Week 6 & 7

Flow in Conduits
Part 1
HES 2340: Fluid Mechanics 1
School of Engineering, Computing & Science
Sarawak Campus
Thischapterisdevotedtoan
importantpracticalfluids
engineeringproblem: flowinducts
withvariousvelocities,various
fluids,andvariousductshapes.
Pipingsystemareencounteredin
almosteveryengineeringdesign
andthushavebeenstudied
extensively.
Oneofthebasicpipingproblemsisthis:Giventhepipegeometryand
itsaddedcomponents(suchasfittings,valves,bends,anddiffusers)
plusthedesiredflowrateandfluidproperties,whatpressuredropis
neededtodrivetheflow?
Average velocity in a pipe
Recall - because of the no-slip condition, the velocity at the walls of
a pipe or duct flow is zero
We are often interested only in V
avg
, which we usually call just V
(drop the subscript for convenience)
Keep in mind that the no-slip condition causes shear stress and
friction along the pipe walls
Friction force of wall on fluid
Introduction
For pipes of constant diameter and incompressible flow
V
avg
stays the same down the pipe, even if the velocity
profile changes
Why? Conservation of Mass
V
avg
V
avg
Introduction
For pipes with variable diameter, m is still the same due to
conservation of mass, but V
1
V
2
D
2
V
2
2
1
V
1
D
1
m
m
Introduction
Laminar and turbulent flows
If the flow is laminar, there may be occasional natural disturbances which
damp out quickly (a).
If transition is occurring, there will be sharp bursts of turbulent fluctuation
as the increasing Reynolds number causes a breakdown or instability of
laminar motion (b).
At sufficiently large Re, the flow will fluctuate continually and is termed fully
turbulent (c).
The fluctuations are random and encompass a continuous spectrum of
frequencies.
Flow in a conduit is classified as being either laminar or turbulent, depending
on the magnitude of the Reynolds number.
Reynolds in the 1880s injected dye into the center of the tube and observed
the following:
When the velocity was
low, the streak of dye
flowed down the tube with
little expansion (b).
However, if the water in
the tank was disturbed,
the streak would shift
about in the tube.
If velocity was increased,
at some point in the tube,
the dye would all at once
mix with the water (c).
When the dye exhibited
rapid mixing, illumination
with an electric spark
revealed eddies in the
mixed fluid (d).
Laminar flow -
characterised by
smooth streamlines
and highly ordered
motion
Turbulent flow
characterised by
velocity fluctuations
and highly
disordered motion
Transition flow
laminar and
turbulent flow
does not occur
suddenly, it
fluctuates
between laminar
and turbulent flow
before it become
fully turbulent.
Reynolds showed that the onset of turbulence was related to a
n-group that is now called the Reynolds number
Re =
pI
p
in honor of Reynolds' pioneering work.
There are several equations for calculating Reynolds number in
a pipe:
Re =
pI
p
=
4
nv
=
4m
np
The Reynolds number at which the flow becomes turbulent is called
Critical Reynolds number (Re
cr
)
Re < 2000 laminar
2000 Re 3000 transitional
Re > 3000 turbulent
o Note that the above guidelines are approximate and other references
may give slightly different values.
For a given application, Re
cr
depends upon
Pipe roughness
Vibrations
Upstream fluctuations, disturbances (valves, elbows, etc. that may
disturb the flow)
Laminar flow can maintained at much higher Reynolds numbers in very
smooth pipe by avoiding flow disturbances and pipe vibrations.
Laminar and turbulent flows
EXAMPLE
Cola,approximatedaspurewaterat20C,istofilla2.S7 1u
-4
m
3
containerthrougha5mmdiametertube.Estimatetheminimumfilling
timeifthetubeflowistoremainlaminar.
Solution:
Forcolawater,takep = 998 kg/m
3
andp = u.uu1 kg/ms.
AssumingthatthetransitionatRe = 2Suu
Re
crIt
= 2Suu =
pI
p
=
4pQ
np
Q
crIt
= 9.uS 1u
-6
m
2
s
t
IIII
=

=
2.S7 1u
-4
9.uS 1u
-6
= 26s
Flow in a conduit is classified as being developing flow or fully developed
flow.
As the fluid moves down the pipe, the velocity distribution changes in the
streamwise direction as viscous effects cause the plug-type profile to
gradually change into a parabolic profile.
This region of changing velocity profile is called developing flow.
After the parabolic distribution is achieved, the flow profile remains
unchanged in the streamwise direction, and flow is called fully developed
flow.
The entrance region
The distance required for flow to develop is called the entrance length (I
c
)
This length depends on the shear stress that acts on the pipe wall.
Near the pipe entrance, the radial velocity gradient (change in velocity with
distance from the wall) is high, so the shear stress is large.
As the velocity profile progresses to a parabolic shape, the velocity gradient
and the wall shear stress decrease until a constant value is achieved.
The entry length is defined as the distance at which the shear stress reaches
to within 2% of the fully developed value.
In laminar flow, the hydrodynamics entry length is given approximately as
I
c
u.uS Re
In turbulence flow, the hydrodynamics entry length for turbulent flow can be
approximated as
I
c
4.4 Re

16
The entry length is much shorter in turbulent flow, as expected, and its
dependence on the Reynolds number is weaker. In many pipe flows of
practical engineering interest, the entrance effects become insignificant
beyond a pipe length of 50 diameters, and the hydrodynamic entry length is
approximated as
I
c
= Su
Above equations are valid for flow entering a circular pipe from a reservoir
under quiescent conditions. Other upstream components such as valves,
elbows, and pumps produce complex flow fields that require different lengths
to achieve fully developing flow.
The entrance region
EXAMPLE
Consider fluid flowing in a round tube of length 1 m and diameter 5
mm. Classify the flow as laminar or turbulent and calculate the
entrance length for:
(a) air (50C) with a speed of 12 m/s, v = pp = 1.79 1u
-5
m
2
/s, and
(b) water (15C) with a mass flow rate of m = 8 g/s, p = 1.14 1u
-3
Ns/m
2
.
(a) Air
Re
d
=
I
v
=
12 u.uuS
1.79 1u
-5
= SSSu
Since Re
d
> 3000, the flow is turbulent. Therefore, I
c
= Su = u.2S m.
(b) Water
Re
d
=
4m
np
=
4 u.uu8
n u.uuS 1.14 1u
-3
= 1787
Since Re
d
< 2000, the flow is laminar. Therefore, I
c
= u.uSRe =
u. 447 m.
Losses in pipes (total head loss) can be categories into:
Total head loss = pipe head loss + component head loss
Component head loss
is associated with flow through devices such as valves, bends,
and tees.
Pipe head loss
is associated with fully developed flow in pipes, and it is caused
by shear stresses that act on the flowing fluid.
Pipe head loss is predicted with the Darcy-Weisbach equation.
Total head loss/combined head loss
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Using continuity equation,

1
=
2
= const
I
1
=

1
A
1
= I
2
=

2
A
2
Since the pipe is of constant
area.
Next, using the steady-flow
energy equation
p
1
p
+
1
2
o
1
I
1
2
+ gz
1
=
p
1
p
+
1
2
o
1
I
1
2
+ gz
1
+ gb
]
Assume the flow is fully developed.
The kinetic-energy correction factor o
1
= o
2
, and since I
1
= I
2
, the energy
equation reduces to a simple expression for the friction-head loss b
]
b
]
= z
1
+
p
1
pg
- z
2
+
p
2
pg
= z +
p
pg
= z +
p
pg
The pipe-head loss equals the change in the sum of pressure and gravity
head, i.e., the change in height of the hydraulic grade line (HGL).
Since the velocity head is constant through the pipe, b
]
also equals the
height change of the energy grade line (EGL).
Next, apply the momentum relation to the control volume,
F =
J
Jt
_ Vp J + m

V
out
- m

V
In
Cv
Net foices = Nomentum accumulation iate + Net efflux of momentum
The net efflux of momentum is zero because the velocity distribution at
section 2 is identical to the velocity distribution at section 1.
The momentum accumulation term is also zero because the flow is steady.
Thus, the momentum equation simplifies to F = u.
Summing of forces in the
streamwise direction gives
F
prcssurc
+ F
shcar
+ F
wcIght
= u
pnR
2
-
w
2nR I
+ pg nR
2
I sin = u
z +
p
pg
=
2
w
pg
I
R
FromtheBernoulliequation
z +
Ap
pg
= b
]
b
]
=
2
w
pg
I
R
Functionally, one can assume that

w
= F p, I, p, J, e
where e is the wall-roughness height.
The dimensional analysis shows
8
w
pI
2
= = F Re
d
,
e
J
The dimensionless parameter is called the Darcy friction factor.
b
]
=
2
w
pg
I
R
=
8
w
pI
2

w
=
pI
2
8
b
]
=
I
J
I
2
2g
Darcy-Weisbach equation
Valid for duct flows of any cross
section and for laminar and
turbulent flow.
Stress Distributions in Pipe Flow
To derive an equation for the shear-stress variation, consider flow of a
Newtonian fluid in a round tube that is inclined at an angle o with respect to
the horizontal.
Assume that the flow is fully developed, steady, and laminar.
For force equilibrium along the s-direction:
F
s
= F
prcssurc
+ F
wcIght
+ F
shcar
= u
F
prcssurc
+ F
wcIght
+ F
shcar
= u
F
prcssurc
= pA - p +
Jp
Js
I A = -A
Jp
Js
I
F
wcIght
= -wsino = -yAI
z
I
= -yAz
F
shcar
= 2nr I
=
r
2
J
Js
p + yz
=
r
2
J
Js
p + yz
Shear-stress distribution varies linearly with r.
The shear stress is zero at the centerline, it reaches a maximum value
of
0
at the wall, and the variation is linear in between.
The linear shear stress variation applies to both laminar and turbulent
flow.
LaminarFlowinaRoundTube
Laminarflowisaflowregimeinwhichfluidmotionissmooth,theflow
occursinlayers,andthemixingbetweenlayersoccursbymolecular
diffusion,aprocessthatismuchslowerthanturbulentmixing.
LaminarflowoccurswhenRe2000.
LaminarflowinaroundtubeiscalledPoiseuille floworHagen
Poiseuille flowinhonor ofpioneeringresearcherswhostudiedlow
speedflowsinthe1840s.
= p
JI
Jy
= p
JI
Jr
--- (1)
=
r
2
J
Js
p +yz --- (2)
Combining Eqs. (1) and (2), yields
p
JI
Jr
=
r
2
J
Js
p +yz
2p
r
JI
Jr
=
J
Js
p +yz --- (S)
Velocity profile
J
Js
p +yz =
p +yz
I
=
yb
I
b isthechangeinpiezometrichead
overalengthLofconduit
Equation (3) becomes
2p
r
JI
Jr
=
yb
I
Rearrange and then integrate,
_JI =
1
2p
yb
I
_r Jr
I =
r
2
4p
yb
I
+ C
Applying the no-slip condition, I r = r
0
= u
C = -
r
0
2
4p
yb
I
I = -
1
4p
yb
I
r
0
2
- r
2
---- - (4)
Maximum velocity I
max
occurs at r = u,
I
max
= -
1
4p
yb
I
r
0
2
---- - (S)
Finally, by combining Eqs. (4) and (5), yields
I = I
max
1 -
r
r
0
2
The laminar-flow profile is thus a paraboloid falling to zero at the wall
and reaching a maximum at the axis.
Also note that Eq. (4) is usually expressed in the form:
I =
1
4p
-
J
Js
p + yz r
0
2
- r
2
The volume flow rate
= _I JA = -_
r
0
2
- r
2
4p

0
0
yb
I
2nr Jr
= -
nr
0
4
8p
yb
I
By applying = I

A, where I

represents mean velocity,

I

=

A
=
1
nr
0
2
-
nr
0
4
8p
yb
I
= -
r
0
2
8p
yb
I
-- - (7)
Since we have already obtained
I
max
= -
r
0
2
4p
yb
I
-- - 8
By comparing Eqs. (7) and (8), we obtain
I

=
1
2
I
max
Mean Velocity
Assume fully developed flow in the
pipe, apply the energy equation from
section 1 to 2 give
p
1
y
+ z
1
=
p
2
y
+ z
2
+ b
]
-- -(9)
Head Loss and Friction Factor
Next we expand the velocity equation Eq. (7), and let diameter of the pipe
as = r
0
2, and I = I
I

= -
r
0
2
8p
yb
I
= -

2
y
S2 p
p
2
y
+ z
2
-
p
1
y
+ z
1
I
p
1
y
+ z
1
=
p
2
y
+ z
2
+
S2pII

y
2
-- - (1u)
Comparing Eqs. (9) and (10) we obtain
b
]
=
S2pII

y
2
b
]
=
S2pII

y
2
Head loss in laminar flow varies linearly with velocity.
Head loss is influenced by viscosity, pipe length, specific weight, and
pipe diameter squared.
Next, to derive an equation for the friction factor, combine the head
loss equation with the Darcy- Weisbach equation:
b
]
=
S2pII

y
2
=
I
J
I

2
2g
=
64 p
pI
=
64
Re
d
Thefrictionfactorforlaminarflow
dependsonlyonReynoldsnumber
EXAMPLE
A soda straw is 20 cm long and 2 mm in diameter. It delivers cold
cola, approximated as water at 10C, at a rate of 3 cm
3
/s. (a) What is
the head loss through the straw? What is the axial pressure gradient
opox if the flow is (b) vertically up or (c) horizontal? Can the human
lung deliver this much flow?
Solution:
Forwaterat10C,takep = 1uuu kg/m
3
andp = 1.Su7 1u
-3
kg/ms.
Re =
4p
npJ
=
4 1uuu S 1u
-6
n 1.Su7 1u
-3
u.uu2
= 146u (Laminai)
b
]
=
128pI
npgJ
4
=
128 1.Su7 1u
-3
u.2 S 1u
-6
n 1uuu 9.81 u.uu2
4
= u.2u4 m
Ifthestrawisvertical,theheadlossandelevationchangeadd
together
p
I
=
pg b
]
+z
I
=
1uuu 9.81 u.2u4 +u.2
u.2
= 198uu
Pa
m
Ifthestrawishorizontal,thenthepressuregradientissimplydueto
theheadloss:
p
I
=
pgb
]
I
=
1uuu 9.81 u.2u4
u.2
= 998u
Pa
m
Thehumanlungcancertainlydelivercaseofhorizontalstrawand
stronglungscandevelopcaseofverticalstrawalso.
EXAMPLE
An oil with p = 9uu kg/m
3
and
p = u.18 kg/(ms) flows
upward through an inclined
pipe. The pressure and
elevation are known at
sections 1 and 2, 10 m apart.
Assuming steady laminar flow,
(a) verify that the flow is up,
(b) compute b
]
between 1 and
2, and compute (c) , (d) I,
and (e) Re
d
(a) The flow goes in the direction of
falling HGL; therefore compute the
hydraulic grade-line height at each
section
BuL
1
= z
1
+
p
1
pg
= u +
SSuuuu
9uu(9.8u7)
= S9.6S m
BuL
2
= z
2
+
p
2
pg
= 1usin4u +
2Suuuu
9uu(9.8u7)
= S4.7S m
The HGL is lower at section 2;
hence the flow is from 1 to 2 as
assumed.
(b) The head loss is the change in HGL:
b
]
= BuL
1
- BuL
2
= S9.6S m - S4.7S m
b
]
= 4.9 m
(c) Compute using the laminar-flow formulas,
=
npg
4
b
]
128pI
=
n 9uu 9.8u7 u.u6u
4
4.9
128 u.18 1u
= u.uu76
m
3
s
(d) Average velocity
I

=

nr
0
2
=
u.uu76
n u.uS
2
= 2.7 ms
(e) Reynolds number
Re
d
=
pIJ
p
=
9uu 2.7 u.u6
u.18
= 81u
This is well below the transition value Rc
d
~ 2Suu, and so is fairly certain the
flow is laminar.
Frictionfactor:
=
64
Re
d
Headloss:
b
]
=
S2pII

y
2
Volumeflowrate:
=
npg
4
b
]
128pI
Velocityprofile:
I =
1
4p
-
J
Js
p +yz r
0
2
-r
2
I = I
max
1 -
r
r
0
2
LaminarFlowin
aRoundTube
TurbulentFlowinaRoundTube
Turbulentflowisaflowregimeinwhichthemovementoffluid
particlesischaotic,eddying,andunsteady,withsignificant
movementofparticlesindirectionstransversetotheflow
direction.
Becauseofthechaoticmotionoffluidparticles,turbulentflow
produceshighlevelsofmixingandhasavelocityprofilethatis
moreuniformorflatterthanthecorrespondinglaminarvelocity
profile.
TurbulentflowoccurswhenRe3000.
For turbulent flow, because the fluctuations, each velocity and
pressure is a rapidly varying random function of time and space.
Engineers are more toward the average or mean values of velocity,
pressure, shear stress, and etc., in a high Reynolds number flow.
The time mean u of a turbulent function u(x, y, z, t) is defined by
u =
1
I
_ u Jt
1
0
Reynolds Time Averaging Concept
I isanaveragingperiodtakentobelongerthananysignificantperiodof
thefluctuationsthemselves.
Forturbulentgasandwaterflows,anaveragingperiodI = S sisusually
quiteadequate.
The fluctuation u
i
is defined as the deviation of u from its average
value
u
i
= u - u
It follows by definition that a fluctuation has zero mean value
u
i
=
1
I
_ u - u
1
0
Jt = u - u = u
The Logarithmic-Overlap Law
There are three regions in turbulent flow near a wall:
1. Wall layer: Viscous shear dominates.
2. Outer layer: Turbulent shear dominates.
3. Overlap layer: Both types of shear are important.
From now, we drop the overbar from the velocity u.
In 1937 C. B. Millikan showed that the overlap-layer velocity varies
logarithmically with y
Over the full range of turbulent smooth wall flows, the dimensionless
constant and B are found to have the approximate values = u.41 and
B = S.u
Logarithmic-overlap layer
u
u

=
1

ln
y u

v
+ B
Friction velocity II
-1
u

=

w
p
2
Experimentalverificationoftheinner,outer,andoverlap
layerlawsrelatingvelocityprofilesinturbulentwallflow.
Logarithmic-overlap
layer
u
u

=
1

ln
y u

v
+ B
Approximatesnearly
theentirevelocity
profile,exceptfor
whenthepressureis
increasingstrongly
downstream(asina
diffuser).
Air at 20C flows through a 14-cm-diameter tube under fully
developed conditions. The centerline velocity is u
0
= S m/s.
Estimate (a) the friction velocity u

, (b) the wall shear stress

w
.
EXAMPLE
For pipe flow, the logarithmic law is
accurate all the way to the center of
the tube.
At the center, u = u
0
, y = R
u
u

=
1

ln
y u

v
+ B
u
0
u

=
1

ln
R u

v
+ B
u
0
u

=
1
u.41
ln
R u

v
+ S.u
(a) Thekinematicviscosityv = 1.S1 1u
-5
m
2
/s,therefore,thefriction
velocityisu

= u.228 m/s.
Thewallshearstressisdefinedas:
w
= p u
2
Thedensityiscalculatedusingidealgaslaw,
p =
P
RI
= 1.2uS kgm
3
(b)
w
= 1.2uS u.228
2
= u.62 Pa
Turbulent Pipe Flow
By using
u
u

=
1
k
ln
u

v
+B, Prandtl derived the following equation for
turbulent flow in a smooth-walled pipe:
1

12
= 2.u log Re
d

12
-u.8
Some numerical values may be listed as follows:
An alternate approximation in the literature from which can be
computed explicitly from Re
d
= u.S16 Re
d
-14
4uuu < Re
d
< 1u
5
Re
d
4000 10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
0.0399 0.0309 0.018 0.0116 0.0081 0.0059
The velocity formula relating mean velocity to maximum velocity
I
u
max
= 1 +1.SS
-1
Re
d
4000 10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
10
8
Iu
max
0.79 0.811 0.849 0.875 0.893 0.907
The Iu
max
ratio is
much larger than the
value of 0.5 predicted
for all laminar flow.
Thus a turbulent velocity
profile is very flat in the
center and drops off
sharply to zero at the
wall.
The friction factor in fully developed turbulent pipe flow depends on
the Reynolds number and relative roughness e.
e mean height of roughness of the pipe to the pipe diameter.
Effect of Rough Walls
Experimentswithsandgrainroughnessshowasystematic
increaseoftheturbulentfrictionwithroughnessratio.
Friction
factor
Laminar
flowregime
=
64
Re
d
Roughwalledpipe:
1

12
= -2.u log
eJ
S.7
Smoothwalledpipe:
1

12
= 2.u log Re
d

12
- u.8
The Moody Chart
Roughwalledpipe:
1

12
= -2.u log
eJ
S.7
Smoothwalledpipe:
1

12
= 2.u log Re
d

12
- u.8
Turbulentfriction:
1

12
= -2.u log
eJ
S.7
+
2.S
Re
d

12
The above equation was plotted by Moody into what is now called the
Moody Chart for pipe friction.
It is accurate to _1S percent for design calculations over the full range.
It can be used for circular and noncircular pipe flows and for open-
channel flows.
Solving Turbulent flow problem
Thethreefundamentalproblemswhicharecommonlyencounteredin
pipeflowcalculations:
1. uiven J, I, anu I or , p, p, onJ g, compute the heau loss b
]
(head
lossproblem).
2. uiven J, I, b
]
, p, p, onJ g, compute the velocity I oi flow iate
(flowrateproblem).
S. uiven , I, b
]
, p, p, onJ g, compute the uiametei J of the pipe
(sizingproblem).
Onlyproblem1iswellsuitedtotheMoodychart.
Types2and3arecommonengineeringdesignproblems,i.e.,selection
ofpipediameterstominimizeconstructionandpumpingcosts.
However,iterativeapproachrequiredsinceboth andJ areinthe
Reynoldsnumber.
Water(T=20C)flowsatarateof0.05m3/sina20cmasphaltedcast
ironpipe.Whatistheheadlossperkilometer ofpipe?v=1 10
6
m
2
/s
Solution:
Meanvelocity
I =

A
=
u.uS
n4 u.u2
2
= 1.S9 ms
Reynoldsnumber
Re
d
=
IJ
v
=
1.S9 u.2
1u
-6
= S.18 1u
5
Equivalentsandroughnessforasphaltedcastiron,e = u.12 mm
Relativeroughness,eJ = u.uuu12u.2 = u.uuu6
EXAMPLE (type 1)
Lookupfrictionfactor ontheMoodydiagramforRe
d
= S.18 1u
5
andeJ = u.uuu6,
= u.u19
DarcyWeisbach equation:
b
]
=
I
J
I
2
2g
= u.u19
1uuu
u.2
1.S9
2
2 9.81
b
]
= 12.2 m
Water(T=20C)flowsfromatankthrougha50cmdiametersteel
pipe.Determinethedischargeofwater.
v=1 10
6
m
2
/s
Steelpipee = u.u46 mm,therefore,eJ = 9.2 1u
-5
EXAMPLE (type 2)
Solution:
Energyequation
p
1
y
+
I
1
2
2g
+z
1
=
p
2
y
+
I
2
2
2g
+z
2
+b
L

u + u +6u = u +
I
2
2
2g
+4u +
I
J
I
2
2
2g
I =
4ug
1 +2uu
--- Eq. (1)
Firsttrial(iteration1)
Guessavalueof = u.u2
UseEq.(1)tocalculateI = 8.86 m/s
UseI = 8.86 m/stocalculateRe
d
= 4.4S 1u
6
UseRe
d
= 4.4S 1u
6
andeJ = 9.2 1u
-5
onMoodycharttofind
that = u.u12
UseEq.(1)with = u.u12 tocalculateI = 1u.7 m/s
Secondtrial(iteration2)
UseI = 1u.7 m/stocalculateRe
d
= S.SS 1u
6
UseRe
d
= S.SS 1u
6
andeJ = 9.2 1u
-5
onMoodycharttofind
that = u.u12
Convergence!Thevalueof = u.u12 isunchangedbetweenthefirst
andsecondtrials.Therefore,thereisnoneedformoreiterations.
Flowrate
= IA = 1u.7 ms
n
4
u.uS
2
m
2
= 2.1u m
3
s
Oil,withp = 9Su kg/m
3
andv = 2 1u
-5
m
2
/s,flowsinapipeof
100mlongwithaheadlossof8m.Theroughnessise = u.u6 mmand
thevolumeflowrateis = u.S42 m
3
/s.Findthediameterofthepipe.
Solution:
DarcyWeisbach equation
b
]
=
I
J
I
2
2g
=
I
J

2
2gA
2
=
4
n
2
I
2
2gJ
5
=
8
n
2
I
2
2gJ
5
=
n
2
8
g b
]
J
5
I
2
=
n
2
8
9.81 ms
2
8 m J
5
1uu m u.S42 m
3
s
2
= 8.28 J
5

J = u.6SS
1
5
------------ Eq. (1)
EXAMPLE (type 3)
Re
d
=
IJ
v
=
4
nJv
=
4 u.S42 m
3
s
n 2 1u
-5
m
2
s J
Re
d
=
218uu
J
----- Eq. (2)
e
J
=
6 1u
-5
J
----- Eq. (S)
Steps:
Guess = u.uS
Eq.(1),J = u.S2S m
Eq.(2),Re
d
= 67uuu
Eq.(3),eJ = 1.8S 1u
-4
Repeat,
ncw
= u.u2uS fromMoodyChart
Eq.(1),J = u.Su1 m
Eq.(2),Re
d
= 72Suu
Eq.(3),eJ = 2.u 1u
-4

bcttcr
= u.u2u1 fromMoodyChart,Eq.(1),J = u.S m
Theprocedurehasconvergedtothecorrectdiameterof30cm.
Headloss:
b
]
=
I
J
I
2
2g
TurbulentFlowina
RoundTube
Logarithmicoverlaplayer
u
0
u

=
1

ln
R u

v
+B
Frictionvelocity II
-1
u

=

w
p
2
Turbulentfriction(MoodyChart):
1

12
= -2.u log
eJ
S.7
+
2.S
Re
d

12
FullyDevelopedPipeFlow
Laminar
Cansolveexactly
Flowissteady
Velocityprofileisparabolic
Piperoughnessnotimportant
Velocityprofile:
I =
1
4p
-
J
Js
p +yz r
0
2
-r
2
I = I
max
1 -
r
r
0
2
Turbulent
Flowisunsteady(3Dswirlingeddies),butitissteadyinthe
mean.
Meanvelocityprofileisfuller(shapemorelikeatophatprofile,
withverysharpslopeatthewall).
Piperoughnessisveryimportant.
Noanalyticalsolution,buttherearesomegoodsemiempirical
expressionsthatapproximatethevelocityprofileshape.
Instantaneous
profiles
FullyDevelopedPipeFlow
Logarithmic-overlap layer
u
u

=
1

ln
y u

v
+ B
Infullydevelopedpipeflow:
Laminar Turbulent

w

w

w
=shearstressatthewall
FullyDevelopedPipeFlow
w,turb w,Iam