Transport system in humans

Blood

Blood vessels
Blood flows around the body (circulation) Total blood volume is 5-6 litres Closed circulatory system No whole blood escapes into the tissues or mixes with the tissue fluid Consist of the blood vessels, heart and blood

Heart

Blood Plasma
Liquid (colorless) = water (90%) + Dissolved Substances Proteins digested food NaCl CO2 + Urea hormones

Functions of blood 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Transport nutrition to all cells Transport waste Transport hormones Maintain body temperature Fight against germs Maintain isotonic level in body Connect one part of the body to another

RBC(Erythrocytes)
Smallesst cell in human body Red pigment (Haemoglobin) responsible for red color carrier of O2 Biconcave in shape Nucleus absent Life span 120 days produced by Bone narrow & are made very quickly.

WBC (Leucocytes)

Soldiers of body fight inflections & protect form diseases Phagocytic in function Make antibodies to fight against infection Spherical / irregular in shape. Nucleus present thou shape of nucleus is different in different cells. Lesser in no, than RBC.
formed in Bone marrow Nucleus absent Help in coagulation

Platelets ( Thrombocytes)
RBC

Biconcaved disc shape No nucleus Red colour (haemoglobin) Diameter < 0.01mm 5,000,000 in 1 mm3 700: 1 Life span: 3-4 months

WBC

Round Irregular nuclei (circular or lobed) Colourless 4 times larger 5000-10,000 in 1 mm3 700:1 Life span: Few days (except memory cells)

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Lymphatic System consists of the following parts. 1. Lymph Capillaries 2. Larger Lymph vessels 3. Lymph nodes (Lymph glands) 4. Lymp Definition of Lymphatic System A system of tiny tubes called vessels and lymph nodes in human body which transports the liquid called lymph from the body tissues to the blood circulatory system is called system. Features of Lymphatic System 1. Lymph capillaries: closed end capillaries pores in lymph capillaries are bigger than ordinary capillaries 2. Lymph vessels: Capillaries join to form larger lymph vessels 3. Lymph nodes: They contain special cells Lymphocytes They clean the lymph & protect the body from diseases 4. Lymph: It flows unidirectional (capillaries are blind) Color: Light yellow liquid Composition: Similar to plasma, Lack RBC It contains (i) Large protein molecules (ii) digested food (iii) germs & fragments of dead cells Since lymph is derived from tissue fluid c remain outside the cells of the body it in called ECF. In lymph nodes lymph is cleaned by lymphocyte c eat germs & dead cells & also make antibodies to protect the body from disease. Functions:

Carries digested fat for nutritive process Protects body by kILLING germs with the help of lymphocytes contained in lymph nodes. They also help in making antibodies Help in removing waste products like dead cells. connect blood vessel with tissue

Various organs involved in the human circulatory system are:

pump Heart Arteries Veins Capillaries In circulatory system, heart acts as a to push out blood thru blood vessels. Arteries Veins

Capillaries Arteries thick walled carry blood away from heart to all parts of the body carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery

situated deep inside the body. Do not have valve Blood travels with high pressure Veins thin walled carry deoxygenated blood except Pulmonary vein present superficial in body carry blood from body parts to heart.

Have valve Blood travels with no pressure

Blood Capillaries Small vessels connecting arteries and veins One cell thick Site where exchange takes place Gases, nutrients and waste products Between blood in capillaries and interstitial fluid Mainly by diffusion

STRUCTURE OF HEART Position- Lies between the lungs with its apex extending slightly towards the left Shape Triangular Types of muscle Cardiac Size Equal to ones clenched fist. Protected by pericardium membrane and pericardial fluid Chambers 4 2 upper Atria Right Left 2 lower Ventricles Right Left

The heart is actually two separate pumps. The left side pumps blood to the body (systemic\circulation) and the right side pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation). Each side has\an atrium and a ventricle

Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes to the thin-walled upper chamber of the heart on the left, the left atrium. The left atrium relaxes when it is collecting this blood. It then contracts, while the next chamber, the left ventricle, expands, so that the blood is transferred to it. When the muscular left ventricle contracts in its turn, the blood is pumped out to the body. Deoxygenated blood comes from the body to the upper chamber on the right, the right atrium, as it expands. As the right atrium contracts, the corresponding lower chamber, the right ventricle, dilates. This transfers blood to the right ventricle, which in turn pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation.

Since ventricles have to pump blood into various organs, they have thicker muscular walls than the atria do. Valves ensure that blood does not flow backwards when the atria or ventricles contract
Superior Vena Cava Brings deoxygenated blood from head and arms to right atrium of heart Inferior Vena Cava Brings blood from bottom part of body into right atrium of heart Pulmonary arteries Brings deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs to uptake oxygen The ONLY arteries that transport deoxygenated blood 2 pulmonary arteries one to each lung Pulmonary Vein Transports oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of heart The ONLY vein that carries oxygenated blood 2 pulmonary veins one from each lung Aorta Transport oxygenated blood from left ventricle to rest of body Forms the characteristic aortic arch Largest artery of the body

Double Circulation
The heart pumps oxygenated blood to all organs Deoxygenated blood is returned to heart

This deoxygenated blood must be sent to the lungs to replenish its oxygen content Once oxygenated, the blood returns to the heart again to be pumped to the rest of the body This is known as double circulation (blood need to pass by the heart twice in one cycle)

The Septa -The separation of the right side and the left side of the heart is useful to keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. The Use Of Septa -Such separation allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body. This is useful in animals that have high energy needs, such as birds and mammals, which constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature. In animals that do not use energy for this purpose, the body temperature depends on the temperature in the environment. Such animals, like amphibians or many reptiles have three-chambered hearts, and tolerate some mixing of the oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood streams. Fishes, on the other hand, have only two chambers to their hearts, and the blood is pumped to the gills, is oxygenated there, and passes directly to the rest of the body. Thus, blood goes only once through the heart in the fish during one cycle of passage through the body. Heartbeat (Cardiac Cycle) One heartbeat (a cardiac cycle) consists of two parts: 1. Systole (ventricular contraction) 2. Diastole (ventricular relaxation) Systole (contraction) Ventricles contract Blood is forced into the pulmonary artery and aorta Tricuspid and bicuspid valves are closed Blood pressure normally rises to120 mmHg Diastole (relaxation) Ventricles are relaxed; tricuspid and bicuspid valves open Blood flows from vena cava and pulmonary veins into atria Blood then flows from atria into ventricles Both atria contract at the end of diastole, forcing any remaining blood into the corresponding ventricles. Semilunar valves closed to prevent blood from entering the pulmonary artery and aorta. Blood pressure falls to around 80 mmHg

 Heart sounds During systole, Lup sound is caused by backflow of blood against closed tricuspid and bicuspid valves During diastole, Dup sound is caused by backflow of blood against closed semilunar valves Rhythmic Lup-Dup sounds results Stethoscope can be used to hear the heart beat Blood pressure is around 120/80 mmHg Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries each time the heart beats. Blood pressure is at its highest during systole. Blood pressure is lowest when the heart is at rest, between beats (diastole)