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Experiment no. - 1
Newtons Ring
OBJECT: To determine the wavelength of sodium light by the method of Newtons rings. APPARATUS USED: A plano-convex lens, a plane glass plate, a sodium lamp, a travelling microscope, a convex lens, a partly reflecting glass plate inclined at 45 and a table lamp. FORMULA USED: Wavelength can be found by using formula = (D2 n+p - D2 n )/ 4pR Where D n+p Dn p R = diameter on (n+p) th ring = diameter on (n) th ring = an integer no. of ring = radius of curvature of the curved face of the plano- convex lens.

R can be found by using spherometer, with the help of formula given below R=
l2 h + 6h 2

Where l = distance between the two legs of the spherometer. h = difference of the readings of the spherometer when it is placed on the lens and when placed on the plane surface.

OBSERVATIONS: [Note: There are three scales on travelling microscope 1. lengthwise scale, 2. width wise scale, 3. vertical scale, use lengthwise scale for measurement.] For lengthwise scale: Value of one division of the main scale (MS) = X Total No. of division on the vernier scale (VS) = Y

-2Least count of the scale (LC) = X/Y

Table for finding diameter of different rings D Ring No. n 12 10 8 6 4 2 Crosswire on LHS of rings Crosswire on RHS of rings Dn= MS VS Total MS VS Total (cm) a=MS+VSxLC (cm) b=MS+VSxLC (a~b) (cm) (cm) (cm) Dn2 (cm2)

Note: MS = Main Scale reading, VS = Vernier Scale division. Determination of (D2 n+p - D2 n ) / p Draw a graph between Dn2 vs. n Slope of this graph = (D2 n+p - D2 n) / p DETERMINATION OF R Value of one division on Main Scale (MS) = Total no. of division on circular scale (CS) = Pitch of spherometer = Linear movement on MS / No. of complete circular rotation) LC of spherometer = Pitch / Total no. of division on CS

-3Table for finding R by using spherometer method Reading on plane surface Reading on lens S. No. MS CS T=MS+CSxLC MS CS T=MS+CSxLC h=(b-a)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

Mean of h
(mm)

1 2 Ray diagram: (Should be on left page by pencil)

Calculations: (Should be on left page by pen) (i) R=

l2 h + 6h 2

(ii)

= (D2 n+p - D2 n )/ 4pR

RESULTS: From above measurements wavelength of sodium light found to be = ().

-4CALCULATION FOR MAXIMUM PROBABLE ERROR: (Should be on left page by pen) = (D2 n+p - D2 n)/ 4pR Taking log both side and differentiate / = (D2 n+p - D2 n) / (D2 n+p - D2 n) + R / R = 2[D n+p D n+p + D n D n] / (D2 n+p - D2 n) + R / R = . % SOURCES OF ERROR AND PRECAUTIONS: (i) Glass plates and lens should be cleaned thoroughly. (ii) Before measuring the diameter of rings, the range of the microscope should be properly adjusted. (iii) Crosswire should be focused on a bright ring tangentially. (iv) Radius of curvature should be measured accurately. PROCEDURE: MEASUREMENT OF (D2 N+P - D2 N) / P: 1.
2. The surface of both of glass plate and the plano - convex lens should first be cleaned smoothly with handkerchief. In order to focus the microscope, the eyepiece is first focused on the cross wires till they are clearly seen in the field of view. One of the cross-wire is made horizontal. The microscope is then focused on a cross mark (+) made on a piece of paper placed above the blackened glass plate. The lens has not been put as yet. 3. The paper is removed and the plano - convex lens is put in its place with in curved surface in contact with the plate. The microscope is slightly adjusted so that the rings are clearly seen in the field of view. If the rings obtained are not circular then either the glass plate or lens or both are irregular. To obtain perfectly circular rings, one is shifted to other positions on the glass plate. Even the smaller portion of the plate around the point of contact. Sometimes the lens and the plate is not perfect on account of the presence of dust particles but this will not affect the experiment.

4.

By moving the blackened glass plate (along with the lens ) or the microscope this way or that way the horizontal cross-wire is made to pass through the centre of the ring system parallel to the scale so that the motion of this cross-wire may be along the diameter of the ring system.

-55. The least count of the microscope is evaluated and recorded. The microscope moved towards one side (say to the left of the central spot of certain numbers of dark and bright rings, say 20th ring) and then allowed to move towards the right. As soon as the other wire which is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the microscope of the cross-wires becomes just tangential of the outer edge of 20th dark or bright ring. The reading of microscope screw is noted. The motion of microscope towards the right is continued slowly by the circular screw and the readings of the screw are recorded every time the cross-wire becomes tangential to the outer edge of the every alternate dark or bright rings (e.g. 20th ,18th ,16th, etc.) On reaching the central spot portion the cross-wires are moved further to the other side of it and the readings of the screw recorded every time the cross-wire becomes tangential to the inner edge of the alternate dark or bright rings and 4 th,5th, etc till 20th dark or bright ring is reached. Difference between the microscope readings on the outer edge on one side and inner edge another side of a ring will give its mean diameter Dn. Find square of diameters Dn2 and by drawing straight-line graph between D2 n and n order of the ring find slope (D2 n+p - D2 n) / p.

6.

MEASUREMENT OF h:
The radius of curvature of the curved surface of the plano-convex lens is noted using spherometer.

1. Place the spherometer on curved surface of plano-convex lens, so that each four legs
touch the lens then note this reading.

2. Now similarly place spherometer on any plane surface and note this reading
difference between these two reading gives h.