Chapt 2 Z-Transform

10/6/2009
Watumull Institute of Technology, Worli

Prepared by Chandrashekhar Padole, DSP-BE Computer, Mumbai Uni
1
Chapt 02
Z-Transform
B.E. Comps, Mumbai Uni
Pre Prepared by Chandrashekhar Padole
Lecturer
Watumull Institute of Tech , Worli
10/6/2009
2
Copyright with Authors. All right reserved
For education purpose.
Commercialization of this material is
strictly not allowed without permission
from author.
10/6/2009
3
Z-Transform
Syllabus
Definitions and Properties of z-transform
Rational z-transforms
Inverse z-transform
One sided z-transform
Analysis of LTI systems in z-domain
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Z-Transform definition
Z-transform is mainly used for analysis of discrete signal and discrete
LTI system. Z.T of discrete time single x (n) is defined by the following
expression.
=
n
n
z n x z X ) ( ) (
where, X(z) z-transform of x(n)
zcomplex variable = re
jw
From the above definition of Z.T. it is clear that ZT is power series & it
exist for only for those values of z for which X(z) attains finite value
( convergence) ,which is defined by Region of convergence. (ROC)
Region of Convergence: (ROC)
Region of Convergence is set of those values of z for which power
series x (z) converges. OR for which power series, x (z) attains finite value.
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Z-Transform of Finite duration signal
Find the Z - Transform and mention the Region of Convergence
(ROC) for the following discrete time sequences.
1. x (n) = { 2 1 2 3}
2. x (n) = { 2, 1, 2 3 }
3. x (n) = { 1 2 1 -2 3 1}
1
st
example Is of causal signal
2
nd
example Is of anti-causal signal
3
rd
example Is of non-causal signal
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Solution(1)
=
n
n
z n x z X ) ( ) (
3 2 1
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) (

+ + + = z x z x z x x z X
x (n) = { 2 1 2 3}
Z.T. is defined as
ROC is a set of those values of z for which x (z) is not infinite
In this case x(z) is finite for all values of z, except |z| = 0.
Because at z = 0, x(z) = .
Thus ROC is entire z-plane except |z| = 0.
ROC
3 2 1
3 2 1 2 ) (

+ + + = z z z z X
3 2 1
3 2 2 ) (

+ + + = z z z z X
Z=0
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Solution(2)
=
n
n
z n x z X ) ( ) (
3 2 1
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) ( z x z x z x x z X + + + =
x (n) = { 2 1 2 3}
Z.T. is defined as
In this case X(z) is finite for all values of z, except |z| = .
Because at z = , X(z) = .
Thus ROC is entire z-plane except |z| = .
ROC
3 2 1
2 1 2 3 ) ( z z z z X + + + =
3 2
2 2 3 ) ( z z z z X + + + =
Z=
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Solution(3)
=
n
n
z n x z X ) ( ) (
x (n) = { 1 2 1 -2 3 1}
Z.T. is defined as
In this case X(z) is finite for all values of z, except |z| = .
Because at z = , X(z) = .
Thus ROC is entire z-plane except |z| = 0 &|z| = .
ROC
Z=
3 2 1 1 2
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) (

+ + + + + = z x z x z x x z x z x z X
3 2 1 1 2
1 3 2 1 2 1 ) (

+ + + + = z z z z z z X
3 2 1 1 2
3 2 1 2 ) (

+ + + + = z z z z z z X
Z=0
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Quiz
Find the Z - Transform and mention the Region of Convergence
(ROC) for the following discrete time sequences.
1. x (n) =
2. x (n) =
) 2 ( n
) (n
Ans (1) z
-2
ROC- entire z-plane except |z|= 0
Ans (2) 1 ROC- entire z-plane
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z-Transform of infinite duration signal
Find the z-transform for following discrete time sequences. Also mention
ROC for all the cases.
( ) ( ) n U a n x
n
=
( ) ( ) 1 = n U a n x
n
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( + = n U b n U a n x
n n
1
2
3
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Solution(1)
Sequence is causal
( ) ( ) n U a n x
n
=
=
n
n
z n x z X ) ( ) (
Z.T. for the given sequence x (n) is defined as
=
n
n n
z n U a ) (
=
0
) (
n
n n
z a z X
( )
=
0
1
) (
n
n
az z X
U(n)=0 for
n<0
=
+ + + =
0
2 1 0
.......
n
n
a a a a We know that
Series converges iff |a|<1
=

=
0
1
1
n
n
a
a
We also know
1 < a
for
Thus, x (z) converges when | a z
1
| < 1
( )
1
1
1
=
az
z X
( )
a z
z
z X
=
for | a z
1
| < 1
for | a /z | < 1
for | z | > |a|
ROC is outside the
circle |z|=|a|
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Solution(2)
Sequence is anti-causal
( ) ( ) 1 = n U a n x
n
=
n
n
z n x z X ) ( ) (
=
n
n n
z n U a ) 1 (
( )
=
1
1
) (
n
n
az z X
U(-n-1)=0 for
n>-1
=
+ + + =
0
2 1 0
.......
n
n
=

=
0
1
1
n
n
a
a
We also know
1 < a
for
Thus, x (z) converges when | a
1
z | < 1
( )
z a
z a
z X
1
1
1

=
( )
a z
z
z X
=
for | a
1
z | < 1
for | z /a | < 1
for | z | < |a|
ROC is inside the
circle |z|=|a|
Put n=-m
( ) ( )

=
= =
1
1
1
1
) (
m
m
m
m
z a az z X
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Solution(3)
Sequence is non-causal
=
n
n
z n x z X ) ( ) (

=
+ =
1
0 n
n n
n
n n
z b z a

=
+ =
1
1
0
1
) ( ) ( ) (
n
n
n
n
bz az z X
=
+ + + =
0
2 1 0
.......
n
n
=

=
0
1
1
n
n
a
a
We also know
1 < a
for
Thus, x (z) converges when | a z
1
| < 1 & |b
-1
z|<1
( )
z b
z b
az
z X
1
1
1
1 1
1
=
( )
z b
z
a z
z
z X
=
for | a z
1
| < 1 & | b
-1
z | < 1
for | a /z | < 1 & |z/b| <1
for | z | > |a| & | z | < |b|
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( + = n U b n U a n x
n n
Put n=-m in second
term

=
+ =
1
1
0
1
) ( ) ( ) (
m
m
n
n
z b az z X
ROC is |b|>| z | > |a|
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Problems
Find z- transform for followings:
( ) ) ( ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) (
2
1
3
1
n u n u n x
n
n
=
( ) ) ( ) sin( ) (
4 3
1
n u n n x
n
=
n
b n x = ) (
1.
2.
3.
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Solution(1)
( ) ) ( ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) (
2
1
3
1
n u n u n x
n
n
=

=
=
0
2
1
0
3
1
) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) (
n
n n
n
n n
z z z X

=
=
0
1
2
1
0
1
3
1
) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) (
n
n
n
n
z z z X
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
6
1
7

=
z z
1
1
3
1
<
z 1
1
2
1
<
z &
) 1 )( 1 (
6 7
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
3
6
1
2
7

+
=
z z
z z
) )( (
) ) ( 1 (
2
1
3
1
1
3
6
2
7
2

+ +
=
z z
z z
X&/ by
z
2
) )( (
) (
2
1
3
1
2
3

=
z z
z z
3/2
3
1
> z
&
2
1
> z
1
1/2
ROC is
outside the
circle |z|=1/2
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Solution(2)
( ) ] [ ) sin( ] [
4 3
1
n u n n x
n
=
] [
2
) ( ] [
4 4
3
1
n u
j
e e
n x
n j n j
n
(

] [ ) ( ] [ ) (
4 4
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
n u e n u e
n j n
j
n j n
j

=
1
3
1
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
4 4
1
1
1
1
) (

=
z e z e
z X
n j
j
n j
j

ROC
1
3
1
1
3
1 4 4
& 1

< z e z e
n j n j

3
1
> z
&
3
1
> z
3
1
> z
1
1/3
ROC is
outside the
circle |z|=1/3
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Solution(3)
n
b n x = ) ( b>0
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( + =

n u b n u b n x
n n
We know
1
1
1
] [

bz
n
n u b b z > | |
1 1
1
1
] 1 [

z b
n
n u b
b
z
1
| | < and
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
) (

=
z b bz
z X
b
z b
1
| | < <
For b>1, there are no values of z that satisfy ROC
b
1/b
|z|=1
1 0 < < b
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Problem:
) 2 1 )( 1 (
1
) (
1 1
3
1

=
z z
z X
Show all possible ROCs and pole-zero
diagram z-transform given below
1/3
2 1
|z|=1
1/3
2 1
|z|=1
1/3
1
|z|=1
If x[n] is left sided signal
i.e. anti-causal signal
If x[n] is right sided signal
i.e. causal signal
If x[n] is double sided
signal
i.e. non-causal signal
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Inverse z-transform
Synthetic Division Method
Partial Fraction Method
Cauchys Integration Method
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Synthetic division Example(1)
1
1
1
) (
=
az
z X
1
1

az
1
1
1

az
1
1
az
2 2 1
z a az
2 2
z a
1
+ az
3 3 2 2
z a z a
3 3
z a
Since ROC is |z| >a, x[n] is causal
sequence or right sided sequence.
Quotient series should have ve
powers of z as z-transform of causal
sequence has ve powers of z
2 2
+ z a
.....} 1 { ] [
4 3 2
a a a a n x
=
| | | | a z >
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Synthetic division Example(2)
1
1
1
) (
=
az
z X
1
1
+

az
1
z a
1
1

z a
1
2 2 1
z a z a

2 2
z a
z a
1
3 3 2 2
z a z a

3 3
z a
Since ROC is |z| >a, x[n] is anti-causal

sequence or left sided sequence.
Quotient series should have +ve powers
of z , as z-transform of anti-causal
sequence has +ve powers of z
2 2
z a
.......} 0 ....... { ] [
1 2 3

= a a a n x
| | | | a z <
3 3
z a
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Problem
Using long division method, determine the z-transform of
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
) (

+
=
z z
z X
1 | :| ) > z ROC a
2
1
| :| ) < z ROC b
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Solution (a)
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
) (

+
=
z z
z X
1 | :| > z ROC
As |z|>1, x[n] is causal sequence
2
2
1
1
2
3
1

+ z z
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
3
1

+ z z
2
2
1
1
2
3

z z
1
2
3

+ z
2
4
7

+ z
3
8
15

+ z
4
16
31

+ z
3
4
3
2
4
9
1
2
3

+ z z z
3
4
3
2
4
7

z z
4
8
7
3
14
21
2
4
7

+ z z z
4
8
7
3
8
15

z z
......} 1 { ] [
16
31
8
15
4
7
2
3
= n x
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Solution (b)
2
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
) (

+
=
z z
z X
2
1
| :| < z ROC
As |z|<1/2, x[n] is anti-causal sequence
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
+

z z
1
2
2 3 1 z z +
2
2 3 z z
2
2z +
3
6z +
4
14z +
= } 0 0 2 6 14 30 62 ...... { ] [n x
5
30z +
6
62z +
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Z-transform Pairs
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Z-transform Pairs
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Z-transform Pairs
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Partial Fraction Method
2 1
1
8 6 1
8 4
) (

+ +
+
=
z z
z
z H
) 2 1 )( 4 1 (
8 4
1 1
1

+ +
+
=
z z
z
1
2
1
1
2 1 4 1
) (

+
+
+
=
z
A
z
A
z H
12
2 1
8 4
) 2 / 1 (
6
1
1
1
4
1
1
= =
+
+
=
=
z
z
z
A 8
4 1
8 4
1
8
1
1
2
2
1
1
= =
+
+
=

=
z
z
z
A
1 1
2 1
8
4 1
12
) (

+
+
+
=
z z
z H
Taking IZT ,we get
) ( ] ) 2 ( 8 ) 4 ( 12 [ ] [ n u n h
n n
+ =
Partial Fraction
Expansion
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Another Approach
2 1
1
8 6 1
8 4
) (

+ +
+
=
z z
z
z H
) 8 6 (
) 8 4 (
2 2
1
+ +
+
=
z z z
z z
2 4
) (
2 1
+
+
+
=
z
A
z
A
z
z H
12
2
) 8 4 (
2
8 16
4
1
= =
+

=

+
= z
z
z
A
Taking IZT ,we get
) ( ] ) 2 ( 8 ) 4 ( 12 [ ] [ n u n h
n n
+ =
) 8 6 (
) 8 4 (
2
+ +

=
z z
z z
) 2 )( 4 (
) 8 4 ( ) (
+ +

=
z z
z
z
z H
Partial Fraction
Expansion
8
4
) 8 4 (
2
) 16 (
2
2
= =
+

=

= z
z
z
A
2
8
4
12 ) (
+
+
+
=
z z z
z H
2
8
4
12 ) (
+
+
+
=
z
z
z
z
z H
1 1
2 1
1
8
4 1
1
12 ) (

+
+
+
=
z z
z H
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Different Poles Cases
a) Distinct Real Poles
b) Complex Conjugate and Distinct Poles
c) Repeated Poles
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Distinct Real Poles
) (
) (
) (
z D
z N
z H =
Where N(z) and D(z) are polynomials of order m
and n respectively
If m<n,
) .......( ) )( )( (
) (
) (
3 2 1 n
p z p z p z p z
z N
z H
+ + + + +
=
) (
....
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
3
3
2
2
1
1
n
n
p z
A
p z
A
p z
A
p z
A
z H
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
=
where
k
p z
k k
z H p z A
=
+ = ) ( ) (
If m>=n, use division
) (
) (
) (
z D
z N
Q z H + =
such that m<n, if not repeat division
Q- Quotient
N(z)- remainder
D(z)- Divisor
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Problem
2 1
2 1
2 3 1
3
) (

+ +
+ +
=
z z
z z
z H
3
1 2
+ +

z z 1 3 2
1 2
+ +

z z
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
2
+ +

z z
2
5
1
2
1
+

z
D(z)
N(z)
Q
1 3 2
) (
1 2
2
5
1
2
1
2
1
+ +
+
+ =

z z
z
z H
) (
) (
) (
z D
z N
Q z H + =
1 2 2
1 1 1
2
5
1
2
1
2
1
+ + +
+
+ =

z z z
z
) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2
1 1 1
2
5
1
2
1
2
1
+ + +
+
+ =

z z z
z
) 1 )( 1 2 (
1 1
2
5
1
2
1
2
1
+ +
+
+ =

z z
z
) 1 ( ) 1 2 (
) (
1
2
1
1
2
1
+
+
+
+ =

z
A
z
A
z H
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Contd..
2
1
1
) 1 (
1
2
5
1
2
1
1
=
+
+
=
z
z
z
A
1
) (
2
1
2
5
2
1
2
1
+
+
=
2
11
2
1
2
5
4
1
=
+
=
1
1
2
5
1
2
1
2
1
) 1 2 (
=
+
+
=
z
z
z
A
1 ) 1 ( 2
) 1 (
2
3
2
1
+
+
= 3
1
2
5
2
1
=
+
=
) 1 (
3
) 1 2 (
) (
1 1
2
11
2
1
+
+
+
+ =

z z
z H
Taking IZT ,we get
) ( ) 1 ( 3 ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ] [
2
11
2
1
n u n u n n h
n n
+ =
) ( ] ) 1 ( 3 ) 2 ( [ ) ( ] [
2
11
2
1
n u n n h
n n
+ =
) 1 (
3
) 2 1 (
1 1
2
11
2
1

+
+
+ =
z z
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Complex-Conjugate & Distinct Poles
) 5 2 )( 2 (
) 2 (
) (
2
2
+ + +
+
=
z z z
z z z
z X
) 5 2 )( 2 (
2 ) (
2
2
+ + +
+
=
z z z
z z
z
z X
) 1 2 )( 1 2 )( 2 (
2
2
j z j z z
z z
+ + + +
+
=
) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 ( ) 2 (
) (
3 2 1
j z
A
j z
A
z
A
z
z X
+
+
+ +
+
+
=
2
2
1
) 1 2 )( 1 2 (
2
=
+ + +
+
=
z
j z j z
z z
A
0 =
) 1 2 (
2
2
) 1 2 )( 2 (
2
j z
j z z
z z
A
+ =
+ +
+
=
j =
2
1
) 1 2 (
2
3
) 1 2 )( 2 (
2
j z
j z z
z z
A
=
+ + +
+
=
j + =
2
1
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Contd..
) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 (
0
) (
2
1
2
1
j z
j
j z
j
z
z X
+
+
+
+ +
+ =
) 1 2 (
) (
) 1 2 (
) ( 0 ) (
2
1
2
1
j z
z
j
j z
z
j z X
+
+ +
+ +
+ =
Taking IZT ,we get
) ( ) 2 )( ( ) ( ) 2 )( ( ] [
2
1
2
1
n u j j n u j j n h
n n
+ + + =
) ( } ) 2 )( ( ) 2 )( {( ] [
2
1
2
1
n u j j j j n h
n n
+ + + =
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10/6/2009
44
Repeated Poles

= =
+
+
+
=
r
k
k
k
q
k
k
k
p z
B
p z
A
z H
1 1
) (
where q no. of distinct poles and not repetitive
r no. of repetition of repetitive pole
A
k
is calculated by method as described earlier
B
k
is calculated by following equation
{ }
j
p z
r
i
k r
k r
k
z F p z
dz
d
k r
B
=
= ) ( ) (
)! (
1
10/6/2009
45
Problem
3
2
) 2 )( 1 (
) 9 (
) (

=
z z
z z
z H
3
3
2
2 1 1
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) (
=
z
B
z
B
z
B
z
A
z
z H
1
3
2
1
) 2 (
9
=
=
z
z
z
A
8
1
8
) 2 1 (
9 1
3
2
=
=
2
3
2
3
2
2
1
) 2 )( 1 (
9
) 2 (
)! 1 3 (
1
=
(
=
z
z z
z
z
dz
d
B
2
2
2
2
) 1 (
9
2
1
=
(
=
z
z
z
dz
d
10/6/2009
46
Contd..
2
2
2 2
2
2
) 1 (
9
) 1 ( 2
1
=
(
=
z
z dz
d
z
z
dz
d
2
2
2
) 1 (
9 0 ) 1 (
) 1 (
2 ) 1 (
2
1
=
(
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|

=
z
z
z
dz
d
z
z z z
dz
d
2
2
2 2
) 1 (
9
) 1 (
2 2
2
1
=
(
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|

=
z
z dz
d
z
z z z
dz
d
2
3 2
2
) 1 (
1
) 2 ( 9
) 1 (
2
2
1
=
(
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
z
z z
z z
dz
d
10/6/2009
47
Contd..
2
3 4
2 2
) 1 (
1
18
) 1 (
) 1 ( 2 ) 2 ( ) 2 2 ( ) 1 (
2
1
=
(
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|

=
z
z z
z z z z z
2
3 3
2
) 1 (
1
18
) 1 (
4 2 ) 2 2 )( 1 (
2
1
=
(
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
=
z
z z
z z z z
2
3 3
2 2
) 1 (
1
18
) 1 (
4 2 2 2 2 2
2
1
=
(
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+ +
=
z
z z
z z z z z
2
3 3
) 1 (
18
) 1 (
2
2
1
=
(
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
z
z z
2
3
) 1 (
16
2
1
=
(
|
|
\
|
=
z
z
10/6/2009
48
Contd..
2
3
) 1 (
8
=
(
|
|
\
|
=
z
z
8
) 1 2 (
8
3
=
(
|
|
\
|
=
8
1
= B
2
3
2
3
2
) 2 )( 1 (
9
) 2 (
)! 2 3 (
1
=
(
=
z
z z
z
z
dz
d
B
2
2
) 1 (
9
1
=
(
=
z
z
z
dz
d
2
2
) 1 (
1 ) 9 ( 2 ) 1 (
1
=
(

=
z
z
z z z
dz
d
2
2
2 2
) 1 (
) 9 ( ) 2 2 (
=
(

=
z
z
z z z
2
2
2
) 1 (
9 2
=
(
+
=
z
z
z z
1
) 1 2 (
9 4 4
2
2
=
(
+
=
= z
9
2
= B
10/6/2009
49
Contd..
2
3
2
3
0
0
3
) 2 )( 1 (
9
) 2 (
)! 3 3 (
1
=
(
=
z
z z
z
z
dz
d
B
2
2
) 1 (
9
1
=
(
=
z
z
z
5
) 1 2 (
9 2
2
=
(
=
5
3
= B
3 2
) 2 (
5
) 2 (
9
) 2 (
8
) 1 (
8 ) (
=
z z z z z
z H
3 2
) 2 ( ) 2 (
9
) 2 (
8
) 1 (
8 ) (
=
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z H
Taking IZT , we getto be seen after z-transform properties
10/6/2009
50
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10/6/2009
51
Cauchys Integration (Residue) Method
If X(z) is the z-transform of x(n), then

= dz z z X
j
n x
n 1
) (
2
1
) (
= dz z G
j
) (
2
1
= sum of residues of G(z) corresponding to poles of G(z)

Residue at pole z=a is given by
a z
a z
z G a z R
=
=
= ) ( ) (
where
1
) ( ) (

=
n
z z X z G
m
th
order pole at z=a, will have residue as
a z
m
m
m
a z
z G
m
a z
dz
d
R
=
=
)
`
= ) (
)! 1 (
) (
1
1
10/6/2009
52
Problem
) 2 )( 1 (
10
) (

=
z z
z
z X
) 2 )( 1 (
10
) 2 )( 1 (
10
) ( ) (
1 1

=

= =

z z
z
z
z z
z
z z X z G
n
n n
G(z) has two poles ,z =1 & z=2
x(n) = Residue of G(z) at z=1 + Residue of G(z) at z=2
10
2 1
1 . 10
) 2 )( 1 (
10
) 1 (
1
1
=
=

=
=
=
n
z
n
z
z z
z
z R
n
n
z
n
z
z z
z
z R ) 2 .( 10
1
) 2 .( 10
) 2 )( 1 (
10
) 2 (
2
2
= =

=
=
=
n
n x ) 2 ( 10 10 ) ( + =
10/6/2009
53
Problem
2
2
) 1 (
) (
+
=
z
z z
z X
1
2
2
) 1 (
) (

+
=
n
z
z
z z
z G
n
z
z
z
2
) 1 (
1
+
=
2
1
) 1 (
+
=
+
z
z z
n n
G(z) has one 2
nd
order pole at ,z =1
1
2
1
1
1
) (
)! 1 2 (
) 1 (
=
=
)
`
=
z
z
z G
z
dz
d
R
a z
m
m
m
a z
z G
m
a z
dz
d
R
=
=
)
`
= ) (
)! 1 (
) (
1
1
{ }
1
1
=
+
+ =
z
n n
z z
dz
d
{ }
1
1
) 1 (
=
+ + =
z
n n
nz z n
{ } 1 2 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 (
1
+ = + + =

n n n
n n
) ( ) 1 2 (
1 2 ) (
n u n
n n x
+ =
+ =
0 n
10/6/2009
54
Problem
3
) 1 ( 2
) 1 3 (
) (
=
z
z z
z X
1
3
) 1 ( 2
) 1 3 (
) (

=
n
z
z
z z
z G
3
1
) 1 ( 2
3
=
+
z
z z
n n
G(z) has one 3
rd
order pole at ,z =1
1
3
1 3
2
2
1
) 1 ( 2
3
)! 1 3 (
) 1 (
=
+
=
|
|
\
|
=
z
n n
z
z
z z z
dz
d
R
1
1
2
2
2 . 2
3
=
+
|
|
\
|

=
z
n n
z z
dz
d
( )
1
1
. ) 1 .( 3
4
1
=
+ =
z
n n
z n z n
dz
d
( )
1
2 1
) 1 .( . ). 1 .( 3
4
1
=

+ =
z
n n
z n n z n n
( ) ) 1 .( ). 1 .( 3
4
1
+ = n n n n ( ) ) ( ] 1 5 . 0 [ 1 3 3
4
n x n n n n
n
= + = + + =
10/6/2009
55
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10/6/2009
56
Quiz
Find IZT for following z-transforms
) 5 . 0 )( 1 (
1
) (

=
z z
z X
) )( 1 (
) 1 (
) (
a
a
e z z
z e
z X
=
Ans
) ( ] ) 5 . 0 ( 1 [ 2
1
n u
n
) ( ] 1 [ n u e
an
10/6/2009
57
z-transform properties
Sr.
No
Given Property ROC
1 Linearity
2 Time shifting R
3 Scaling in z-domain
4 Time Reversal
1/R
) ( ] [ &
) ( ] [
2 2
1 1
z X n x
z X n x
z
z

2
1
R ROC
R ROC
=
=
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
z bX z aX n bx n ax
z
+ +
2 1
R R
) ( ] [ z X n x
z

R ROC = ) ( ] [
0
0
z X z n n x
n z

) ( ] [ z X n x
z

R ROC =
) ( ] [
0
0
z
z
z
n
X n x z
R z | |
0
) ( ] [ z X n x
z

R ROC =
) ( ] [
1
z
z
X n x
10/6/2009
58
Contd..
Sr.
No
Given Property ROC
5 Scaling in Time domain
6 Conjugation R
7
Differentiation in z-domain/multiplication by n in t-
domain
R
8
Integration in z-domain/division by n in t-domain
R
) ( ] [ z X n x
z

R ROC =
=
0
] [
) (
k
n
k
x
n x
otherwise
k of multiple is n if
) ( ] [
k z
k
z X n x
k
R
1
) ( ] [ z X n x
z

R ROC =
) ( ] [
* * *
z X n x
z

) ( ] [ z X n x
z

R ROC =
)) ( ( ] [ z X
dz
d
Z n nx
z

) ( ] [ z X n x
z

R ROC =
dz
z
z X
n
n x
z
z

0
) ( ] [
10/6/2009
59
Contd..
Sr.
No
Given Property ROC
9 Convolution
10 If x[n] =0 , n<0 Initial Value Theorem
11 Final Value Theorem
12
) ( ] [ &
) ( ] [
2 2
1 1
z X n x
z X n x
z
z

2
1
R ROC
R ROC
=
=
) ( ). ( ) ( * ) (
2 1 2 1
z X z X n x n x
z

2 1
R R
) ( lim ] 0 [ z X x
z
=
(
) (
1
lim ] [
1
z X
z
z
x
z
10/6/2009
60
Problem on Properties 1-8
) (n u a
n
1) Find z-transform of
We know
1
1
1
) (

z
n u
z
) ( ) (
a
z
z n
U n u a
and Property 3
1
) ( 1
1
) (

a
z
z n
n u a
1
1
1
=
az
10/6/2009
61
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10/6/2009
62
Contd..
2) Find IZT of
) 1 log( ) (
1
+ = az z X
|z|>|a|
We know ..... ) 1 log(
4 3 2
4 3 2
+ + = +
x x x
x x
=
+
=
1
1
) 1 (
n
n
n
n
x
+
=
1
1
1
) (
) 1 (
n
n
n
n
az
) 1 log( ) (
1
+ = az z X
n
n
n
n
z
n
a

=
+
)
`
=
1
1
) 1 (
n
n
n
n
z n u
n
a

=
+
)
`
= ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
Comparing above equation with z-transform definition,
we get
=
n
n
z n x z X ) ( ) (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
1
=
+
n u
n
a
n x
n
n
=
+
0
) 1 (
) (
1
n
a
n x
n
n
otherwise
n 1
10/6/2009
63
Contd..
3) Find IZT of
3
2
) 5 . 0 (
3
) (
+
=
z
z z
z X
3 3
2
) 5 . 0 (
3
) 5 . 0 (
) (
=
z
z
z
z
z X
3 1 3 1
1
) 5 . 0 1 (
3
) 5 . 0 1 (

=
z
z
z
z
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
z X z X z X + =
Taking IZT ,we get ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
n x n x n x + = -----------(1)
where
3 1
1
1
) 5 . 0 1 (
) (
=
z
z
z X
3 1
2
) 5 . 0 1 (
3 ) (
=
z
z
z X
10/6/2009
64
Contd..
We know , property of differentiation in z domain
) ( ] [ z X n x
z

R ROC =
)) ( ( ] [ z X
dz
d
Z n nx
z

If with then
Thus we have
1
1
1
) (

az
n u a
z n
1
1
1
) (

az dz
d
z n u na
z n
) ). 1 .( (
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
2
2 1
= z a
az
z
2 1
2
) 1 (

=
az
az
z
2 1
1
) 1 (

=
az
az
10/6/2009
65
Contd..
To remove z
-1
, we use property of time shifting
) ( ] [ z X n x
z

R ROC = ) ( ] [
0
0
z X z n n x
n z

If with then
We get
2 1
1
1
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
+ +
az
az
z n u a n
z n
2 1
) 1 (

=
az
a
Further multiplication by n in time domain is required to make power of D(z) as 3
(
+ +
+
2 1
1
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
az
a
dz
d
z n u a n n
z n
) (
) 1 (
2
2
3 1
= az
az
z
3 1
1 2
) 1 (
2
=
az
z a
10/6/2009
66
Contd..
3 1
1 2
1
) 1 (
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
+ +
az
z a
n u a n n
z n
3 1
1 2
1
2
1
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
+ +
az
z a
n u a n n
z n
3 1
1
1
2
1
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
+ +
az
z
n u a n n
z n
Multiply by 1/2
Divide by a
2
If a=0.5, we get
3 1
1
1
2
1
) 5 . 0 1 (
) 1 ( 5 . 0 ) 1 (
+ +
z
z
n u n n
z n
) (
1
z X =
------------(2)
Multiply by 3z
-1
in eq. (2) and putting a=0.5, we get
3 1
2
2
2
3
) 1 (
3
) ( 5 . 0 ) )( 1 (

az
z
n u n n
z n
) (
2
z X =
= ) (
1
n x
= ) (
2
n x
10/6/2009
67
Contd..
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
n x n x n x + =
) ( 5 . 0 ) )( 1 ( ) 1 ( 5 . 0 ) 1 ( ) (
2
2
3
1
2
1
n u n n n u n n n x
n n
+ + + =
10/6/2009
68
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10/6/2009
69
Problem on Initial & Final value theorem
Find the initial and final value of x(n) ,if
) 5 . 0 )( 1 (
) 2 (
) (

=
z z
z z
z X
) 5 . 0 )( 1 (
) 2 (
lim ] 0 [

=

z z
z z
x
z
We know initial value theorem
) ( lim ] 0 [ z X x
z
=
) 5 . 0 1 )( 1 (
) 2 1 (
lim
1 1 2
1 2

=
z z z
z z
z
1
) 0 1 )( 0 1 (
0 1
] 0 [ =

= x
10/6/2009
70
Contd..
We know final value theorem
(
) (
1
lim ] [
1
z X
z
z
x
z
(
) 5 . 0 )( 1 (
) 2 ( 1
lim
1
z z
z z
z
z
z
2
5 . 0
1
) 5 . 0 1 ( 1
2 1
=
=
10/6/2009
71
Contd..
Find the initial and final value of following functions a) u(n) b) r(n)
Solution (a): we know
1
1
1
) (

z
n u
z
) ( lim ] 0 [ z U u
z
= 1
0 1
1
1
1
lim
1
=

z
z
1
1
1
1
1
) 1 ( lim ) (
=
z
z u
z
1 =
10/6/2009
72
Contd..
Solution (b): we know
1
1
1
) (

z
n u
z
we also know ) ( ) ( n nu n r =
|
\
|

1
1
1
) (
z dz
d
z n nu
z
2
2 1
) 1 (
1

= z
z
z
2 1
1
) 1 (
) (

z
z
n r
z
0
) 0 1 ( ) 1 (
lim ) 0 (
2
1
2 1
1
=

z
z
r
z
=
0
1
) 1 1 (
1
) 1 (
) 1 ( lim ) (
2 1
1
1
1
z
z
z r
z
10/6/2009
73
Problems on convolution
Find x(n) using convolution theorem if
2
) 1 (
) (
=
z
z
z X
2
) 1 (
) (
=
z
z
z X
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
=
z z
z
) ( ). ( ) (
2 1
z X z X z X =
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
) (
1
1

=
z z
z
z X
Taking IZT ,we get
) ( ) (
1
n u n x =
) 1 (
1
) (
2
=
z
z X
1
1
1
) (

z
n u
z
We know
1
1
1
1
) 1 (

z
z n u
z
1
1
) 1 (

z
n u
z
= ) (
2
n x ) (
2
z X =
) 1 ( ) (
2
= n u n x
10/6/2009
74
Contd..
Now we know convolution property
) ( ). ( ) ( * ) (
2 1 2 1
z X z X n x n x
z

) ( * ) ( ) (
2 1
n x n x n x =
) 1 ( * ) ( = n u n u
=
=
k
k n u k u ) 1 ( ) (
u(k)
u(-k-1)
n<0,x(n)=0
n=0 ,x(n)=0
n=1 ,x(n)=1
u(1-k-1)
n=2 ,x(n)=2
u(2-k-1)
) ( ) ( n nu n x =
10/6/2009
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10/6/2009
76
Contd..
Find out convolution of two sequences given below
} 1 2 1 { ) ( & } 3 0 1 1 2 { ) ( ) = =

n h n x a
} 1 1 { ) ( & } 1 2 3 1 { ) ( ) = = n h n x b
10/6/2009
77
Contd..
} 1 2 1 { ) (
} 3 0 1 1 2 { ) (
=
=
n h
n x Solution (a)
4 2 1
3 0 2 ) (

+ + + = z z z z X
1
2 ) (

+ = z z z H
Using convolution property
)} ( ). ( { ) ( * ) (
1
z H z X Z n h n x

=
) 2 )( 3 0 2 ( ) ( ). (
1 4 2 1
+ + + + = z z z z z z H z X
5 3 2 1
4 2 1 3 1
2
6 2 2 4 3 1 2

+
+ + + + + =
z z z z
z z z z z z
10/6/2009
78
Contd..
5 4 3 2 1
3 6 4 3 5 2 ) ( ). (

+ + + = z z z z z z z H z X
)} ( ). ( { ) ( * ) (
1
z H z X Z n h n x

=
} 3 6 4 3 1 5 2 { ) ( * ) ( =
n h n x
10/6/2009
79
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80
Contd..
Solution (b)
} 1 1 { ) (
} 1 2 3 1 { ) (
=
=
n h
n x
3 2 1
3 2 3 1 ) (

+ + = z z z z X
1
1 ) (

+ = z z H
4 3 2 1 3 2 1
2 3 2 3 1

+ + + + + = z z z z z z z
) 1 )( 3 2 3 1 ( ) ( ). (
1 3 2 1
+ + + = z z z z z H z X
4 3 2 1
5 4 1

+ + + = z z z z
} 1 1 5 4 1 { ) ( * ) ( =
n h n x
10/6/2009
81
End of Chapter 02
Queries ???

Chapt 2 Z-Transform

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Chapt 2 Z-Transform

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10/6/2009

Watumull Institute of Technology, Worli

Since ROC is |z| >a, x[n] is anti-causal

= sum of residues of G(z) corresponding to poles of G(z)

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