6.

10 Surcharge LoadScribd Upload a Document Search Documents Explore Documents Books - Fiction Books - Non-fiction Health & Medicine Brochures/Catalogs Government Docs How-To Guides/Manuals Magazines/Newspapers Recipes/Menus School Work + all categories Featured Recent People Authors Students Researchers Publishers Government & Nonprofits Businesses Musicians Artists & Designers Teachers + all categories Most Followed Popular Sign Up Log In 1 / 73 SectionsSection 1 of 88 1.0 INTRODUCTIONp. 32.0 EXPLORATIONSp. 42.1 Introductionp. 42.2 Geologic Profilep. 62.3 Test Pitsp. 72.4 Soil Test Boringsp. 82.5 Cone Penetrometerp. 112.6 Depth of Explorationsp. 122.7 Groundwater Observation Wellsp. 133.0 SOIL PROPERTIESp. 143.1 Introductionp. 143.2.1 Void Ratiop. 153.2.2 Porosityp. 153.2.3 Degree of Saturationp. 163.2.4 Water Contentp. 163.2.5 Total Unit Weightp. 163.2.6 Dry Unit Weightp. 163.2.7 Specific Gravityp. 163.2.8 Atteberg Limitsp. 183.2.9 Shear Strengthp. 193.2.10 Sensitivityp. 192-4 Moderately sensitive 4-8 Sensitivep. 202-8 Clay of medium plasticity, normally consolidatedp. 203.2.11 Engineering Properties of the Massp. 204.0 BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOOTINGSp. 214.1 Introductionp. 214.2 Modes of Failurep. 224.3 Bearing Capacity of Continuous Footingsp. 234.4 Modification for Shapep. 254.5 General Bearing Capacity Equationp. 254.6 Groundwater and Bearing Capacityp. 264.7 Factor of Safetyp. 274.8 Presumptive Bearing Capacityp. 274.9 Other Considerations for Bearing Capacityp. 284.10 Selection of Engineering Propertiesp. 284.11 Important Pointsp. 284.12 Deterministic vs. Probabilistic Analysisp. 295.0 Settlement of Shallow Footingsp. 315.1 Introductionp. 315.2 Components of Settlementp. 325.3 Immediate settlementp. 325.4 Primary Consolidationp. 325.5 Secondary Consolidationp. 325.6 Settlement of Footings Underlain by Sandp. 335.7 Settlement of Footings Underlain by Clayp. 345.8 Time Rate of Settlementp. 365.9 Influence Zonep. 376.1 Introductionp. 396.2 Categories of Lateral Earth Pressurep. 396.3 Calculating Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficientsp. 416.4 At Rest Coefficientp. 416.5 Active and Passive Earth Pressure Coefficientsp.

416.6 Calculating the Vertical Effective Overburden Pressurep. 446.7 Calculating the Lateral Earth Pressurep. 446.8 Calculating the Total Lateral Earth Pressure Forcep. 446.9 Other Forces Acting on the Wallp. 456.10 Surcharge Loadp. 456.11 Earthquake Forcep. 466.12 Water Pressurep. 466.13 Compactionp. 466.14 Building Codesp. 476.15 Important Pointsp. 477.0 RETAINING WALLSp. 497.1 Introductionp. 497.2 Calculating the Total Active Earth Pressure Forcep. 497.3 Other Forces Acting on the Wallp. 517.4 Factors of Safetyp. 517.5 Proportioning Wallsp. 527.6 Slidingp. 527.7 Overturningp. 527.8 Bearing Capacity below Retaining Wallsp. 537.9 Other Considerationsp. 547.10 Important Pointsp. 548.0 PILE FOUNDATIONSp. 588.1 Introductionp. 588.2.1 Types of Pilesp. 588.2.2 Point Bearing and Friction Pilesp. 608.2.3 Pile Capacityp. 618.2.4 Pile Settlementp. 638.2.5 Static Pile Load Testp. 638.2.6 Dynamic Testingp. 649.1 Geotechnical Capacity of Drilled Shaftsp. 659.2 Settlement of Drilled Shaftsp. 6610.0 COMPACTED FILLp. 6710.1 Introductionp. 6710.2 Percent Compactionp. 6710.3 Observation and Testing Compacted Fillp. 68

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GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING BASICSForNON-GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERSByRichard P. Weber Geotechnical Engineering Basics for Non-Geotechnical Engineers©Copyright 20 05 Richard P. WeberPage 2TABLE OF CONTENTS1.0INTRODUCTION2.0EXPLORATIONS3.0SOIL PROPERTIES4.0BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOOTINGS5.0SETTLEMENT OF SHALLOW FOOTINGS6.0LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE7.0RETAINING WALLS8.0DEEP FOUNDATIONS9.0DRILLED SHAFTS10.0COMPACTED FILL11.0ARRIVING AT ACCEPTABLE SOLUTIONSAPPENDIX A REFERENCESAPPENDIX B DISCLAIMER Geotechnical Engineering Basics for Non-Geotechnical Engineers©Copyright 20 05 Richard P. WeberPage 31.0 INTRODUCTIONGeotechnical engineering is an interesting subject. Unlike many engineering disciplines,it is not a pure science but rather it is an art form that requires both judgment andexperience to arrive at a satisfactory solution. Unlike steel or concrete for instance, soilis quite different. Geotechnical engineers can arrive at different but equally satisfactoryrecommendations for design values even when given the same set of information.Acceptable solutions are dependent upon many soil variables, methods

used to predict theresults and the practitioner s experience.The purpose of this text is to acquaint the non-geotechnical engineer with basicinformation related to geotechnical engineering in order to enhance his or herunderstanding of the subject. The topics discussed herein have been simplified and donot provide an exhaustive review of the subject matter. The information has been drawnfrom reference sources as well as the author s experience. This publication is subject tothe Disclaimers stated in Appendix B.Topics have been selected for a wide range audience but all topics have not beenincluded. The interested reader is encouraged to consult one of the many textbooks andother publications for more information on the topics discussed herein as well as thosethat have not been discussed.Photograph 1.1 - Foundations for a Medieval Era Cathedral Geotechnical Engineering Basics for Non-Geotechnical Engineers©Copyright 20 05 Richard P. WeberPage 446.6 Calculating the Vertical Effective Overburden PressureThe vertical effective overburden pressure is the effective weight of soil above the pointunder consideration. The termeffectivemeans that the submerged unit weight of soil isused when calculating the pressure below the groundwater level. For instance, assumethat a soil has a total unit weight (&#94 7; ) of 120 pcf and the groundwater level is 5 feet belowthe ground surface. The vertical effective overburden pressure (σv ) at a depth of 10 feetbelow the ground surface (i.e. 5 feet below the groundwater depth) is:σv = 5(γ ) + 5(γ )Whereγ is the total unit weight of the soil andγ is the effective (or submerged) unitweight of the soil which equals the total unit weight of soil minus the unit weight of water (i.e. 62.4 pcf). Thus:σv = 5(120) + 5(120-62. 4) = 888 psf 6.7 Calculating the Lateral Earth PressureThere is a relationship between the vertical effective overburden pressure and the lateralearth pressure. The lateral earth pressure (σ)is:σa = Ka (σv ) Active lat eral earth pressure (6.4)σp = Kp (σv ) Passive lateral earth pressure (6.5)Where (& #963;v ) is the vertical effective overburden pressure.If water pressure is allowed to build up behind a retaining wall, then the total pressureand the resulting total force along the back of the wall is increased considerably.Therefore, it is common for walls to be designed with adequate drainage to prevent waterfrom accumulating behind the wall. Thus, weepholes, lateral drains or blanket drainsalong with granular soil (freely draining backfill) are commonly used behind retainingwalls. In the case of a drained condition, the total unit weight of soil (γ ) is used behindthe full height of the wall and there is no water pressure contribution.An example of an earth pressure calculation using the Rankine active earth pressurecoefficient is shown later as Example 6.1. A similar calculation can be performed for theCoulomb case by using the Coulomb earth pressure coefficient applicable to the case athand.6.8 Calculating the Total Lateral Earth Pressure ForceThe total lateral force is the area of the pressure diagram. In the simple example shownlater in this course, the area of the earth pressure diagram is the earth pressure at the Geotechnical Engineering Basics for Non-Geotechnical Engineers©Copyright 20 05 Richard P. WeberPage 45bottom of the wall (Kaγ H) times the height of the w all (H) times one-half (1/2) since thepressure distribution increases linearly with depth creating a triangular shape. Thus thetotal active earth pressure force (Pa) acting along the back of the wall is the area of thepressure diagram expressed as:Pa = ½ Kaγ H2(6.6.1)The total passive earth pressure fo rce is:Pp =

½ Kpγ H2(6.6.2)The total force acts along the back of the wall at a height of H/3 from the base of thewall.In more complicated cases, the earth pressure distribution diagram is drawn and the totalforce is calculated by determining the area of the pressure diagram. The location of theresultant force is also determined.6.9 Other Forces Acting on the WallAside from the earth pressure force acting on wall, other forces might also act on thewall. These forces include: Surcharge load Earthquake load Water Pressure6.10 Surcharge LoadA surcharge load results from forces that are applied along the surface of the backfillbehind the wall. These forces apply an additional lateral force on the back of the wall.Surcharge pressures result from loads such as a line load, strip load, embankment load,traffic (such as a parking lot), floor loads and temporary loads such as constructiontraffic. Generally, elastic theory is used to determine the lateral pressure due to thesurcharge and these methods have been extensively published.In the case of a uniform surcharge pressure (q) taken over a wide area behind the wall,the lateral pressure due to the uniform surcharge:K()q (6.7)Where K()is the applicable at rest, active or passive pressure coefficient. The pressurediagram behind the wall for a uniform surcharge is rectangular and acts at a height of H/2 Geotechnical Engineering Basics for Non-Geotechnical Engineers©Copyright 20 05 Richard P. WeberPage 46above the base of the wall. Thus, the additional lateral force (Ps) acting behind the wallresulting from a uniform surcharge is the area of the rectangle, or:Ps = K()qH (6.8)Whether the total surcharge load is calculated from elastic theory or as shown inExpression (6.8), the force (pressure) is superimposed onto the calculated lateral earthpressure.6.11 Earthquake ForceAdditional lateral loads resulting from an earthquake are also superimposed onto thelateral earth pressure where required. Publications such as AASHTO StandardSpecifications for Highway Bridges and other textbooks provide methods for calculatingthe earthquake force.6.12 Water PressureWalls are typically designed to prevent hydrostatic pressure from developing behind thewall. Therefore the loads applied to most walls will not include water pressure. In caseswhere water pressure might develop behind an undrained wall, the additional forceresulting from the water pressure must be superimposed onto the lateral earth pressure.Since water pressure is equal in all directions (i.e. coefficient (K) = 1), the water pressuredistribution increases linearly with depth at a rate of γ wz whereγ wis the unit weight of water (62.4 pcf) and z is the depth below the groundwater level. If the surface of waterbehind a 10-foot high wall (H) were located 5-feet (d) below the backfill surface, then thesuperimposed total lateral force resulting from groundwater pressure would be: W = ½ (γ w)(H-d)2= 780 pounds, which is the area of the linearly increasingpressure distribution. W acts at a height of (H-d)/3 (or 1.67-ft) above the base of the wall. Note that the earth pressure would be calculated using the submerged unit weightof soilγ below the groundwater level.If seep age occurs, then the water pressure must be derived from seepage analysis, whichis outside the scope of this course.6.13 CompactionIf heavy rollers are used to compact soil adjacent to walls, then high residual pressurescan develop against the wall. Although a reasonable amount of backfill compaction isnecessary, excess compaction should be avoided. Geotechnical Engineering BasicsDownload this Document for FreePrintMobileCollectionsReport DocumentReport this document? Please tell us reason(s) for reporting this document Spam or junk

Porn adult content Hateful or offensive If you are the copyright owner of this document and want to report it, please follow these directions to submit a copyright infringement notice. Report Cancel This is a private document. Info and Rating Reads:5,162Uploaded:05/04/2011Category:Uncategorized.Rated:Copyright:Attribution Non-commercial Followdaniel.j.mccarthy... Sectionsshow allcollapse« prev next »1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 EXPLORATIONS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Geologic Profile 2.3 Test Pits 2.4 Soil Test Borings 2.5 Cone Penetrometer 2.6 Depth of Explorations 2.7 Groundwater Observation Wells 3.0 SOIL PROPERTIES 3.1 Introduction 3.2.1 Void Ratio 3.2.2 Porosity 3.2.3 Degree of Saturation 3.2.4 Water Content 3.2.5 Total Unit Weight 3.2.6 Dry Unit Weight 3.2.7 Specific Gravity 3.2.8 Atteberg Limits 3.2.9 Shear Strength 3.2.10 Sensitivity 2-4 Moderately sensitive 4-8 Sensitive 2-8 Clay of medium plasticity, normally consolidated 3.2.11 Engineering Properties of the Mass 4.0 BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOOTINGS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Modes of Failure 4.3 Bearing Capacity of Continuous Footings 4.4 Modification for Shape 4.5 General Bearing Capacity Equation 4.6 Groundwater and Bearing Capacity 4.7 Factor of Safety 4.8 Presumptive Bearing Capacity 4.9 Other Considerations for Bearing Capacity 4.10 Selection of Engineering Properties 4.11 Important Points 4.12 Deterministic vs. Probabilistic Analysis 5.0 Settlement of Shallow Footings 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Components of Settlement 5.3 Immediate settlement 5.4 Primary Consolidation 5.5 Secondary Consolidation 5.6 Settlement of Footings Underlain by Sand 5.7 Settlement of Footings Underlain by Clay 5.8 Time Rate of Settlement

5.9 Influence Zone 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Categories of Lateral Earth Pressure 6.3 Calculating Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficients 6.4 At Rest Coefficient 6.5 Active and Passive Earth Pressure Coefficients 6.6 Calculating the Vertical Effective Overburden Pressure 6.7 Calculating the Lateral Earth Pressure 6.8 Calculating the Total Lateral Earth Pressure Force 6.9 Other Forces Acting on the Wall 6.10 Surcharge Load 6.11 Earthquake Force 6.12 Water Pressure 6.13 Compaction 6.14 Building Codes 6.15 Important Points 7.0 RETAINING WALLS 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Calculating the Total Active Earth Pressure Force 7.3 Other Forces Acting on the Wall 7.4 Factors of Safety 7.5 Proportioning Walls 7.6 Sliding 7.7 Overturning 7.8 Bearing Capacity below Retaining Walls 7.9 Other Considerations 7.10 Important Points 8.0 PILE FOUNDATIONS 8.1 Introduction 8.2.1 Types of Piles 8.2.2 Point Bearing and Friction Piles 8.2.3 Pile Capacity 8.2.4 Pile Settlement 8.2.5 Static Pile Load Test 8.2.6 Dynamic Testing 9.1 Geotechnical Capacity of Drilled Shafts 9.2 Settlement of Drilled Shafts 10.0 COMPACTED FILL 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Percent Compaction 10.3 Observation and Testing Compacted Fill Share & Embed Related Documents PreviousNext p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. p. More from this user PreviousNext73 p.25 p.13 p.8 p. Add a Comment SubmitCharacters: ... Print this document High Quality Open the downloaded document, and select print from the file menu (PDF reader required). Download and Print

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