Lecture #7 Water Surface Profiles

Steady, non-uniform flow

Sf So and y2 y1 Reasons for varying depth?

Gradually Varied Flow (GVF): change in WSP is small enough (dy/dx <<1) that its possible to integrate the differential equation from (1) to (2) to solve for y

y1

z1

V12 2g

hL

y2

z2

V22 2g

h L = Sf L z = SoL

lim

y x

dy dx

dy dx

So

Sf

1 Fr 2

Sf

y3 Fr3 So

y2 Fr2

y1 Fr1

x1

x1

x1

Normal Depth Calculated from Mannings Equation assuming Sf = So For every channel configuration, there exists a yn even though the flow may not actually be at that depth Same for critical depth, yc A comparison of these two theoretical depths gives slope classification (M, S, C, etc) A comparison of actual depth to yn and yc gives WSP classification (1, 2, 3)

Critical Slope occurs at Fr = 1 Solve Mannings for Sc

Critical Slope: S c

n 2 gDc
2

Rc 3

For a given channel geometry Critical:

Subcritical (mild slope):

Supercritical (steep slope):

Example
B

y 45

Drainage trough in a storage room unfinished concrete at 1% slope Find the critical slope for Qmax = 1000 gal/min.

Example A rectangular channel is 6.5 ft wide and carries 25 cfs on a 1% slope. The channel roughness is given as 0.017. Determine the Critical Slope. What if the width changes?

Keys for GVSF Analysis 1. Normal Depth is always approached asymptotically

2. Critical depth is always approached at an angle Flow changes to RV near critical depth & crosses yc at near 90

3. Subcritical flow controlled by downstream GVF computations proceed in upstream direction

4. Supercritical flow controlled by upstream GVF computations proceed in downstream direction

Example: For the given channel configuration, sketch the WSP and label the profile types. Identify any controls and hydraulic jumps.

Normal Depth

Critical depth

Sluice Gate

Steep

Mild

Steep

Calculating water surface profile for gradually varied flow Direct Step Method: For a given y1 at x1, at what x2 will given y2 occur? z2=z1-So(x2-x1) hL=Sf-avg(x2-x1)=0.5(Sf1+Sf2)(x2-x1)

Substitute into energy equation and solve for x2: x2

x1 So

E2 E1 1 S f1 S f 2 2

Calculate friction slope from Mannings: S f

n 2Vi 2 Ri4 / 3

Direct Step Procedure: 1. Determine all parameters at starting location: A, R, V, Sf, E 2. Select small value for dy 3. Determine parameters at yi+1=yi dy (+ for supercritical, - for subcritical) 4. Calculate dE and Sf-avg 5. Calculate xi 6. Calculate total distance from x1=dxi 7. Calculate water surface elevation = yi+zi+( dxi)So 8. Repeat until y = yn Disadvantages for Direct Step doesnt determine y at a specific x; can be cumbersome for non-prismatic channels. Example: Spreadsheet Setup:
y (1) A (2) P (3) R (4) V (5) V2/2g (6) Sf (7) Sfavg (8) So Sfavg (9) E (10) dE (11) x (12) x2 (13)

Column 1 flow depth. approaches normal depth asymptotically, therefore, surface profile may be stopped when within 1%. Column 2 area for depth in column 1 Column 3 wetted perimeter for column 1 Column 4 hydraulic radius for column 1 (=column 2 / column 3) Column 5 velocity (given discharge / column 2) Column 6 velocity head Column 7 frictional slope from Mannings Equation Column 8 average friction slope for current depth and for previous depth (average of column 7 for rows 1 and 2) Column 9 subtract column 8 from given value of channel slope

Column 10 Column 1 plus column 6 Column 11 difference between two rows in column 10 Column 12 difference in locations = column 11 / column 9 Column 13 location of given depth = column 13i-1 + column 12 Standard Step Method: For a given y1 at x1, what y2 will occur at a given x2?
H1 z1 y1 V12 2g

H2=H1-hL Standard Step Procedure: 1. Calculate H1 and Sf1 2. Assume a value for y2 3. From this assumed depth, calculate A, R, V, Sf, and H (=z+y+V2/2g) 4. Calculate Sf-avg 5. Calculate hL=(dx)(Sf-avg) 6. Calculate H2=H1hL (- for supercritical, + for subcritical) 7. Compare H values from steps 3 and 6. If within acceptable limits, continue. If not, assume new value for y2 and repeat. Standard Step Method is most popular used in most computer models, e.g. HEC-RAS. Example: Spreadsheet Setup:
x (1) y (2) A (3) P (4) R (5) V (6) V2/2g (7) z (8) H (9) Sf (10) Sfavg (11) dx (12) hL (13) H (14) Check (15)

Column 1 specified location at which depth is to be computed Column 2 estimated flow depth Column 3 flow area for column 2 Column 4 wetted perimeter for column 2 Column 5 hydraulic radius for column 2 Column 6 velocity for column 2 (Q/column 3) Column 7 velocity head for column 6 Column 8 channel bottom elevation Column 9 sum of columns 2, 7, and 8 Column 10 EGL slope from Mannings Column 11 average friction slope at xi and xi+1 Column 12 distance along channel between xi and xi+1 Column 13 Column 11 x Column 12 Column 14 Column 13 plus Column 9 of previous row Column 15 Compare Column 9 and Column 13. If within acceptable limits, continue. If not, assume new value for column 2 and repeat.

Example A 5.5-m wide rectangular channel carries a discharge of 10 cms on a slope of 0.15% with a Mannings roughness of 0.038. Use the Direct Step Method to determine the Water Surface Profile. Use the Standard Step Method to determine the depth every 50-m for 300 meters. At x=0, the flow depth is 2.2-m. How far out to normal depth?