrel. Circulate 30 bbls fordacal LCM pill to bit. POOH two stands pumping & placing LCM on bottom. POOH 3 stands & pump slug. POOH taking surveys to the 13 3/8 casing shoe & take 2 x cluster shots in open hole. Circulate bottoms up & shale shakers clean. Continue to POOH & recover EMS survey barrel. Pull wear Bushings. Rig up to run 9 5/8 - 10 3/4 casing. Drilling Supervisor: K.Doyle/M. Mateyovsky
Geology
Stratigraphy
Formation Tops Top Utsira sandstone Base Utsira sandstone Top Eocene Balder Sele Lista Maureen Maureen sandstone Chalk TD Prognosed (ft) MDRT 4,646 4,798 12,902 16,259 16,405 16,999 17,705 17,757 18,228 18,478 TVDSS 4,250 4,350 7,300 8,447 8,497 8,700 8,941 8,959 9,120 9,205 Actual (ft) MDRT 4,470 4,638 13,065 16,163 16,307 17,100 17,877 18,000 18,449 18,700 TVDRT 4,223 4,338 7,440 8,485 8,532 8,790 9,056 9,101 9,254 9,347 TVDSS 4,138 4,253 7,355 8,381 8,428 8,703 8,970 9,012 9,168 9,261 High Low 112H 97H 55L 66H 69H 3L 29L 53L 48H Lith Log Lith Lith MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD
Lithology Summary
Interval (ft) From 17,702 17,890 To 17,890 17,960 Rate of Penetration (ft/hr) Minimum 14.50 10.70 Maximum 95.00 49.00 Average 35.00 23.00 Total Gas (%) 1.00 1.16 Lithology Claystone Claystone, Siltstone
Gas Data
Interval (ft) From 17,702 17,890 To 17,890 17,945 Total Gas Av .995 1.16 Max 1.284 1.279 C1 7762 15118 C2 160 698 Chromatograph C3 63 141 iC4 10 13 nC4 21 22 C5 -
Remarks
Circulated bottoms up from 17702 ft Drilled 17702 to 17712 ft Circulated bottoms up Drilled 17712 17762 ft Circulated bottoms up Drilled 17762 to 17812 Circulated bottoms up Control drilled 17812 to 17900 at 30 ft/hr Circulated bottoms up Drilled 17900 to 17945 ft Circulated bottoms up Drilled 17945 to 17960 ft Circulated bottoms up Top of Lista Formation Hot Shale 17776 ft (-8936 ft) Top Maureen Formation from micropalaeo. 17890 ft (-8975 ft) Top Maureen from MWD GR log 17879 ft (-8971 ft)
Biostratigraphy Descriptions
Samples 17700 17713 17760 17810 17880 17900 17910 Taxa Encountered Saccarnmina complanata, Cystammina globigeriniforrnis, S. spectabilis with massive Oligocene cavings Cystammina globigeriniformis common, Rzehakina epigona. Sphaerosiderite C. globigeriniformis prominent, sphaerosiderite prominent C. globigeriniformis common, sphaerosiderite dominant C. globigeriniformis dominant Cenosphaera lenticulans prominent Cenosphaera lenticularis present Interpretation Late Palaeocene, Lista Formation as above Basal Lista Formation. suggesting proximity to basal warm shale Basal Lista Formation warm shale microfauna earliest Late Palaeocene. Zone PM14. indicating penetration of the Maureen Formation. as above
Survey Data
MDRT (ft) 17,723 17,822 17,888 Type MWD MWD MWD INC (deg) 70.1 69.9 70.0 AZI (deg) 209.1 208.9 208.9 TVDRT (ft) 9,002.9 9,036.7 9,059.2 Co-ordinates North (ft) -11,673.7 -11,755.1 -11,809.3 East (ft) -6,284.6 -6,329.8 -6,359.8 Vertical Section (ft) 13,259.7 13,352.7 13,414.7 Dog Leg (deg/100 ft) 0.1 0.3 0.1
ABCDEF-1 : WEEKLY GEOLOGICAL REPORT Friday 25th to Monday 7th March 2009 ( Delayed end-date to incorporate TD logging )
Well Report No DSS Depth Progress : ABCDEF-1 :5 : 35.875 : 3235m MD (-3209.1m TVDSS) : 267m Final well TD Area Rig RT-MSL/WD Last Casing : Madejski : South Seas Driller : 25.9m / 90.1m : 9 " @ 2964m
OPERATIONS SUMMARY
The 9 casing was RIH to 2843m, filling every 10 joints and breaking circulation every 500m, prior to landing out at 2964m shoe depth on 5 WDP with the hanger HOP at 114.44m. After circulating the casing volume and pressure testing the cement lines, cementation proceeded thus; 40 bbl drill water spacer. Launch lower dart, mix and pump 49 bbls Class G & 35% SiO2 at 12.8 ppg. Mix and pump 55 bbls Class G & 35% SiO2. Displace surface lines with 10 bbls mud, observe wiper plug shear off. No losses observed. Displace cement with 674 bbls on rig pumps. No plug bumping observed. No backflow observed, plugs holding. The seal assembly couldnt be set and upon pulling out with the CHSART to replace the assembly, some cuttings were observed in the running tool. A mill and flush tool was RIH to clean the hanger seal area and the seal assembly rerun and successfully set, with a 5000 psi pressure-test for 10 minutes. The BOP was pressure-tested as per Dolphin procedures and the wear-bushing set prior to laying out the cement head and 12 BHA. Surface tests were then performed to the TIW valve, IBOP, kelly hose and mud manifold to 300 / 5000 psi.
8 phase operations commenced with the make up of the 8 phase BHA incorporating a Smith MW9342 Rock bit with 3x15 nozzles (no MWD). The assembly was RIH on 5 drillpipe to 2880m and washed down to the Top of Cement (ToC) at 2930m with 500 gpm. Shoe-track drilling commenced from 2930m with 2-15 klbs WOB, 30-60 rpm and 300-700 gpm flowrate for 1500-3200 psi SPP, making slow initial progress whilst spinning on the unbumped plug. Firm cement was drilled to 2942m followed by a successful casing pressure-test performed to 4200 psi with full returns. The remaining cement, rathole and 2m of new formation was drilled out for the LOT, this being made to 2242 psi with a conditioned 9.5 ppg mud (13.93 ppg EMW).
Drilling in the calcareous claystone of the San Carlos Marls Member continued from 2970m with 15-25 klbs WOB, 80-140 rpm and 400 gpm for 1500 psi SPP averaging a consistent 2-3 m/hr. The lithology became increasingly silty with occasional thin very fine sandstone horizons which caused the penetration rate to become more erratic. From 3071m, drill-rates increased from 3 to 9 m/hr and the drill-break was flowchecked (static) prior to circulating bottoms-up for geological samples. These confirmed the Amposta Formation limestone, the primary reservoir objective of the well, and following surface analysis and consultation with asset and operations team, an additional 10m were drilled with a second bottoms-up circulation. Further UK and Columbian discussions from the evaluation of cuttings and data resulted in drilling operations resuming using parameters of 15-25 klbs WOB, 80-100 rpm and 400 gpm for 1850-2150 psi SPP.
The well final TD was reached at 3235m MDBRT, -3209.1m TVDSS, upon instruction from UK and Colombia, at 08:00hrs, 3rd March 2005. The Tarraco Formation (Casablanca Formation regional equivalent) was penetrated at 3212m, 3186.1m TVDSS from drilling parameter and cuttings analysis, observing 2-4 m/hr drill-rates in the clastic lithology which compared to 4-6 m/hr in a basal dolomitic carbonate band. Upon circulating the hole clean, a wiper trip was made to the 9 casing shoe backreaming the interval 3224m to 3081m with no hole problems noted running to TD for final circulation, Totco surveying (2 at 3235m) and POOH to surface, racking back the BHA.
Log interval: 3235m 2964m Log interval: 3232m 2964m Log interval: 3230m 1630m
Full details of the operational progress are enclosed in the file ABCDEF1_Run3_logReport.doc, attached with this report. No operational downtime was recorded. The initial wireline TD was 3239m MD with the 9 casing shoe at 2964m.
With maximum bottom-hole thermometer temperatures of 131C, 137C and 143.3C successively recorded from the three runs, a wiper trip was performed to reduce the mud temperature in anticipation of a MDT pretest program to complete the wireline evaluation program. A maximum trip gas of 17.8% was recorded from the Datalog GasWizard. Two further logging runs were performed thus ;
Temperatures of 148C were recorded from the thermometers. The fluid sample was analysed on surface and upon consultation with UK and Columbia, the well was formally abandoned. Cementing operations commenced with the running of the 3 stinger on 5 drillpipe. Summary concluded.
GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY
Formation Tops Ebro Sandstone Ebro Claystone Castellon Shale Amposta Tarraco Alcanar Conglomerate Cretaceous TD
Prognosed (m) TVDS MDRT S 115.9 -90 975.9 2775.9 3230.9 3336.9 3401.9 3431.9 3461.9 -950 -2750 -3205 -3311 -3376 -3406 -3436
Actual (m) TVDR TVDS MDRT T S 116 116 -90.1 965 2561 3071 3212 965 2561 3071 3215 -939.1 -2535.1 -3045.1 -3186.1
LITHOLOGY SUMMARY
Alcanar Group, San Carlos Marls eqv. Member
2968m 3071m MDBRT Calcareous and increasingly silty CLAYSTONE with thin silty SANDSTONE horizons. Increase in argillaceous SILTSTONE from 2996m to 3050m, then becoming argillaceous. 40% - 80% CLAYSTONE: Light to medium grey, minor brownish grey, soft to moderately firm, predominantly amorphous and dispersed, sub blocky, low silt content, very calcareous to marly, with traces of carbonaceous matter disseminated pyrite and rare glauconite growths, locally abundant planktonic foraminifera occasionally pyritised, no show. (except 3002m: no visible staining, no direct fluorescence, very slow streaming yellow white / yellow green cut fluorescence with intermittent green white residual ring, no visible residue.) Becoming medium to dark grey brown, dark grey, firm to very firm, blocky to trace subplaty, earthy, slightly mottled, homogenous, very calcareous, micromicaceous with rare trace pyrite, occasional clear angular silty quartz - grading to argillaceous siltstone. 10 20% SILTY SANDSTONE: Medium grey with light brownish grey hues, slightly mottled, moderately firm, friable; quartz, silty to very fine, angular to subangular, elongate to subelongate, moderately sorted, calcite grading to matrix
supported calcareous argillaceous cement, very silty in parts, disseminated pyrite and rare traces of carbonaceous matter, rare ferruginous staining, micromicaceous, very poor to no visible porosity, no show. Rare fine to medium, clear and angular loose quartz grains. 10 60% ARGILLACEOUS SILTSTONE: Medium grey to grey brown, firm, subblocky to blocky, slightly friable, earthy, homogenous, micromicaceous and calcareously cemented, rare argillaceous matrix, common very fine sand, trace disseminated pyrite, rare trace carbonaceous specks, rarely grading to silty sandstone. Alcanar Group, Amposta Limestone Formation 3071m 3167m MDBRT Firm packestone, highly fossiliferous biocalcarenitic LIMESTONE with variable bituminous staining. 100% LIMESTONE: Mudstone to generally packestone, common grainstone, recrystallised in parts, off white to very light grey, firm to hard, blocky, brittle in parts with angular fracture, cryptocrystalline matrix when present, dull to pearlescent, occasional discrete dark green glauconite grains, abundant forams, possible recrystallised coral debris, echinoids. No significant visible fractures, poor to no visible porosity. ( Grains formed by bioclasts and reworked limestone, recrystallised, abundant bio calcarenites and biocalciradites, well cemented, common pressure / dissolution seams lined with dark brown to black tarry organic deposits, minor stains in moldic porosity and microfractures. ) SHOWS: 3071-3080m: Traces of dark red-brown to black bituminous staining and flakes only, no visible or cut fluorescence, no odor or residue. 3080-3089m: 20-30% of grains coated with black to brown heavy/tarry organic staining, no direct fluorescence, weak to fair slow pale white streaming cut from cuttings with brown organic stains in microfractures, pale green white UV ring, no visible residue. 3089-3101m: Weak very slow pale green white streaming cut, no direct fluoresence, no UV or visible ring. Below 3101m, no significant cuts. Stain diminishes to 10-15% with rare staining from 3113 - 3122m, trace below 3122m. 3167m 3212m MDBRT Packstone Limestone with Grainstone to very finely crystalline Dolomitic Limestone. From 3203m to 3215m, strong development of Calcarenite Limestone. 10-30% DOLOMITIC LIMESTONE: Grainstone to crystalline, light brown grey, translucent, hard, blocky and well consolidated, very fine sucrosic crystallinity with loss of original texture, trace calcite cement, grain/crystal supported, non to rarely fossiliferous with undifferentiated debris, very poor to no visible porosity, no fluorescence. Rare trace of light to dark brown intergranular staining from 3182m.
70-90% LIMESTONE: becoming increasingly fossiliferous, biocalcarenite with common recrystallisation. SHOWS: Trace only of dark brown-black bituminous staining, no live oil. No fluorescence. (From 3203m) Trace-80% CALCARENITE LIMESTONE: Cream to off white, firm, occasionally hard, friable, crumbly, coarse quartz grains and occasional dolomite. Quartz: translucent, very fine to medium, angular to subangular, subspherical, poorly sorted. Common bio- and dolomite clasts, strong calcareous cement, clast supported, trace benthonic forams. Alcanar Group, Tarraco Formation (Casablanca Formation Eqv Frm) 3212m 3224m MDBRT Very calcareous, very fine to medium grained, poorly sorted glauconitic SANDSTONE gradational to calcareous sandy SILTSTONE. Glauconite in upper 3m. 10-70% CALCAREOUS SANDSTONE: Light cream brown to brown, rarely dark brown, firm to hard, blocky aggregate, fine to medium, occasionally coarse, subangular, moderately spherical, poorly sorted, strong dolomitic and calcareous cement, cement supported, minor calcareous bioclasts, common coarse glauconite grains in uppermost 3m, rare argillaceous matrix, slightly micaceous, trace pyrite, very poor to no visible porosity, no shows. Trace-80% CALCAREOUS SANDY SILTSTONE: Brown to dark brown, very firm to hard, blocky, earthy, homogenous, strong calcareous cement dolomitic in parts, rare argillaceous matrix, common very fine sand, micromicaceous in parts. Trace-20% CALCARENITE LIMESTONE: As per previous description. Probable contaminant. 3224m 3235m MDBRT Calcareous, very fine to fine grained, poorly sorted and well cemented SANDSTONE overlying highly DOLOMITIC LIMESTONE with good traces of CALCAREOUS CLAYSTONE. 25-100% CALCAREOUS SANDSTONE: Light brown, buff to beige, translucent, very firm, friable, quartzose aggregate, very fine to fine, trace medium, angular to subangular, elongate to rarely subspherical, very poorly sorted, strong calcareous and dolomitic cement, grain and cement supported, rare disseminated micropyrite, trace micromicaceous, trace discrete glauconite nodules, rarely grading to arenaceous siltstone, very poor visible porosity, no stain, no shows. 0-30% CALCAREOUS SANDY SILTSTONE: Brown to dark brown, very firm to hard, blocky, earthy, homogenous, strong calcareous cement - dolomitic in parts, rare argillaceous matrix, common very fine sand, micromicaceous in parts. 0-70% DOLOMITIC LIMESTONE: Grainstone to crystalline, translucent very light brown cream, rare off white, developing pale orange hue in basal 1m, hard, blocky to slightly brittle, angular break, dull to glassy, homogenous, trace discrete glauconite fragments, reworked & recrystallised in parts with hydrated soft, amorphous cryptocrystalline mud matrix, trace undifferentiated forams, very poor visible porosity, no shows. Trace-15% CALCAREOUS CLAYSTONE: Light grey, soft, amorphous, plastic, very calcareous, dull, homogenous, hygroturgid, common silty quartz
GAS
Interval (m) Fro m 2993 To 3071 Total Gas Av (%) Trace 0.006 0.05 0.103 0.075 0.110 0.115 0.153 0.104 0.132 0.12 0.23 Max C1 (AV) 22 45 117 233 30 121 166 368 36 89 100 170 C2 (AV) 7 6 15 31 3 6 7 14 5 9 6 12 Chromatograph (ppm) C3 (AV) 3 3 5 10 1 -2 Trace Trace 3 1 3 iC4 (AV) Trace 3 6 7 2 Trace 2 --3 --nC4 (AV) --Trace ---Trace -----C5 (AV) ---4 Trace --------
Maximum 3031 3071 3097 Maximum 3078 3097 3167 Maximum 3159 3167 3212 Maximum 3172 3212 3224 Maximum 3223 3224 3235 Maximum 3231
CORING
None
WIRELINE LOGGING
Please refer to ABCDEF-1_Run3_logReport.doc for full details on the wireline logging operations.
Geologists
D. Kitson / Carlos Alberto/ B. Moore
Wellsite Geologists: Mud logging: MWD Wireline Well: Datalog EQUIPMENT Gas Chromatograph Total Gas CO2 Detector Sample Pump Gas Wizard H2S Detector pH and pS Detector Depth System Pit level sensors Pump stroke counters Mud temp sensors Mud Density sensors Mud flow out RPM sensor Rotary torque sensor Hook-load sensor Standpipe pressure Casing pressure Gas Trap RIGGED UP Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ABCDEF
COMMENT C1 C5 in a 30 second cycle. Calibrated 27/02. Catalytic combustion <5%, >5% TCD. Calibrated 27/02. Part of the Total Gas module Integral to the Total Gas Operational below 1600m, on 8th Feb. Factory calibration and checked 27/02. 1 sensor in ditch line only. On daily basis. Factory calibrated Crown block encoder and compensator pulleys 6 pits plus Trip tank (ultrasonic sensors). Calibrated 27/02. Proximity switches outside pump body not ideal In / Out. Daily check. In / Out. Daily check. Flow show sensor (paddle) Direct from rig TDS On TDS supply OK Potentiometer clamped onto deadline OK 0 5,000-psi 0 10,000 psi, from 8th Feb One regular gas trap with a spare agitator
Unit pressurisation Microscope & light Geologists Monitor Company Mans Monitor Toolpushers Monitor Drill Floor Monitor Flowback Monitoring software Mudlogging comments:
OK, air intake on top of unit, recommend a longer duct run. 60 seconds depressurisation warning time, 25 minutes purge. Zoom and Halogen PC on SA Logging LAN PC on SA Logging LAN PC on SA Logging LAN Explosion proof housing Based on pit level sensor input, rather than return flow
No equipment problems reported. The crew are performing well and complying with all requests quickly and efficiently. Data delivery and self-QC of data has been most satisfactory. Morale remains good despite long and tiring rotations.
Correspondance on the correlation between Total Gas Detector and Gas Wizard data has been noted. This is ongoing, illustrated by the 17.8% / 1.3% GW / TGD ratio observed from an intermediary logging wiper trip. The total gas detector position is poor, located in a wide area gumbo-box allowing excessive natural degassing prior to extraction and measurement. The wizard extracts gas from an enclosed conventional flowline.
The logging cabin door needs urgent attention (highlighted by David earlier). However the cabin is being removed from the rig, thus enabling repairs to be made.
Current personnel on-board: Data Engineers : Gabriel Mpensa (replaced Christian Smith 03/03/05) Tiberi Trovia Mud Loggers : Richard Jones Valentin Viera (replaced Joe Bloggs 03/03/05) Datalogs attempt to minimise personnel utilisation on the project to 3 engineers and 3 mud-loggers has resulted in excessive rotations being worked by Gabriel and Joe in particular (the latters crew-change delayed 2 weeks due to the non-appearance of his relief). Whilst appreciating the difficulty of maintaining sufficient crew numbers during busy periods, this is nevertheless poor planning by SA Loggings management.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Data transmission Status Satellite system has been reliable. Full functionality with POP3 server bgspain.petrolink.net since 2nd Feb 2009. No direct external line to Geologist. There are two lines present in the Geology / Mud engineers office (+55 977 743325/6 ex 216/9), which are extensions from the office exchange in San Siro. The only direct dial line to the rig is hooked up to a fax in the Company Mans office (+55 977 744523).
Stag Geological Services Ltd. 3 Fortuna Court Calleva Park Aldermaston Reading. RG7 8UB UK Tel: (0118) 982 0151 Fax: (0118) 982 0152
CONTENTS
Page No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 2 WELL DATA SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 3 FORMATION TOPS ............................................................................................................ 7 LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 8 WELL SURVEY DATA......................................................................................................... 14
1. Introduction
Stag well 15/19-6a was drilled as a horizontal oil producer from slot #4. The well was drilled to access reserves from the furthest South Eastern part of Area A within the Headley Sandstone. Geological supervision commenced from 4180ft MDBRT (-2564ft TVDSS).
The 12 1/4 section was kicked-off at 1778ft MDBRT (-1588ft TVDSS) & drilled to 9017ft then a northseeking gyro was run to confirm and verify the MWD surveys. The well drilled into the Headley Sandstone reservoir to a section TD of 9795ft MDBRT (-2905ft TVDSS). This was designed in order to prevent having shale exposed in the ratty section of the top Headley Sandstone in the completed reservoir section and thus aid a successful gravel pack.
The 8 1/2 section was drilled horizontally from 9795ft to 10884ft. This wellpath drilled a course with considerable build and turned right to some 100ft right of the planned azimuth by a depth of 10884ft MD. This resulted in an equivalent moving up sequence within the Headley Sandstone, into a more interbedded or shaly sand and siltstone sequence. The well was therefore sidetracked from 10500ft in the form of Hz. This wellpath was drilled from 10500ft to 12316ft dropping TVD to find good reservoir sand. It drilled predominantly through sandy siltstone, therefore the well was sidetracked from 11110ft as Hy (to a depth of 11675 ft). This well was also sidetracked from 11270ft as Hx, essentially due to the perceived TVD elevation being too high in the structure, an inability to turn the wellbore left and move down structure, and encountering the Mid Headley Shale in the roof of LCS. This final wellpath was drilled from 11270 ft to 12681 ft, the well being swung back leftwards to the optimum track through the Headley Sandstone structure, and maintaining a TVDSS of around 2931 ft. Again more silty sandstones and siltstones were encountered than anticipated, the well being terminated at 12618 ft (-2932 ft TVDSS), having produced a net sand length of 1645 ft. Having cleaned up the well with a short wiper trip to the shoe an MDT and calliper log was run on drill pipe.
2. WELL DATA SUMMARY Well: Well Class: Well Type: Operator: Partners: Location: Area: Licence: Field: Slot: Surface: 15/19-6a, Hz, Hy and Hx Development Horizontal Oil Producer Stag North Sea (UK) Co NESPC, 15% North Sea, Offshore UK Block # 15/19 P 234 Headley #4 Latitude: 57 19 29.786 N Longitude: 02 48 7.655 E UTM: Zone 31 (CM 3 W) E: 582168.231m N: 6463887.807m
Primary Target: Rig: Rig Contractor: Type: RT - MSL: RT - SEABED: Water depth: H Spud date: Hz Spud date: Hy Spud date Hx Spud date
Headley Sandstone Sensco WPP A Sensco Platform 155ft. 500ft. 345ft. 13th March 2001 18th April 2001 21st April 2001 22nd May 2001 02:30hrs 08:30hrs 02:30hrs 11:00hrs
11:00hrs.
HOLE SIZE & CASING DATA: Hole Size Depth Casing Point 26 20 12 1/4 H 8 Hz 8 Hy 8 Hx 8 500 - 677ft 677 - 1800ft 1800 - 9795ft 677ft 1778ft 9747ft
MUD SYSTEM: Mud Weight (ppg) Viscosity(YP) Interval (1) Spud Mud; sea water with Gel/Guar Gum Sweeps (Baroid) 500 - 1800ft 8.6 (10.3) --(2) KCl Polymer/Glycol Barite Weighted (Baroid) 1800 - 9795ft 9.6 (11.9) 14 (27) (3) Baradrill calcium carbonate weighted (Baroid) 9795 12681ft 9.2 (9.6) 45(60)
SURVEY LOGS: A Gyrodata pump down gyro was run in inside 16 casing and 12 open hole section and gave the TD as 13ft TVD low to MWD and 50ft to the right of the MWD.
Run No. 1 1 Tools run Cased Hole Gyro Open Hole Gyro Interval (ft) 500-1778 1778-8750 Date 02/03/01 02/03/01
RUN REPORT - MWD Run 6 ran out of memory in the RAB tool at 11520ft so only telemetry data was recorded at surface essentially due to the need to sidetrack in open hole during the run. Run 7 lost communication at 11770ft with the near bit inclination being transmitted from the short hop electronics of the Powerdrive in addition to this an apparent failure in communication of the ADN tool, turned out to be a complete tool failure and hence no memory data or telemetry data was acquired from 11951ft to TD of the last side track Hx.
CUTTINGS SAMPLES: Drill cuttings samples were collected for 15/19-6a from below the 16 casing shoe at 1778ft to 10880ft in the 8 hole section. Thereafter they were collected in the 8 section for wellpath Hz from 10500ft to 12316ft, from 11110ft to 11675ft for wellpath Hy and 11270ft to 12681ft for wellpath Hx. Hole Size (in) 12 & 8 Depth Interval (ft) 1778-10880 Type 1 x 100g Washed & Dried 2 x 500g Unwashed & Wet Type 1 x 100g Washed & Dried 2 x 500g Unwashed & Wet Type 1 x 100g Washed & Dried 2 x 500g Unwashed & Wet Type 1 x 100g
5
20ft
SAMPLE DESTINATIONS:
Hays Information Management Wellheads Crescent Dyce Industrial Park Aberdeen AB2 0HG (Attn: Alan Scott) RPS Palaeo Unit 2 Robert Leonard Centre Kirkhill Industrial Estate Dyce AB2 0GL (Attn: P. Mears) The Curator BGS/DTI Core Store 276 Gilmerton Road Edinburgh EH17 7QS. 1 set unwashed & wet Set A
Set C
HOT SHOT BIOSTRAT: Hotshot samples that were sent off for analysis were taken 10400ft from the H wellbore, 10860ft, 11060ft, 11760ft, 12000ft, 12180ft from the Hz wellbore. The full biostratigraphy report performed by RPS Palaeo will be included later.
BIT DATA:
Bit No. 1RR 2 2RR 3 4 5 6 7 Type Smith DSJC HTC GTX-CG1 HTC GTX-CG1 Geodiamond MRS89PX Smith M50SPX Smith M50SPX Hycalog DS71 HGJ Hycalog DS130 DF Hycalog DS130 DF Hycalog DS130 DF Hycalog DS130 DF 7RR1 Hycalog DS130 DF H Hz Hy Hx Hx Size 23 20 20 12-" 12-" 12-" 8- 8- 8- 8- 8- 8- Depth in 667 709 1200 1800 5589 6713 9795 10462 10500 11110 11270 11731 Depth out 709 1200 1800 5589 6713 9795 10462 10884 12316 11675 11731 12681 Ftg 42 491 600 3789 1124 3082 667 422 1816 565 461 950
3. FORMATION TOPS DEPTH (ft) MD TVDSS Mean Sea Level Sea Bed 155 500 0 -345 UTM 3deg W (m) Y X
15/19-6aWell UPPER CRETACEOUS Top F1 Formation Top RC Marker Base RC Marker Top LF Top H 2570 2618 2816 3503 5521 -2212 -2241 -2347 -2518 -2657 572354.69 572364.46 572407.57 572578.27 573093.72 6463631.35 6463625.11 6463598.01 6463492.14 6463159.92
LOWER CRETACEOUS Base S-R Top Upper Headley Sand Top Mid Headley Shale Top Headley Sandstone Top Intra shale#1 Base Intra shale#1 9070 9107 9260 9612 10278 10439 -2880 -2882 -2889 -2897 -2902 -2903 573983.82 573993.22 574031.55 574119.45 574288.61 574316.10 6462551.44 6462545.10 6462518.64 6462457.24 6462339.88 6462320.17
15/19-6a Base Mid Headley Shale TD (in Hx) 11519 12681 -2917 -2932 574609.7 574923.31 6462148.17 6461983.97
4. LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY
All depths are drilled depths, unless otherwise stated, referred to the rotary table. A top drive system was used.
3503ft to 5521ft MDBRT (-2518ft to -2657ft TVDSS) This section consists of chalk limestone, mudstone, and wackestone, more homogeneous, and less argillaceous than the UF. The limestone is off white to white, occasionally light to medium grey, rarely red pink, rarely very light green, soft to firm, locally hard, blocky to subblocky, crumbly, generally cryptocrystalline, also microcrystalline with no visible porosity, with rare calcite crystals and quartz grains. Minor limestone is variably argillaceous, as inter-laminations and grades into marl, and there are rare traces of glauconite and pyrite. GAS VALUES: Total Gas (%) Maximum Gas Background Gas 1.70 0.20 C1(ppm) 11084 2500 C2(ppm) 0 0 C3(ppm) 0 0 IC4(ppm) NC4(ppm) 0 0 0 0
H Formation:
5521ft to 9070ft MDBRT (-2657ft to -2880ft TVDSS) Limestone in this section is commonly argillaceous and marly, is much more variable than the F Formation, and consequently has more gamma ray character to enable correlation. The limestone is dominantly off white to cream, locally light brown-yellow to light blue-green, locally grey, generally soft to firm, locally hard, crumbly in places, subblocky to subangular, mudstone to wackestone, microcrystalline to cryptocrystalline, with local argillaceous laminations and trace glauconite. The marl is soft to firm, slightly glauconitic & in places inter-laminated with the limestone. The marl is more abundant & argillaceous with depth. Thin variously calcareous claystone stringers are present, predominantly towards the top of the section and are generally grey to dark grey-brown and locally blue-green and red-brown whilst the darker varieties are moderately silty, increasingly so with depth. GAS VALUES: Total Gas (%) Maximum Gas Background Gas 0.74 0.13 C1(ppm) 7425 2170 C2(ppm) 204 0 C3(ppm) 0 0 IC4(ppm) NC4(ppm) 0 0 0 0
9070ft to 9107ft MDBRT (-2880ft to -2882ft TVDSS) This interval consists of a varicoloured claystone. The samples were heavily contaminated with chalk limestone from the above formation. The claystone is green, light green, very pale green, yellow-brown, brick red, purple, soft to firm, amorphous to subblocky, slightly silty, and none calcareous.
GAS VALUES: Total Gas (%) Maximum Gas Background Gas 0.156 0.112 C1(ppm) 1194 800 C2(ppm) 0 0 C3(ppm) 0 0 IC4(ppm) NC4(ppm) 0 0 0 0
9107ft to 9260ft MDBRT (-2882ft to 2889ft TVDSS) Though not anticipated, a thin section of the Upper Headley Sand was encountered on the well track. It comprises clean unconsolidated friable sand. The sand is colourless quartz, locally very pale brown-pink, is transparent to translucent, fine to medium grained, though locally coarse or very coarsely grained, is subangular to rounded, though generally subrounded to rounded and has moderate sphericity. It has moderate to poor sorting, has weak calcareous cement, and shows very good visual porosity. A light brown oil stain is observable on most grains, these showing a pale yellow fluorescence and produce a slow diffuse blue-white cut. GAS VALUES: Total Gas (%) Maximum Gas Background Gas 7.383 0.48 C1(ppm) 21966 4922 C2(ppm) 2823 65 C3(ppm) 572 0 IC4(ppm) NC4(ppm) 101 0 12 0
This section is one of claystone with minor sandstone between 9325 ft and 9340 ft MD, which did show a poor hydrocarbon show and dull yellow fluorescence. The claystone is grey to dark grey, locally grey-green to dark grey-green, and is very silty, locally grading to fine sand. It is locally slightly calcareous, locally micaceous, and contains carbonaceous fragments. The sand is colourless quartz, locally very pale brown-pink. It is transparent to translucent, generally fine to medium grained, though locally coarse or very coarse. In shape the grains are subangular to rounded, though generally subrounded to rounded, exhibit moderate sphericity, and are moderately to poorly sorted. Sandstone occasionally appears in cuttings, with weak calcareous cement and exhibiting good visual porosity. No oil stain was noted. 40% of cuttings have pinpoint dull to moderate yellow fluorescence, and there is no cut. GAS VALUES: Total Gas (%) Maximum Gas Background Gas 1.606 0.348 C1(ppm) 11521 4736 C2(ppm) 671 65 C3(ppm) 65 0 IC4(ppm) NC4(ppm) 6 0 0 0
Headley Sandstone:
9612ft to 10884ft MDBRT (-2897ft to 2888ft TVDSS) This section comprises generally clean, unconsolidated, sand however towards the top of LHS2 there is a shaly interbedded sequence in which siltier sand grades to a silty claystone. The sand is primarily quartz, which is clear or very pale brown, locally very pale grey and pale pink. Very rarely slightly feldspathic seen as pink-orange to light grey grains. It is transparent to translucent, locally with polished and frosted grains, is generally fine to medium grained, though is rarely coarse. The grains are subangular to subrounded, generally subrounded to rounded, exhibit good sphericity, and are moderate to well sorted. Sandstone occasionally appears with weak calcareous cement, shows good visual porosity, excellent inferred porosity, and has traces of glauconite and pyrite. Moderate light brown oil stain, good to fair pale yellow to bright yellow fluorescence, slow to very slow diffuse cut of blue-white to yellow-white. GAS VALUES: Total Gas (%) Maximum Gas Background Gas 9.008 0.537 C1(ppm) 22227 8079 C2(ppm) 2291 152 C3(ppm) 570 4 IC4(ppm) NC4(ppm) 13 0 6 0
10
Headley Sandstone: Intra Shale#1 This section comprised soft grey silty claystone. The claystone is generally grey-brown locally dark grey-brown, generally soft, rarely firm, predominantly exhibiting a subblocky break. Generally silty throughout but locally increasingly silty and locally grades to siltstone. Varying from slightly to moderately calcareous, trace minerals included varying amounts of glauconite and mica. GAS VALUES: Total Gas (%) Maximum Gas Background Gas 0.435 0.25 C1(ppm) 6266 2800 C2(ppm) 64 15 C3(ppm) 0 0 IC4(ppm) NC4(ppm) 0 0 0 0 10278ft to 10439ft MDBRT (-2902ft to 2905ft TVDSS)
SIDETRACK Hz Headley Sandstone: 10500ft to 12316ft MDBRT (-2903ft to 2920ft TVDSS) This section comprises generally clean unconsolidated sand however towards the top of LHS2 there is a shaly interbedded sequence in which more silty sands grade to a silty claystone. The sand is primarily quartz, which is clear or very pale brown, locally very pale grey and pale pink. Very rarely slightly feldspathic seen as pink-orange to light grey grains. The sand grains are transparent to translucent, locally with polished and frosted grains, are generally fine to medium sized, though are locally coarse to very coarse with rare granules. The grains are subangular to subrounded, generally subrounded to rounded, exhibit good sphericity, and are moderate to well sorted. It occasionally occurs as sandstone with weak calcareous cement, shows good visual porosity and excellent inferred porosity, and has traces of glauconite and pyrite. Having a moderate light brown oil stain, good to fair pale yellow to bright yellow fluorescence, slow to very slow diffuse cut of blue white to yellow white. GAS VALUES: Total Gas (%) Maximum Gas Background Gas 5.97 1.53 C1(ppm) 19946 11323 C2(ppm) 2034 536 C3(ppm) 325 23 IC4(ppm) NC4(ppm) 0 0 0 0
11
SIDETRACK Hy Headley Sandstone: 11110ft to 11519ft MDBRT (-2906ft to 2917ft TVDSS) This section comprises interbedded clean unconsolidated sand with silty claystone. Good shale was observed at 11519ft to 11580ft which having had a provisional micropalaeontological analysis of shales in the previous Hz well bore placed those as basal Mid Headley Shale or Topmost Headley Sandstone. The sand is primarily quartz, which is clear or very pale brown, locally very pale grey and pale pink. Very rarely slightly feldspathic seen as pink-orange to light grey grains. The sand grains are transparent to translucent, locally with polished and frosted grains, is generally fine to medium sized, though it is locally coarse to very coarse with rare granules. The grains are subangular to subrounded, generally subrounded to rounded, exhibit good sphericity, and are moderate to well sorted. It occasionally occurs as sandstone with weak calcareous cement, shows good visual porosity and excellent inferred porosity, and has traces of glauconite and pyrite. Having a moderate light brown oil stain, good to fair pale yellow to bright yellow fluorescence, slow to very slow diffuse cut of blue-white to yellow-white.
GAS VALUES: Total Gas (%) Maximum Gas Background Gas 6.66 2.25 C1(ppm) 21762 7875 C2(ppm) 2338 402 C3(ppm) 421 45 IC4(ppm) NC4(ppm) 10 0 12 0
11519ft to 11675ft MDBRT (-2917ft to 2918ft TVDSS) This section is predominantly claystone that grades to siltstone at the very base. It was encountered from below as the well bore moved up section into the Mid Headley Shale. The claystone is grey to dark grey, predominantly soft with an amorphous break. Much of the claystone is sandy/silty and micaceous in parts, and slightly calcareous. Locally the claystone graded to siltstone. The siltstone is grey to dark grey and locally grey green, generally soft with an amorphous break. In parts it is very sandy and very micaceous, non- to slightly calcareous. GAS VALUES: Total Gas (%) Maximum Gas Background Gas 1.50 0.39 C1(ppm) 9311 3335 C2(ppm) 357 31 C3(ppm) 57 0 IC4(ppm) NC4(ppm) 0 0 0 0
12
SIDETRACK Hx Headley Sandstone: 11270ft to 12681ft MDBRT (-2914ft to 2932ft TVDSS) This section comprises a predominantly sand rich sequence with local interbeds of siltstone, which are interpreted as the shaly interbedded top-most Headley Sandstone. However below a 160ft thick siltstone drilled between 11890ft and 12050 ft, the character of the LHS changes from predominantly sand rich to a siltstone rich sequence with small interbeds or stringers of sand. The sand is primarily quartz, which is clear or very pale brown, locally very pale grey and pale pink. It is very rarely slightly feldspathic, seen as pink-orange to light grey grains in cuttings samples. The sand grains are transparent to translucent, locally with polished and frosted grains, is generally fine to medium sized, though it is locally coarse to very coarse with rare granules. The grains are subangular to subrounded, rarely subplatey, exhibit good sphericity, are moderate to well sorted. Sandstone occasionally occurs as with weak calcareous cement, shows good visual porosity and excellent inferred porosity, and has traces of glauconite and pyrite. There is a trace to moderate to light brown oil stain, pinpoint to uniform, good to fair, pale yellow to bright yellow fluorescence, very slow to moderate diffuse cut of blue-white to yellow-white. The siltstone is grey to dark grey and locally grey-green, generally soft with an amorphous break. In parts it is very sandy and very micaceous, none to slightly calcareous becoming moderately calcareous below 12000ft. GAS VALUES: Total Gas (%) Maximum Gas Background Gas 4.92 0.70 C1(ppm) 19364 5131 C2(ppm) 2206 155 C3(ppm) 360 0 IC4(ppm) NC4(ppm) 42 0 780 0
13
WELL SURVEY DATA Stn TIP MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD Depth 1729 1990 2084 2180 2268 2367 2463 2559 2653 2748 2842 2937 3031 3126 3220 3315 3408 3503 3599 3687 3779 3882 3977 4074 4167 4264 4357 4451 4546 4642 4733 4826 4924 5017 5113 5207 5302 5396 5489 5539 5630 5723 5810 5899 5989 INC 24.74 31.18 34.14 37.46 39.99 43.09 46.85 50.95 54.92 59.03 62.84 66.70 70.54 74.55 78.43 82.34 85.11 85.62 86.08 86.37 86.51 86.48 86.23 85.85 85.62 85.59 85.71 85.68 85.82 86.25 86.37 86.66 86.74 86.54 86.34 86.05 85.68 85.54 85.05 84.53 86.20 86.54 86.54 86.63 86.88 AZI 121.64 124.54 123.46 123.90 123.07 122.61 122.69 122.50 122.68 121.75 122.03 121.84 122.07 121.62 121.88 121.92 121.54 121.47 121.29 121.22 120.87 120.62 120.90 121.85 121.64 122.32 122.41 123.28 123.42 123.97 124.29 124.52 124.64 124.66 124.04 123.94 123.46 123.25 123.02 123.54 124.59 124.57 124.61 124.69 124.87 TVD 1698.33 1929.57 2008.70 2086.55 2155.20 2229.29 2297.20 2360.29 2416.94 2468.70 2514.36 2554.84 2589.11 2617.60 2639.55 2655.42 2665.58 2673.26 2680.20 2686.00 2691.71 2698.01 2704.05 2710.75 2717.66 2725.10 2732.15 2739.21 2746.25 2752.89 2758.74 2764.39 2770.04 2775.49 2781.45 2787.69 2794.54 2801.73 2809.36 2813.90 2821.25 2827.14 2832.39 2837.69 2842.79 Vert Sect 222.68 343.36 394.07 450.21 505.25 570.90 638.73 711.06 786.05 865.67 947.81 1033.72 1121.22 1211.81 1303.18 1396.81 1489.23 1583.89 1679.60 1767.38 1859.15 1961.89 2056.63 2153.36 2246.09 2342.79 2435.52 2529.25 2623.99 2719.75 2810.54 2903.33 3001.13 3093.92 3189.71 3283.48 3378.22 3471.94 3564.63 3614.42 3705.10 3797.87 3884.68 3973.48 4063.28 Northing 6463714.01 6463694.00 6463685.36 6463675.87 6463666.62 6463655.77 6463644.62 6463632.75 6463620.44 6463607.51 6463594.29 6463580.44 6463566.33 6463551.76 6463537.11 6463522.03 6463507.22 6463492.14 6463476.95 6463463.07 6463448.64 6463432.63 6463417.85 6463402.50 6463387.63 6463372.03 6463356.90 6463341.41 6463325.54 6463309.35 6463293.83 6463277.85 6463260.93 6463244.84 6463228.37 6463212.39 6463196.38 6463180.67 6463165.24 6463156.91 6463141.43 6463125.38 6463110.36 6463094.97 6463079.35 Easting 572227.82 572258.67 572271.48 572285.72 572299.71 572316.52 572333.92 572352.49 572371.74 572392.27 572413.52 572435.74 572458.36 572481.82 572505.49 572529.72 572553.67 572578.27 572603.18 572626.05 572650.02 572676.94 572701.77 572726.94 572750.97 572775.97 572799.83 572823.83 572847.94 572872.22 572895.12 572918.46 572943.00 572966.28 572990.38 573014.07 573038.09 573061.95 573085.59 573098.28 573121.17 573144.46 573166.24 573188.51 573211.00 DLS 2.85 3.21 3.47 2.93 3.15 3.92 4.27 4.23 4.40 4.06 4.07 4.09 4.25 4.14 4.12 3.01 0.54 0.51 0.34 0.41 0.24 0.39 1.05 0.33 0.70 0.16 0.92 0.21 0.73 0.37 0.40 0.15 0.22 0.68 0.33
0.64
14
Stn MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD MWD
Depth 6080 6173 6263 6356 6449 6540 6631 6782 6874 6964 7056 7147 7237 7327 7417 7506 7598 7693 7784 7870 7966 8057 8145 8234 8325 8415 8510 8606 8692 8783 8874 8962 9054 9147 9238 9327 9415 9508 9598 9692 9717 9740 9825 9918 10010 10108 10199
INC 87.17 87.40 87.57 87.80 87.14 87.34 87.17 86.22 86.16 85.93 85.93 86.04 85.93 85.62 85.24 85.21 85.36 85.70 87.99 88.99 88.42 87.85 87.48 87.16 86.79 86.39 86.11 86.22 86.31 86.02 86.22 86.56 86.73 87.73 87.45 88.39 88.96 88.99 88.68 87.28 87.19 87.68 90.00 90.83 92.29 90.63 87.60
AZI 124.67 125.04 124.57 125.03 124.01 124.45 124.04 122.73 122.49 122.74 122.09 121.71 121.52 121.47 121.99 122.36 122.63 122.27 122.20 121.43 121.65 122.61 124.09 124.66 124.54 123.93 123.86 123.57 123.48 123.61 123.95 123.85 124.12 124.62 124.66 124.67 125.00 125.20 124.93 124.58 125.04 125.14 124.53 124.39 125.53 124.15 124.53
TVD 2847.51 2851.92 2855.87 2859.62 2863.73 2868.11 2872.47 2881.17 2887.29 2893.49 2900.02 2906.40 2912.70 2919.33 2926.50 2933.91 2941.47 2948.87 2953.88 2956.15 2958.32 2961.28 2964.86 2969.03 2973.83 2979.19 2985.39 2991.82 2997.42 3003.50 3009.66 3015.20 3034.30 3038.80 3042.62 3045.85 3047.89 3049.55 3051.38 3054.70 3055.90 3057.61 3059.33 3058.66 3056.15 3053.66 3055.06
Vert Sect 4154.11 4246.95 4336.81 4429.68 4522.55 4613.42 4704.29 4855.03 4946.82 5036.61 5128.37 5219.14 5308.89 5398.62 5488.32 5577.00 5668.69 5763.40 5854.25 5940.20 6036.15 6127.09 6215.01 6303.89 6394.72 6484.52 6579.30 6675.08 6760.89 6851.69 6942.47 7030.28 7118.21 7211.07 7301.95 7390.84 7478.77 7571.68 7661.60 7755.49 7780.45 7803.27 7888.19 7981.15 8073.05 8170.95 8261.89
Northing 6463063.56 6463047.38 6463031.75 6463015.59 6462999.54 6462983.97 6462968.38 6462943.11 6462928.03 6462913.29 6462898.30 6462883.68 6462869.34 6462855.05 6462840.68 6462826.29 6462811.28 6462795.80 6462781.03 6462767.22 6462751.92 6462737.18 6462722.46 6462707.16 6462691.44 6462676.04 6462659.93 6462643.73 6462629.29 6462614.00 6462598.62 6462583.70 6462554.18 6462538.20 6462522.45 6462507.04 6462491.73 6462475.44 6462459.68 6462443.37 6462439.02 6462435.00 6462420.21 6462404.18 6462388.12 6462371.07 6462355.43
Easting 573233.74 573256.97 573279.46 573302.71 573326.04 573348.94 573371.83 573410.18 573433.74 573456.79 573480.39 573503.87 573527.17 573550.49 573573.74 573596.61 573620.17 573644.53 573667.94 573690.20 573715.13 573738.59 573760.97 573783.33 573806.12 573828.75 573852.73 573877.01 573898.80 573921.86 573944.85 573967.07 573979.89 574003.25 574026.04 574048.33 574070.33 574093.51 574115.95 574139.47 574145.72 574151.44 574172.70 574196.06 574219.02 574243.52 574266.41
DLS 0.39 0.47 0.55 0.55 1.31 0.53 0.49 1.07 0.27 0.38 0.70 0.43 0.24 0.35 0.71 0.42 0.33 0.52 2.52 1.47 0.64 1.23 1.73 0.73 0.43 0.81 0.30 0.32 0.15 0.35 0.43 0.40 0.35 1.20 0.31 1.06 0.75 0.22 0.46 1.54 1.87 0.00 2.82 0.91 2.01 2.20 3.36
15
Stn Depth INC AZI MWD 10292 89.34 125.53 MWD 10384 89.91 125.74 MWD 10459 90.14 125.44 MWD 10547 91.89 122.35 MWD 10640 93.17 119.65 MWD 10726 92.34 117.17 * 10884 91.20 114.00 *Projection at TD of H original wellbore
SIDETRACK Hz Stn Depth INC AZI TVD Vert Sect MWD 10459 90.14 125.44 3058.11 8521.58 MWD 10551 89.37 123.15 3058.51 8613.54 MWD 10641 88.34 119.89 3060.31 8703.49 MWD 10730 88.23 118.17 3062.97 8792.25 MWD 10822 88.66 117.30 3065.47 8883.86 MWD 10913 91.26 116.68 3065.53 8974.38 MWD 11003 92.00 116.19 3062.97 9063.79 MWD 11081 90.66 115.82 3061.16 9141.22 MWD 11181 90.49 117.56 3060.16 9240.64 MWD 11277 94.58 121.03 3055.91 9336.34 MWD 11365 90.57 120.30 3051.96 9424.17 MWD 11456 91.31 122.09 3050.46 9515.12 MWD 10551 89.37 123.15 3058.51 8613.54 MWD 10641 88.34 119.89 3060.31 8703.49 MWD 10730 88.23 118.17 3062.97 8792.25 MWD 10822 88.66 117.30 3065.47 8883.86 MWD 10913 91.26 116.68 3065.53 8974.38 MWD 11081 90.66 115.82 3062.71 9141.26 MWD 11181 90.49 117.56 3061.71 9240.68 MWD 11277 94.58 121.03 3057.46 9336.38 MWD 11365 90.57 120.30 3051.96 9424.17 MWD 11456 91.31 122.09 3050.46 9515.12 MWD 11545 88.86 121.17 3050.33 9604.09 MWD 11637 89.03 120.20 3052.03 9696.01 MWD 11729 87.34 118.67 3054.94 9787.80 MWD 11805 87.91 117.02 3058.09 9863.45 MWD 11907 90.06 117.70 3059.90 9964.96 MWD 12000 89.69 119.42 3060.10 10057.71 MWD 12091 89.57 120.04 3060.69 10148.57 MWD 12182 86.57 117.99 3063.75 10239.31 * 12316 84.19 118.00 3074.54 10372.39 * Projected survey at TD of well track 13/22a-Hz.
Northing 6462309.54 6462293.75 6462279.42 6462266.26 6462253.22 6462240.64 6462228.44 6462218.02 6462204.34 6462190.04 6462176.39 6462162.03 6462293.75 6462279.42 6462266.26 6462253.22 6462240.64 6462218.00 6462204.32 6462190.03 6462176.39 6462162.03 6462147.81 6462133.50 6462119.74 6462108.93 6462094.65 6462081.10 6462067.35 6462053.91 6462034.81
Easting 574330.97 574354.13 574377.50 574401.20 574426.00 574450.70 574475.25 574496.60 574523.82 574549.30 574572.34 574596.05 574354.13 574377.50 574401.20 574426.00 574450.70 574496.61 574523.83 574549.30 574572.34 574596.05 574619.14 574643.24 574667.64 574668.10 574715.69 574740.58 574764.66 574788.89 574824.82
DLS 0.50 2.63 3.80 1.94 1.05 2.94 0.99 1.78 1.75 5.58 4.63 2.13 2.63 3.80 1.94 1.05 2.94 0.62 1.75 5.58 4.63 2.13 2.94 1.07 2.48 2.30 2.21 1.89 0.69 3.99 1.78
16
SIDETRACK Hy Stn Depth INC AZI TVD Vert Sect MWD 11186 86.71 116.19 3063.57 9245.44 MWD 11277 86.83 120.04 3068.70 9335.97 MWD 11368 89.30 125.45 3071.77 9426.88 MWD 11456 90.74 128.12 3071.74 9514.65 MWD 11545 90.26 127.07 3070.97 9603.34 * 11675 87.60 124.00 3073.39 9733.14 * Projected survey at TD of well track 15/19-6a. SIDETRACK Hx Stn Depth INC AZI TVD Vert Sect 11278 86.40 119.52 3069.10 9336.91 MWD MWD 11366 85.25 120.60 3075.51 9424.58 MWD 11456 87.97 121.93 3080.83 9514.38 MWD 11546 89.31 119.85 3082.96 9604.30 MWD 11636 88.29 118.81 3084.85 9694.11 MWD 11694 86.71 118.97 3087.38 9751.96 MWD 11792 87.11 119.45 3092.66 9849.62 MWD 11884 88.11 119.34 3096.50 9941.37 MWD 11976 91.00 118.51 3097.21 10033.13 MWD 11976 91.00 118.51 3097.21 10033.13 MWD 12069 95.13 114.48 3092.24 10125.39 MWD 12158 94.17 115.78 3085.02 10213.28 MWD 12249 92.57 117.67 3079.67 10303.59 MWD 12340 90.31 118.00 3077.39 10394.20 MWD 12434 90.09 118.94 3077.06 10487.92 MWD 12522 87.60 119.71 3078.83 10575.73 MWD 12614 86.36 121.91 3083.68 10667.53 * 12681 87.40 122.50 3087.33 10734.43 * Projected survey at TD of well track 13/22a-Hx.
Northing 6462190.93 6462177.53 6462163.33 6462149.25 6462135.82 6462127.29 6462112.74 6462099.00 6462085.44 6462085.44 6462072.82 6462061.34 6462048.90 6462035.95 6462022.30 6462009.17 6461994.84 6461983.97
Easting 574550.08 574573.22 574596.62 574620.15 574644.05 574659.51 574685.53 574709.93 574734.46 574734.46 574759.78 574784.25 574808.97 574833.48 574858.65 574882.02 574906.07 574923.31
DLS 3.63 1.79 3.36 2.75 1.62 2.74 0.64 1.09 3.27 3.27 6.20 1.81 2.72 2.51 1.03 2.96 2.74 1.78
17
Smith Tool
IADC 111 Type
DSJ
Size
(609.6mm)
24"
ER 906
Design Specifications
Total Cutters: Cutter Size: Face: Gage: Nozzles: Junk Slot Area: Gage Length: Gage Protection: Make-Up Length: Bit Connection: Fishing Neck: 70 13mm (1/2") 64 6 6 Series 60N 36.3 in. sq. 3.0" Options Available 12.6" Overall: 18.1" 6-5/8" API Regular Diameter 8.0" / Length 5.6
12-1/4" M50
Features
Advanced Cutter Placement Force Balanced Unsymmetrical Blade Layout Spiraled Blades and Gage
Options
Special options are available upon request.
Operating Parameters
Rotary Speed: Weight-on-Bit: Flow Rate: Suitable for Rotary, PDM & Turbine 6,000 - 50,000 LBS 500-800 GPM
Picture may one or more of the available options.
Hydraulic Horsepower: 1.0 - 6.0 HSI The M50 is a matrix body bit designed with stability enhancing features. Applications ranging from medium soft to medium hard formations. Good for transitional and directional drilling.
Product Features
Low Aspect
High durability
Optional DiamondBack* cutters provide a secondary cutting structure that improves the ability of the PDC bit to drill faster and further into harder, more abrasive formations. These durable cutters provide higher localized cutter density on the critical shoul-der area to extend bit life. As a result, tor-que response is smoother, which improves stability and control when drilling longreach or tortuous well paths.
silicate muds, for an advantage in applications where swelling formations are a concern.
DAILY REPORT
To : Attention of : Fax/e-mail/address
WELL INFORMATION
Well : Date : AFE No : RT - MSL (ft) Water Depth (ft, MSL) Latitude : UTM (N) : Progress (24 hr) Rig : Report No : Operator interest : CI Planned TD: Days : WI MD Cost to date (STG) : AFE (STG) : TVDSS
Final Rig Co-ordinates UTM Zone, CM Longitude : UTM (E) : Hole size Current formation
CASING
OD MD TVDSS LOT/FIT (identify which)
Vis :
FL : Motor : Wind :
Cl : MWD : Seas :
O/W :
GEOLOGY
Lithology
ROP (ft/hr)
TG %
C1 ppm
C2 ppm
C3 ppm
iC4 ppm
nC4 ppm
PORE PRESSURE Est. pore pressure at current TD : Max. est. pore pressure in open hole : STRATIGRAPHY Formation Tops
at MD :
TVDSS :
Azimuth
TVD
Vert Section
N/S
E/W
REMARKS
Status at 06.00 hrs (1st January) Current Depth ft MDBRT ft (-TVDSS) Formation Operation: 9560 ft -9474 ft Butler Fm. Wireline logging Operations Update 00.00 to 06.00 hrs: Pumped out from 8938 ft, tool plugged after pumping 30 litres. Pumped out from 8936ft, plugged after 27 minutes of pumping, correlation log for sample at 8664 ft, pumped out from 8664 ft for 1.5 hrs, o/w ratio was 50/50, aborted sampling since 95% pure sample could not be obtained. Attempted sample at 8561 ft, aborted sampling after dry pretest. Attempted sample at 8563 ft, aborted sampling after MDT tool plugged. Attempted sample at 8559 ft, aborted sampling after dry pretest. Attempted sample at 8600 ft, aborted sampling after MDT tool plugged. Pull out of hole for inspection of tool & servicing. Lithology Update: no new lithology Interval Descriptions Update: (Penetration Rate, Lithology, Oil Shows)
Interval (ft) MDBRT ROP (ft/hr) Lithology, Oil Shows
No new lithology Drilling Gas Indications Update: Type Interval ft Background No new drilling Peaks Survey Data Update: Survey MDBRT (ft) None to Report
Total %
C1 ppm
C2 ppm
C3 ppm
C4 ppm
C5 ppm N/A
Inclination deg
Azimuth Deg
North (+ ft)
East (+ ft)
st 24 hour Operations Summary 00.00 to 24.00 hrs (to midnight on 31 Dec) Midnight Depth: 9560 ft MDBRT, -9474 ft TVDSS Drilled Interval: none Progress: 0 ft Summary: Continue running in with MDT, stabilize tool temperature at 8565 ft, conduct pressure tests: 49 attempted, 26 pressures, 16 dry, 7 lost seals, POOH w/ MDT. Wash & flush MDT probe, rigged up additional sampling modules, RIH to 8450 ft. Perform stick tests & allow tool to warm up, pull correlation log, sample at 8468 ft, pumped out 39.7 litres and filled 1 gal sample chamber. Correlate for sample at 8938 ft.
Drilling Data: Country: UKCS Spud Date: 1 Dec 2001 Well Data: Hole Size: 12 Drill Mode: Rotary Vis: 69 Stratigraphy: Formation Tops Top Tor Formation Top Hod Formation Top Herring Formation Top Plenus Marl Top Hidra Formation Top Rodby Formation Top Sola Formation Top Valhall Formation Top Kimmeridge Clay Fm. Top Calleva Sandstone Top Heather marker Top Sgiath Formation
pH: 11.7
Actual (ft) MDBRT 3361.0 3601.0 4765.5 5103.5 5140.0 5381.0 5649.0 6454.0 7983.0 8548.0 9100.0
Actual (ft) -TVDSS -3279.0 -3519.0 -4683.5 -5021.5 -5058.0 -5299.0 -5567.0 -6372.0 -7901.0 -8465.0 -9016.3
Prognosed (ft) TVDSS -3280 -3510 Not Picked -5020 -5075 -5230 -5330 -6405 -7930 -8537 -9021 -9250
Hi(-)/Lo (+) (ft) -1.0 +9.0 +1.5 -17.0 +69.0 +237.0 -33.0 -29.0 -72.0 -4.7
Pick Criteria GR/Cuttings Cuttings/GR GR/Cuttings GR/Cuttings GR/Cuttings GR/Cuttings Cuttings/GR Cuttings/GR/ROP Cut./GR/ROP/Gas ROP/Cut./Gas/Torq GR (LWD memory data) Absent
Base Upp. Jurassic TD WIRELINE Formation Tops Top Ekofisk Top Tor Formation Top Hod Formation Top Herring Formation Top Plenus Marl Top Hidra Formation Top Rodby Formation Top Sola Formation Top Valhall Formation Top Kimmeridge Clay Fm. Top Calleva Sandstone Top Heather marker Top Sgiath Formation Base Upp. Jurassic TD
9415.0 9560.0 Actual (ft) MDBRT 3150 3350 3856 5001 5138 5146 5396 5656 6160 7996 8560 9110 9431 9575
-9329.6 -9473.5 Actual (ft) -TVDSS 3067.8 3267.8 3773.8 4918.8 5055.8 5063.8 5313.8 5573.8 6077.8 7913.4 8476.9 9026.3 9345.5 9488.4
-9511 -9641 Prognosed (ft) TVDSS No prognisis -3280 -3510 No prognosis -5020 -5075 -5230 -5330 -6405 -7930 -8537 -9021 -9250 -9511 -9641
-181.4 -167.6 Hi(-)/Lo (+) (ft) ~ -12.2 +263.8 ~ +35.8 -11.2 +83.8 +243.8 -327.2 -16.6 -60.1 +5.3 Absent -165.5 -152.6
GR (LWD memory data) 130 ft below base U. Jur. Pick Criteria Wireline logs Wireline logs Wireline logs Wireline logs Wireline logs Wireline logs Wireline logs Wireline logs Wireline logs Wireline logs Wireline logs Wireline logs Wireline logs Wireline logs Wireline logs
No new lithology Drilling Gas Indications: Type Interval ft Background None Peaks None Connection/Trip Gas Indications: Type Interval ft Trip None Connection None LWD Tool data: Tool Name Not applicable Survey Data: Survey MDBRT (ft) None Remarks: Regards Jamie Cureton Wellsite Geologist Onboard Borgny Dolphin Stag geological Services Ltd.
Total %
C1 ppm
C2 ppm
C3 ppm
C4 ppm
Total %
C1 ppm
C2 ppm
C3 ppm
C4 ppm
GR Sensor (ft)
Resistivity (ft)
Neutron (ft)
Temp (F)
Inclination deg
Azimuth deg
North (+ ft)
East (+ ft)
End of Report
Start Time 22:00 22:05 23:45 0:40 1:20 1:30 4:10 4:30 6:40 7:40 8:00 8:15 9:15 9:30 10:30 10:45 12:18 12:20 12:38 12:40 12:47 12:49 12:57 13:01 13:10 14:25 15:15 16:32 16:37 16:42 16:45 17:10 17:15 17:20 19:00 20:30 21:10 21:30 23:24 23:34 0:00 1:50 13:24 15:30 16:00 16:45 17:00 19:25 21:00 21:15 23:10 23:35 0:43 1:17 1:27 2:59 3:15 3:36 3:45 4:45 6:40 7:10 8:40 9:00 10:00 11:00 11:25 11:55 12:03 12:45 12:52 13:00 16:15
Stop Time 22:05 23:45 0:40 1:20 1:30 4:10 4:30 6:40 7:40 8:00 8:15 9:15 9:30 10:30 10:45 12:18 12:20 12:38 12:40 12:47 12:49 12:57 13:01 13:10 14:25 15:15 16:32 16:37 16:42 16:45 17:10 17:15 17:20 19:00 20:30 21:10 21:30 23:24 23:34 0:00 1:50 13:24 15:30 16:00 16:45 17:00 19:25 21:00 21:15 23:10 23:35 0:43 1:17 1:27 2:59 3:15 3:36 3:45 4:45 6:40 7:10 8:40 9:00 10:00 11:00 11:25 11:55 12:03 12:45 12:52 13:00 16:15
Elapsed Time 0:05 1:40 0:55 0:40 0:10 2:40 0:20 2:10 1:00 0:20 0:15 1:00 0:15 1:00 0:15 1:33 0:02 0:18 0:02 0:07 0:02 0:08 0:04 0:09 1:15 0:50 1:17 0:05 0:05 0:03 0:25 0:05 0:05 1:40 1:30 0:40 0:20 1:54 0:10 2:18 1:50 11:34 2:06 0:30 0:45 0:15 2:25 1:35 0:15 1:55 0:25 1:08 0:34 0:10 1:32 0:16 0:21 0:09 1:00 1:55 0:30 1:30 0:20 1:00 1:00 0:25 0:30 0:08 0:42 0:07 0:08 3:15
Wireline Activity 29th December 2001 toolbox talk begin rig up of Run #1: SP-DSI-HRLA-PEX toolbox talk for next crew 30th December 2001 check toolstring load RA sources RIH on bottom, repeat pass main pass at casing shoe finish GR log unload RA sources finish after cals, Max Recorded Temps: 182, 181 degF finish rigging down Run #1, head changed, wait on crane lifts begin rigging up Run #2 operational check tool string RIH with FMI-HNGS-CMR at 8940 ft, open caliper Run #2 pass 1: FMI-HNGS log up repeat section, 900 fph, all buttons active at 8700 ft, close calipers RIH to 9250 ft, open calipers log up main pass, 900 fph, pad press. 17%, every 2nd button on one pad & flap inactive abort log at 9160 ft, close caliper & RIH to 9250 ft, to try again log up main pass 2nd attempt, 900 fph, pad press. 50%, same pad/flap problem at 8200 ft, stop log, retract arms, RIH log up main pass Run #2 pass 2: CMR after tuning tool, 850 fph stop log at 8200 ft, RIH to 8732 ft, tune CMR RIH to 8850 ft start repeat section at 8778 ft end repeat section & drop down to 8732 ft to tune tool tune CMR POOH perform after cals, rig down FMI-HNGS-CMR, MRT 183, 182 degF rig down FMI-CMR complete rig up Run #3: MDT pressure tests RIH Turn on motion compensator stick test 1st correlation pass 31st December 2001, New Year's Eve stabilize temperature of MDT tool in hole at 8565 ft MDT pressure profile. 49 pressures attempted, 26 obtained, 16 dry tests, 7 lost seals POOH with MDT, Pressure survey completed wash down & flush out single probe rigged up additional MDT sampling modules to run #3 MDT tool surface check Run #4: MDT samples RIH to 8450 ft perform stick tests & allow, MDT to warm up correlation log to position for sample at 8468 ft Pumped out 39.7 litres and filled 3.74 litre sample chamber at 8468 ft with water correlation log to position for sample at 8938 ft Pumped out from 8938 ft, MDT tool plugged up after pumping 30 litres 1st January 2002, New Year's Day Pumped out from 8936 ft, MDT tool plugged up after pumping 27 mins of pumping correlation log to position for sample at 8664 ft pumped out from 8664 ft. After pumping for 1.5 hrs O/W ratio was 50/50. Aborted sampling since a 95% pure sample could not be obtained. Attempted to sample at 8561 ft, Aborted sampling after dry pretest Attempted to sample at 8563 ft, Aborted sampling after MDT tool plugged Attempted to sample at 8598 ft, Aborted sampling after dry pretest Attempted to sample at 8600 ft, Aborted sampling after MDT tool plugged Pull MDT tool out of the hole for inspection & servicing Turn off motion compensator, toolbox talk drain SC#1, sample from 8468 ft, volume 3750 psi probe plugged, took 3000 psi to clear, service tool begin making up MDT toolstring for run #5 surface check Run #5: MDT samples operational check Set compensator, RIH correlation run for sample at 8563 ft, add 3.5 ft Attempt sample at 8563 ft, aborted as sample not cleaning up above 50% oil Attempt sample at 8620 ft, telemetry failure, tool retracted automatically. Drop down to 8635 ft, no communication with tool. POOH, found short in cable head, rehead, lay out MDT (program cancelled) Rig up Run #6: VSI
Page 1 of 1
Formation
Total Attempted
60
Well Name:
20/06-4
12
Length (ins)
Shows
Odour
Natural Fluor
Cut Colour
9125.0
1.0
9118.0
0.8
dark grey, firm, slightly silty and micromicaceous, very calcareous, fissile dark grey, firm, slightly silty, very calcareous, trace mica, rare calcite healed microfractures, occasional greasy lustre, fissile
3 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ shale ~ ~ ~ ~ shale
8873.9 9111.9
misfire 0.6
9106.0
0.6
dark grey to dark brownish grey, firm, very calcareous, slightly silty and micromicaceous, subfissile medium dark brownish grey, firm, very calcareous, generally slightly silty and micromicaceous, with moderately silty laminae containing frequent very fine to fine grained muscovite, subfissile to fissile, earthy texture
6 7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
9101.0 9087.0
misfire 0.8
shale shale
9070.0
0.6
medium dark brownish grey, firm to moderately hard, moderately calcareous, generally slightly silty with frequent very fine grained mica, subfissile medium dark brownish grey, firm to moderately hard, moderately calcareous, very slightly silty and micromicaceous, traces of disseminated pyrite, subfissile to fissile sandstone dark greyish orange to grey brown, unconsolidated, firm to hard, induration altered by bullet impact, very fine to dominantly fine grained transparent and occasionally translucent quartz, angular to subangular, very rarely very well rounded and frosted grains, rare moderate green glauconite and siliceous white cylindrical microfossil debris, weak calcareous cement, very good intergranular porosity
9 10 light brown uniform immediate weak diffuse white, moderate bluish white blooming very slight discolor -ation moderate to bright yellow gold
9050.0 8934.0
misfire 0.8
good
CORING REPORT
5 1/4 Formation Rec. Interval Coring Contractor Recovery
Core Description
Diameter
Calleva Sand
Date
Total Cut
Depth
Shows
Odour
Stain
Natural Fluor
8703.5
Good
Strong
Light brown
V. Good
V. Strong
Light brown
8763.75
None
None
None
None
None
8795.65
None
None
None
None
None
Colourless, light brown (oil stain), rarely dusky yellow green, locally white, moderately to very friable, crumbly, predominantly quartz, locally quartzite lithoclasts, rare carbonaceous fragments, medium to coarse, locally very coarse, subrounded, locally subplaty, locally subelongate, poorly sorted, very poorly cemented with calcite. 5-10% visible intergranular porosity, strong hydrocarbon odour, slow oil seepage, uniform bright yellow orange fluorescence, fast streaming blue white cut, instantaneous blue white crush cut, light brown residual ring. Colourless, light brown (oil stain), rarely dusky yellow green, locally white, moderately to very friable, crumbly, predominantly quartz, locally quartzite lithoclasts, rare carbonaceous fragments, medium to coarse, locally very coarse, subrounded, locally subplaty, locally subelongate, poorly sorted, very poorly cemented with calcite. 5-10% visible intergranular porosity, very strong hydrocarbon odour, slow oil seepage, uniform bright yellow orange fluorescence, fast streaming blue white cut, instantaneous blue white crush cut, light brown residual ring. Silty Claystone with interbedded calcareous Sandstone with slumped margins Silty Claystone: Olive black to green black, hard, fractured, abundant slickensides, blocky, locally micaceous, locally pyritic, slickenside fractures filled with fibrous and crystalline calcite, also traces of oil, locally there are more massive calcite veins, locally moderately calcareous. Sandstone: White, colourless, hard, none friable, blocky to subangular, fine, quartz, subangular to subrounded, subspherical, very well cemented with calcite, locally streaked with pyrite veins. Shows slumping structures into Claystone below. Medium to dark grey black, locally green black, hard, subfissile, micaceous, locally slightly pyritic, abundant carbonaceous macro fossils fragments, none calcareous, locally micro lenticular calcite veins.
CORELOG
WELL INFORMATION
Company Contractor Rig Name Well No Field Area Hole Temp Hole Size Hole Angle Formation Lithology Mud Type WT.PPG WL % Solids 6.8 K/CL 11.3 2% Tr LCM n/a
EQUIPMENT
Core BBL Type & NO: Core BBL Size I.T. Type Stab. Size L. Shoe & Catcher Bit Style & Size Bit ser # TFA IADC Dull Grade-Start SPP on/off bottom Liner Size SPM GPM 200--400 HT 60 180'X 9 1/2" X 5 1/4" JAMBUSTER 12 7/32" PILOT SHOE & SPRING RC 478 C3 12 1/4" X 5 1/4" 322935 1.06 0/0/NO/A/X/IN/PN/PR 725--1000 6 1/2"
PERFORMANCE
Core no: Interval Cored-FFinish Start Amount Cored Core Recovery % Recovery Coring Hours ROP Reaming Service Engineer Name Date Remarks 2 8798 8,675.0 123.0 120.7 98% 30.70 4.01 TOM/JOHN 18/19-12/01 Ft Ft Ft Ft % Hrs. Ft/hr
OPERATING PARAMETERS
ROP Ft/hr PRESSURE psi
70 80 1000 1200 200 400 600 800
TORQUE Kft.lbs
10 0 5
WOB Klbs
RPM
10 20
30 40
50 60
100
10 15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
8,675 8,675 8,680 8,680 8,685 8,685 8,690 8,695 8,700 8,705 8,710 8,715 8,720 8,725 8,730 8,735 8,740 8,745 8,750 8,755 8,760 8,765 8,770 8,775 8,780 8,785 8,790 8,795 8,690 8,695 8,700 8,705 8,710 8,715 8,720 8,725 8,730 8,735 8,740 8,745 8,750 8,755 8,760 8,765 8,770 8,775 8,780 8,785 8,790 8,795
8,675 8,680 8,685 8,690 8,695 8,700 8,705 8,710 8,715 8,720 8,725 8,730 8,735 8,740 8,745 8,750 8,755 8,760 8,765 8,770 8,775 8,780 8,785 8,790 8,795
8,675 8,680 8,685 8,690 8,695 8,700 8,705 8,710 8,715 8,720 8,725 8,730 8,735 8,740 8,745 8,750 8,755 8,760 8,765 8,770 8,775 8,780 8,785 8,790 8,795
8,675 8,680 8,685 8,690 8,695 8,700 8,705 8,710 8,715 8,720 8,725 8,730 8,735 8,740 8,745 8,750 8,755 8,760 8,765 8,770 8,775 8,780 8,785 8,790 8,795
120
20
40
60
80
Biostratigraphic and Palaeoenvironmental Analysis of Core Samples from Wells 1 and 2, Caspian Sea. [A FICTICIOUS REPORT BASED ON AN ACTUAL CLIENT-REPORT SUBMITTED IN WEB-READY FORMAT]
by Michael D. Bidgood MSc PhD Michael D. Simmons PhD Patrice A.R. Brenac MSc GSS International
Unit 39, Howe Moss Avenue Kirkhill Industrial Estate Dyce, Aberdeen, UK AB21 0GP
date Prepared For: client's name address This report presents and discusses the results of micropalaeontological and palynological analysis of core samples from 2 unnamed wells. Samples were collected from cores laid out at ?? Ltd., Aberdeen on a number of different visits. The following depths (in metres) were sampled and analysed: Well 1 depths confidential The aims of this study were: i. ii. To provide information on the environment of deposition of the sediments from these cores, the sediments being reservoir intervals. To provide information on the age and biozonal potential of the sediments for future correlation to other wells and to place the sediments in a regional context. Well 2 depths confidential
Within this site-report, the methodology of the study is outlined, followed by a discussion of the results. All the raw palaeontological data pertaining to the study is included within the Enclosures of the paper copy of this study. However images of the stratigraphic summary logs are included on this web site. This site-report includes a summary of conclusions and recommendations for future work. Personnel involved with this project were:
Dr. Michael D. Simmons : project co-ordination, integration, regional geology Dr. Michael D. Bidgood : micropalaeontological analysis Mr. Patrice A.R. Brenac : palynological analysis
Summary
Management Summary
Drawing on the experience of previous biostratigraphic studies in the South Caspian Basin, 32 samples from reservoir intervals within the Red Coloured Series of wells 1 and 2 were studied for their palynomorph and calcareous microfossil content in order to provide information on environment of deposition and potential biostratigraphic subdivision. The results are encouraging in that it has been possible to determine that all the studied sediments were deposited in a fluvial environment with samples from well 2 showing evidence for periods of standing water between somewhat more meandering rivers/streams in a more low relief distal setting compared with 1, perhaps delta plain as opposed to alluvial plain. Samples from well 1 shows evidence for a constantly flowing freshwater river/stream system with little or no apparent standing water bodies (lakes, ponds etc.). The change in depositional setting between wells 2 and 1 (which is stratigraphically higher) suggests a prograding deposition system. Fingerprinting of various stratigraphic intervals is possible using changes in palaeoclimate (and hence vegetation belts) reflected in the in situ palynomorph assemblages, coupled with variations in the pattern of reworking of palynomorphs. The potential for biostratigraphic correlation now needs to be tested by examination of the same stratigraphic intervals (reservoir zones) in other adjacent wells.
Methodology
The sediments sampled from the cores from wells 1 and 2 are from the "??? Series", the major hydrocarbon reservoir interval in the ?? part of the South Caspian Basin. The cores are from reservoir zones within the ?? Series and it is known that the cores from well 1 lie stratigraphically above those from well 2. Regional data (Jones & Simmons, 1996) indicates that the ?? Series is essentially Pliocene in age. For the coeval "Productive Series" sediments on the western (Azerbaijani) side of the South Caspian Basin, preliminary studies (Zubakov & Borzenkova, 1990; Jones & Simmons, 1996; Reynolds et al., 1997) have indicated that biostratigraphic subdivision of these sediments is possible using changes in palynomorph assemblages which can be related to high frequency changes in palaeoclimate. Coupled with this, a broad biostratigraphic subdivision is possible using changes in ostracod assemblages and changes in the pattern of reworking of
microfossils found within the sediments (Khalilov, 1946; Agalarova, 1956). It was hoped that such biostratigraphic subdivisions could be applied to the ?? Series sediments from the wells of this study, and biostratigraphically "fingerprint" individual reservoir zones, thus assisting in future correlation studies. Additionally, information on palaeoenvironments was sought. It is well known (Jones & Simmons, 1996; Reynolds et al., 1997) that the ?? Series represents the deposits of the large delta of the Palaeo-Uzboy (= Palaeo-Anu Darya) river which flowed into the South Caspian Basin during the Pliocene. However, less clear is the precise palaeoenvironment that local sediments represent. Given that ostracod faunas are known to occur within the ?? Series (Agalarova, 1956), and these assemblages of these fossils often have useful palaeoenvironmental significance, it was hoped that by coupling micropalaeontological and palynological studies with the sedimentological studies being carried out in the cores that some reasonably detailed information on palaeoenvironments could be obtained. Given the aims of the study and the background noted above, 32 of the more muddy intervals (i.e. those most likely to have recovery of microfossils and palynomorphs) were sampled and then processed and analysed for palynology and calcareous microfossils.
Discussion
General Remarks Microfossil recovery from the samples studied is highly variable. In well 1 assemblages of calcareous microfossils are relatively poor with only sparse reworked Cretaceous and Tertiary microfossils being recorded. In well 2 a few cores yielded some in situ ostracods and charaphytes. Palynomorph recovery was also variable and is dominated by reworked taxa. However, many samples yield enough in situ taxa to make some comments on palaeoenvironment, palaeoclimate and biostratigraphy. Although, the more muddy intervals from the cores were selected for sampling and analysis, it should be noted that many of these samples could not be termed mudstones. Rather they were siltstones or fine sandstones. Typically microfossil and palynomorph recovery is relatively poor in such lithologies. Palaeoenvironment The overall palaeoenvironmental setting for the two wells is within a fluvial system with sediments from well 1 relatively proximal to source and well 2 in a more distal (i.e. the overall succession represents progradation sediments from well 2 are known to be stratigraphically below those of well 1), yet still within the non-marine part of the overall system. No "marine" indicators are noted, even accounting for the low/non-salinity of the Caspian Basin at the time of deposition. The overall climate was warm and dry (but see possible subdivision below), with a notably low proportion of conifer-derived pollen. Samples from well 1 shows evidence for a constantly flowing freshwater river/stream system with little or no apparent standing water bodies (lakes, ponds etc.), as shown by the lack of fungal spores and ostracods.
Samples from well 2, with more prominent fungal spore and ostracod recovery, shows evidence for periods of standing water between somewhat more meandering rivers/streams in a more low relief distal setting compared with well 1, perhaps delta plain as opposed to alluvial plain. Some palaeoclimatic signatures can also be picked out. These include samples with common non-arboreal herbaceous taxa (e.g. Echitricolporites spinosus and Fenestrites spinosus) which are thought to represent occurrences of low lying vegetation in a relatively warm, dry, open landscape perhaps steppe-like conditions. These appear to alternate with samples with common arboreal taxa (e.g. Inaperturopollenites spp.) which indicate a more forested landscape again with relatively dry, warm temperatures. These two types of assemblages can be seen from the following intervals: Well 1 ???m - ???m: mixed steppe & forest ???m - ???m: steppe ???m: forest ???m: forest ???m (*): mixed steppe & forest Well 2 ???m - ???m: steppe ???m: ?forest ???m - ???m: forest ???m - ???m: forest (*) The sample at ???m also contains common Pteridophyte (fern) spores (e.g. Deltiodospora spp.) and palm-like pollen (e.g. Psilamonocolpites spp.) which together suggest more humid conditions associated with the arboreal taxa over this interval. Samples suggestive of standing water bodies are noted only from well 2. These are picked out by the presence of abundant fungal spores, common ostracods and sporadic charaphytes (Chara spp.) and include the intervals/samples: ???m ???m (though with no ostracods recorded) ???m - ???m ???m - ???m (though with no ostracods recorded)
The reduced amount of gymnosperm pollen in the well 2 material may also reflect a broad meandering fluvial depositional environment, where the amount of these taxa is diluted by the presence of large amounts of other palynomorphs. Biostratigraphy The overall age of the section as indicated by the in situ taxa is Pliocene (undifferentiated). However, potentially local correlative events can be picked out by a. the in situ assemblage patterns reflecting climatic signatures b. the pattern of reworking These, in turn, can potentially be used to "fingerprint" discrete reservoir units and consequently as a correlation tool for those units. Zubakov & Borzenkova (1990) and Jones & Simmons (1996) have demonstrated that during the Pliocene, high frequency alternations between glacial and inter-glacial conditions affected the climate of areas which were the source of sediments in the South Caspian Basin (such as those in the well 1 and 2 cores). Climate belts and thus vegetation belts moved with changes from glacial to interglacial conditions. In the well 1 and 2 cores glacial conditions are represented by forest-dominated palynomorph assemblages and interglacial conditions by steppe-dominated assemblages. The table given in the palaeoenvironments section above shows that certain stratigraphic intervals have a particular climate-related palynomorph assemblage. This may prove useful in correlating these intervals to other wells in the nearby area and in the South Caspian Basin. Reworking shows some potentially useful variation, with the proportion of Palaeogene vs. Cretaceous reworking of palynomorphs being moderately variable. Of particular note is sample well 2; ???m which is completely dominated by Cretaceous spores (so much so it has all the appearance of really being Cretaceous!). This can be contrasted with samples such as well 1; ???m and well 2; ???m which are very rich in Palaeogene dinoflagellates. The potential climatic signatures and reworking patterns to provide biostratigraphic correlation needs to be tested by examination of the same stratigraphic intervals (reservoirs zones) in other adjacent wells.
Conclusions
1. Both the sets of samples from wells 1 and 2 represent deposition in a fluvial system. 2. Samples from well 1 show evidence for a constantly flowing freshwater river/stream system with little or no apparent standing water bodies (lakes, ponds etc.). 3. Samples from well 2 show evidence for periods of standing water between somewhat more meandering rivers/streams in a more low relief distal setting compared with well 1, perhaps delta plain as opposed to alluvial plain. The change in depositional setting between 2 and 1 (which is stratigraphically higher) suggests a prograding deposition system. These results are in keeping with what
is generally known about the progradation of the Palaeo-Uzboy into the South Caspian Basin during the Pliocene. 4. The samples are of Pliocene age. Fingerprinting of various stratigraphic intervals is possible using changes in palaeoclimate (and hence vegetation belts) reflected in the in situ palynomorph assemblages, coupled with variations in the pattern of reworking of palynomorphs. 5. The results from this study given encouragement to the use of biostratigraphy (palynology and calcareous micropalaeontology) in future studies of wells from the area and/or wells sampling the ?? Series elsewhere in the region. The fossil assemblages have proved themselves useful in determining environment of deposition (with implications for reservoir architecture, connectivity, etc) and for providing a fingerprint of reservoir zones which can be used to assist in well to well correlation within and outside the immediate area by providing a check of wireline log correlations.
Introduction to Mudlogging
Introduction
Hydrocarbon exploration begins with basin studies and geochemical, magnetic, gravity and seismic surveying on a grand scale which is further refined as information is gathered and processed. Potential hydrocarbon plays are developed as structures are interpreted and the models are finetuned. However, despite major advances in exploration processes over the years, the development of 3D and 4D seismic and visualisation software prospects still have to be drilled to confirm the presence of oil and gas in sufficient quantities with suitable reservoir conditions to promote development plans. The exploitation process still requires the drilling of boreholes to physically extract the hydrocarbons from their reservoir rocks. During the drilling of exploration, appraisal and development wells formation evaluation is required to: Drill through the overburden to the target formation Land the well in the optimum position in the target Drill the reservoir section in the optimum manner Call T.D. correctly However, the drilling practices that are necessary for the accomplishment of these ends often act as a barrier to the discovery of hydrocarbons. For example, in normal drilling it is essential that the hydrostatic pressure created by the density of the drilling fluid in the hole be sufficient to overcome the pressure exerted by the fluids in the formation; the alternative can be a costly and extremely dangerous kick or blowout. Yet this same overbalance causes filtration of the drilling fluids into the formations and pushes the formation fluids (where permeability exists) away from the wellbore. Thus the composition and concentration of formation fluids can be determined only with difficulty. Underbalanced drilling is an increasingly used process whereby the mud pressure is deliberately kept less than the pore fluid pressure in order to speed up drilling and minimise formation damage. Of course this requires sophisticated techniques, specialised equipment and highly trained personnel to be successful and is not within the scope of this document.
1-1
Introduction to Mudlogging
Formation Evaluation
It is necessary to have a group of methods and tools capable of locating and evaluating formations penetrated by the drill bit and their fluid content. We call the use and interpretation of these methods Formation Evaluation. Formation evaluation methods can be classified broadly according to whether they are used: As drilling is in progress Drill Returns Logging Measurement While Drilling Coring and core analysis (although of course most analysis is post-drilling) After the hole (or at least a portion of it) has been drilled. Wireline Logging Sidewall Coring Wireline Formation Testing Drillstem Testing Most of the above methods must be used together to complement the others; by themselves each has limitations and shortcomings.
1-2
Introduction to Mudlogging
1-3
Introduction to Mudlogging
From bit to surface
The crushed cylinder of formation which is drilled to make the hole is released into the mud stream. Once released, the formation and any contained fluids, gas or oil are carried to the surface by the mud. Mud logging largely becomes a matter of extracting this information in terms of restoring (recording on the Mud Log) the original in-place characteristics of the formation as much as possible. The first disturbance of the subsurface strata as a result of being drilled is that of varying amounts of flushing by the mud filtrate. Ordinarily, the drilling mud exerts a hydrostatic pressure on the formation in excess of the formation pressure. The formation serves as a filter medium upon which wall cake is deposited and through which the filtrate water permeates, flushing interstitial fluids away from the wellbore. On the bottom of the hole where new formation is being continuously exposed and wall cake is not permitted to accumulate, the rate of filtration of mud fluids is always at a maximum. Factors that affect the amount of oil and gas remaining in the formation after flushing and which, in turn, affect the amount of oil and gas entrained in the drilling mud are listed below. Depth Rate of Penetration Size of hole Volume of drilling fluid circulated Physical properties of the formation Properties of the drilling mud It is reasonable to assume that formations have often been flushed to the extent of being completely depleted of producible hydrocarbons before being drilled, though more often flushing will be to a lesser degree than this. After undergoing flushing, the formation is subjected to the bit action, being released into the mud stream in the form of rock chips or cuttings. These are subjected to the dynamic hydrostatic pressure of the mud column. During their travel time from the bottom of the hole to the surface, the cuttings undergo a normal production cycle in that the pressure on them, caused by the hydrostatic pressure of the mud, is reduced to atmospheric. Gases, if present, and liquids (to a lesser degree) expand due to this pressure reduction and cause the cuttings to release into the drilling mud any fluids which they contained permeability permitting. Thus, upon reaching the surface, the cuttings will have been depleted, either by flushing or produc-
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Introduction to Mudlogging
tion. For this reason a great deal of importance is placed on the hydrocarbon content of the mud as the source of the information for evaluating the productive possibilities of the formation being drilled. The fluids released from the cuttings and conveyed to the surface by the mud are the basis for several measurements by well logging instruments and methods. These readings are important considerations in the continuous evaluation of the productive possibilities of the formation as it is being penetrated. This is not to discount the importance of cuttings in formation evaluation. The cuttings are samples of potential reservoir rock. Aside from their importance as a basis for correlation and stratigraphic purposes, they afford the means of the first study of the reservoir characteristics of the formation. However, they must be studied and evaluated, bearing in mind that they may have been extensively flushed and produced.
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Introduction to Mudlogging
collected and analysed as it becomes accessible at the surface. This information is continuously evaluated, and control of certain phases of the drilling operation is exercised by the Operator based on the interpretation of the results. Besides almost immediately indicating the presence of any potentially productive zone, the mud log serves as a basis for modifying the drilling program efficiently and is an important corroborative and correlative tool. A comprehensive mud log contains the following information: Total combustible hydrocarbon gases from the drilling mud Chromatographic analysis for individual gas content (methane- pentanes) Total combustible gas from drill cuttings Oil from drilling mud and drill cuttings Detailed rate of penetration curve Lithology composition and description (including estimated visual porosity) Drilling mud characteristics Data pertinent to the wells operation coring points, trips for new bit, drillstem tests, bit data, carbide lag information, deviations, and other pertinent engineering information.
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Introduction to Mudlogging
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Introduction to Mudlogging
History and Development of Mudlogging
As noted above Mudlogging developed in the 1930s as engineers and geologists began to realise that cuttings samples and released fluids could be tracked as they made their way to the surface carried by the drilling fluid. Estimations of the bit-to-surface travel time, the Lag Time, could be made by calculating the time taken for the mud to travel along the annulus, taking into consideration borehole geometry (the annular volume) and the volumetric discharge of the mud pumps. With accurate knowledge of lag time cuttings samples could be collected and lagged to their depth of origin thus enabling lithology and gas logs to be produced, plotted against depth.
Geology
Initially mudlogging was very much a geologically oriented service with a two-man logging crew working 12 hour shifts (or tours) and thus relieving the rig crew of having to make ad hoc and, mostly, not very useful sample collections. In order to correctly lag the samples the mudloggers needed to have accurate and continually updated estimates of total depth (and therefore ROP) from reliable sensors. They also installed gas extraction machines in the ditch behind the shale shakers linked to a detection and analysis system via plastic tubing and a vacuum pump. This was routed to a container-sized laboratory or Mudlogging Unit which also housed cuttings sample washing, processing and testing equipment.
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Introduction to Mudlogging
detection was initially concerned with formation evaluation its use for safety monitoring was growing in importance. Increases in gas readings at the surface could indicate changing bottom-hole conditions and the first indications of potentially unstable conditions. Thus the early mudloggers also took on a safety monitoring role, and could provide this around the clock whenever the borehole was not shut-in. Another prime, early warning sign of unstable bottom-hole conditions is mud pit volume monitoring. This still provides the rig crew with early indications of a kick developing. When formation fluids enter the borehole mud is displaced from the borehole and finds its way back to the storage tanks. This is a kick and, left to develop, could lead to these fluids reaching the surface in an uncontrolled manner which is termed a blow-out. For many years the mudlogging crew had much better electronic sensors for monitoring pit volume changes than rig crews and therefore this form of safety monitoring has always been a major part of mudloggers duties and responsibilities. Now that the rigs themselves have state-of-the-art data monitoring systems the mudloggers provide valuable back-up assistance.
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Introduction to Mudlogging
niques were developed to use this information quantitatively to make indirect estimations of pore pressure while drilling. Mudlogging companies took on the lead role of performing this service but required access to drilling data in order, for example, to normalise ROP for the effects of changing WOB, RPM etc. Thus extra, drilling engineering, sensors were installed on the rig and wired up to the mudlogging unit linked to a computerised data acquisition system to store and process the information. Thus computerised mudlogging began in the early 1970s, primarily as a pressure evaluation enhancement to normal mud logging services. An experienced mudlogger (or pressure engineer) normally took on these duties leaving the sample collection and processing to the more junior of a now 2man logging crew.
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Introduction to Mudlogging
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Introduction to Mudlogging
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Lag Time
Lag Time Calculation
When collecting drill cuttings it is necessary to relate them to their depth of origin in order to accurately compile the lithology log. Cuttings and released fluids are brought to the surface with the returning mud; by calculating the time taken for the mud to be circulated around the borehole the lag time can be determined. Hole cleaning, however, is not a totally efficient process. Even in vertical wells cuttings will slip through the mud and become sorted much as they would do when travelling in a river or stream. The cuttings slip velocity depends on mud properties, density and viscosity, and the size, shape, density and orientation of the solid particles. Gases will tend to permeate through the mud and may, therefore, arrive earlier than cuttings. Whilst recognising these limitations, however, cuttings lag time is normally referred to mud travel time. In high angle, ERD and horizontal wells hole cleaning can be very inefficient and accurate estimations of lag time can be very difficult. For example, in horizontal wells, the cuttings have only to slip a very small distance through the mud before collecting on the bottom of the hole. Calculations of lag time are based upon: Annular Volume Pump Output This provides a reasonably accurate estimation in cased hole but open hole sections may wash out leading to uncertainties about actual hole size. Calculations are normally supplemented with tracer tests or natural lag indications from drilling breaks.
Tracer Tests
The lag can best be determined by placing a tracer in the drillpipe at the surface when the kelly or top drive is broken off at a connection. The tracer is pumped through the drillstring into the hole and back to the surface, and the number of strokes required of the circulating pump to make this circulation is determined. From this total pump stroke count, the number of strokes required to pump the tracer down the pipe to the bottom of the hole is subtracted. This figure is calculated on the basis of the capacity of the drillstring and the displacement of the circulating pump. The result is the lag time in pump strokes.
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Lag Time
Various materials (such as whole oats, rice, barley or lentils) may be used as tracers and picked up on the shaker screen for approximating the lag. Care needs to be taken when using solid tracers as downhole motors and MWD tools, for example, will have specific tolerances for the amount and size of solids that can be circulated through them. Mudloggers and Wellsite Geologists should check with the drilling engineers before using any solids tracers.
Calcium Carbide
Under normal circumstances the best tracer is calcium carbide which reacts with the water in the mud to form acetylene gas. This will be picked up by the mud gas detector. A fixed amount of calcium carbide is made into a small parcel using a single sheet of kitchen paper and a small amount of sticky tape to hold it together. The package is placed in the top of the drill string during a connection, just before the new stand or single length of pipe is stabbed in. The water in the mud reacts with the calcium carbide to evolve the acetylene gas which is circulated down the drillstring. When using oil based muds or synthetic fluids a small amount of water can be poured into the top of the drillstring to facilitate the reaction. The acetylene is automatically detected by the mud gas equipment and can be differentiated from drilled gas by the lack of associated methane. The arrival of the gas peak will indicate the total circulating time; the time taken for the mud to travel down the inside of the drillstring has to be subtracted from this value. The downtime is an accurate calculation since the exact internal diameters and section lengths of the drillstring are known. A comparison of the carbide lag with the theoretical lag can give an indication of the amount of borehole washout. Since it is only the open hole section that is eroded then the time difference represents the amount of enlargement of the open hole. The amount of mud pumped during that time enables a calculation of average hole diameter to be made. Of course, it may be that only a part of the open hole is being enlarged; the wellsite geologists and mudloggers may be able to predict the likely formations and a revised calculation of the average hole diameter of those sections may be made. If part of the open hole is significantly enlarged then the hydraulics may be no longer optimised and the drilling engineers will need to be appraised of the situation if excessive torque, drag and perhaps stuck pipe problems are to be avoided.
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Lag Time
Pump Strokes
Determining and using the lag in terms of pump strokes has distinct advantages over lag determined on a time basis. The counters tracking the cuttings up the hole stop automatically when the pump is stopped. Clocks continue to run, and some subtractive factor would have to be introduced. The most important advantage, however, lies in accuracy. A lag determined in terms of an interval of time is correct for only one speed of the circulating pump (that speed at which the lag determination was run), whereas the lag in pump strokes is accurate for any pump rate. Thus, changing pumps or running one pump rather than two does not interfere with the lagging process.
Incremental Lag
It is important to continuously recalculate the lag between carbide checks. This is done by calculating the theoretical increase in annular volume as drilling proceeds and adding to the carbide lag. Eventually, of course, this lag will become inaccurate as some hole washout occurs, and a new carbide check should be performed. This can be done every 100ft or 30m when the annulus will have been changed by the length of hole drilled and the addition of drill pipe at the surface. Note that, once a calculation has been made the drill collars have already been accounted for and have merely changed their location. Some operators make the mistake of assuming that the drill collars have grown by 100ft or 30m; this is not the case. The importance of an accurate lag to drill returns logging dictates that all mud pumps should be monitored for pump strokes and that the logging unit be capable of displaying the individual strokes for each pump, as well as the total strokes and strokes per minute.
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Lag Time
The multiple carbide peaks can allow an estimation of the depth to the washout to be calculated based upon the difference in time between the recorded peaks.
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Lag Time
Mud Pumps
Most oilwell pumps will be single acting triplex pumps. Each pump consists of a cylindrical sample chamber of a specific length, the stroke, but with a variable inside diameter, the liner size. Smaller liners are used in smaller hole sizes to maintain pump pressure with reduced flowrates. Single acting triplex pumps draw mud into the chamber and then send it to the flowline; a forward and backward movement (x1 cycle or x1 pump stroke), of the pump piston therefore producing x1 volume of one sample
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Lag Time
chamber. Since there are three sample chambers acting in parallel, the total volume of mud produced per stroke is x3 volume of a single chamber.
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Lag Time
Hole Volume
Estimates of hole volume can be made using: First principles Engineering Data Handbooks Mathematical short-cuts Using common oilfield units Using Engineering Data Handbooks information for hole size capacity and drill string displacement can be obtained. The hole size capacities need to be internal diameters; the correct casing has to be identified from O.D. and weight per foot information. For the drill string displacement the O. D. of the pipe or collar will be required. In the case of drill pipe an allowance for tool joints has to be made. Some handbook data include tool joints in their displacement and capacity tables and others do not. The mudlogging unit software will include this information.
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Lag Time
Mathematical short-cuts using common oilfield units are useful for manual calculations, particularly when checking software results. The following short-cut can be used to calculate the volume of a cylinder using oilfield units, (where d2 = cylinder or pipe diameter in inches): bbls/ft
= d 0.000971 d 1029.4
2
bbls/ft = ---------------
Drilling Engineering Course Rig Maths Examples Lag Time OD" Hole Volume Riser Casing Open Hole Total Hole Volume 9.625 ID" Length ft Volume bbls
16 8.681 8.5
5 6
4.276 3
12524 600
Annular Volume Oump Output spm 100 bbl/stroke 0.12 gal/min 504 bbl/min 12
708.69
Lag Time
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Lag Time
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Lag Time
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Sensors
Sensors are provided to monitor drilling parameters, mud and circulation information and gas data. These are situated on the rig floor, in the pump room, shaker house and at other locations. They include:
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Mud Sensors
Pit Volume Mud Conductivity (in and out) Mud Density (in and out) Mud Temperature (in and out) Mud Flow Out Pump SPM
Gas Detection
Gas Trap Vacuum System Continuous Total Hydrocarbon Detectors Chromatograph H2S Detectors Ambient Sample gas stream CO2 Detector
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Drawworks Drum
The sensor fits directly onto the drawworks drum and relates rotation of the drum to vertical movement of the drillstring. A proximity sensor records the drum rotation and sends the information to the mudlogging unit. This type of sensor is easy to install, accessible and requires little maintenance or adjustment.
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Geolograph
Here a wire cable was attached to the swivel, in turn fixed to a small spring loaded rotation drum. The wire cable was reeled out an in as the pipe was reciprocated and rotation of the drum related to pipe movement. The data was output on a multi-channel chart recorder mounted on a steel drum in the drillers dog-house. The pen on the chart recorder made a mark whenever one foot of pipe movement was recorded. Whilst this gave reasonably accurate results the driller had to manually reset the pen during reaming and when moving pipe until the bit was on bottom in order not to record non-drilling episodes.
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Rate of Penetration
Increments to total depth are continually recorded as pipe movement is detected. The pipe tally provides calibration points for the depth when connections are made and is ultimately the definitive approximation of measured depth. Inaccuracies in pipe measurement, pipe stretch due to WOB and temperature effects and tally transcription data can result in poor estimates of measured depth.
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Rotary Torque
The sensor is designed to detect the magnetic field generated by current flowing in the DC power. The sensor is designed to detect themagnetic field generated by current flowing in the DC power cable to the rotary motor drive unit, it converts the magnetic field strength to a 4-20 mA signal. It clamps on the rotary torque power distribution cable going to drive motor, drawworks power distribution motor or the top drive unit. Torque is an indication of how much work is required to turn the drillstring and/or bit. It provides information on stalling and potential stuck pipe and twist-offs as well as providing the wellsite geologists with real-time downhole indications of changing lithologies.
RPM
An RPM sensor is attached to the rotary table or top drive to measure the drillstring rotation. This necesary to monitor drilling efficiency and provides feedback, (with rotary torque), on downhole conditions. It is used by the mudloggers to normalise ROP values when performing formation pressure evaluation services. The rotary speed sensor assembly consists of a clamp-on, multi position axis device assembly. The sensor consists of a non-contacting proximity sensor element. The target is of a ferrous metal design to mount to any rotating shaft geared directly to the rotary table or top drive unit. The RPM assembly is secured by any convenient means (C-clamps, bolts), close enough to the rotating target to be activated once every turn.
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Hookload
The Hookload Wireline Tension Sensor is used to indicate the amount of drill string free hanging total weight and calculated bit weight of the drill string. The sensor features two fixed points at each end and one clamping point in the center of the sensor. The dead line is clamped tightly to this point, causing a slight bend in the line. With increased weight on the blocks, the dead line has a tendency to straighten. This tension force causes the sensor to provide a corresponding signal; that is, the greater the tension force on the sensor, the greater the hookload. The WOB is calculated from the difference between the maximum hookload when the bit is just off bottom and the observed hookload with WOB applied.
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Mud Sensors
Pit Volume Sensors
Pit level and/or pit volume is monitored for all the rigs mud pits. The active system is particularly important since losses or gains downhole will indicate excessive permeability or the first indications of a kick. Otherwise it is necessary for inventory control and environmental impact to monitor the amount of fluid in allthe storage tanks.
Ultrasonic Sensor
The probe emits a series of ultrasonic pulses from the transducer. Each pulse is reflected as an echo from the mud and sensed by the transducer. The echo is processes by proven Sonic Intelligence techniques. Filtering is applied to help discriminate between true echoes from the mud and false echoes from acoustic and electrical noise and agitator blades in motion. The time for the pulse to travel to and from the mud is measured, temperature compensated and then converted in to distance for display and 4-20 mA output. The probe is light and easy to install by means of a 2 NPT thread or where necessary, a specially designed bracket. The intrinsically safe 4-20 mA current loop makes the wiring simple, quick and reliable. Calibration is easily performed by means of two tactile keys and a LCD display, the calibration is maintained in EEPROM which protects the data in the event of power loss. Frequent re-calibration is not necessary and only need to be checked during periodic maintenance and configured.
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Figure 16: Ultrasonic Pit Volume Sensor Float Pit Level Sensor
Floats, linked to potentiometers or electronic micro-switches can measure fluid levels in mud tanks. They may be more difficult to install, less suitable on floating vessels and require more maintenance than ultra-sonic devices. Some of the rotary potentiometer based sensors with long arms may also suffer from linearity problems.
Mud Measurements
Mud Conductivity
Mud conductivity or resistivity measurements are used to monitor the mud for contamination from formation fluids or dissolved solids. It can give early warning of salt water kicks into a water based drilling mud, for example. Probes are placed in the mud pits and at the end of the return flowline to provide measurements of Conductivity In and Out for comparison.
Mud Density
Again this is continually monitored, In and Out to check that the mud is within specification as it is circulated into the borehole and to check for contamination as it returns to the surface. Excessive solids retention can lead to increases in mud density and loss of drilling efficiency and high ECD values; gas contamination produces low effective mud density and reduced bottom hole leading to potential kicks. A differential pressure sensor consists of two pressure sensors positioned in the mud a fixed distance apart. The variation in hydrostatic pressure
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Mud Temperature
Mud temperature is also continually measured, In and Out. This gives an indicatio of geothermal gradient which is useful in log interpretation, testing and formation pressure evaluation work.
Paddles
These sit in the return flowline and are either pushed through an arc by the flowing mud, connected to a potentiometer which measures the flow or just record the pressure being applied to a target.
Electromagnetic
The rig flowline has to be modified since the sensor is installed in a by-pass circuit and only works in conductive drilling fluuids. The sensor consists of a pair of cicular electrodes flush with the inside of the pipe. When the sensor is energised a magnetic filed is produced at right angles to the pipe axis creating a potential difference that is proportional to the mud flow.
Coriolis Effect
Again this sensor is installed on a by-pass circuit. The mud flows through tubes which twistand vibrate under the influence of fluid flow. The amount of twist in the tubes is proportional to the mass flowrate of the fluid.
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Gas Detection
Floating Gas Trap
The Fixed Volume Floating Gas Trap is a robust and newly proven means of extracting well bore gases from the drilling fluid (either water or oil based). Its design ensure a proper submerge level in the mud is continuously maintained. The Floating Gas Trap can be mounted in either the open Return Flow line or the Shaker Header box.
Application:
The drilling fluid flows through the Gas-trap by means of the 70mm diameter hole in the bottom of the Gas-trap. The drilling fluid inside the trap is agitated by a reliable air driven motor mounted on top of the box section. The liberated gases are then extracted out of the box section by means of a vacuum produced by the pumps in the pneumatics assembly inside the SLS cabin. The mud inlet is automatically kept below the surface of the drill-mud. This prevents outside air or other contamination with hydrocarbons from entering the gas-trap. This simple design ensures reliability with only basic maintenance necessary, which can easily be performed by the Surface Logging crews. Its special chamber design ensures that the gas trap floats and thus maintains it required partially submerged level in the drill mud.
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Vacuum System
With traditional gas traps the air-gas mixture is brought to the logging unit via plastic tubing and a vacuum system. The vacuum pump and various filters and flow meters make up the system which has to be regularly and correctly maintained by the mudlogging personnel for optimum gas evaluation efficiency.
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Autocalcimeter
This device measures the rate of response of dilute Hydrochloric Acid on rock samples to give an indication of the total carbonate content and the relative amounts of limestone and dolomite in the sample. This is useful in complex carbonate sequences where subjectivity can be a problem. The device is calibrated with a fixed amount of 100% CaCO3 and the same weight of sample used for testing. Dilute hydrochloric Acid is added to the sample and the CO2 given off given off during the carbonate-acid reaction is measured by a pressure transducer and converted to an electrical signal. The information is output digitally to a databas and also to a chart rcorder. The first, very fast reaction indicates the amount of calcite (limestone) content and the continued, slower reaction indicates the dolomite content.
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Cuttings Catcher
Using a cuttings catcher machine, the system measures the raw mass of solids coming over the shaker. The system removes the calculated mass of mud additives and attached fluid to give an online value for actual formation solids being removed from the hole. Comparing this measurement to the anticipated values provides a real-time indicator of hole-cleaning, hole conditions, mud conditioning and overall drilling efficiency.
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CnH2n+2
Where n ranges from 1-10 the members are: Methane (C1) Ethane (C2) Propane (C3) Butane (C4) Pentane (C5) Hexane (C6) Heptane (C7) Octane (C8) Nonane (C9) Decane (C10)
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CnH2n
Napthenes are slightly lighter than paraffins since they have two fewer hydrogen atoms. They are usually indistinguishable from Butanes and Pentanes at the wellsite because of their similar molecular weights.
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Chromatography
The chromatograph separates and analyses hydrocarbons in the ditch gas sample to determine how much of each hydrocarbon is contained in the sample. There are two common types of chromatograph: the catalytic detector, and the flame ionisation detector (FID). Each separates and records the gases in a similar manner, but the difference between the two is the way in which the various gases are detected once separation has occurred.
Catalytic Chromatograph
The catalytic chromatograph separates the hydrocarbons by passing the sample through a tube containing a compound of hexadecane and firebrick. The compound is housed in coiled aluminium columns, and a predetermined quantity of the sample is cycled through the columns at 5-minute intervals. The principle of chromatography is that, when forced through a certain medium, different compounds move at different rates depending on their molecular weight. Lighter hydrocarbons pass through the columns first, followed by the heavier molecules. The order in which these hydrocarbons arrive at the
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The theoretical upper limit of sensitivity of the hot-wire filament for methane is 9.5%. At higher concentrations, reversals occur due to insufficient oxygen being available for complete combustion, and the excess methane cools the filament. It has a negative response to carbon dioxide. It is affected by large amounts of nitrogen and suffers thermal drift due to temperature changes.
FID Chromatograph
Once separation has occurred, the individual hydrocarbons go to a circular chamber inside an aluminium block for detection. This chamber (the FID chamber) completely encloses a hydrogen flame which is not affected by logging unit pressure or by normal amounts of carbon dioxide and nitrogen.The hydrocarbons are mixed with the hydrogen flow and heated in the chamber. The detector response is essentially proportional to the carbon content of a molecule and depends upon the quantity of gas entering the flame per unit of time. Mixing hydrocarbons with the hydrogen flame produces ions which are attracted to a probe in the FID chamber. The ions then flow to a high-gain amplifier, then to a chart recorder and digital meter. The FID has a greater dynamic range and has a wider linear range than the catalytic chromatograph. It is also less likely to be affected by temperature change.
The Chromatogram
The chart recording of the gas-air mixture is termed a chromatogram. The sensitivity of the detector to each gas is established on a regular basis by passing a calibrated sample through the column. This calibration mixture contains known concentrations of methane through pentane.
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Figure 9: Chromatogram
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Background Gas
When drilling through a consistent lithology, it is common for a consistent gas value to be recorded. Certain lithologies (for example, overpressured shales) may show considerable rapid variation in Background Gas but usually with some consistent average value.
Gas Show
This is any deviation in gas, amount or composition, from the established background. This may or may not accompany a change in lithology, may or may not be as a result of the drilling process, may or may not indicate a significant or economic hydrocarbon accumulation. It is the responsibility of the Logging Geologist to interpret the gas show to determine its cause and significance.
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Recycled Gas
Not all of the gas entrained in the mudstream will be liberated at the gas trap. If insufficient degassing takes place in the surface mud system, drilling fluid containing gas may be pumped back into the borehole. Travel of the light gas-cut mud past gas-bearing formations in the borehole may encourage diffusion of more gas into the mud.
Contaminants
Gas resulting from the addition of petroleum products to the drilling fluid or from the degradation of normally inert mud additives may result in anomalous gas shows. Similar anomalies may result from the presence in the circulating system of crude oil from previously drilled or tested formations
Downhole Influences
Flushing It is well known that where borehole pressure exceeds formation pressure, and permeability exists, the drilling fluid will tend to flush into the formation. If the solids diameter is sufficiently high, filtration will result. Such flushing commonly causes little formation damage since invasion takes place only a short distance into the formation. However, where effective porosity is low, only a small volume of flushing may give a large diameter of invasion. Displacement of gas some distance from the borehole in this way may reduce the reservoirs gas saturation and effective permeability to gas close to zero in the vicinity of the borehole. Thus a zone which gives good gas shows when drilled will appear water-bearing or recover only mud filtrate when logged or tested. Flushing will also take place at the bottom of the hole when an overbalance exists. In this circumstance no permanent mud filter cake can be formed due to the continuous action of the bit. Flushing below the drill bit will have most effect when the reservoir has high permeability and effective porosity. The differential pressure to the advantage of the borehole combined with high
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Summary
the magnitude of gas shows recorded on the logging units gas detection system and their interpretation will depend on numerous factors, including: Formation characteristics - porosity, permeability, saturations Flushing effects - controlled by overbalance, mud water loss, formation porosity/permeability Volume of formation cut - controlled by drill rate, bit diameter Size and nature of cuttings - controlled by bit design Flowrate - to a small degree Produced, recycled and contamination gas in mud Loss of mud at surface - flowline, ditch characteristics Gas Trap Efficiency Vacuum System Gas Detection Equipment efficiency and calibration. In order to account for a number of variables so that gas readings can be better compared between wells, Gas Normalisation techniques can be employed.
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Note: The ratio is multiplied by 100 only to obtain a percentage; thus it can be plotted alongside other ratios (e.g. LHR). The Gas Wetness ratio has been extensively used in the past, especially for geochemical soil sampling.The GWR value increases with increasing fluid density, and setpoints have been established as follows:
Fluid Character Very dry gas Gas, increasing density Oil, increasing density Residual oil
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If LHR is greater than 100, the zone is excessively dry gas (probably unproductive). If GWR is in the gas phase and LHR is greater than GWR, then as the curves get closer, the gas gets denser. If GWR is in the gas phase and LHR is less than GWR, then gas/oil or gas/ condensate is indicated. If GWR is in the oil phase and LHR is less than GWR, then the greater the separation, the greater the density of oil. If GWR is in the residual oil phase (GWR 40) and LHR is less than GWR, then residual oil is indicated.
C4 + nC4 + C5 ------------------------------------C3
Anomalies caused by methane occur if there is low permeability, water, a gas cap, or dual gas/oil production with a higher gas-to-oil ratio. These anomalies cause a dampening effect on the movement of the GWR and LHR curves, impeding the interpretation of fluid density. The OCQ ratio was chosen to offset this anomaly. The relative increase in methane that occurs in these situations accompanies a relative increase in C4 rather than C3. Although not fully studied, this occurrence probably represents the increasing iC4 rather than the nC4 isomer. After the GWR and LHR curves are compared, the OCQ curve must be checked. If OCQ is less than 0.5, gas potential is indicated and GWR versus LHR interpretation is correct. If OCQ is greater than 0.5, gas associated with oil is indicated.
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This formula represents an approach to gas normalisation. There may be other factors that can be included such as mud density or ECD and pore pressure which may make the normalisation more useful.
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Sedimentary Petrology
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
Grain Size Parameters
The basic descriptive tool for all sedimentary rocks is grain size. The most widely used is the Udden-Wentworth scale which divides sediments into seven grades: Clay Silt Sand Granules Pebbles Cobbles Boulders Furthermore the silts and sands are sub-divided into intermediate classes. The full scale is shown below. These sedimentary rocks are also referred to by descriptive names, also based on grainsize, for example: Clays: Sands: Pebbles etc.: Argillaceous Arenaceous Rudaceous
At the wellsite, grain size is determined by visual inspection and estimated accordingly. There are several methods for accurate determination in the laboratory, but these are not applicable for wellsite use due to time and equipment limitations, although some software is becoming available to help. Within the major grain size based classifications listed above there is a need for more detailed notation in order to address variations in content (rock fragments and mineralogy) and environments of deposition.
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Sedimentary Petrology
mm
Clastic Sediments
Boulder
Rock Names
256.00 Cobble 64.00 Pebble 4.00 Granule 2.00 Very Coarse Sand 1.00 Coarse Sand 0.50 Medium Sand 0.25 Fine Sand 0.125 Very Fine Sand 0.0625 Coarse Silt 0.031 Medium Silt 0.016 Fine Silt 0.008 Very Fine Silt 0.004 Clay
Siltstone Siltstones
Classification of Sandstones
The classification produced by Pettijohn splits sandstones according to the proportion of grains to matrix and also by content of the relative amounts of Quartz, Feldspar and Rock fragments.
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Sedimentary Petrology
Quartz Arenites
These represent sandstones with at least 95% quartz grains and are therefore the most mature sandstones. Frequently they are also well rounded and well sorted.
Arkoses
These are sandstones containing more than 25% feldspar, with the rest being quartz grains and rock fragments. They are typically red or pink because of the feldspar colour, and also due to iron staining. They are derived from granite and gneiss and typically are deposited close to the source. Texture is typically poorly sorted with angular to sub rounded grains. They are often indicative of arid conditions since moisture will promote the weathering and destruction of feldspar.
Litharenites
These are composed mainly of rock fragments. cements are usually calcite or quartz. They indicate fairly rapid deposition and short transport distances.
Greywackes
Characteristically they are composed of quartz grains held by a fine grained matrix. Many rock fragments are also usually present. They are often dark coloured, even black rocks, sometimes resembling dolerite. Many greywackes were deposited by turbidity currents on continental shelves, often associated with volcanic activity.
Classification of Mudrocks
These are the most abundant of all sedimentary rocks, constituting almost half of all sedimentary sequences. Major depositional sites are floodplains, lagoons, lakes, deltas and ocean floors. The main constituents are clay minerals and silt sized quartz. According to grain size, clay is less than 4mm in diameter, though by mineralogy it is a hydrated aluminium silicate with a specific sheet structure. Terminology applied to mudrocks can be confusing, and in the oil industry is largely controlled by the specific operator and the system of classification that they have adopted.
Claystone
This is a general term describing fine grain rocks composed mainly of clay minerals.
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Mudstone
Synonymous with claystone but can be confusing if the Dunham classification of carbonates is being used since there is a limestone also referred to as mudstone.
Siltstone
An argillaceous rock composed mostly of silt sized particles, between 4 and 62 mm.
Shale
This is a much abused term at the wellsite, being used by most non-geologists to describe any mudrock. The term shale has a specific meaning however, and refers to a mudrock that, because of composition, compaction and burial, shows lamination and fissility. It should not be used as a generic descriptive term for all mudrocks.
Classification of Limestones
There are many classification schemes for limestones, but all differ significantly from those adopted for clastic sediments. Most limestones are formed in situ and thus textural features, based on grain size and shape as a result of erosion, transportation and deposition, do not really apply. The important features are the nature and type of component grains and the cement or matrix which holds them together. The most commonly used classification scheme in the oil industry is the Dunham Classification. This splits limestones according to the amount of granular material, whether or not it is self supporting, and the type of matrix or cement holding it together. These features provide an indication of environment and energy levels present at formation. The descriptive terms used are:
Mudstone
Rocks composed mainly of fine grained carbonate mud with less than 10% grains.
Wackestone
Predominately mud supported grains,, which comprise more than 10% of the total volume.
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Sedimentary Petrology
Packestone
Grain supported limestones held by a fine grained carbonate mud matrix.
Grainstone
Grain supported rock held by crystalline calcite cement. No carbonate mud is present. The terms floatstone or rudstone are used if 10% of more of the grains are greater than 2mm in diameter.
Boundstone
Organically bound rocks produced by algae or other encrusting or binding organisms.
Sedimentary Petrology
Mudrocks
Textures and Structures
Fine grained argillaceous rocks do not show the variety of textures and structures that are present in sandstones and limestones. Colour, bedding
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and lamination, mineralogy, accessories and organic content are the key areas to describe when dealing with mudrocks.
Colour
The colour of a mudrock is a function of its mineralogy and geochemistry, with the main controls being organic content and oxidation state. Red/Purple Oxygen rich environment Ferric oxide - Haematite
Blue/Multi
Bedding/Lamination
Lamination is mainly due to variations in grain size or component types. Size graded lamination may be a result of turbidity action or from suspension characteristics following storm currents. Compositional variation may be a result of seasonal changes in sedimentation or biological activity. Varve deposits of glacial lakes representing spring deposits are typical examples. Siltstone deposits may show small scale ripples and wavy bedding characteristics. Many mudrocks are massive, showing no signs of bedding or lamination. They may however contain concretions or nodules of calcite, siderite, pyrite or chert. These are probably formed at or just below the surface during deposition, and often show evidence of boring or other organic disturbance.
Composition
Clay minerals are hydrous aluminosilicates with a sheet or layered structure. The most common is built from silicon-oxygen tetrahedra linked together to form a hexagonal network. Aluminium and magnesium may replace some of the silica.
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Chlorite
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Sedimentary Petrology
Glauconite Substitution by Fe3+ gives green colour Kaolinite (OH)4Al2Si2O5
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Sedimentary Petrology
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Sedimentary Petrology
Grain Morphology
The shape of sand grains is another important factor in reservoir analysis. Both porosity and permeability will be affected. Well rounded, perfectly spherical grains will show the best porosity and angular, elongated grains, the worst. it is necessary, therefore, to describe both these features accurately at the wellsite to give the best possible early indication of potential reservoir quality. Roundness is to do with the curvature of the corners of a grain. The following terms are used: Very Angular Angular Sub-angular Sub-rounded Rounded Well-rounded Sphericity will have some bearing on how well packed the grains may become. Perfectly spherical grains of the same size will show greater porosity than elongate grains.
Fabric
This describes how the grains are packed together. It concerns the nature of boundaries between grains and any preferred alignment. Fluviatile deposits may show alignment with, or sometimes normal to, the prevailing currents. Glacial deposits may also show orientation of clasts parallel to ice movement. It is unlikely that fabric will be able to be determined from drill cuttings or even cores, unless very small scale.
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Porosity
Porosity has been mentioned above as an important criteria in reservoir analysis. Some estimation of visual porosity needs to be made from drill cuttings analysis. This will be a subjective opinion as again there is not the time or equipment available to make accurate measurements at the wellsite. Experience obviously plays a part here, and so does the analysis of grain texture already made. Clearly a coarse grained, well sorted sandstone with spherical grains showing poor cementation should have good visible porosity. Perfectly spherical, equi-sized grains packed loosely together would have a maximum porosity of 47.6%. This can drop to 26% for a compacted
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Sedimentary Petrology
sediment and less when cemented or poorly sorted. The following descriptive terms are used to represent the associated porosity values:
Amount (%)
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Sedimentary Petrology
Carbonate Rocks
Carbonate Rocks (Limestones and Dolomites) occur throughout geological time and are geographically widespread. They form in warm shallow seas, free of siliciclastic deposition where calcareous skeletal organisms can flourish. Very few carbonates have been produced in temperate latitudes.
Mineralogy
Two calcium carbonate minerals are predominant: Calcite Aragonite Calcite is the stable form at normal temperatures and pressures and is the primary constituent of all limestones. It has a rhombohedral crystal form and a density of 2.71 gm/cc. Aragonite is unstable and readily converts to calcite, although it is often the primary precipitate and main component of organic skeletons. It has an orthorombic crystal habit, with a density of 2.71 gm/cc.
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Sedimentary Petrology
Dolomite is a mixed carbonate in the form CaMg(CO3)2. It consists of alternating layers of calcite and magnesite, in varying percentages and has a density of 2.86 gm/cc. Dolomite rocks are predominately secondary in origin resulting from the reaction of magnesium compounds with calcite or aragonite. Dolomitisation is a very selective process depending on temperature and the nature of the rock. After lithification for example, only shell fragments may be replaced, or at other times only matrix. Dolomitisation often results in enhanced porosity.
Carbonate Components
Whilst the mineralogy of carbonate rocks is fairly straightforward, the constituent particles and matrices can be very variable. Unlike siliciclastics, where classification is made from grain size characteristics and environmental interpretation and reservoir properties determined from texture and structure, it is the nature of the grains and cement that give these answers when dealing with carbonates. They are produced at or near the site of deposition with little or no transportation involved. Carbonates are generally made from four components:
Skeletal grains Non-skeletal grains Matrix Cement Most carbonates are lithified sediments made of discreet and originally loose particles. In some carbonates original grains, cement or structures are not recognisable due to re-crystallisation or other diagenetic activity. Skeletal Grains These are a major contributor to carbonate rocks, and they represent a wide variety of organisms. Most are present as broken shells and fragments but some smaller forms, particularly forams, may show the entire shell. Blue-green algae are common plants, living as either planktonic or sessile forms. Stromatolites are lithified carbonate rocks made by the trapping of sand, silt and mud by algal mats binding the whole structure together. Forams are single celled marine and brackish water animals living either as planktonic or bottom dwelling forms. They are often preserved intact and, because of widespread diversification they are extremely important for dating purposes. During the drilling of high angle and horizontal wells bio-stratigraphers are often retained at the wellsite in
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order to help the directional driller stay within the reservoir or oil bearing section. Accuracy to within centimetres can be achieved in certain cases. Corals, Bryozoans, Brachiopods, Cephalopods, Gastropods, Bi-valves, Worms, Insects, Echinoids and Crinoids are all represented. The nature of the fossil assemblage can give very clear indications on environments of deposition and energy levels.
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Oncoids are sand to pebble sized particles with a concentric, but irregular multi-layered structure. Often they are coated with algae or algal mats. Peloids are spherical, cylindrical or angular grains made of microcrystalline calcite showing no internal structure. The origin of these grains is diverse and often doubtful. They may have originated as faecal pellets, calcareous algae, altered and broken shell fragments or re-crystallised mud clasts. Lithoclasts are fragments of rock which have been transported and reworked prior to deposition. Their presence suggests the proximity of an outcrop from which the clasts are eroded.
Cement
This is the term for crystalline carbonate acting as the bonding agent or matrix and coarse grained enough to show crystal structures and features under the microscope. In ancient sediments it is almost always calcite rather than the unstable aragonite.
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Sedimentary Petrology
Dolomite
Partial or complete dolomitisation of ancient sediments is a common feature. The conversion of calcite or aragonite to dolomite may take place soon after deposition or a long time later. The formation of dolomites is still somewhat uncertain, but seepage-reflux of seawater by capillary action and flooding is one proposed mechanism. Evaporative pumping in lagoonal supra-tidal environments is another.
Porosity
Porosity in Carbonate rocks can be divided into two main types: Primary Framework porosity formed by rigid carbonate skeletons such as coral Interparticle porosity in carbonate sands Fenestral porosity in carbonate muds Secondary Moulds, vugs, cavernsIntercrystalline porosity (dolomitisation) Fracture porosity
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Sedimentary Petrology
Evaporites
Evaporites are chemical sediments which have precipitated directly from water following salt concentration caused by evaporation. Common evaporite minerals are halite (Rock salt), gypsum and anhydrite, but there are many others depending on climate and chemical availability.
Mineral
Halite Gypsum Anhydrite Sylvite Carnalite NaCl
Composition
Evaporites are of great economic importance, having a wide range of applications. They are important in the oil industry by acting as seals to hydrocarbon reservoirs, or overpressured zones, and by acting as climatic indicators and marker horizons. Salt deposits are commonly cyclic, ranging from very thin beds to some tens of metres thick. They usually consist of massive gypsum and anhydrite, alternating with limestones, marls and infrequent salts. The Permian Zechstein sequence of NW Europe shows many repeated cycles of anhydrite/gypsum passing upwards into halite with thin beds of highly soluble bittern salts (potassium and magnesium chlorides and sulphates) at the top. Precipitation is thought to occur in two modes: Subaqueous precipitation from moderately deep standing bodies Subaerial precipitation form shallow pools and salinas, with subsequent replenishment.
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Sedimentary Petrology
Gypsum and Anhydrite
These minerals possess distinctive structures and textures and are prone to replacement, recrystallisation and solution. Both minerals may precipitate directly, but on burial to depths of more than a few hundred metres, only anhydrite is present. With subsequent uplift, all anhydrite is converted to secondary gypsum. The main differences between gypsum and anhydrite for field recognition are in hardness and density.
Mineral
Gypsum Anhydrite
Mohs Hardness
1-2 3.5
Specific Gravity
2.37 gm/cc 2.9
Halite
Halite commonly infills large sedimentary basins, and is the main evaporite mineral of many saline lakes. Rock salt may be massive, layered, bedded or mixed with siliciclastic sediments. It has a cubic form and is often visible in cuttings samples as white to colourless grains, although impurities can produce mottling or banding of greys, blacks, reds and pinks. It is very soluble in water and obviously has a distinctive salty taste.
Other Evaporites
Potassium and magnesium salts are highly soluble and the last to precipitate in the evaporite sequence. Because of their solubility, diagenetic changes when in contact with residual brines and fresh groundwater is inevitable. Indeed many of theses mineral assemblages are probably secondary in origin.
Drilling Practices
It is common to drill massive salt sequences with salt saturated, or even oil based mud systems. In these cases evaporite cuttings will be seen at the surface, and samples can be treated in a normal manner. If thin or partially saline formations are drilled with non saturated muds then most of the samples will be lost to solution. It is then necessary to look for secondary signs of evaporites:
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Sedimentary Petrology
Change in ROP Smooth ROP for massive sequences increased mud salinity Increased mud viscosity Reduction in background gas Remaining cuttings eroded and reworked
Coal
Most coals are humic, formed from woody plant material. Others are called sapropelic from algae, spores and other plant debris. There is a natural progression of humic coals from peat, through brown and bituminous to anthracite. Most of the changes are temperature induced. Increasing rank leads to increased carbon and reduced volatile content. Coals are typical of the late Devonian and Carboniferous periods and often occur at the top of coarsening upward deltaic cycles.
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Cuttings Examination
Samples are examined under the microscope primarily for lithology, staining and porosity; the objective is to depict changes of formation and the appearance of new formational materials. The microscope and ultraviolet light are used as complementary tools in reconstructing the characteristics of the originating strata. An estimate of the percentages of lithology, staining and porosity are made with great care since factors such as grain shape and size, colour, distribution, etc., may affect the apparent relative percentages. There are many potential sources of contamination to consider when undertaking estimates of lithology percentages, examples of which are:
Cavings
Cuttings from previously drilled intervals rather than from the current interval. Although ditch cuttings are first washed through a coarse sieve to
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Recycled Cuttings
If cuttings are not efficiently removed from the drilling fluid at the shale shakers, desanders and desilters, they may be recycled through the mud system. Recycled cuttings may be recognised as small, abraded, rounded rock fragments in the sample.
Mud chemicals
Some mud chemicals may be confused with rock types. Lignosulphonate, for example, may resemble lignite, and bentonite gel may erroneously be identified as Montmorillonite clay in a poorly mixed mud system. Moreover, lost circulation material (LCM) such as nut shells, fibres and mica flakes, is a common source of contamination in lost circulation zones.
Cement
Cement contamination is usually encountered when drilling after casing or while sidetracking. Cement may be mistaken for siltstone but can be readily identified by testing with phenolphthalein solution in which cement stains purple due to its high pH.
Metal
Metal is occasionally found in samples and frequently originates from wear of the inside of casing by the drillstring. This is often remedied by the use of rubber drillpipe protectors.
Unrepresentative samples
In some cases, samples may be totally unrepresentative of the formation at bottomhole. For example, in evaporite sections drilled with a water-based mud, salts dissolve and there is no lithological indication of their presence in lagged samples. However, evaporites can still be recognised by good logging practice: Evaporites generally drill at rates of 40 to 60 ft/hr Gas values through evaporites will be very low if not zero
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Carbonate
Limestone Dolomite fast reaction to acid. Violent, grain moves around, abundant CO2 slow, less violent reaction to acid
May use a classification scheme according to Operator requirements, such as: Dunham Mudstone, Packestone, Wackestone, Grainstone, Boundstone
Colour
Describe as is or use American Geological Society Rock Colour Chart. The colour chart has the benefit of consistency and, like any coding scheme, enables both the author and the recipient to fully understand the message; in this case the rock colour. As well as the colour other information should be included: Intensity: bright, dull
Hardness
of the rock, not the mineral(s), indicating compaction and/or cementation. Use the sample probe to evaluatehow easily the rock breaks Typical descriptive terms are: Soft, friable, firm, moderately hard very hard
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Cement
Amount: Type Poor, moderate, well (cemented) calcite, silica, iron (commonly red.brown colour) etc. check reaction to acid for calcareous content
Texture
Clastics: Use grain size chart to evaluate: Grain size, shape, sorting
Porosity
Trace, fair, good estimates of visual porosity
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Fluorescence
Brown Yellow/gold blue/white white colourless dull, bright etc. even, spotted, banding yes/no
yellow/gold - milky white or equivalent) slow, fast, instantaneous Diffuse: no shape Streaming: rivers/stream Blooming: dense, viscous
White light
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Oil Staining
Any stain or colouration that is not just superficial, except in the case of oil from fractured reservoirs, warrants checking with a fluoroscope or solvent test. The amount, degree and colour of the staining should be noted, such as:
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Natural Fluorescence
At the microscope, the geologist should select those cuttings that have visible oil staining and place a representative selection on a spot plate. They are then transferred to the UV light box where they are inspected for fluorescence and solvent cut. The intensity and colour of oil Fluorescence is a most useful indication of oil gravity and mobility. Decreased intensity and darker colour will commonly accompany decreases in gravity. Water-wet or residual oils, which tend to be poorer in lighter, more volatile hydrocarbons, will have the fluorescence colour representative of their gravity, but will commonly be paler in colour and less intense.In all fluorescence tests, it is important to observe a fresh surface. Since fluorescence may also be caused by certain minerals or contaminants such as pipe dope, care must be taken not to confuse these with true formation hydrocarbons. A mineral fluorescence will not leach in a solvent, therefore no cut fluorescence will be seen. The intensity of the fluorescence may yield important clues on the fluid content of the rock; for instance, though a series of samples are uniformly fluorescent, a lessening of intensity may indicate a transition from oil- to water-producing zones. When fluorescence is not attributable to minerals or contaminants in a sample, then this is taken as proof of oil being present in a rock and allows an estimation and description of the amount of oil in the rock cuttings. The colour of crude-oil fluorescence can be used to make quantitative identification of the approximate API gravity of the crude. Colours range from brown to gold to green, yellow to blue-white with a variety of colours and shades
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Type 1: 1mm pops, scattered and few in number; this type is frequently associated with oil found in shale, along bedding planes, fractures, and sandstone containing very slight traces of residual oil.
Type 2: 2mm pops or larger, few in number commonly noted in large fractures and residual oil in sandstone; may be dull and streaky, associated with low gas readings.
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Type 3: Pinpoints common, along with 2mm or larger pops; this type of fluorescence frequently observed from sections with fair amounts of oil.
Type 4: Common to abundant pinpoint; normally associated with good to fair shows of oil.
Type 5: Abundant pops 2mm and larger, are frequently found associated with good shows. In higher gravity oil, the pops surface and spread rapidly. Gas can usually be seen escaping as the oil pops to the surface.
The show, once fully evaluated, should be graphically displayed on the Mud Log. An accompanying description should include: Free Oil In Mud: Sample Odour: Visible Staining: Cut: colour, fluorescence, amount type, strength colour, amount, evidence of surface wetting rate, colour, fluorescence (colour/intensity) residual stain
Salinity or conductivity measurements should be taken continuously throughout the show. The reservoir evaluation presented on the Mud Log may be augmented by a Show Report.
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Point Range 0-15 16-30 31-45 46-60 61-75 76-90 91-105 106-120 121-130 131-143
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Show Rating
No Show/Poor Trace Poor Trace Trace Good Trace Moderately Fair Fair Moderately Good Good Very Good Excellent
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Oil Show Descriptions, based on dry cuttings, using spot plates and hexane
Oil Stain % Direct Natural Fluor %
Pchy 30-100% pa yel/wh
UV Residue Colour
Fnt blu/yel
Show Rating
Comments
Still pchy but w/incrsg stn, 60100% palt crm Bcmg more uniform 80-100% lt-mod crm
Wk-lt tea
V lt brn
Lt-m tea
Bright pa yel
Lt brn
Dk crm to almost brn in some fields. Abdt free oil Brn to dk brn usually with abdt free oil
Inst diff pa-wh, com strgm, solvent will slowly turn mlky wh Inst diff mlky wh, bcmg yel/wh
Good m tea
Bri yel
M brn
In a gas zone the solvent colour is generally clear, with small amounts of oil the solvent starts to take colour. Use this as your lower show rating. Basic change from 12 is presence of discernable Lt tea Natural Cut Colour. Occasionally traces of free oil droplets. Natural cur colour and residue becoming darker. The residue fluor becomes more intense described as bright, pale yellow. Common free oil droplets Good cuts with welldeveloped residue ring/fluorescence. Free oil droplets.
Dk to v dk tea
Deep yelgold
Dk brn
Coffee
Gold-dk brn
V dk brnblack
These are basic guidelines for Oil Shows. The Natural Cut Colour and Natural Residue are the most reliable indicators, the lower the Sw the darker the colour. DO NOT simply increase/decrease the show rating based on LWD quick-look. This form is standardised and should be used as a guide by all well site geologists.
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MWD Overview
MWD/LWD Services
Measurement While Drilling is a technique for measuring directional survey and petrophysical rock properties downhole, during drilling, and transmitting this data to the surface for real-time evaluation. The service developed during the late 1970s and is now an integral part of formation evaluation in complex and difficult wells. Applications for MWD services include: Survey Data Open Hole Petrophysics Real Time Data Tough logging conditions (TLC) where traditional wireline logging is not possible Alternative to tubing conveyed logging operations
Measurements
There are generally two types of measurement while tools: those which take directional surveying data and those which take formation evaluation data: MWD Inclination Azimuth Tool face
Petrophysics
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MWD Overview
LWD Gamma Ray Resistivity Formation Density Photoelectric Effect Neutron Density Sonic Pressure While Drilling Annular Pressure Formation Pressure Wellbore Stability Acoustic Caliper Drilling Mechanics Vibration Downhole Torque Downhole WOB Mud Temperature
General Features
Drill Collar
MWD and LWD sensors are housed in a drill collar with an OD suitable for the hole size being drilled. Typically these have been 6 and 8 to enable operation in 8 to 17 hole sizes. Recently however most companies have introduced slimhole versions of their tools in 4 drill collars for use in 6 and smaller hole sizes. Indeed Baker Hughes Inteq have been field testing a 3? diameter Rotary Steerable drilling tool with associated LWD sensors for 3? to 4 holes.
Power Supply
Power supply comes from batteries or downhole generation. Batteries are usually lithium-chloride types. Lithium provides the highest capacity (ampere-hours or "Ah") per unit weight of all metals, making it an ideal material for a lithium anode. Lithium systems offer distinct advantages over other battery systems,
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MWD Overview
especially with respect to long life, reliability and capacity. Batteries also enable logging while tripping if mud is not being circulated and independently of mud flow and hydraulics variations.
Figure 2: Basic Tool Configuration Battery Power A lithium power source offers a significant advantage if: A high voltage is needed (i.e. 3.0 to 3.9 volts per cell) A recharging circuit is not available or too costly The power source has to be as light weight as possible Long shelf life is required A wide temperature range is required Reliability is crucial Extremely high energy density is needed Environmental concerns such as temperature, vibration or shock are especially severe
Petrophysics
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MWD Overview
Your application demands a continuous source of power for extensive periods of time Disadvantages with battery power include: Finite life so compromises with real-time transmitted data have to be made concerning data types and frequency related to expected continuous drilling time Not re-chargeable so disposal is a problem as they are classified as hazardous waste: These batteries are a characteristic hazardous waste due to toxicity, ignitability and reactivity. The temperature range on a lithium battery is 40F to 185F. Generated Power Power can be generated using the mud flow driving a turbine to power an alternator. This has the advantage of having no time limits although it requires mud flowrates between certain, pre-set ranges, to function. Some MWD tools use a combination of both power supply systems.
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MWD Overview
Other data transmission systems were then investigated and these included the potential of using the drillstring as a conductive medium or of embedding a conductive wire within the wall of the drillpipe. Drillstring Data Transmission At least 10 patents have been issued during the last 50 years in attempts to create drill pipe telemetry, using both hardwired and induction-based transmission across connections, but both of these have failed. Like all hard-wired jointed systems thus far, the electric contacts at the drill pipe joints proved too difficult to reliably align, allow perfect contact, and not leak under field conditions. Induction across couplings has a host of problems, most notably signal/field losses and downhole power-boosting. It was realized early on that hard-wired drill couplings, no matter how well designed, would probably always be prone to failure as the number of connections and the many connect/disconnect cycles grew. Therefore, induction was chosen as the means to transmit data from joint to joint for more serious reach. This, however, carried with it many problems to overcome. It is only very recently that Grant Prideco has developed IntelliPipe which is currently undergoing research and development including field trials. Whilst very fast data transmission rates can be achieved, any hard-wired or induction based drillstring telemetry system is likely to be very expensive to initiate and, of course, requires the total replacement of the existing drillstring.
Petrophysics
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MWD Overview
Figure 4: IntelliPipe Surface Swivel Mud Pulse Telemetry Because of the cost and technical difficulties associated with developing drillstring data transmission systems, mud pulse telemetry has been used by all the commercial vendors over the last twenty-five years. Downhole valves or modulators are used to create pressure pulses or carrier waves which are superimposed on the normal pump pressure (or standpipe pressure) signal and transmitted through the mud to the surface where they are seen by very sensitive standpipe pressure transducers as a form of binary code. The data is sent to sophisticated decoding computers for analysis. The mud pulses are carried through the mud at roughly the speed of sound in mud (i.e. 4000-5000 ft./sec or 1200-1500 m/sec), giving virtually instantaneous data transmission. However data transfer rates with mud pulse telemetry are very slow. Early tools worked at 1 3 bps; more recent tools work at around 10-12 bps whilst the latest generation Schlumberger tools from their EcoScope system works at around 16bps which is enough for 2 data points/ft at logging speeds of up to 450ft/hr. This needs to be compared with hard-wired systems though which are capable of 2 million bps (2Mbps). Typical current operational specifications:
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MWD Overview
Survey Time Toolface Update Gamma Ray Update Collar Size MTBF Maximum Temp (operating) Maximum Temp (survival)
44seconds 92seconds 15 seconds 28 seconds 4- 9 ins 300 hrs + 300F (150C) 350F (175C)
Positive mud pulse telemetry (MPT) uses a hydraulic poppet valve to momentarily restrict the flow of mud through an orifice in the tool to generate an increase in pressure in the form of a positive pulse or pressure wave which travels back to the surface and is detected at the standpipe.
Petrophysics
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MWD Overview
Negative Mud Pulse Telemetry
Negative MPT uses a controlled valve to vent mud momentarily from the interior of the tool into the annulus. This process generates a decrease in pressure in the form of a negative pulse or pressure wave which travels back to the surface and is detected at the standpipe.
Continuous wave telemetry uses a rotary valve or mud siren with a slotted rotor and stator which restricts the mud flow in such a way as to generate a modulating positive pressure wave which travels to the surface and is detected at the standpipe.
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MWD Overview
Electromagnetic Telemetry
The electromagnetic telemetry (EMT) system uses the drill string as a dipole electrode, superimposing data words on a low frequency (2 - 10 Hz) carrier signal. A receiver electrode antenna must be placed in the ground at the surface (approximately 100 meters away from the rig) to receive the EM signal. Offshore, the receiver electrode must be placed on the sea floor. Currently, besides a hardwire to the surface, EMT is the only commercial means for MWD data transmission in compressible fluid environments common in underbalanced drilling applications. While the EM transmitter has no moving parts, the most common application in compressible fluids generally leads to increased downhole vibration. Communication and transmission can be two-way i.e. downhole to uphole and uphole to downhole. The EM signal is attenuated with increasing well depth and with increasing formation conductivity.
Memory
Most commercial real-time and recorded only formation evaluation tools have an enhanced memory capability. This system provides for storage of raw data and permits storage of data at higher rates than is possible with real-time transmissions. The memory system is also used for retrieval of formation data if only toolface data are transmitted when steering. Data storage also provides data recovery in case of transmission problems. For example, if real-time data are lost
Petrophysics
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MWD Overview
due to surface detection problems, memory data can be used to fill in the missing information. The chances of memory filling up on long bit runs is a possibility but rare in todays market.
Accelerometer
Accelerometers are used to measure the earths local gravitational field. Each accelerometer consists of a magnetic mass (pendulum) suspended in an electromagnetic field. Gravity deflects the mass from its null position. Sufficient current is applied to the sensor to return the mass to the null position. This current is directly proportional to the gravitational force acting on the mass. The gravitational readings are used to calculate the hole inclination, toolface, and the vertical reference used to determine dip angle.
Magnetometer
Magnetometers are used to measure the earths local magnetic field. Each magnetometer is a device consisting of two identical cores with a primary winding around each core but in opposite directions. A secondary winding twists around both cores and the primary winding. The primary current (excitation current) produces a magnetic field in each core. These fields are of equal intensity, but opposite orientation, and therefore cancel each other out such that no voltage is induced in the secondary winding. When the magnetometer is placed in an external magnetic field which is aligned with the sensitive axis of the magnetometer (core axis), an unbalance in the core saturation occurs and a voltage directly proportional to the external field is produced in the secondary winding. The measure of voltage induced by the external field will provide precise determination of the direction and magnitude of the local magnetic field relative to the magnetometers orientation in the borehole. In the MWD drilling environment, there are many sources of magnetic interference that can cause inaccurate directional measurements. A ferromagnetic steel object that is placed in a magnetic field will become magnetized. The amount of induced magnetism is a function of the external field strength and magnetic permeability of the object. In order to prevent magnetic interference, the directional
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MWD Overview
survey instrument is housed in a nonmagnetic stainless steel collar. The MWD tool is usually arranged in a section of the bottom-hole assembly (BHA) which is made up of a series of non-magnetic collars to reduce the impact of the drilling assembly's steel components on the magnetic field at the location of the survey sensor. Other sources of magnetic interference may be caused by proximity to iron and steel magnetic materials from previous drilling or production operations, magnetic properties of the formation, and concentrations of magnetic minerals (iron pyrites, etc.) in excess of six percent. Local magnetic anomalies may also be present and the strength of local magnetic interference may change with magnetic storms for example.
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MWD Overview
MWD and Wireline Gamma Ray Comparisons
Some fundamental differences exist between MWD and wireline gamma ray data, and only rarely do the logs overlay exactly. Statistical variations associated with MWD logs are often considerably less than those of wireline because wireline logging speeds are greater (1800 ft/hr) than MWD average rates of penetration (200 ft/hr). MWD bed resolution is improved, compared with wireline, because of the slower logging speeds. MWD formation measurements are carried out before significant hole enlargement occurs, resulting in data requiring less correction. Also, MWD logs suffer less mud volume attenuation since the gamma sensors are housed in drill collars that typically have larger OD's than the wireline sondes. Differences are often noticed in run-by-run comparisons of wireline gamma ray logs due to centralization practices. Detected radiation, particularly the lower energy gamma rays of thorium and uranium, is more attenuated by the thick metal housing of the MWD collar. MWD collars range from wall thicknesses of 1" to 3", while wireline gamma ray tool housings are typically 1/8 to 3/8. Thus, the MWD measured gamma ray spectrum is biased to enhance potassium relative to thorium and uranium. For this reason, the MWD gamma ray data will be lower than wireline values in formations rich in thorium and/or uranium. After borehole correction, the two types of logs may have identical values, particularly in formations with spectral characteristics similar to the API pit. It should also be noted that the logging speed of LWD Gamma tools may be variable within the same formation even though the ROP may have been consistent. This depends of the offset of the Gamma ray sensor from the bit and the thickness of the bed being drilled. For example, if the gamma ray sensor is 5m behind the bit and there is a 5m sandstone bed in between shales then the sandstone will be logged by the gamma ray tool at the ROP of the shales and not of the sandstone. If the sandstone were 10m thick then half the bed would be logged at the sandstone ROP and half at the shale ROP. Variations in logging speed affects resolution so that it might look, just from the gamma curve, that there is some variation in lithology which may not be the case. In some Geosteering applications ROP is controlled to facilitate data integrity so this will also have to be taken into consideration when interpreting LWD data. Baker Hughes INTEQ, with their OnTrak MWD system have an azimuthal gamma ray tool. Which can be used for making estimations of apparent formation dip. The tool has two detectors that are oriented 180 apart with the same sensor depth offset. Any depth differences are a result of the relationship between the well inclination and bed dip.
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MWD Overview
Resistivity Logs
Electrical resistance is the ability of a material to impede the flow of an electrical signal. The formation matrix materials, or grains,are normally thought of as being insulators and therefore do not contribute to formation conductivity. The main electrical conductor in the formation is saline water which is mostly confined to the pore space. Hydrocarbons, oil and gas, are also deemed to be electrical insulators. Hence, low formation resistivity is usually indicative of salty water filled porosity whilst high formation resistivity can either indicate the presence of hydrocarbons or that the rock has low porosity. Resistivity tools are, therefore, fundamental in the search for sub-surface hydrocarbons. Resistivity logs can also indicate the presence of permeability within the formation, whether water or hydrocarbon filled. This requires an array of curves with
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MWD Overview
different depths of investigation which will indicate variations in fluid type away from the borehole. When drilling high angle or horizontal wells resistivity information becomes important in geosteering applications. Deep reading resistivity tools can indicate variations in lithology or fluid type before the boundary is crossed and the well can be steered away. This is most useful when azimuthal tools are used which can indicate whether the tool is looking up, down, left or right. A major benefit of MWD resistivity over wireline data is the formation exposure time. Wireline logs may be run days or even weeks after the section has been drilled, resulting in significant invasion of permeable zones by mud filtrate. This invasion makes log interpretation difficult and requires resistivity tools with deep depths of investigation to identify hydrocarbon bearing zones. MWD tools log within minutes of the section being drilled when invasion might be thought of as minimal, thus enhancing the interpretation process. Short Normal Resistivity During the late seventies, MWD companies looked for a resistivity measurement which could be easily made using existing technology. The 16-inch short normal measurement was chosen as it was thought to have very useful applications for pore pressure evaluation in the Gulf of Mexico. The short normal (SNR) tool has a typical operating range from 0.2 to 50 ohm-m and provides a basic resistivity measurement in water based fluids where formation resistivity is close to mud resistivity.
Meter Generator B N
Spacing
M A
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MWD Overview
Focused Current Resistivity (FCR) The laterolog technique, commonly used in wireline logging, provided the basis for improvements to short normal MWD. In 1987, Exploration Logging (EXLOG) introduced a laterolog-style MWD tool. This Focused Current Resistivity (FCR) tool added focusing current electrodes above and below the measurement electrode to force the measurement current deeper into the formation. The focused current resistivity (FCR) sensor was designed to perform optimally in salt saturated muds, providing excellent thin bed resolution and improved response in formations where Rt is in excess of 200 ohm-m
Figure 11: Electrode Type Resistivity Tools Measurement Principle The FCR sensor uses the same measurement principle as the guard or laterolog tool of the wireline industry. The sensor utilizes three current emitting electrodes: two focusing and one measurement current electrode. Current is focused into the formation by forcing the voltage of both the focusing electrodes and the measurement electrode to have the same potential. A disc of investigating current perpendicular to the axis of the tool, is focused horizontally into the formation. The current from the
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MWD Overview
focusing electrodes prevents the measurement current, from flowing vertically in the borehole. Like the SNR the FCR is a series measuring device. The current disc passes through the borehole fluid, then into the formation. Both output voltage and current from the measurement electrode are measured. Formation resistivity is calculated from Ohms's Law using the current and voltage of the measurement electrode. The resistivity is converted to an apparent formation resistivity using the K factor of the tool. Toroidal Resistivity Toroidal Resistivity is offered commercially by Halliburton and Anadrill/Schlumberger also use the toroidal principle in the RAB tool. The toroidal resistivity tool is based on a proposal by JJ Arps. The tool utilizes the collar as an electrode to provide two resistivity measurements: a focused lateral resistivity measurement and a trend resistivity at the drill bit. The tool utilizes four toroidal coils covered and protected by insulating shells. A voltage applied from the drive toroid induces an alternating current in the drillstring, which is reversed in polarity about the drive toroid. Current leaving the drillstring flows through the annulus and formation and returns to the drillstring at a point where the polarity is opposite. Essentially, induction drives a current along the collar and two sets of receivers measure this current. Tool performance in lateral mode depends on the length of BHA below the receivers. As the distance from the lower toroid to the bottom of the hole increases, the bit measurement becomes less distinctive, and at lengths of 20 feet or more the bit resistivity almost ceases to respond to changes in formation resistivity (K factor is therefore BHA dependent). With oil based muds an axial bit measurement is still possible, because of the contact of
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the drill bit with the formation (interstitial water). However, it should be noted that axial bit measurement will not be possible with the bit off bottom.
Figure 12: Schlumberger RAB Tool Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Resistivity Electromagnetic waves propagated through the formation are affected by resistivity variations rather than the nature of the rock. The waves are slowed as the conductivity of the formation increases causing the amplitude of the wave to become attenuated. In order to maintain the same frequency the wavelength changes. Measurement of amplitude attenuation and phase shift (difference) as seen by a pair of receivers some distance from the transmitter enables the formation resistivity to be calculated.
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MWD Overview
The standard WPR tool used by most vendors is a 2-Mhz device that provides two resistivity measurements at different depths of investigation. For example, the Baker Hughes INTEQ tool contains two receiving antennas which are spaced 27.5 and 34.5 inches (69.85 and 87.63 cm) from the single transmitting antenna.
The DPR sensor measures these signal changes by detecting the difference in phase, or phase shift, between the two receivers which are spaced 7 inches (177 mm) apart. This receiver spacing is only a small fraction of a wavelength in high resistivity formations, resulting in small phase differences in high resistivity formations. Conversely, larger phase differences occur in low resistivity formations.
Amplitude Ratio Measurement
The transmitted DPR signal is dramatically attenuated (signal amplitude decreases) as it propagates through a conductive formation. The signal is attenuated very quickly in low resistivity formations, and to a lesser extent in high resistivity formations. By comparing the signal amplitude at the near and far receivers, the DPR sensor measures the attenuation that occurs between the two receivers. This attenuation or amplitude ratio measurement, like the phase difference measurement, is subsequently converted to resistivity.
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MWD Overview
Depth of Investigation By measuring both the phase difference and attenuation between the two receivers, the DPR sensor provides two resistivity measurements with different depths of investigation: a shallow phase difference and a deep attenuation measurement. The lines of constant amplitude around the transmitter are very wide, resulting in the depth of investigation of the amplitude ratio measurement being greater than the transmitter to receiver spacing, (namely 27.5"). In contrast, the lines of constant phase form a sphere radiating from the transmitter. This results in a depth of investigation approximately equal to the transmitter to receiver spacing. Depth of investigation (DOI, expressed as a diameter) for propagation resistivity MWD measurements is strongly dependent on and positively related to formation resistivity. For the DPR phase difference measurement, depth of investigation ranges from 23 inches in low resistivity formations to over 50 inches in higher resistivities. For the amplitude ratio measurement, the DOI range is roughly 40 to 60 inches, depending on resistivity.
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Borehole Corrections Borehole size and mud resistivity will affect the response and need to be corrected. Dialetric factors, (the ability of the formation to store an electrical charge) are often responsible for variations in response, particularly separation of the amplitude and phase curves. In thinly bedded reservoirs, resistivity measurements may be adversely affected by overlying and underlying lithologies. Tool eccentricity and formation invasion can also be corrected.
Current Systems
Halliburton, under its Sperry Sun product line has a tool called the EWRPhase4 which has four radio-frequency transmitters and a pair of receivers. By measuring both the phase shift and the attenuation for each of the four transmitter-receiver spacings, eight different resistivity curves with differing depths of investigation can be provided. These are referred to as Extra Shallow, Shallow, Medium and Deep giving depths of investigation from 19 to 141 depending on the resistivity of the formation being investigated.
Figure 17: Sperry Sun EWR Phase4 Schlumberger and Baker Hughes INTEQ also have tools which produce electromagnetic waves at 400kHz. Amplitude Attenuation and Phase Difference resistivities are again computed but the 400kHz wave produces deeper investigation than the corresponding 2Mhz curves. The original Dual Propagation (DPR) devices have also been supplemented, as with the Sperry Sun tool, with additional transmitters and receivers to produce multiple wave propagation tools (MPR). The Baker Hughes INTEQ MPR tool, for example, is characterized by a compensated antenna design. A pair of receiving antennas spaced 8 inches apart are bounded above and below by a pair of
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MWD Overview
transmitting antennas, which are spaced 23 and 35 inches from the measure point (halfway between the receiving antennas). Measurements are taken in both directions (transmitting signal above and below) and averaged to cancel any borehole effects or drifting of electronics (drifting electronics are typically caused by increasing temperature and pressure downhole and is a problem which plagues single transmitter or uncompensated designs). This produces Long Spacing and Short Spacing resistivity measurements derived from Amplitude Attenuation and Phase Difference responses from both the 2Mhz and 400kHZ wave forms. This gives a total of eight resistivity curves of varying depths of investigation and vertical resolution. Data processing of all this information can be done to produce a set of resistivity curves of nominally set depths of investigation at 10, 20 35 and 60 Generally speaking, amplitude attenuation resistivity gives deeper depth of investigation but poorer vertical resolution than phase Difference derived resistivity. Generally, electromagnetic wave propagation resistivity has the following characteristics: Tools measure more accurately in conductive media. Improved vertical resolution in conductive media. Depth of investigation increases with increasing formation resistivity. Depth of investigation is deeper for the 400 kHz resistivities than the 2 MHz resistivities. Depth of investigation for attenuation resistivities is deeper than phase difference resistivities. Depth of investigation for long spaced resistivities is deeper than for short spaced resistivities. Depth of investigation for ratio and difference resistivities is deeper than for raw measurements. Depth of investigation order is as follows: 400 kHz Rat > 2 MHz Rat > 400 kHz Rpd > 2 MHz Rpd long spaced > short spaced attenuation > far amplitude > near amplitude phase difference > far phase > near phase
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MWD Overview
Vertical resolution is better for 2 MHz resistivities than for 400 kHz resistivities. Vertical resolution is better for phase difference resistivities than attenuation resistivities. Vertical resolution is better for differences and ratios than for raw measurements. Typically wireline resistivity data is used to identify hydrocarbons, estimate Rt (true formation resistivity) for saturation calculations and model invasion profiles (separation of multi-depth of investigation tools). This is still possible with MPR measurement while drilling devices although estimates of Rt are possibly less accurate and invasion is almost certainly less developed. One of the main benefits of MWD resistivity is its assistance in Geosteering applications. Modelling the resistivity response can help in target finding and in drilling the reservoir, providing adequate offset data is available or a pilot hole is drilled before any high angle sidetracks are drilled. When drilling shallow dipping beds at a high borehole angles, or even horizontally, MWD resistivity tools will pick out bed boundaries and fluid contacts according to the depth of investigation of the tools. Deeper investigation will allow earlier confirmation of bed boundaries or fluid contacts and result in lower doglegs when drilling away from undesirable features.
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MWD Overview
Formation Anisotropy
Shale and thinly laminated sand-shale sequences can exhibit anisotropy. This results in one resistivity horizontally, Rh (assuming a flat lying formation), and another generally higher resistivity vertically, Rv. Whereas a propagation resistivity or induction tool in a vertical hole would detect the horizontal resistivity, any well deviated from the normal to the bedding plane (the extreme case is a horizontal well through flat lying formations) would measure an average of the horizontal and vertical resistivities. Hence, anisotropy effects are highly dependent on the relative dip between the formation and the borehole. Generally, as relative dip increases from 45 to 90 degrees anisotropy effects in anisotropic formations range from small to significant.
Figure 19: Vertical Well Given sufficient relative dip, anisotropy almost always causes the phase difference based resistivity to be greater than the attenuation based resistivity and both will be greater than Rh and less than Rv. Also, anisotropy will cause higher frequency measurements (2 MHz) to have greater resistivity values than equivalent low frequency measurements (400 kHz). Both of the above described effects produce a pattern that is similar to resistive invasion i.e. Rxo greater than Rt. However, an anisotropy effect which is not consistent with resistive invasion is
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long spacing measurements will show greater resistivity than equivalent short spacing measurements.
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MWD Overview
Neutron Porosity
Figure 21: Neutron Porosity Tool Most tools use a chemical source (americium-beryllium) and a lithium scintillation detector to measure the passage of emitted neutron particles through the formation. When a neutron is captured, the resulting lithium-6 nucleus is unstable and decays to triton and an alpha particle with a combined kinetic energy of 4.78 MeV. These high energy particles ionize the glass matrix and produce light flashes or scintillations. A photomultiplier tube converts the scintillations into electrical pulses which are proportional to the energy of the scintillation. They are slowed down from energies of several million electron volts (e.g. 4.5 MeV) to a thermal energy of 0.025 eV (electron volts) through a process called elastic collision (they are scattered from the nuclei). The material most responsible for this slowing process is Hydrogen since this has a mass most equivalent to that of the emitted neutrons. In effect, therefore, the tool is measuring the hydrogen content, or index, of the formation; since most hydrogen is present in ore fluids (gas, oil, water) then the hydrogen index is converted directly into a
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porosity value. API calibration is done with respect to the original test calibration borehole at the University of Houston but with specially constructed calibration rigs. Most Neutron Porosity logs are therefore output in Limestone porosity units, although this doesnt have to be the case.
Formation Density
Again the MWD formation density tool works in a similar manner to its wireline equivalent. High energy gamma rays are emitted from a chemical source (Caesium-137) and are slowed by and counts measured by near and far detectors (to correct for mud cake effects). The high energy gamma rays are initially slowed by Compton Scattering type interactions where the incident gamma ray loses some, but not all, its energy on particle collision and is deflected to move off and be subject to more collisions. Sodium Iodide scintillation detectors count the incoming gamma rays. At energy levels below 100 keV the dominant gamma interaction process is photoelectric absorption. In this process, the incident gamma ray is absorbed and transfers its energy to a bound electron. A Pe measurement clearly distinguishes between different elements within the formation, making it possible to discriminate between sandstone (Pe=1.8), dolomite (Pe=3.1), and limestone (Pe=5.1). Thus, this is an important mechanism by which the density tool is made sensitive to the lithology of the formation.
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Sonic Logs
MWD sonic logs have only been available relatively recently but are useful in providing real-time data for identifying compaction trends for pore pressure analysis and provide information about over-pressured zones. A synthetic seismogram can be constructed to tie into the surface seismic section along the wellbore trajectory, although this is not usually done in real-time. MWD sonic tools work in a similar manner to wireline tools. An acoustic source is linked to an array of (usually) four receivers with a spacing similar to that used in long-spaced wireline tools. This allows for greater time separation between compressional, shear (in fast formations) and fluid modes and the ability to measure beyond formation damage and invasion.
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Drilling Mechanics
Vibration analysis and downhole weight on bit and torque measurements can also be obtained in order to optimize drilling performance and to reduce possible drillstring damage. Downhole longitudinal and lateral strain gauges and shock measurements provide the data to help identify such things as ledges, high friction coefficients, BHA whirl and stick-slip effects.
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Resistivity Images
The Schlumberger GeoVISION resistivity tool contains three one-inch buttons measuring azimuthal resistivity. This compares with the wireline FMI tool which has 192 buttons. The sensor spacing between the three buttons produces different depths of investigation and images are available from each spacing. The images can be used to identify thin beds, invasion, structural dip and stratigraphic features.
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Wellbore Stability
Real time LWD measurements, including acoustic caliper, and cuttings, cavings analysis and drilling fluid solids content can be used to help interpret the mechanical stability of the borehole. High ECD values may cause mud induced features such as fracturing whilst anisotropic tectonic stress may cause borehole breakout along certain azimuths. This data together with pore pressure and kick tolerance information is important in optimizing drilling fluid pressures and hydraulics to maximise drilling effciency and safety.
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Geosteering Applications
Imaging logs can be used for a variety of geosteering applications such as the identification of: Lithological Boundaries Fluid Contacts Borehole - Bedding angles Drilling attitude: up section or down section Faults
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Introduction
Geosteering
Those activities designed to place the wellbore in a pre-determined location Location being defined by both its spatial coordinates, in three dimensions, & by its position in the geological column. Proper geosteering will optimise wellbore placement in the productive reservoir, maximising both drilling efficiency & hydrocarbon production.
Geosteering Techniques
surface location
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sand thickness 24 ft
sand thickness 22 ft
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7000 1500
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Introduction
Geosteering Techniques
Rate of Penetration (ROP) Cuttings Evaluation Oil Show Evaluation Gas Ratio Analysis Logging While Drilling (LWD) Gamma Ray (GR) Resistivity Density-Neutron Porosity Biostratigraphy Chemostratigraphy
Copyright Stag Geological Services Ltd. 2006
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Rate of Penetration
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Rate of Penetration
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Rate of Penetration
ROP is the first indication we have that changes have occurred downhole:
Before a sample reaches the surface or LWD tools reach the zone (unless RAB for example)
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Rate of Penetration
It is not always clear cut & depends on the reservoir being drilled.
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Rate of Penetration
The weight indicator does not always reflect the exact weight being applied to the bit But it is clear from the addition of extra weight that the WOB does have an effect. Often in sand reservoirs with high torque it is difficult to get all the weight to the bit & as a result the ROP decreases. Short wiper trips to reduce torque will often help to increase ROP.
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Rate of Penetration
Look at the ROP to see if there is a correlation with changes in shows ROP will reflect visible porosity (among other variables!). Obviously the faster the formation drills the more porous it is. In friable grainstones or loose sands the ROP will be very fast & using this as a first line guide efforts can be made to keep the well path within this zone Correlation with LWD will invariably show that high ROPs will occur in the optimum reservoir. Exceptions to this will be in lithologies with low matrix or granular porosity but a high fracture density
Copyright Stag Geological Services Ltd. 2006
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Rate of Penetration
A certain pattern in the ROP from the pilot hole will provide a valuable tool in recognition of certain zones within the reservoir & can be combined with biostratigraphy & shows to give a type zone. This is very important in fault recognition Sometimes the ROP observed in the pilot hole may be higher in the horizontal hole simply because the bit has found the optimum drillability layer. A vertical well will probably miss this
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Rate of Penetration
Very porous reservoir such as a loose Tertiary sand: WOB will decrease and the ROP increase. There will also be a change in torque.
In the event of having to orient a mud motor by sliding the RPM will be reduced and the ROP will drop. These factors play an important part in geosteering the well. It is therefore important to be aware of the intervals where sliding takes place. In a very porous reservoir the ROP will still be relatively high in a sliding mode. Increases in drag will increase the torque & ROPs will be lower as the well path increases. However after a wiper trip or the addition of a lubricant ROPs will more properly reflect the reservoir type.
Copyright Stag Geological Services Ltd. 2006
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Oil Show Evaluation
Offset logs or pilot hole data will provide information on type of shows to be expected in the reservoir First determine preliminary layering based on shows. This could be colour of natural cut, intensity, rate of cut. Natural cut is the best method of show identification. It is advisable where possible to observe example cuttings or core data. If these are not available a thorough study of a type example of show variation should be attempted. This will involve detailed notes on sample descriptions from mud logs or final well reports.
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Oil Show Evaluation
For speed of access to the information so that decisions can quickly be made, it is important to take natural cuts first This is the new wet technique (Simpson 1991) Place a specified amount of wet washed sample, usually 3cc and cover with twice the volume with solvent. This is then agitated for a minute by shaking & then siphoned into a second test tube. The colour of the cut will then be readily apparent. It is important to keep a reference set of samples in a test tube whilst drilling.
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The speed of the fluorescence cut will act as a back up indicator It will nearly always be slower in tighter formations with low ROP & faster in more porous, higher ROP sections In optimum areas the cut may occur instantly & generally diffuse indicating good porosity In areas with less porosity the cut may be streaming; even less porous formations may yield the cut over a period of minutes in a slow diffuse manner. The behaviour of the cuts will need to be examined in detail to determine how they behave in the optimum part of the reservoir.
Copyright Stag Geological Services Ltd. 2006
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Oil Show Evaluation
In optimum reservoirs the oil residue left in the spot tray after the solvent has evaporated will be a more rich & deeper brown colour In areas approaching the water zone this will appear as a weaker & thinner pale brown rim In tighter areas within the oil column, say immediately above the optimum zone the oil residue will normally be a rich brown but very thin.
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Gas Ratio Analysis
Gas Ratio Analysis techniques are based on the theory that an increasing hydrocarbon fluid density in the reservoir will manifest itself at the surface as an increasing gas density Thus, while a quantitative analysis of surface gas to reservoir fluid is not possible, a qualitative analysis is the most common method used today was developed by Baker Hughes INTEQ, & comprises: Gas Wetness Ratio
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Gas Ratio Analysis
C2 + C3 + C 4 + C5 100 C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 + C5
GWR 0.5 0.5 - 17.5 17.5 -40 > 40 Fluid Character Very Dry Gas Gas, increasing density Oil, increasing density Residual Oil
C1 + C2 C3 + C4 + C5
Oil Character Qualifier (OCQ, Ch)
iC4 + nC4 + C5 C3
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Inclinometer position
Motor
downhole motor MWD
Directional Sensor Typical 15 - 20 m
Directional- and LWD sensors 15-20 meters behind the bit. Drilling efficiently at Troll West with blind zones (inclination, GR and Resistivity) is not possible
NaviGator
NBI 4.1 m
Inclination
Directional Sensor 18 m
TELECO patent from 1988 signal transmission from sensor sub to MWD through cable in stator housing Geosteering contracted in 1993, instrumented motor supplied to G-4AH August 1994. NaviGator geosteering motor became the standard drilling tool at Troll and other Hydro operations TVD control requirements were met from the first well The Thruster/NaviGator combination increased the drillable length of horizontal section from 1800m to 2300 m
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Bed dip calculated from measured depth difference between the two GR values
Typical Sensor Specifications: Sensor Type: Measurement: Range: Accuracy: API 60ft/hr Vertical Resolution:
Copyright Stag Geological Services Ltd. 2006
Scintillation API GR 0-250 API 2.5 API @100 & ROP = 6 ins (15.3cm)
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vertical well vertical well
very low res water Inductive devices read in ground loops perpendicular to the tool. The measurement effectively sees each layer.
Copyright Stag Geological Services Ltd. 2006
Electrical devices read in current paths parallel to the tool. The measurement sees each layer depending on focusing.
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horizontal wells
very low res water Inductive device loops are opened by the higher resistivity layers and read high.
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Electrical devices short circuit through the lower resistivity layers and read low.
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Recovery Distance
Angle of incidence Bit-to-sensor distance Maximum permissible curve rates Anticipated changes in geology
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0 High Side -90 Azimuthal Focused Gamma Ray Low Side 180 90
Depth 9145
Depth 9173
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1200 7250 Vertical section (AZI=330) (ft) 1600 2000 D14 2400 D11 Current depth = 9160 GR RES 2800
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15/06/2006
Geosteering Techniques
67
Geosteering Techniques
68
34
15/06/2006
Geosteering Techniques
69
Geosteering Techniques
Schlumberger WellEye
70
35
15/06/2006
Geosteering Techniques
Schlumberger WellEye Hole Shape
71
Geosteering Techniques
72
36
15/06/2006
Geosteering Techniques
73
Geosteering Techniques
74
37
15/06/2006
Geosteering Techniques
Anadrill Vision 675 Logging While Drilling (Density/Porosity)
75
Geosteering Techniques
76
38
15/06/2006
Geosteering Techniques
MWD Operations: Tool Face Angle showing good directional control
UP
+ + +
265.4
azimuth
degrees
LEFT
+ + + + + +++ +
RIGHT
1.5 BH motor
configuration
DOWN
77 pp27
Geosteering Techniques
MWD Operations: Tool Face Angle showing poor directional control
UP
265.4
azimuth
LEFT
+ + + + + + ++ + + + + +
DOWN
RIGHT
1.5 BH motor
configuration
78
39
15/06/2006
Geosteering Techniques
Geosteering Tool Surveying Operations What it takes to maintain trajectory control within +/- 18
MWD tool
TD at previous connection 6423 current TD 6454
CDR tool O
"Official Survey"
O Bit INCL
"GST Old"
O Bit INCL
"GST New"
Copyright Stag Geological Services Ltd. 2006
79
Geosteering Techniques
Model Sketch
Create formation description from offset wells (layer cakes) Model tool response through formation along proposed trajectory Create look-up table for wellsite monitoring Tool response modeled for changes in formation and/or trajectory
80
40
15/06/2006
Geosteering Techniques
81
Geosteering Techniques
G-3 H
Motor
2 50 0 2 70 0 29 0 0 3 1 00 3 30 0 35 0 0 3 7 00 3 90 0 41 0 0 4 3 00
1 90 0
21 0 0
2 30 0
1 580 1 581 1 582 1 583 1 584 1 585 1 586 1 587 1 588 1 589 1 590 17 00
G-4 AH
Instrumented motor
2 500 2 700 290 0 3 100 33 00 350 0 37 00 39 00 4 100 43 00
190 0
2 10 0
23 00
1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1700
S-13 AH
1900
2100
2300
2500
2700
2900
3100
3300
3500
3700
3900
4100
4300
82
41
15/06/2006
Geosteering Techniques
Schlumberger Periscope Deep EWR Resistivity
83
Geosteering Techniques
Schlumberger Periscope Deep EWR Resistivity
84
42
15/06/2006
Geosteering Techniques
Schlumberger Periscope Deep EWR Resistivity
85
Geosteering Techniques
Schlumberger Periscope Deep EWR Resistivity
86
43
05/10/2005
Geosteering Strategies
Geosteering Geosteering Fundamentals Strategy Tools Roles & Responsibilities Communications
Geosteering Strategies
Geosteering - Fundamentals
Geosteered or Geometric?
If the reservoir is a massive sand, geometric wells are likely to be adequate & the cheapest option For interbedded reservoirs, an element of geosteering (perhaps just landing the well) is probably required Drillers prefer geometric wells
How?
Biostratigraphy Suitable fossils & well developed zonation scheme Lithostratigraphy Important if there are permeability barriers - need to be in the correct sand for sweep efficiency Lithology May only need to be good reservoir, but it is necessary to know where you are to make informed decisions
Copyright Stag Geological Services Ltd. 2005
05/10/2005
Geosteering Strategies
Geosteering - Strategy
Strategy
Needs to be workable & clear Detailed drill on paper will help to prepare team How unique are intra reservoir markers? How good is the geological model? How good is the seismic? What are you going to do if (when) you get lost? How are you going to react to raised water? Alternative targets? What are you going to do if directional control is lost? Contingencies Case & cement for unexpected water Sidetrack - open hole or mechanical
Geosteering Strategies
Geosteering Strategy
Strategy contd.
Vertical Constraints Top of reservoir, Zone of Interest Base of reservoir, Zone of Interest Stand-off (SO) from OWC, GOC
Make sure that you understand what the real SO is - push Reservoir Engineers for their minimum SO at various positions in the well. This can avoid unnecessary steering.
05/10/2005
Geosteering Strategies
Geosteering - Tools
Tools
For finding apparent bed dip Correlation of repeated sections Azimuthal tools - logging wipes, time consuming Apparent vertical thickness - in areas with consistent unit thickness Seismic may help Correlation Need to be able to produce True Stratigraphic Thickness (TST) logs at the wellsite
Geosteering Strategies
Geosteering - Tools
Cross Section & Decision Tree
When used in conjunction with a cross-section it helps to communicate the Geosteering Strategy & the Well Objectives to the entire team. Provides a view of the well progress & flags upcoming potential decision points Should be adapted to the requirements of the job
05/10/2005
Geosteering Strategies
Geosteering - Tools
Vertical Section (ft) Plus x ft 0 0 Depth (ft) Plus y ft 50 100 150 200 250 300
Well Objectives
Decision Trees do not have the answers, but they can help structure the structure decision making process.
Copyright Stag Geological Services Ltd. 2005
Geosteering Strategies
Trip to change BHA, this may add another additional trip No Yes Accept landing position? Able to achieve planned build rate? No Yes Monitor correlation Yes TAKE TIME OUT Trip to change BHA Reconsider target options Plug back Able to Increase build rate? Yes Yes Drill pre-reservoir section Target formation shallow to plan? No
No
D e p th ( ft) P lu s y ft
Yes
Continue drilling
Correlation on plan?
No
No SOME CONSIDERATIONS Sand distribution- massive, thin bedded Water movement- k barriers Avoid sump at heel of well- coning, slugging
Yes
Yes
Agree new stratigraphically shallower target Adjust trajectory to land in planned target Continuously monitor correlation & trajectory
Continue on plan
LAND WELL
05/10/2005
Geosteering Strategies
Decision Tree: the Horizontal Section
250 300
No No Yes Yes Know Target stratigraphic unit above min. position? standoff?
SOME CONSIDERATIONS Sand distribution- massive, thin bedded Water movement- k barriers Continuously assess status with respect to Well Objectives Facies development TAKE TIME OUT Wrong Target sand not developed Direction? Run out of section Adjust trajectory to move into target sandstone Assess data & make best estimate of position w.r.t. target sand Make bold move in preferred direction Yes Is there Room To Reverse direction? Yes Make bold move in reverse direction to Target sand Go back to Start of Horizontal section Decision Tree No At TD decision point? Yes Go to TD Decision Tree
No
TAKE TIME OUT Target sand not developed Run out of section
No Low Sw?
No Related to local faulting and running casing? Yes Continue drilling ahead continuously assessing Sw & faulting/structure
No
No
Yes
Geosteering Strategies
Decision Tree: Calling TD
Vertical Section (ft) Plus x ft
0 0 20 50 100 150 200 250 300
TD?
TD?
TD?
Assess well performance using preferred measures E.g. mD.ft.& fractional flow
No At planned TD?
Yes
Yes
No
No
TD
10
05/10/2005
Geosteering Strategies
Geosteering - Roles & Responsibilities
Real clarity of Roles & Responsibilities is required to ensure that people know what is expected of them, that team members are not by-passed, & that the Well Objectives are met.
Strategic Decisions
Operations Geologist Business Unit Geologist / Reservoir Engineer / Geophysicist Wellsite Geologist
11
Geosteering Strategies
Geosteering Communications
Wellsite Geologists & Directional Drillers MUST be talking frequently Wellsite Geologist to Directional Driller: How the correlations are looking What the bed dip is Likely upcoming trajectory changes How do FE parameters look; their impact on the rest of the well Directional Driller to Wellsite Geologist: Upcoming nudges to maintain current target TVD Directional trends Torque, drag, hole cleaning, ledges
12
05/10/2005
Geosteering Strategies
Geosteering Communications contd.
Wellsite Geologists & Operations Geologists MUST be talking frequently Wellsite geologist to Operations Geologist How the correlations are looking What the bed dip is Likely upcoming trajectory changes How do FE parameters look; their impact on the rest of the well Directional trends Torque, drag, hole cleaning, ledges Operations Geologist to Wellsite geologist Thoughts about correlation & well position Feedback from BU any thoughts on structure / faults in the rest of the well
13
Case Study Objectives 1. To construct a lithology log from offset wireline, MWD and cuttings information; this to be used by the drilling department to assist in writing the Detailed Drilling Plan. 2. To construct a Pressure Profile log to include Pore Pressure, Fracture Pressure and Overburden Pressure Gradient curves from offset wireline, MWD and drilling data. 3. To provide information about potential geological hazards and drilling problems to the drilling department. 4. To perform real-time geosteering co-ordination and practice decision making techniques to land the well and drill the horizontal reservoir section. Well Data North Sea, HPHT horizontal oil producer. Target is dome structure, trending NW-SE. Well to enter target from south-east at 315 azimuth, into Calleva Sandstone reservoir dipping at 2.5 SE. Objective is to drill as much of the reservoir as possible, following the gentle dome structure and staying within the oil bearing window. Oil water contact is prognosed at 4780m TVD Target Information: (from one 1980s drilled exploration well) Upper Jurassic fluvial sandstone reservoir
Target MD: 5880m TVD: 4770m Inclination: 90 (well to have reached 90 inclination on entering the target sandstone)
Operations & Wellsite Geologist Well Planning & Geosteering Case Study
Azimuth: 315 Well Profile: KOP: 3030m BUR: 1/30m (to 90)
Data Provided 1. Offset log comprising Drilling & Wireline Log Information. 2. Offset log comprising Drilling & Wireline Log Information. 3. Drill Cuttings Tasks 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Interpret expected lithologies using log information Use cuttings to confirm lithology profile Suggest mud systems and identify geological hazards Estimate expected pore pressure and fracture pressure from logs and offset data Participate in drilling the well on paper exercise: Choose appropriate geosteering drilling tools Choose appropriate LWD tools Land the well Drill reservoir
Operations & Wellsite Geologist Well Planning & Geosteering Case Study
Incl 65 80 90
Actual MD
TVD
Incl
Survey Data MD 5220 5250 5280 5285 TVD 4673.77 4682.29 4690.3 4691.59 VS 1216.32 1245.09 1274.00 1278.5 Incl 73 74 75 75
PROPOSAL LISTING
WELL: Location Comments Calleva Proj Azim
MD m
epoc98
RKB-MSL 315.00
INCL Deg
UNITS: East
TVDSS m
m 0.00
LAT N/S
DLS per
DEP E/W
30.00
VS m
m
DLS deg/30m
North
AZI Deg
Tie-In
0.0 150.0 180.0 210.0 240.0 270.0 300.0 330.0 360.0 390.0 420.0 450.0 480.0 510.0 540.0 570.0 600.0 630.0 660.0 690.0 720.0 750.0 780.0 810.0 840.0 870.0 900.0 930.0 960.0 990.0 1020.0 1050.0 1080.0 1110.0 1140.0 1170.0 1200.0 1230.0 1260.0 1290.0 1320.0 1350.0 1380.0 1410.0 1440.0 1470.0 1500.0 1530.0 1560.0 1590.0 1620.0 1650.0 1680.0 1710.0 1740.0 1770.0 1800.0 1830.0 1860.0 1890.0 1920.0 1950.0 1980.0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 150.00 180.00 210.00 240.00 270.00 300.00 330.00 360.00 390.00 420.00 450.00 480.00 510.00 540.00 570.00 600.00 630.00 660.00 690.00 720.00 750.00 780.00 810.00 840.00 870.00 900.00 930.00 960.00 990.00 1020.00 1050.00 1080.00 1110.00 1140.00 1170.00 1200.00 1230.00 1260.00 1290.00 1320.00 1350.00 1380.00 1410.00 1440.00 1470.00 1500.00 1530.00 1560.00 1590.00 1620.00 1650.00 1680.00 1710.00 1740.00 1770.00 1800.00 1830.00 1860.00 1890.00 1920.00 1950.00 1980.00
-25.00 125.00 155.00 185.00 215.00 245.00 275.00 305.00 335.00 365.00 395.00 425.00 455.00 485.00 515.00 545.00 575.00 605.00 635.00 665.00 695.00 725.00 755.00 785.00 815.00 845.00 875.00 905.00 935.00 965.00 995.00 1025.00 1055.00 1085.00 1115.00 1145.00 1175.00 1205.00 1235.00 1265.00 1295.00 1325.00 1355.00 1385.00 1415.00 1445.00 1475.00 1505.00 1535.00 1565.00 1595.00 1625.00 1655.00 1685.00 1715.00 1745.00 1775.00 1805.00 1835.00 1865.00 1895.00 1925.00 1955.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Page 1
2010.0 2040.0 2070.0 2100.0 2130.0 2160.0 2190.0 2220.0 2250.0 2280.0 2310.0 2340.0 2370.0 2400.0 2430.0 2460.0 2490.0 2520.0 2550.0 2580.0 2610.0 2640.0 2670.0 2700.0 2730.0 2760.0 2790.0 2820.0 2850.0 2880.0 2910.0 2940.0 2970.0 3000.0 3030.0 3060.0 3090.0 3120.0 3150.0 3180.0 3210.0 3240.0 3270.0 3300.0 3330.0 3360.0 3390.0 3420.0 3450.0 3480.0 3510.0 3540.0 3570.0 3600.0 3630.0 3660.0 3690.0 3720.0 3750.0 3780.0 3810.0 3840.0 3870.0 3900.0 3930.0 3960.0 3990.0 4020.0 4050.0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0
2010.00 2040.00 2070.00 2100.00 2130.00 2160.00 2190.00 2220.00 2250.00 2280.00 2310.00 2340.00 2370.00 2400.00 2430.00 2460.00 2490.00 2520.00 2550.00 2580.00 2610.00 2640.00 2670.00 2700.00 2730.00 2760.00 2790.00 2820.00 2850.00 2880.00 2910.00 2940.00 2970.00 3000.00 3030.00 3060.00 3089.99 3119.96 3149.90 3179.81 3209.67 3239.48 3269.22 3298.89 3328.48 3357.98 3387.37 3416.66 3445.83 3474.88 3503.79 3532.55 3561.16 3589.61 3617.89 3645.99 3673.90 3701.62 3729.13 3756.43 3783.50 3810.35 3836.96 3863.33 3889.44 3915.29 3940.86 3966.17 3991.18
1985.00 2015.00 2045.00 2075.00 2105.00 2135.00 2165.00 2195.00 2225.00 2255.00 2285.00 2315.00 2345.00 2375.00 2405.00 2435.00 2465.00 2495.00 2525.00 2555.00 2585.00 2615.00 2645.00 2675.00 2705.00 2735.00 2765.00 2795.00 2825.00 2855.00 2885.00 2915.00 2945.00 2975.00 3005.00 3035.00 3064.99 3094.96 3124.90 3154.81 3184.67 3214.48 3244.22 3273.89 3303.48 3332.98 3362.37 3391.66 3420.83 3449.88 3478.79 3507.55 3536.16 3564.61 3592.89 3620.99 3648.90 3676.62 3704.13 3731.43 3758.50 3785.35 3811.96 3838.33 3864.44 3890.29 3915.86 3941.17 3966.18
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.74 1.67 2.96 4.63 6.66 9.06 11.83 14.96 18.47 22.33 26.56 31.15 36.10 41.41 47.08 53.11 59.49 66.22 73.30 80.73 88.50 96.62 105.08 113.88 123.01 132.47 142.27 152.39 162.84 173.60 184.69 196.08 207.79
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.19 -0.74 -1.67 -2.96 -4.63 -6.66 -9.06 -11.83 -14.96 -18.47 -22.33 -26.56 -31.15 -36.10 -41.41 -47.08 -53.11 -59.49 -66.22 -73.30 -80.73 -88.50 -96.62 -105.08 -113.88 -123.01 -132.47 -142.27 -152.39 -162.84 -173.60 -184.69 -196.08 -207.79
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 1.05 2.36 4.19 6.54 9.42 12.81 16.73 21.16 26.11 31.58 37.56 44.05 51.06 58.57 66.59 75.11 84.13 93.65 103.66 114.17 125.16 136.64 148.60 161.05 173.96 187.35 201.20 215.51 230.29 245.51 261.19 277.30 293.86
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 315.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Page 2
4080.0 4110.0 4140.0 4170.0 4200.0 4230.0 4260.0 4290.0 4320.0 4350.0 4380.0 4410.0 4440.0 4470.0 4500.0 4530.0 4560.0 4590.0 4620.0 4650.0 4680.0 4710.0 4740.0 4770.0 4800.0 4830.0 4860.0 4890.0 4920.0 4950.0 4980.0 5010.0 5040.0 5070.0 5100.0 5130.0 5160.0 5190.0 5220.0 5250.0 5280.0 5310.0 5340.0 5370.0 5400.0 5430.0 5460.0 5490.0 5520.0 5550.0 5580.0 5610.0 5640.0 5670.0 5700.0 5730.0 5760.0 5790.0 5820.0 5850.0
35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 41.00 42.00 43.00 44.00 45.00 46.00 47.00 48.00 49.00 50.00 51.00 52.00 53.00 54.00 55.00 56.00 57.00 58.00 59.00 60.00 61.00 62.00 63.00 64.00 65.00 66.00 67.00 68.00 69.00 70.00 71.00 72.00 73.00 74.00 75.00 76.00 77.00 78.00 79.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 81.00 82.00 83.00 84.00 85.00 86.00 87.00 88.00 89.00 90.00
315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0 315.0
4015.91 4040.33 4064.44 4088.24 4111.72 4134.87 4157.68 4180.15 4202.27 4224.03 4245.43 4266.45 4287.10 4307.37 4327.25 4346.73 4365.82 4384.49 4402.75 4420.60 4438.02 4455.01 4471.57 4487.69 4503.36 4518.59 4533.36 4547.68 4561.53 4574.91 4587.83 4600.27 4612.23 4623.71 4634.71 4645.21 4655.23 4664.75 4673.77 4682.29 4690.30 4697.82 4704.82 4711.31 4717.29 4722.76 4727.97 4733.18 4738.39 4743.60 4748.55 4752.98 4756.90 4760.29 4763.17 4765.52 4767.36 4768.66 4769.66 4769.93
3990.91 4015.33 4039.44 4063.24 4086.72 4109.87 4132.68 4155.15 4177.27 4199.03 4220.43 4241.45 4262.10 4282.37 4302.25 4321.73 4340.82 4359.49 4377.75 4395.60 4413.02 4430.01 4446.57 4462.69 4478.36 4493.59 4508.36 4522.68 4536.53 4549.91 4562.83 4575.27 4587.23 4598.71 4609.71 4620.21 4630.23 4639.75 4648.77 4657.29 4665.30 4672.82 4679.82 4686.31 4692.29
219.81 232.13 244.74 257.66 270.86 284.36 298.13 312.19 326.52 341.12 355.99 371.12 386.51 402.15 418.04 434.17 450.53 467.14 483.96 501.02 518.29 535.77 553.46 571.35 589.44 607.71 626.18 644.82 663.63 682.62 701.77 721.07 740.52 760.12 779.86 799.73 819.72 839.84 860.07 880.41 900.85 921.39 942.02 962.73 983.51
-219.81 -232.13 -244.74 -257.66 -270.86 -284.36 -298.13 -312.19 -326.52 -341.12 -355.99 -371.12 -386.51 -402.15 -418.04 -434.17 -450.53 -467.14 -483.96 -501.02 -518.29 -535.77 -553.46 -571.35 -589.44 -607.71 -626.18 -644.82 -663.63 -682.62 -701.77
310.85 328.28 346.12 364.38 383.06 402.14 421.62 441.50 461.77 482.42 503.45 524.84 546.60 568.72 591.19 614.00 637.15 660.63 684.43 708.54 732.97 757.69 782.71 808.01 833.59 859.44 885.55 911.91 938.52 965.37 992.45
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-721.07 1019.74 -740.52 1047.26 -760.12 1074.97 -779.86 1102.88 -799.73 1130.98 -819.72 1159.26 -839.84 1187.71 -860.07 1216.32 -880.41 1245.09 -900.85 1274.00 -921.39 1303.04 -942.02 1332.21 -962.73 1361.50 -983.51 1390.90
4697.76 1004.37 -1004.37 1420.39 4702.97 1025.26 -1025.26 1449.94 4708.18 1046.15 -1046.15 1479.48 4713.39 1067.04 -1067.04 1509.03 4718.60 1087.93 -1087.93 1538.57 4723.55 1108.86 -1108.86 1568.16 4727.98 1129.84 -1129.84 1597.83 4731.90 1150.87 -1150.87 1627.57 4735.29 1171.94 -1171.94 1657.38 4738.17 1193.06 -1193.06 1687.24 4740.52 1214.21 -1214.21 1717.15 4742.36 1235.38 -1235.38 1747.09 4743.66 1256.57 -1256.57 1777.06 4744.66 1283.57 -1283.57 1815.25 4744.93 1304.78 -1304.78 1845.24
Page 3
General
Gen-1
(former Gen-3)
Gen
Resistivity of the zone Resistivity of the water in the zone Water saturation in the zone Mud Rm Adjacent bed Rs
Rx o Rmf Sx o
Rs
Schlumberger
Purpose This diagram presents the symbols and their descriptions and relations as used in the charts. See Appendixes D and E for identication of the symbols.
Description The wellbore is shown traversing adjacent beds above and below the zone of interest. The symbols and descriptions provide a graphical representation of the location of the various symbols within the wellbore and formations.
General
Gen-2
(former Gen-6)
Gen
Temperature gradient conversions: 1F/100 ft = 1.823C/100 m 1C/100 m = 0.5486F/100 ft Annual mean surface temperature 27 16 25 50 50 75 75
Temperature (C) 100 100 125 125 150 150 175 175 1
5 2 B 10 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6F/100 ft A 1.09 15 5 1.46 1.82 2.19 2.55 2.92C/100 m 4 Depth (thousands of meters) Geothermal gradient 3
20
7 25 8
80 60
100 100
150 150
200 200
300 300
350 350
Schlumberger
General
Gen-4
(former Gen-8)
Gen
Li (2.5) NH4 (1.9) OH (5.5) Mg
2.0
2.0
1.5 Ca CO3 Na and CI (1.0) K Multiplier SO4 0.5 NO3 (0.55) Br (0.44) I (0.28) 0
1.0
1.0
Ca
HCO3
Mg 0.5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 50,000 100,000 300,000
(less than about 10,000 ppm) are shown at the left margin of the chart
Schlumberger
Purpose This chart is used to approximate the parts-per-million (ppm) concentration of a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution for which the total solids concentration of the solution is known. Once the equivalent concentration of the solution is known, the resistivity of the solution for a given temperature can be estimated with Chart Gen-6. Description The x-axis of the semilog chart is scaled in total solids concentration and the y-axis is the weighting multiplier. The curve set represents the various multipliers for the solids typically in formation water.
Example Given:
Find: Answer:
Formation water sample with solids concentrations of calcium (Ca) = 460 ppm, sulfate (SO4) = 1,400 ppm, and Na plus Cl = 19,000 ppm. Total solids concentration = 460 + 1,400 + 19,000 = 20,860 ppm. Equivalent NaCl solution in ppm. Enter the x-axis at 20,860 ppm and read the multiplier value for each of the solids curves from the y-axis: Ca = 0.81, SO4 = 0.45, and NaCl = 1.0. Multiply each concentration by its multiplier: (460 0.81) + (1,400 0.45) + (19,000 1.0) = 20,000 ppm.
General
Gen-6
(former Gen-9)
Gen
Conversion approximated by R2 = R1 [(T1 + 6.77)/(T2 + 6.77)]F or R2 = R1 [(T1 + 21.5)/(T2 + 21.5)]C 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 ppm
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1,0 00 1,2 00 1,4 00 1,7 00 2,0 00 3,0 00 4,0 00 5,0 00 6,0 00 7,0 00 8,0 00 10, 00 12, 0 000 14, 000 17, 0 20, 00 000 30, 000 40, 000 50, 000 60, 000 70, 0 80, 00 000 100 , 120 000 140,000 ,0 170 00 ,00 200 0 250,000 , 280 000 ,00 0
grains/gal at 75F 10 15 20 25 30 40 50
100 150 200 250 300 400 500 NaCl concentration (ppm or grains/gal)
0.01 F 50 C 10
75 20 30
100 40
Schlumberger
Schlumberger
SP-1
This chart and nomograph calculate the equivalent formation water resistivity, R weq, from the static spontaneous potential, E SSP, measurement in clean formations. Enter the nomograph with ESSP in mV, turning through the reservoir temperature in F or C to dene the R mfeq /R weq ratio. From this value, pass through the R mfeq value to dene R weq. For predominantly NaCl muds, determine R mfeq as follows: a. If R mf at 75F (24C) is greater than 0.1 ohm-m, correct R mf to formation temperature using Chart Gen-9, and use R mfeq = 0.85 R mf. b. If R mf at 75F (24C) is less than 0.1 ohm-m, use Chart SP-2 to derive a value of R mfeq at formation temperature.
Example: SSP = 100 mV at 250F R mf = 0.70 ohm-m at 100F or 0.33 ohm-m at 250F Therefore, R mfeq = 0.85 0.33 = 0.28 ohm-m at 250F R weq = 0.025 ohm-m at 250F E SSP = K c log(R mfeq /R weq ) K C = 61 + 0.133 TF K C = 65 + 0.24 TC
SP
Rmfeq /Rweq 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.02 0.04 0.06 2 aw /amf or Rmfe /Rwe 3 4 5 6 8 10
F 0 F 50 0 40 0F C C 0 30 25 00 C 0F 2 0 20 15 0C F 10 100 C 50 0C
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.1 0.2
0.05
4 6
100
150
200
2-5
Spontaneous PotentialWireline
SP-2
(customary, former SP-2)
SP
0.005
0.05
0.1
0.2
500F 400 F
0.5
300 F 200 F 150 F 100 75 F F
F 75 at Cl Na
1.0
2.0 0.005
Schlumberger
0.01
0.02 0.03
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
1.0
4 5
Rw or Rmf (ohm-m)
Purpose This chart is used to convert equivalent water resistivity (Rweq ) from Chart SP-1 to actual water resistivity (Rw). It can also be used to convert the mud ltrate resistivity (Rmf) to the equivalent mud ltrate resistivity (Rmfeq ) in saline mud. The metric version of this chart is Chart SP-3 on page 49. Description The solid lines are used for predominantly NaCl waters. The dashed lines are approximations for average fresh formation waters (for which the effects of salts other than NaCl become signicant).
48
The dashed lines can also be used for gypsum-base mud ltrates. Example Given: Find: Answer: From Chart SP-1, Rweq = 0.025 ohm-m at 250F in predominantly NaCl water. Rw at 250F. Enter the chart at the Rweq value on the y-axis and move horizontally right to intersect the solid 250F line. From the intersection point, move down to nd the Rw value on the x-axis. Rw = 0.03 ohm-m at 250F.
Sonic Tool
Porosity EvaluationOpen Hole
Purpose This chart is used to convert sonic log slowness time (t) values into those for porosity (). Description There are two sets of curves on the chart. The blue set for matrix velocity (vma) employs a weighted-average transform. The red set is based on the empirical observation of lithology (see Reference 20). For both, the saturating uid is assumed to be water with a velocity (vf) of 5,300 ft/s (1,615 m/s). Enter the chart with the slowness time from the sonic log on the x-axis. Move vertically to intersect the appropriate matrix velocity or lithology curve and read the porosity value on the y-axis. For rock mixtures such as limy sandstones or cherty dolomites, intermediate matrix lines may be interpolated. To use the weighted-average transform for an unconsolidated sand, a lack-of-compaction correction (Bcp) must be made. Enter the chart with the slowness time and intersect the appropriate compaction correction line to read the porosity on the y-axis. If the compaction correction is not known, it can be determined by working backward from a nearby clean water sand for which the porosity is known.
Example: Consolidated Formation Given: t = 76 s/ft in a consolidated formation with vma = 18,000 ft/s. Find: Porosity and the formation lithology (sandstone, dolomite, or limestone). Answer: 15% porosity and consolidated sandstone. Example: Unconsolidated Formation Given: Unconsolidated formation with t = 100 s/ft in a nearby water sand with a porosity of 28%. Find: Porosity of the formation for t = 110 s/ft. Answer: Enter the chart with 100 s/ft on the x-axis and move vertically upward to intersect 28-p.u. porosity. This intersection point indicates the correction factor curve of 1.2. Use the 1.2 correction value to nd the porosity for the other slowness time. The porosity of an unconsolidated formation with t = 110 s/ft is 34 p.u.
Por
PorosityWireline, LWD
Sonic Tool
Porosity EvaluationOpen Hole
Por-1
(customary, former Por-3)
40
40
30
te
Do lom i
Ca lci t
e ton ds n sa rtz ua
10
10
Por
0 130
Schlumberger
202
PorosityWireline, LWD
Sonic Tool
Porosity EvaluationOpen Hole
Por-2
(metric, former Por-3m)
40
40
30
ite alc C
ne sto nd sa tz ar Qu
Porosity, (p.u.)
8,0 00 7 6,4 ,000 5,9 50 00 5,5 D 00 Ce C ol Qu men alci omit te e a rt t z s ed q an ua ds ton rtz s an e ds ton e
20 vma (m/s)
20
10
10
0 100
0 150 200 250 300 350 400 Interval transit time, t (s/m)
Por
Schlumberger
Purpose This chart is used similarly to Chart Por-1 with metric units.
203
PorosityWireline, LWD
Density Tool
Porosity DeterminationOpen Hole
Por-3
(former Por-5)
f (g/cm3) 1.1
30
Porosity, (p.u.)
20
ma b ma f
10
0
2.8 2.6 2.4 Bulk density, b (g/cm )
3 *Mark of Schlumberger Schlumberger
ma
1.2 40
ma
ma
ma
2.31
2.2
2.0
Por
Purpose This chart is used to convert grain density (g/cm3) to density porosity. Description Values of log-derived bulk density (b) corrected for borehole size, matrix density of the formation (ma), and uid density (f) are used to determine the density porosity (D) of the logged formation. The f is the density of the uid saturating the rock immediately surrounding the boreholeusually mud ltrate. Enter the borehole-corrected value of b on the x-axis and move vertically to intersect the appropriate matrix density curve. From the intersection point move horizontally to the uid density line. Follow the porosity trend line to the porosity scale to read the formation
porosity as determined by the density tool. This porosity in combination with CNL* Compensated Neutron Log, sonic, or both values of porosity can help determine the rock type of the formation. Example Given: b = 2.31 g/cm3 (log reading corrected for borehole effect), ma = 2.71 g/cm3 (calcite mineral), and f = 1.1 g/cm3 (salt mud). Density porosity. D = 25 p.u.
Find: Answer:
204
PorosityWireline
Purpose This chart is used for the apparent limestone porosity recorded by the APS Accelerator Porosity Sonde or sidewall neutron porosity (SNP) tool to provide the equivalent porosity in sandstone or dolomite formations. It can also be used to obtain the apparent limestone porosity (used for the various crossplot porosity charts) for a log recorded in sandstone or dolomite porosity units. Description Enter the x-axis with the corrected near-to-array apparent limestone porosity (APLC) or near-to-far apparent limestone porosity (FPLC) and move vertically to the appropriate lithology curve. Then read the equivalent porosity on the y-axis. For APS porosity recorded in sandstone or dolomite porosity units enter that value on the y-axis and move horizontally to the recorded lithology curve. Then read the apparent limestone neutron porosity for that point on the x-axis. The APLC is the epithermal short-spacing apparent limestone neutron porosity from the near-to-array detectors. The log is automatically corrected for standoff during acquisition. Because it is epithermal this measurement does not need environmental corrections for temperature or chlorine effect. However, corrections for mud weight and actual borehole size should be applied (see Chart Neu-10). The short spacing means that the effect of density and therefore the lithology on this curve is minimal. The FPLC is the epithermal long-spacing apparent limestone neutron porosity acquired from the near-to-far detectors. Because it is epithermal this measurement does not need environmental corrections for temperature or chlorine effect. However, corrections for mud weight and actual borehole size should be applied (see Chart Neu-10). The long spacing means that the density and therefore lithology effect on this curve is pronounced, as seen on Charts Por-13 and Por-14.
The HPLC curve is the high-resolution version of the APLC curve. The same corrections apply.
Resolution Normal Enhanced
Not
formation-salinity corrected.
Example: Equivalent Porosity Given: APLC = 25 p.u. and FPLC = 25 p.u. Find: Porosity for sandstone and for dolomite. Answer: Sandstone porosity from APLC = 28.5 p.u. and sandstone porosity from FPLC = 30 p.u. Dolomite porosity = 24 and 20 p.u., respectively.
Example: Apparent Porosity Given: Clean sandstone porosity = 20 p.u. Find: Apparent limestone neutron porosity. Answer: Enter the y-axis at 20 p.u. and move horizontally to the quartz sandstone matrix curves. Move vertically from the points of intersection to the x-axis and read the apparent limestone neutron porosity values. APLC = 16.8 p.u. and FPLC = 14.5 p.u.
Por
PorosityWireline
Por-4
(former Por-13a)
30
20
Qu ar tz
sa nd sto ne
ite lc Ca
) ne to es (lim
te mi olo D
10
0 0 10 20 30 40 Apparent limestone neutron porosity, SNPcor (p.u.) Apparent limestone neutron porosity, APScor (p.u.)
*Mark of Schlumberger Schlumberger
Por
206
PorosityWireline General
Por-5
(former Por-13b)
40 Formation salinity
0 ppm 250,000 ppm
TNPH NPHI
30
Qu ar tz sa nd C sto ne
20
c al
ite
n to es m (li
e)
te mi olo D
10
Purpose This chart is used to convert CNL* Compensated Neutron Log porosity curves (TNPH or NPHI) from one lithology to another. It can also be used to obtain the apparent limestone porosity (used for the various crossplot porosity charts) from a log recorded in sandstone or dolomite porosity units. Description To determine the porosity of either quartz sandstone or dolomite enter the chart with the either the TNPH or NPHI corrected apparent limestone neutron porosity (CNLcor) on the x-axis. Move vertically to intersect the appropriate curve and read the porosity for quartz sandstone or dolomite on the y-axis. The chart has a built-in salinity correction for TNPH values.
Thermal neutron porosity (ratio method) Neutron porosity (environmentally corrected and enhanced vertical resolution processed) Thermal neutron porosity (environmentally corrected)
Por
Example Given:
Find: Answer:
Quartz sandstone formation, TNPH = 18 p.u. (apparent limestone neutron porosity), and formation salinity = 250,000 ppm. Porosity in sandstone. From the TNPH porosity reading of 18 p.u. on the x-axis, project a vertical line to intersect the quartz sandstone dashed red curve. From the y-axis, the porosity of the sandstone is 24 p.u.
207
PorosityWireline General
CNL* Compensated Neutron Log and Litho-Density* Tool (fresh water in invaded zone)
Porosity and LithologyOpen Hole
Por-11
(former CP-1e)
45
40
40
40
35
ity os or P
35
35
30
2.2
30
30
2.3
20
15
30
25
15
15
2.5
10
5
15
5
10
2.6
0
5
10
2.7
0
5
2.8
0
2.9
10
3.0
15
Por
213
PorosityWireline General
CNL* Compensated Neutron Log and Litho-Density* Tool (salt water in invaded zone)
Porosity and LithologyOpen Hole
Por-12
(former CP-11)
45 45
40
40
35
ity os or P 25
40 35
35
35
2.2
30
30
30
2.3
15
2.5
10
5
10
2.6
0
30 25 20 15 10 5
25
5
0
10
2.7
5
2.8 5
0
2.9
10 15
3.0
Por Purpose This chart is used similarly to Chart Por-11 with CNL Compensated Neutron Log and Litho-Density values to approximate the lithology and determine the crossplot porosity in the saltwater-invaded zone. Example Given: Find: Answer: Corrected apparent neutron limestone porosity = 16.5 p.u. and bulk density = 2.38 g/cm3. Crossplot porosity and lithology. Crossplot porosity = 20 p.u. The lithology is approximately 55% quartz and 45% limestone.
214
PorosityWireline General
Por-13
(former CP-1g)
Liquid-Filled Borehole (f = 1.000 g/cm3 and Cf = 0 ppm) 1.9 APLC FPLC 2.0
Ap pro xim cor gas ate rec tion
45
40
40
35 35
2.1
35
30 30
40 35
40
2.2
y sit ro Po
20 20
25
2.3
15 15
2.5
55
10 10
10
15
35 30
15 5 10 5 5 10
15
2.6
00 0
2.7
2.8
00
2.9
3.0 0
ite dr hy An
10
20
30
40
Por Purpose This chart is used to determine the lithology and porosity from the Litho-Density bulk density and APS Accelerator Porosity Sonde porosity log curves (APLC or FPLC). This chart applies to boreholes lled with freshwater drilling uid; Chart Por-14 is used for saltwater uids. Description Enter either the APLC or FPLC porosity on the x-axis and the bulk density on the y-axis. Use the blue matrix curves for APLC porosity values and the red curves for FPLC porosity values. Anhydrite plots on separate curves. The gas correction direction is indicated for formations containing gas. Move parallel to the blue correction line if the APLC porosity is used or to the red correction line if the FPLC porosity is used. Example Given: Find: Answer: APLC porosity = 8 p.u. and bulk density = 2.2 g/cm3. Approximate quartz sandstone porosity. Enter at 8 p.u. on the x-axis and 2.2 g/cm3 on the y-axis to nd the intersection point is in the gas-in-formation correction region. Because the APLC porosity value was used, move parallel to the blue gas correction line until the blue quartz sandstone curve is intersected at approximately 19 p.u.
215
PorosityWireline General
Por-14
(former CP-1h)
Liquid-Filled Borehole (f = 1.190 g/cm3 and Cf = 250,000 ppm) 1.9 APLC FPLC 2.0
Ap pro xim cor gas ate rec tion
45 45
45
40 40
2.1
40
40
35 35
y sit oro P 25
2.2
30 30
25
35
40
2.3
15 15
2.5
55
10 10
10
35 30
35
2.6
00 0
15
5 10
15
2.7
10
5
2.8
00
2.9
3.0 0
ite dr hy An
10
20
30
40
Por Purpose This chart is used similarly to Chart Por-13 to determine the lithology and porosity from Litho-Density* bulk density and APS* porosity log curves (APLC or FPLC) in saltwater boreholes. Example Given: APLC porosity = 8 p.u. and bulk density = 2.2 g/cm3. Find: Approximate quartz sandstone porosity. Answer: Enter 8 p.u. on the x-axis and 2.2 g/cm3 on the y-axis to nd the intersection point is in the gas-in-formation correction region. Because the APLC porosity value was used, move parallel to the blue gas correction line until the blue quartz sandstone curve is intersected at approximately 20 p.u.
216
PorosityLWD General
Por-15
Salt
2.0
40
40
2.1
y sit ro Po
30
35
35
40
2.2
20
2.4
15
2.5
5
10
10
15
35 30
25
2.6
0 0
5 10
5
2.7
2.8
0
2.9
Anhydrite
3.0 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Por Purpose This chart is used to determine the crossplot porosity and lithology from the adnVISION475 4.75-in. density and neutron porosity. Description Enter the chart with the adnVISION475 corrected apparent limestone neutron porosity (from Chart Neu-31) and bulk density. The intersection of the two values is the crossplot porosity. The position of the point of intersection between the matrix curves represents the relative percentage of each matrix material. Example Given: Find: Answer: ADNcor = 20 p.u. and b = 2.24 g/cm3. Crossplot porosity and matrix material. 25 p.u. in sandstone.
217
PorosityLWD General
Por-16
40
2.0
35
2.1
40
2.2
2.4
35
35 30
10
2.5
20
15
5
2.6
5
10
ite lom Do
0
2.7
0
5
10
2.8
0
2.9
3.0 5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Por
Purpose This chart uses the bulk density and apparent limestone porosity from the adnVISION 6.75-in. Azimuthal Density Neutron tool to determine the lithology of the logged formation and the crossplot porosity. Description This chart is applicable for logs obtained in freshwater drilling uid. Enter the corrected apparent limestone porosity and the bulk density on the x- and y-axis, respectively. Their intersection point determines the lithology and crossplot porosity.
Corrected adnVISION675 apparent limestone porosity = 20 p.u. and bulk density = 2.3 g /cm3. Porosity and lithology type. Entering the chart at 20 p.u. on the x-axis and 2.3 g /cm3 on the y-axis corresponds to a crossplot porosity of 21.5 p.u. and formation comprising approximately 60% quartz sandstone and 40% limestone.
218
PorosityLWD General
Por-17
40
2.0
40
35
2.1
2.2
20
2.4
10
2.5
10
15
y sit oro P
25
35
30
35
5
2.6
5
15
10
0
2.7
0
5
2.8
0
2.9
3.0 5
10
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
35
40
40
45
Por
Purpose This chart is used similarly to Chart Por-15 to determine the lithology and crossplot porosity from adnVISION825 8.25-in. Azimuthal Density Neutron values.
219
PorosityWireline General
Purpose This chart is used to determine crossplot porosity and an approximation of lithology for sonic and thermal neutron logs in freshwater drilling uid. Description Enter the corrected neutron porosity (apparent limestone porosity) on the x-axis and the sonic slowness time (t) on the y-axis to nd their intersection point, which describes the crossplot porosity and lithology composition of the formation. Two sets of curves are drawn on the chart. The blue set of curves represents the crossplot porosity values using the sonic time-average algorithm. The red set of curves represents the eld observation algorithm.
Example Given:
Find: Answer:
Thermal neutron apparent limestone porosity = 20 p.u. and sonic slowness time = 89 s/ft in freshwater drilling uid. Crossplot porosity and lithology. Enter the neutron porosity on the x-axis and the sonic slowness time on the y-axis. The intersection point is at about 25 p.u. on the eld observation line and 24.5 p.u. on the time-average line. The matrix is quartz sandstone.
Por
220
PorosityWireline General
Por-20
(customary, former CP-2c)
110
100
Qu 30 30 ar tz sa nd sto ne
35
35 35
Po ros ity
25 25
90
30
20
25
80
20
25
30
10
15
15
15
10
10
60
0
10
10
15
20
15
15
20
25
30
30
35
35
40
Por
An hy dr ite 0
5
10
50
221
PorosityWireline General
Por-21
(metric, former CP-2cm)
360
340
35
320
Qu 30 30 ar tz sa nd sto ne 30
35 35
25 25
Po ros ity
300
280
Ca lci te ( Do 25 25 lime lom sto ne ite ) 25
20
260
15
20
30
20
15
15
20
20
220
Sa lt
10
10
15
15
200
0
10
5
10
15
180
Por
160
An hy dri te
0
5
140
0
*Mark of Schlumberger Schlumberger
10
10
20
20
25
30
30
30
Purpose This chart is used similarly to Chart Por-20 for metric units.
222
35
35
40
40
Purpose This chart is used to determine porosity and lithology for sonic and density logs in freshwater-invaded zones. Description Enter the chart with the bulk density on the y-axis and sonic slowness time on the x-axis. The point of intersection indicates the type of formation and its porosity.
Bulk density = 2.3 g /cm3 and sonic slowness time = 82 s/ft. Crossplot porosity and lithology. Limestone with a crossplot porosity = 24 p.u.
Por
Por-22
(customary, former CP-7)
t f = 189 s/ft and f = 1.0 g/cm3 1.8 Time average Field observation Sylvite 1.9
40
40
2.0
40
Sulfur
40
2.2
y sit ro Po
2.3
30
2.4
20 10 10
2.5
10
2.6
2.7
Por
2.8
2.9
00 Do lom ite
3.0 40
10
Polyhalite
Schlumberger
224
20
20
Gypsum
20
20 20
30
30
30
30
30
40
Por-23
(metric, former CP-7m)
t f = 620 s/m and f = 1.0 g/cm3 1.8 Time average Field observation Sylvite 1.9
2.0 Salt
40 40
40
Sulfur
2.1
Trona
40 30
40
2.2
ity os or P
2.3
20
30
Gypsum
20 20 20
30
2.4
20 10 10
2.5
10
10
2.6
2.7
20
30
30
30
Por
2.8
Polyhalite
2.9
0 0 Do lom ite
200
250
300
350
400
Purpose This chart is used similarly to Chart Por-22 for metric units.
225
PorosityWireline General
Purpose This nomograph is used to estimate porosity in hydrocarbon-bearing formations by using density, neutron, and resistivity in the ushed zone (Rxo) logs. The density and neutron logs must be corrected for environmental effects and lithology before entry to the nomograph. The chart includes an approximate correction for excavation effect, but if hydrocarbon density (h) is <0.25 g /cm3 (gas), the chart may not be accurate in some extreme cases:
Example Given:
Find: Answer:
very high values of porosity (>35 p.u.) coupled with medium to high values of hydrocarbon saturation (Shr) Shr = 100% for medium to high values of porosity.
Corrected CNL apparent neutron porosity = 12 p.u., corrected apparent density porosity = 38 p.u., and Shr = 50%. Hydrocarbon-corrected porosity. Enter the 12-p.u. cor value on the CNL scale. A line from this value to 38 p.u. on the Dcor scale intersects the 1 scale at 32.2 p.u. The intersection of a line from this value to the graph origin and Shr = 50% is = 1.6 p.u. Hydrocarbon-corrected porosity: 32.2 1.6 = 30.6 p.u.
Description Connect the apparent neutron porosity value on the appropriate neutron porosity scale (CNL* Compensated Neutron Log or sidewall neutron porosity [SNP] log) with the corrected apparent density porosity on the density scale with a straight line. The intersection point on the 1 scale indicates the value of 1. Draw a line from the 1 value to the origin (lower right corner) of the chart for versus Shr. Enter the chart with Shr from (Shr = 1 Sxo) and move vertically upward to determine the porosity correction factor () at the intersection with the line from the 1 scale. This correction factor algebraically added to the porosity 1 gives the corrected porosity.
Por
230
PorosityWireline General
Por-26
(former CP-9)
cor (CNL*) 50
1 50
Dcor 50
40
40
40
40
30
30
30
30
20
20
20
20
3 (p.u.) 10 10 10 10 2
Por
231
LithologyWireline General
Purpose This chart is a method for identifying the type of clay in the wellbore. The values of the photoelectric factor (Pe) from the Litho-Density* log and the concentration of potassium (K) from the NGS Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry tool are entered on the chart. Description Enter the upper chart with the values of Pe and K to determine the point of intersection. On the lower chart, plotting Pe and the ratio of thorium and potassium (Th/K) provides a similar mineral evaluation. The intersection points are not unique but are in general areas dened by a range of values.
Example Given:
Find: Answer:
Environmentally corrected thorium concentration (ThNGScorr) = 10.6 ppm, environmentally corrected potassium concentration (KNGScorr) = 3.9%, and Pe = 3.2. Mineral concentration of the logged clay. The intersection points from plotting values of Pe and K on the upper chart and Pe and Th/K ratio = 10.6/3.9 = 2.7 on the lower chart suggest that the clay mineral is illite.
Lith
182
LithologyWireline
Lith-1
(former CP-18)
10
Montmorillonite 2 Kaolinite
10
8 Glauconite Biotite 6 Photoelectric factor, Pe 4 Mixed layer Illite Muscovite 2 Montmorillonite Kaolinite Chlorite
Lith
0 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
10
20
30
60
100
183
LithologyWireline
Lith-2
(former CP-19)
25
Th/K = 25
12
Possible 100% kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite clay line
Th /K =
20
Kaolinite
K= Th/ 3.5
15 Thorium (ppm) 10
~70% illite
y r cla aye ed-l Mix
M on tm or illo nit e
Illite
~30% glauconite
Glauconite
Th/K = 0.6
Th/K = 0.3
e orit Chl
0 0 1 2
Feldspar
3 Potassium (%)
Lith
Purpose This chart is used to determine the type of minerals in a shale formation from concentrations measured by the NGS Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry tool. Description Entering the chart with the values of thorium and potassium locates the intersection point used to determine the type of radioactive minerals that compose the majority of the clay in the formation.
A sandstone reservoir with varying amounts of shaliness and illite as the principal clay mineral usually plots in the illite segment of the chart with Th/K between 2.0 and 3.5. Less shaly parts of the reservoir plot closer to the origin, and shaly parts plot closer to the 70% illite area.
184
LithologyWireline
Purpose This chart is used to determine the lithology and porosity of a formation. The porosity is used for the water saturation determination and the lithology helps to determine the makeup of the logged formation. Description Note that this chart is designed for fresh water (uid density [f] = 1.0 g/cm3) in the borehole. Chart Lith-4 is used for saltwater (f = 1.1 g/cm3) formations. Values of photoelectric factor (Pe) and bulk density (b) from the Platform Express Three-Detector Lithology Density (TLD) tool are entered into the chart. At the point of intersection, porosity and lithology values can be determined.
Example Given:
Find: Answer:
Freshwater drilling mud, Pe = 3.0, and bulk density = 2.73 g/cm3. Freshwater drilling mud, Pe = 1.6, and bulk density = 2.24 g/cm3. Porosity and lithology. For the rst set of conditions, the formation is a dolomite with 8% porosity. The second set is for a quartz sandstone formation with 30% porosity.
Lith
LithologyWireline
Lith-3
(former CP-16)
40
Salt
2.0
40
2.1
Quartz sandstone
20
30
2.3
30
10
2.2
30
40
Dolomite
20
20 10
Anhydrite
5
2.6
2.8
2.9
2.7
10
Lith
186
LithologyWireline
Lith-4
(former CP-17)
Salt
2.0
40
2.1
2.2
Quartz sandstone
30
40
40
2.3
ne) (limesto Calcite
20
30
30
10
20
20 10
2.6
0
2.8
Anhydrite
2.9
3.0 0
*Mark of Schlumberger Schlumberger
3 Photoelectric factor, Pe
2.7
10
Lith
This chart is used similarly to Chart Lith-3 for lithology and porosity determination with values of photoelectric factor (Pe) and
bulk density (b) from the Platform Express TLD tool in saltwater borehole uid.
187
Density Tool
Apparent Matrix Volumetric Photoelectric FactorOpen Hole
Lith-5
(former CP-20)
3.0
Fresh water (0 ppm), f = 1.0 g/cm3, U f = 0.398 Salt water (200,000 ppm), f = 1.11 g/cm3, U f = 1.36
2.5
0 10
2.0
20 30
40
10
12
14
Photoelectric factor, Pe
Schlumberger
Lith
Purpose This chart is used to determine the apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor (Umaa) for the Chart Lith-6 percent lithology determination. Description This chart is entered with the values of bulk density (b) and Pe from a density log. The value of the apparent total porosity (ta) must also be known. The appropriate solid lines on the right-hand side of the chart that indicate a freshwater borehole uid or dotted lines that represent saltwater borehole uid are used depending on the salinity of the borehole uid. Uf is the uid photoelectric factor.
Pe = 4.0, b = 2.5 g/cm3, ta = 25%, and freshwater borehole uid. Apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor (Umaa). Enter the chart with the Pe value (4.0) on the left-hand x-axis, and move upward to intersect the curve for b = 2.5 g/cm3. From that intersection point, move horizontally right to intersect the ta value of 25%, using the blue freshwater curve. Move vertically downward to determine the Umaa value on the right-hand x-axis scale: Umaa = 13.
188
Density Tool
Lithology IdenticationOpen Hole
Purpose This chart is used to identify the rock mineralogy through comparison of the apparent matrix grain density (maa) and apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor (Umaa). Description The values of maa and Umaa are entered on the y- and x-axis, respectively. The rock mineralogy is identied by the proximity of the point of intersection of the two values to the labeled points on the plot. The effect of gas, salt, etc., is to shift data points in the directions shown by the arrows.
maa = 2.74 g/cm3 (from Chart Lith-9 or Lith-10) and Umaa = 13 (from Chart Lith-5). Matrix composition of the formation. Enter the chart with maa = 2.74 g/cm3 on the y-axis and Umaa = 13 on the x-axis. The intersection point indicates a matrix mixture of 20% dolomite and 80% calcite.
Lith
Density Tool
Lithology IdenticationOpen Hole
Lith-6
(former CP-21)
2.2
2.3 Salt
2.5
K-feldspar
on Gas directi
2.4
20
% calcit e
40
60
80
Calcite
20
2.8
40 20
60 80
40
% tz ar qu
Barite
te mi olo d
Lith
2.9
Dolomite
Heavy minerals
Anhydrite
14
16
Schlumberger
190
LithologyWireline, LWD
Purpose This chart is used to help identify mineral mixtures from sonic, density, and neutron logs. Description Because M and N slope values are practically independent of porosity except in gas zones, the porosity values they indicate can be correlated with the mineralogy. (See Appendix E for the formulas to calculate M and N from sonic, density, and neutron logs.) Enter the chart with M on the y-axis and N on the x-axis. The intersection point indicates the makeup of the formation. Points for binary mixtures plot along a line connecting the two mineral points. Ternary mixtures plot within the triangle dened by the three constituent minerals. The effect of gas, shaliness, secondary porosity, etc., is to shift data points in the directions shown by the arrows.
The lines on the chart are divided into numbered groups by porosity range as follows: 1. = 0 (tight formation) 2. = 0 to 12 p.u. 3. = 12 to 27 p.u. 4. = 27 to 40 p.u. Example Given: Find: Answer: M = 0.79 and N = 0.51. Mineral composition of the formation. The intersection of the M and N values indicates dolomite in group 2, which has a porosity between 0 to 12 p.u.
Lith
LithologyWireline, LWD
Lith-7
(former CP-8)
1.1 Freshwater mud f = 1.0 Mg/m3, t f = 620 s/m f = 1.0 g/cm3, t f = 189 s/ft Gypsum 1.0 Saltwater mud f = 1.1 Mg/m3, t f = 607 s/m f = 1.1 g/cm3, t f = 185 s/ft
s Ga r o lt sa
Quartz sandstone
vma = 5486 m/s = 18,000 ft/s
0.7
Anhydrite
0.6
Lith
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.5 N
0.6
0.7
0.8
Schlumberger
192
LithologyWireline General
Purpose This chart is used to help identify mineral mixtures from APS Accelerator Porosity Sonde neutron logs. Description Because M and N values are practically independent of porosity except in gas zones, the porosity values they indicate can be correlated with the mineralogy. (See Appendix E for the formulas to calculate M and N from sonic, density, and neutron logs.) Enter the chart with M on the y-axis and N on the x-axis. The intersection point indicates the makeup of the formation. Points for binary mixtures plot along a line connecting the two mineral points. Ternary mixtures plot within the triangle dened by the three constituent minerals. The effect of gas, shaliness, secondary porosity, etc., is to shift data points in the directions shown by the arrows.
The lines on the chart are divided into numbered groups by porosity range as follows: 1. = 0 (tight formation) 2. = 0 to 12 p.u. 3. = 12 to 27 p.u. 4. = 27 to 40 p.u. Because the dolomite spread is negligible, a single dolomite point is plotted for each mud. Example Given: Find: Answer: M = 0.80 and N = 0.55. Mineral composition of the formation. Dolomite.
Lith
LithologyWireline General
Lith-8
(former CP-8a)
1.1 Freshwater mud f = 1.0 Mg/m3, t f = 620 s/m f = 1.0 g/cm3, t f = 189 s/ft Gypsum 1.0 Saltwater mud f = 1.1 Mg/m3, t f = 607 s/m f = 1.1 g/cm3, t f = 185 s/ft
s Ga r o lt sa
Quartz sandstone
vma = 5486 m/s = 18,000 ft/s
0.7
Anhydrite
0.6
Lith
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.5 N
0.6
0.7
0.8
194
LithologyWireline, LWD
Purpose Charts Lith-9 (customary units) and Lith-10 (metric units) provide values of the apparent matrix internal transit time (t maa) and apparent matrix grain density (maa) for the matrix identication (MID) Charts Lith-11 and Lith-12. With these parameters the identication of rock mineralogy or lithology through a comparison of neutron, density, and sonic measurements is possible. Description Determining the values of t maa and maa to use in the MID Charts Lith-11 and Lith-12 requires three steps. First, apparent crossplot porosity is determined using the appropriate neutron-density and neutron-sonic crossplot charts in the Porosity section of this book. For data that plot above the sandstone curve on the charts, the apparent crossplot porosity is dened by a vertical projection to the sandstone curve. Second, enter Chart Lith-9 or Lith-10 with the interval transit time (t) to intersect the previously determined apparent crossplot porosity. This point denes t maa. Third, enter Chart Lith-9 or Lith-10 with the bulk density (b) to again intersect the apparent crossplot porosity and dene maa. The values determined from Charts Lith-9 and Lith-10 for tmaa and maa are cross plotted on the appropriate MID plot (Charts Lith-11 and Lith-12) to identify the rock mineralogy by its proximity to the labeled points on the plot.
Example Given:
Find: Answer:
Apparent crossplot porosity from density-neutron = 20%, b = 2.4 g/cm3, apparent crossplot porosity from neutron-sonic = 30%, and t = 82 s/ft. maa and t maa. maa = 2.75 g/cm3 and t maa = 46 s/ft.
Lith
LithologyWireline, LWD
Lith-9
(customary, former CP-14)
Fluid Density = 1.0 g/cm3 Apparent matrix transit time, t maa (s/ft) 130 3.0 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 130
2.9
120
2.8 40 2.7 30
Ne ut ro nso ni c
110
2.6
20
2.4
De ns ity -n eu tro n
2.5
10
80
10
70
2.3
20
60
2.2
30
50
2.1
40
40
Lith
2.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 Apparent matrix density, maa (g/cm3)
Schlumberger
30
196
Lith-10
(metric, former CP-14m)
Fluid Density = 1.0 g/cm3 Apparent matrix transit time, t maa (s/m) 3.0 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 350
2.9 40
325
2.8
300
2.7
30
275
Ne ut ro nso ni c
2.6
20
2.4
De ns ity -n eu tro n
2.5
10
225
10
200
2.3
20
175
2.2
30
150
2.1
40
125
2.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 Apparent matrix density, maa (g/cm3)
Schlumberger
100
Lith
Purpose Charts Lith-9 (customary units) and Lith-10 (metric units) provide values of the apparent matrix internal transit time (t maa) and apparent matrix grain density (maa) for the matrix identication (MID) Charts Lith-11 and Lith-12. With these parameters the identication of rock mineralogy or lithology through a comparison of neutron, density, and sonic measurements is possible.
197
Density Tool
Matrix Identication (MID)Open Hole
Purpose Charts Lith-11 and Lith-12 are used to establish the type of mineral predominant in the formation. Description Enter the appropriate (customary or metric units) chart with the values established from Charts Lith-9 or Lith-10 to identify the predominant mineral in the formation. Salt points are dened for two tools, the sidewall neutron porosity (SNP) and the CNL* Compensated Neutron Log. The presence of secondary porosity in the form of vugs or fractures displaces the data points parallel to the apparent matrix internal transit time (tmaa) axis. The presence of gas displaces points to the right on the chart. Plotting some shale points to establish the shale trend lines helps in the identication of shaliness. For uid density (f) other than 1.0 g/cm3 use the table to determine the multiplier to correct the apparent total density porosity before entering Chart Lith-11 or Lith-12.
f
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15
maa = 2.75 g/cm3, t maa = 56 s/ft (from Chart Lith-9), and f = 1.0 g/cm3. The predominant mineral. The formation consists of both dolomite and calcite, which indicates a dolomitized limestone. The formation used in this example is from northwest Florida in the Jay eld. The vugs (secondary porosity) created by the dolomitization process displace the data point parallel to the dolomite and calcite points.
Lith
198
Density Tool
Matrix Identication (MID)Open Hole
Lith-11
(customary, former CP-15)
2.2
2.3
2.4
n tio ec dir s Ga
3.0
Lith
3.1 30 40 50 tmaa (s/ft) 60 70
199
LithologyWireline, LWD
Density Tool
Matrix Identication (MID)Open Hole
Lith-12
(metric, former CP-15m)
2.2
2.3
2.4
n tio ec dir s Ga
3.0
Anhydrite
Lith
3.1 100 120 140 160 t maa (s/m) 180 200 220 240
Purpose Chart Lith-12 is used similarly to Chart Lith-11 to establish the mineral type of the formation.
200
Resistivity
Schlumberger
Rint-9b
Thick beds, 8-in. [203-mm] hole, no annulus, no transition zone, Rxo /Rm = 50, use data corrected for borehole effect 100 80 60 70 40 30 1.1 20 15 1.2 1.3 20 15 Rt RLLD 30 1.4 1.6 1.8 10 8 6 7 RLLD /Rxo 4 3 3 2 2 1.5 1.5 5 50 Rt Rxo 3.04 di (in.) di (m) 20 0.50 0.75 30 100 1.01 1.27 1.52 2.03 40 50 60 80 100 120
10
Rint
1 0.8 0.6 100 2.54 60 0.4 0.3 0.4 di (in.) di (m) Rt Rxo
1.52 40 30 1.01 20 0.2 0.75 0.50 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2 3 4 RLLD /RLLS 6 8 10 15 20 30 40 50
0.2 0.4
Schlumberger
6-7
Appendix B
Name Silicates Quartz -Cristobalite Opal (3.5% H2O) Garnet Hornblende Tourmaline Zircon Carbonates Calcite Dolomite Ankerite Siderite Oxidates Hematite Magnetite Geothite Limonite Gibbsite Phosphates Hydroxyapatite Chlorapatite Fluorapatite Carbonapatite FeldsparsAlkali Orthoclase Anorthoclase Microcline KAISi3O8 KAISi3O8 KAISi3O8 2.52 2.59 2.53 2 2 2 3 2 3 69 Ca5(PO4)3OH Ca5(PO4)3CL Ca5(PO4)3F (Ca5(PO4)3)2CO3H2O 3.17 3.18 3.21 3.13 5 1 1 5 8 1 2 8 42 42 42 Fe2O3 Fe3O4 FeO(OH) FeO(OH)(H2O)2.05 Al(OH)3 5.18 5.08 4.34 3.59 2.49 4 3 50+ 50+ 50+ 11 9 60+ 60+ 60+ 56.9 102.6 42.9 73 79.3 CaCO3 CaCO3MgCO3 Ca(Mg,Fe)(CO3)2 FeCO3 2.71 2.85 2.86 3.89 0 2 0 5 0 1 1 12 3 47 0 1 49.0 44.0 88.4 72 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 (H2O).1209 Fe3Al2(SiO4)3 Ca2NaMg2Fe2 AlSi8O22(O,OH)2 NaMg3Al6B3Si6O2(OH)4 ZrSiO4 2.64 2.15 2.13 4.31 3.20 3.02 4.50 1 2 4 3 4 16 1 2 3 2 7 8 22 3 43.8 81.5 58 1 56.0 88.0 Formula LOG (g/cm3) SNP (p.u.) CNL (p.u.) APS (p.u.)
(sec/ft)
(sec/ft)
Pe
(farad/m)
(c.u.)
4.65
7.2
13.8 9.0 27 57
7.5 6.8
9.1 8.7
7.1 4.7 22
6.87.5
8.89.1
52
21 22 19 13 1.1
101 103 85 71 23
18 19 19 17
16 16 16
NaAlSi3O8 CaAl2Si2O8
2.59 2.74
1 1
2 2
49 45
85
1.7 3.1
4.4 8.6
4.46.0 4.46.0
7.08.2 7.08.2
7.5 7.2
12
~20 ~38
49
149
2.4 4.8
6.7 14 19
6.27.9
8.39.4
~270
17 21
~11
~21
50.8 50
224 207
6.3
4.86.0
7.28.1
~275
30 33
Mean
porosity derived from near-to-array ratio (APLC) value, which may vary for individual samples
B-5
Appendix B
Name Clays Kaolinite Chlorite Al4Si4O10(OH)8 (Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)4 O10(OH)8 K11.5Al4(Si76.5,Al11.5) O20(OH)4 (Ca,Na)7(Al,Mg,Fe)4 (Si,Al)8O20(OH)4(H2O)n 2.41 2.76 34 37 ~37 ~52 ~34 ~35 Formula LOG (g/cm3) SNP (p.u.) CNL (p.u.) APS (p.u.)
(sec/ft)
(sec/ft)
Pe
(farad/m)
(c.u.)
1.8 6.3
4.4 17
~5.8 ~5.8
~8.0 ~8.0
80130 180250
14 25
Illite
2.52
20
~30
~17
3.5
8.7
~5.8
~8.0
250300
18
Montmorillonite Evaporites Halite Anhydrite Gypsum Trona Tachhydrite Sylvite Carnalite Langbeinite Polyhalite Kainite Kieserite Epsomite Bischote Barite Celestite Suldes Pyrite Marcasite Pyrrhotite Sphalerite Chalopyrite Galena Sulfur Coals Anthracite Bituminous Lignite
APS
2.12
~60
~60
2.0
4.0
~5.8
~8.0
150200
14
NaCl CaSO4 CaSO4(H2O)2 Na2CO3NaHCO3H2O CaCl2(MgCl2)2(H2O)12 KCl KClMgCl2(H2O)6 K2SO4(MgSO4)2 K2SO4Mg SO4(CaSO4)2(H2O)2 MgSO4KCl(H2O)3 MgSO4H2) MgSO4(H2O)7 MgCl2(H2O)6 BaSO4 SrSO4
2.04 2.98 2.35 2.08 1.66 1.86 1.57 2.82 2.79 2.12 2.59 1.71 1.54 4.09 3.79
21 2 60
67.0 50 52 65 92
120
4.7 5.1 4.0 0.71 3.8 8.5 4.1 3.6 4.3 3.5 1.8 1.2
9.5 15 9.4 1.5 6.4 16 6.4 10 12 7.4 4.7 2.0 4.0 1090 209
754 12 19 16 406
4.64.8
7.27.3
100
2.6 267 55
2 2 2 3 2 3 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
39.2
62.1
17 17 21 36 27 1630
90 88 94 25 102 13 20
122
5.4
37 50+ 47
38 60+ 52
8.7 14 13
Mean
porosity derived from near-to-array ratio (APLC) value, which may vary for individual samples
B-6
Appendix A
For FR = 5000 Resistivity scale may be multiplied by 10 for use in a higher range 4000
0.62 2.15
0.20
0.25
0.60 1500 Conductivity 0.70 0.80 1000 0.90 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 300 200 150 100 50 25 10 0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10 15 20 30 40 50 100 200 Resistivity
A-3
500 400
t , b
FR
Cuttings
OIL
2
Ditch Gas %
4 6 8 10
5
5
Methane ppm
Ethane ppm
Propane ppm
iso-Butane ppm
n-Butane ppm
iso-Pentane ppm
n-Pentane ppm
50 500 5000 50000
500000
Lithology Description
FLUOR CUT
MD feet 1:500
500
400
300
200
100
CORE
LITHOLOGY
INTERPRETED
GAMMA API
30 60 90 120 150
500000
500000
500000
500000
500000
110 5
RESISTIVITY Ohm.m
2 20 200 2000
5
5
5
Ohm.m
500000
800
DEPTH: 15800' WOB: 8-24 klbs PPRESS: 3817 psi SPM: 117 GPM: 585 TORQ: 40 kft.lbs RPM: 22
MD: 15828', INC: 9.40 deg, AZM: 65.27 deg, TVD: 15053.71'
MDST: m gry-m dk gry-olv blk, occ brn blk, mod frm-frm, occ hd, sb blky-blky, pred sb blky, sli-occ slty, microcarb, n calc
15850
CG: 0.3%
15900
MD: 15922', INC: 9.53 deg, AZM: 64.99 deg, TVD: 15146.42'
15950
FM: 8.9%
C1, C2, C3, IC4, NC4, IC5, NC5
16000
Cuttings
OIL
2
Ditch Gas %
4 6 8 10
5
5
Methane ppm
Ethane ppm
Propane ppm
iso-Butane ppm
n-Butane ppm
iso-Pentane ppm
500000
Lithology Description
FLUOR CUT
MD feet 1:500
500
400
300
200
100
CORE
LITHOLOGY
INTERPRETED
GAMMA API
30 60 90 120 150
500000
500000
500000
500000
500000
110 5
RESISTIVITY Ohm.m
2 20 200 2000
5
5
5
Ohm.m
: :
HEL 4
C1 RATIOS
1 1 1 1
ANALYSIS CDANAL
GAS/LIGHT OIL RESIDUAL OIL UNPRODUCTIVE GAS OIL
CORE
INTERPRETED
LITHOLOGY
LHR GWR
100 100
100
1000
10000
DEPTH: 15800' WOB: 8-24 klbs PPRESS: 3817 psi SPM: 117 GPM: 585 TORQ: 40 kft.lbs RPM: 22
GAS
1 % 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 10
CHROMATOGRAPH DATA
C1 ppm C2 C3 iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5
C1 RATIOS
1 1 1 1
ANALYSIS CDANAL
GAS/LIGHT OIL RESIDUAL OIL UNPRODUCTIVE GAS OIL
CORE
INTERPRETED
LITHOLOGY
MD feet 1:500
LHR GWR
100 100
100
1000
10000
WEIGHT ON BIT
AVG TORQUE
40 50
10 20 30 kft.lb 40 50
75
RPM BIT
150 RPM 225 300
PUMP PRESS
1000 2000 3000 psi 4000 5000
4
TOTAL GAS
8
%
MD feet 1:500
500
400
100
10
20
30 klbf
12
16
20
INTERPRETED
LITHOLOGY
HOOKLOAD
80 160 240 klbf 320 400
10
MAX TORQUE
20 30 kft.lb 40 50
75
RPM TABLE
150 RPM 225 300
MUD FLOW IN
300 600 900 USgl/min 1200 1500
10 12
ECD TD
14 ppg 16 18
800
MD: 15828', INC: 9.40 deg, AZM: 65.27 deg, TVD: 15053.71'
DEPTH: 15800' WOB: 8-24 klbs PPRESS: 3817 psi SPM: 117 GPM: 585 TORQ: 40 kft.lbs RPM: 22
CG: 0.3%
MD: 15922', INC: 9.53 deg, AZM: 64.99 deg, TVD: 15146.42' FM: 8.9%
WEIGHT ON BIT
10 20 30 klbf 40 50
10
AVG TORQUE
20 30 kft.lb 40 50
75
RPM BIT
150 RPM 225 300
PUMP PRESS
1000 2000 3000 psi 4000 5000
4
TOTAL GAS
8
%
12
16
20
INTERPRETED
LITHOLOGY
HOOKLOAD
80 160 240 klbf 320 400
10
MAX TORQUE
20 30 kft.lb 40 50
75
RPM TABLE
150 RPM 225 300
MUD FLOW IN
300 600 900 USgl/min 1200 1500
10 12
ECD TD
14 ppg 16 18
ROTARY SPEED
SURFACE RPM
100 200 300 RPM 400 500
TORQUE
AVERAGE
10 20 30 kft.lb 40 50
0.2
DXC DATA
DXC
2
GAS DATA
TOTAL GAS
0.1 1 10 100
MD feet 1:500
ROP
ft/hr
LITHOLOGY
INTERPRETED
50
WEIGHT ON BIT
klbf
BIT RPM
100 200 300 RPM 400 500
MAXIMUM
10 20 30 kft.lb 40 50
800
DEPTH: 15800' WOB: 8-24 klbs PPRESS: 3817 psi SPM: 117 GPM: 585 TORQ: 40 kft.lbs RPM: 22
MD: 15828', INC: 9.40 deg, AZM: 65.27 deg, TVD: 15053.71'
CG: 0.3%
MD: 15922', INC: 9.53 deg, AZM: 64.99 deg, TVD: 15146.42' FM: 8.9%
INCREASE MUD WEIGHT FROM 14.0 ppg TO 14.5 ppg @ 15975' MD MW: 14.5 ppg, PV/YP: 39/23, Vis: 59sec, Gels: 20/27/28, E.S: 670 V
TORQUE
AVERAGE
10 20 30 kft.lb 40 50
0.2
DXC DATA
DXC
2
GAS DATA
TOTAL GAS
0.1 1 10 100
MD feet 1:500
ROP
ft/hr
LITHOLOGY
INTERPRETED
50
WEIGHT ON BIT
klbf
BIT RPM
100 200 300 RPM 400 500
MAXIMUM
10 20 30 kft.lb 40 50
COMMENTS
TM hours 1:3600
15
10
15 0
5000
250
10
22:00:00
Drilling @ 12638 ft Downlink Slow Circ Rates 23:00:00 Repair hose leak Survey 00:00:00 22/Apr/2005 Downlink Downlink 01:00:00 Downlink
02:00:00
03:00:00
04:00:00 Survey
1.65
2.65
in
100 CDS Temperature [RWD] degF Gamma Ray App [RWD] API 250
g/cc
20
0.2
0.25
150
0.2
20
g/cc
60 NPSM 0
1000
Rate of Penetration
ft/hr Time Since Drilled min
0.2
20
pu
600
10950
11000
11050
11100
11150
11200
11250
MD feet 1:500
150
0.2
2000
150
150
150
200
TCDX
10000
10050
10100
10150
10200
10250
10300
10350
10400
10450
10500
10550
1:500
Baker Hughes INTEQ does not guarantee the accuracy or correctness of interpretations provided in or from this log. Since all interpretations are opinions based on measurements, Baker Hughes INTEQ shall under no circumstances be held responsible for consequential damages or any other loss, costs, damages or expenses incurred or sustained in connection with the use of any such interpretations. Baker Hughes INTEQ disclaims all expressed and implied warranties related to its service which is governed by Baker Hughes INTEQ's standard terms and conditions.
MD feet 1:500
200
0.2
2000
45
-15
150
7300 RPCHX
RACLX
9900
9950
ABDCLX BDCX
GR1AX GRADX
10000
10050
10100
10150
10200
10250
10300
10350
GAMMA RAY
Company Well Field Rig County State Country Offshore Southern North Sea United Kingdom
Baker Hughes INTEQ does not guarantee the accuracy or correctness of interpretations provided in or from this log. Since all interpretations are opinions based on measurements, Baker Hughes INTEQ shall under no circumstances be held responsible for consequential damages or any other loss, costs, damages or expenses incurred or sustained in connection with the use of any such interpretations. Baker Hughes INTEQ disclaims all expressed and implied warranties related to its service which is governed by Baker Hughes INTEQ's standard terms and conditions.
MD feet 1:500
100
0.2
2000 1.95
2.95
250
2.95
2.95
1.95
2.95
45
-15
11600
11650
11700
11750
11800
11850
11900
11950
12000
12050
12100