Motors: What are they? Motors basically convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. How they work?

They work by generating a force when the magnetic field interacts with the current conductors. They are classified by, source of power, internal construction, application or type of motion they give. Terminology Rotor/Armature moving part (usually consists of an electromagnet) Stator stands still (permanent magnet) Poles magnetic fields are produced here driven by windings of electrical wire Commutator device for varying the direction of flow of current to coils depending on angle of rotor. Think of it is an electric switch that reverses the direction of current periodically. Brushes transfer power from source to the commutator Axle holds the commutator and the rotor Types of Motors DC, these are driven by a constant voltage supply Brush, Brushless, Coreless, linear AC, driven by alternating voltage supply Synchronous driven at a speed that is a fixed fraction of power supply frequency ie constant speed synched with frequency Asynchronous not fixed by the power supply frequency Induction motor transformer with rotating secondary, primary winding (stator) is connected to source and shorted secondary (rotor) carries induced secondary current (due to ac in stator) producing torque Universal - Run of AC or DC supply Operation Magnetism - magnetic fields are formed in the rotor and the stator. The product of these two fields generates a force, and thus a torque on the motor shaft. One, or both of these fields must be made to change with the rotation of the motor (achieved by switching poles or varying pole strength) BDLC (or electronically commutated EC, The brushes cause friction, there is some electrical resistance in the brush-tocommutator interface, and the mechanical switching of the armature current results in sparking, which can cause radio interference. Brushless motors do away with the brushes and commutator to get around these problems. The result is greater efficiency (more output power for a given amount of input power), and less electrical interference.

Stator electromagnet therefore permanent magnet plus windings (which are commutated electronically rather than commutator/brush) We change the polarity of the electromagnets

We achieve this by using external circuitry. This circuitry monitors the current position or orientation of the rotating magnet (relative to the stator coils), and energizes the external magnets appropriately to keep the motor turning. This circuitry is part of the brushless electronic speed control (ESC). We use the hall effect sensors to monitor position rotating magnet. Poles determined by number of permanent magnets ie 2m (rotor) Slots determined by number of electromagnets (stator) Output The current-to-torque and frequency-to-speed relationships of BLDC motors are linear the voltage on the undriven coils is sinusoidal, but over an entire commutation the output appears trapezoidal because of the DC output of the controller. Wires of windings Connected in series (delta) or parallel (wye) connection. A motor with windings in delta configuration gives low torque at low rpm, but can give higher top rpm. Wye configuration gives high torque at low rpm, but not as high top rpm. Wye is more efficient