Basic math symbols

Symbol Symbol Name equals sign not equal sign strict inequality strict inequality inequality inequality parentheses brackets plus sign minus sign plus - minus minus - plus asterisk times sign multiplication dot division sign / obelus division slash horizontal line modulo period power caret square root equality inequality greater than less than greater than or equal to less than or equal to calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first addition subtraction both plus and minus operations both minus and plus operations multiplication multiplication multiplication division division division / fraction remainder calculation decimal point, decimal separator exponent exponent Meaning / definition Example

= > < () [] + * /
mod

5 = 2+3 54 5>4 4<5 54 45 2 (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 1+1=2 21=1 3 5 = 8 and -2 3 5 = -2 and 8 2*3=6 23=6 23=6 62=3 6/2=3

7 mod 2 = 1 2.56 = 2+56/100 23 = 8 2 ^ 3= 8 9 = 3

. ab a^b a

a a = a

a 4 a n a %
3

cube root forth root n-th root (radical) percent per-mille per-million per-billion per-trillion

3 4

8 = 2 16 = 2

for n=3, n8 = 2 1% = 1/100 1 = 1/1000 = 0.1% 1ppm = 1/1000000 1ppb = 1/1000000000 1ppb = 10-12 10% 30 = 3 10 30 = 0.3 10ppm 30 = 0.0003 10ppb 30 = 310-7 10ppb 30 = 310-10
Example

ppm ppb ppt

Symbol

Geometry symbols
Symbol Name angle measured angle spherical angle right angle degree arcminute arcsecond line ray Meaning / definition formed by two rays

AB

ABC = 30
ABC AOB

= 30 = 30

= 90 1 turn = 360 1 = 60 1 = 60
line from point A to point B line that start from point A perpendicular lines (90 angle) parallel lines equivalence of geometric shapes and size same shapes, not same size triangle shape distance between points x and y

= 90 = 60 = 6059' = 6059'59''

| || ~ | x-y |
rad grad

perpendicular parallel congruent to similarity triangle distance

AC |BC AB || CD ABC XYZ ABC ~ XYZ ABC BCD | x-y | = 5 c = d = 2r 360 = 2 rad 360 = 400 grad

= 3.141592654...
pi constant
is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle

radians grads

radians angle unit grads angle unit

Algebra symbols
Symbol Symbol Name x variable equivalence equal by definition equal by definition approximately equal approximately equal proportional to lemniscate much less than much greater than parentheses brackets braces floor brackets ceiling brackets exclamation mark single vertical bar function of x function composition open interval closed interval delta discriminant sigma Meaning / definition unknown value to find identical to equal by definition equal by definition weak approximation approximation proportional to infinity symbol much less than much greater than calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first set rounds number to lower integer rounds number to upper integer factorial absolute value maps values of x to f(x) Example

x := ~ () [] {} x x x! |x| f (x) (f g) (a,b) [a,b]

when 2x = 4, then x = 2

11 ~ 10 sin(0.01) 0.01
f(x) g(x)

1 1000000 1000000 1 2 * (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18

4.34 4.35 4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24 | -5 | = 5 f (x) = 3x+5 f (x)=3x, g(x)=x-1 (f g)(x)=3(x-1) x (2,6) x [2,6] t = t1 - t0 xi= x1+x2+...+xn

(f g) (x) = f (g(x))

(a,b) {x | a < x < b} [a,b] {x | a x b}

change / difference

= b2 - 4ac
summation - sum of all values in range of series

sigma capital pi e constant / Euler's number Euler-Mascheroni constant golden ratio

double summation product - product of all values in range of series

xi=x1x2...xn e = lim (1+1/x)x , x

e = 2.718281828... = 0.527721566...
golden ratio constant

Linear Algebra Symbols

Symbol Symbol Name dot cross tensor product inner product Meaning / definition scalar product vector product tensor product of A and B Example

AB [] () |A| det(A) || x || AT A A* A -1
rank(A) dim(U)

ab ab AB

brackets parentheses determinant determinant double vertical bars transpose Hermitian matrix Hermitian matrix inverse matrix matrix rank dimension

matrix of numbers matrix of numbers determinant of matrix A determinant of matrix A norm matrix transpose matrix conjugate transpose matrix conjugate transpose

(AT)ij = (A)ji (A)ij = (A)ji (A*)ij = (A)ji

rank(A) = 3 rank(U) = 3

A A-1 = I
rank of matrix A dimension of matrix A

Probability and statistics symbols

Symbol Symbol Name probability function probability of events intersection probability of events union conditional probability function probability density function (pdf) cumulative distribution function (cdf) population mean expectation value conditional expectation variance variance standard deviation standard deviation median Meaning / definition probability of event A probability that of events A and B probability that of events A or B probability of event A given event B occured Example

P(A) P(A B) P(A B) P(A | B) f (x) F(x) E(X) E(X | Y) var(X) 2 std(X) X cov(X,Y) corr(X,Y) X,Y

P(A) = 0.5 P(AB) = 0.5 P(AB) = 0.5 P(A | B) = 0.3

P(a x b) = f (x) dx F(x) = P(X x)

mean of population values expected value of random variable X expected value of random variable X given Y variance of random variable X variance of population values standard deviation of random variable X standard deviation value of random variable X middle value of random variable x covariance of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y correlation of random variables X and Y summation - sum of all values in range of series

= 10 E(X) = 10 E(X | Y=2) = 5 var(X) = 4 2 = 4 std(X) = 2 X = 2

covariance correlation correlation

cov(X,Y) = 4 corr(X,Y) = 3 X,Y = 3

summation

 Mo MR Md Q1 Q2 Q3 x s2 s zx X~
N(,2) U(a,b) exp() gamma(c, ) 2(k) F (k1, k2) Bin(n,p) Poisson() Geom(p) HG(N,K,n) Bern(p)
Symbol

double summation

double summation value that occurs most frequently in population

mode mid-range sample median lower / first quartile median / second quartile upper / third quartile sample mean sample variance sample standard deviation standard score distribution of X normal distribution uniform distribution exponential distribution gamma distribution chi-square distribution F distribution binomial distribution Poisson distribution geometric distribution hyper-geometric distribution Bernoulli distribution

MR = (xmax+xmin)/2
half the population is below this value 25% of population are below this value 50% of population are below this value = median of samples 75% of population are below this value average / arithmetic mean population samples variance estimator population samples standard deviation estimator

x = (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333 s2 = 4 s=2

zx = (x-x) / sx
distribution of random variable X gaussian distribution equal probability in range a,b

X ~ N(0,3) X ~ N(0,3) X ~ U(0,3)

f (x) = e-x , x0
f (x) = c xc-1e-x / (c), x0 f (x) = xk/2-1e-x/2 / ( 2k/2 (k/2) ) f (k) = nCk pk(1-p)n-k f (k) = ke- / k! f (k) = p (1-p) k

Combinatorics Symbols
Symbol Name factorial permutation Meaning / definition Example

n!
nPk nCk

n! = 123...n

5! = 12345 = 120
5 P3

= 5! / (5-3)! = 60 = 5!/[3!(5-3)!]=10

combination

5C3

Set theory symbols

Symbol Symbol Name set intersection union subset proper subset / strict subset not subset superset Meaning / definition a collection of elements objects that belong to set A and set B objects that belong to set A or set B subset has less elements or equal to the set subset has less elements than the set left set not a subset of right set set A has more elements or equal to the set B Example

{} AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB 2A

A={3,7,9,14}, B={9,14,28} A B = {9,14} A B = {3,7,9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66}

proper superset / strict set A has more elements than superset set B not superset power set power set equality complement relative complement set A is not a superset of set B all subsets of A all subsets of A both sets have the same members all the objects that do not belong to set A objects that belong to A and not to B objects that belong to A and not to B objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection set membership

(A)
A=B Ac A\B A-B AB AB aA

A={3,9,14}, B={3,9,14}, A=B

A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, AB={9,14} A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, AB={9,14} A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A B={1,2,9,14} A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A B={1,2,9,14} A={3,9,14}, 3 A

relative complement

symmetric difference

symmetric difference

element of

xA (a,b) AB |A| #A U 0 1

not element of ordered pair cartesian product cardinality cardinality aleph empty set universal set natural numbers set (with zero) natural numbers set (without zero) integer numbers set

no set membership collection of 2 elements set of all ordered pairs from A and B the number of elements of set A the number of elements of set A infinite cardinality

A={3,9,14}, 1 A

A={3,9,14}, |A|=3 A={3,9,14}, #A=3

={}
set of all possible values

C = { }

0 = {0,1,2,3,4,...} 1 = {1,2,3,4,5,...} = {...-3,-2,1,0,1,2,3,...} = {x | x=a/b, a,b} = {x | - < x <} = {z | z=a+bi, <a<, -<b<}

0 0 6 1 -6 2/6 6.343434 6+2i

rational numbers set real numbers set

complex numbers set

Symbol

Symbol Name and caret / circumflex and and

Meaning / definition

Example

xy x^y

& + | x' x ! ~

ampersand plus reversed caret vertical line single quote bar not exclamation mark circled plus / oplus tilde implies equivalent for all there exists there does not exists therefore because / since

and or or or not - negation not - negation not - negation not - negation exclusive or - xor negation

x&y x+y xy x|y x' x x !x xy ~x

if and only if

Symbol limit

Symbol Name

Meaning / definition limit value of a function represents a very small number, near zero

Example

e y' y '' y(n)

epsilon e constant / Euler's number derivative second derivative nth derivative

e = 2.718281828...
derivative - Leibniz's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation

e = lim (1+1/x)x , x (3x3)' = 9x2 (3x3)'' = 18x (3x3)(3) = 18

derivative

derivative - Lagrange's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation derivative by time - Newton notation derivative of derivative

d(3x3)/dx = 9x2 d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x

second derivative nth derivative time derivative time second derivative partial derivative

(x2+y2)/x = 2x
opposite to derivation integration of function of 2 variables integration of function of 3 variables

[a,b] (a,b) i z* z

integral double integral triple integral closed contour / line integral closed surface integral closed volume integral closed interval open interval imaginary unit complex conjugate complex conjugate nabla / del vector unit vector

[a,b] = {x | a x b} (a,b) = {x | a < x < b} i -1 z = a+bi z*=a-bi z = a+bi z = a-bi

gradient / divergence operator

z = 3 + 2i z* = 3 + 2i z = 3 + 2i f (x,y,z)

x*y

convolution Laplace transform Fourier transform delta function

y(t) = x(t) * h(t) F(s) = {f (t)} X() = {f (t)}

Logic symbols
Name zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred European Roman Hindu Arabic Hebrew

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C

Calculus & analysis symbols

Greek Symbol Upper Case Lower Case

Greek Letter Name Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega

English Equivalent a b g d e z h th i k l m n x o p r s t u ph ch ps o

Pronunciation al-fa be-ta ga-ma del-ta ep-si-lon ze-ta eh-ta te-ta io-ta ka-pa lam-da m-yoo noo x-ee o-mee-c-ron pa-yee row sig-ma ta-oo oo-psi-lon f-ee kh-ee p-see o-me-ga

Numeral symbols Greek alphabet letters

Number Roman numeral

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C CC

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 5000 10000 50000 100000 500000 1000000
Roman numerals

CCC CD D DC DCC DCCC CM M V X L C D M