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Spring 2006
Lecture 1: Introduction to ME 608
Conservation Equations
Outline of Lecture
z Course organization
z Introduction to CFD
z Conservation equations, general scalar transport equation
z Conservation form
Motivation
“So far I have paid piece rates for the Also researched mathematical
operation (Laplacian) of about n/18 models for causes of war :
pence per coordinate point, n being the
number of digits … one of the quickest Generalized Foreign Politics
boys averaged 2000 operations (1939)
(Laplacian) per week for numbers of 3
digits, those done wrong being Arms and Insecurity(1949)
discounted …” Statistics of Deadly Quarrels
(1950)
Richardson, 1910
History
z Relaxation methods (1920’s-50’s)
z Landmark paper by Courant, Friedrichs and
John
Lewy for hyperbolic equations (1928)
z Von Neumann stability criteria for parabolic von Neumann
problems (1950) (1903-1957)
z Harlow and Fromm (1963) computed unsteady
vortex street using a digital computer.
z They published a Scientific American article
(1965) which ignited interest in modern CFD
and the idea of computer experiments
z Boundary-layer codes developed in the 1960-
1970’s (GENMIX by Patankar and Spalding in
1972 for eg.)
z Solution techniques for incompressible flows
published through the 1970’s (SIMPLE family of
algorithms by Patankar and Spalding for eg.) Richard Courant
(1888-1972)
z Jameson computed Euler flow over complete
aircraft (1981)
z Unstructured mesh methods developed in
1990’s
Conservation Equations
Accumulation:
Generation:
Diffusion Flux
Convection
Flux
Net flux
Velocity Vector
Diffusion coefficient Γ
Combining…
Non-Conservation Form
∂ρ
+ ∇ ⋅ ( ρV ) = 0
∂t
Here,
φ= 1
Γ= 0
S=0
Energy Equation
Equation of State
Substitute to Find
Here,
φ= h
Γ= k/Cp
S = Sh
Momentum Equation
X-Momentum Equation
Here, ⎛ ∂ui ∂u j ⎞
τ ij = µ ⎜ + ⎟⎟
⎜ ∂x
φ= u ⎝ j ∂xi ⎠
Γ= µ
∂p S is good “dumping ground” for
S = Su - everything that doesn’t fit into
∂x the other terms
Species Transport Equation
z In this lecture we
» Developed the procedure for developing the governing
equation for the transport of a scalar φ
» Recognized the commonality of transport of
– Mass, momentum, energy, species
» Casting all these different equations into this single form is
very useful
» Can devise a single method to solve this class of governing
equation
Lecture 2: The General Scalar Transport
Equation
Overview of Numerical Methods
Last time…
Discriminant
To
TL
Boundary conditions
Solution:
Elliptic PDE’s
To
• T(x) is influenced by both
boundaries TL
T0 Ti T0
• The solution at T(x,t) is influenced by the boundaries, just as with elliptic PDEs
•We need only initial condtions T(x,0). We do not need future conditions
•Initial conditions only affect future conditions, not past conditions
• Initial conditions affect all spatial points in the future
• A steady state is reached as t->∞. In this limit we recover the elliptic PDE.
•In the absence of source terms, the temperature is bounded by initial and
boundary conditions
•Marching solutions are possible
Hyperbolic PDEs
Solution:
Hyperbolic PDEs (cont’d)
Hyperbolic PDEs (cont’d)
z Geometry creation
z Domain discretization (mesh generation)
z Discretization of governing equations
z Solution of discrete equations; accounting for non-
linearities and inter-equation coupling
z Visualization and post-processing
Solution Process
Block- Unstructured
structured meshes
meshes
Mesh Types
Cell
shapes
Non-
conformal
mesh
Hybrid mesh
Mesh Terminology
Second order
z Drop truncated terms: truncation error
z Comments
» We can write one such equation for each grid point
» Boundary conditions give us boundary values
» Second-order accurate
» Need to find a way to solve couple algebraic equation set
Overview of Finite Volume Method
In this lecture we
z Considered different canonical PDEs and examined their
behavior
z Understood how these model equations relate to our general
scalar transport equations
z Started an overview of the important elements of any numerical
method
z In the next lecture we will complete this overview and start
looking more closely at the finite volume method for diffusion
problems.
Lecture 3: Overview of Numerical
Methods
Last time…
z Let φ be an approximation to φ
z Since φ is an approximation, it does not satisfy the diffusion
equation, and leaves a residual R:
d 2φ
Γ 2 +S = R
dx
z Galerkin finite element method minimizes R with respect to a
weight function:
Finite Element Method (cont’d)
Ni-1 Ni
i+1
i-1 i
Element i-1 Element i
Finite Element Method (cont’d)
Update using
Second-
order
truncation
error
We will
z Apply the finite volume scheme to the steady diffusion
equation on Cartesian structured meshes
z Examine the properties of the resulting discretization
z Describe how to discretize boundary conditions
2D Steady Diffusion
• Consider steady diffusion with a
source term:
• Here
•Compactly:
Discrete Flux Balance (cont’d)
z Fluxes given by
Discretization
z Assume φ varies linearly
between cell centroids
z Note:
» Symmetry of (P, E ) and
(P,W) in flux expression
» Opposite signs on (P,E)
and (P,W) terms
Source Linearization
z Assume SP <0
z More on this later!
Final Discrete Equation
W P E
S
Comments
z If S=0:
What about
this?
Boundary Conditions
Flux Balance
For near-boundary
cells:
aP > ∑ anb
nb
Satisfies Scarborough
Criterion !
Also, φP bounded by
interior neighbors and
boundary value in the
absence of source terms
Neumann BC’s
z Neumann boundary
conditions : qb given
z Replace Jb in cell
balance with given flux
Neumann BC’s (cont’d)
So inequality constraint in
Scarborough criterion is not
satisfied
Also, φP is not bounded
by interior neighbors and
boundary value even in
the absence of source
terms – this is is fine
because of the added
flux at the boundary
Boundary Values and Fluxes
z In this lecture we
» Described the discretization procedure for the
diffusion equation on Cartesian meshes
» Saw that the resulting discretization process
preserves the properties of elliptic equations
» Since we get diagonal dominance with Dirichlet bc,
the discretization allows us to use iterative solvers
z Next time, we will look at one more boundary condition
(Robbins or mixed bc), source linearization and
conjugate heat transfer