Indonesian Perceptions of Entrepreneurs and Ethics Timothy J Costelloe An investigation of the ways entrepreneurs are regarded in Indonesian society.

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School of Management Massey University October 2011 Introduction Indonesia is the largest nation in the South East Asia and a member of the G20 group of the world's largest economies. In an era of global recession, Indonesia's economy continues to grow at a steady rate, but is beset by three major problems; corruption, low labor productivity, and population growth which outstrips job creation. The domestic market in Indonesia, rather than exports, is the driver of economic growth, a factor which insulates the Indonesian economy somewhat from external shock. However, economic and governmental systems in the country are incredibly inefficient and bureaucratic, and Indonesia is internationally rated as one of the most difficult and unreliable countries in which to establish a business. These factors effectively discourage potential foreign investment in Indonesia. (Brown, 2003; The World Bank, 2011) Very few western entrepreneurs are keen on doing business in Indonesia due to perceptions of very high levels of nepotism, collusion and rampant government corruption, which make it very difficult to operate ethically. (Armstrong, 1992) One group with a significant level of access to the Indonesian market is based around networks (guanxi) of ethnic Chinese who support each other collectively to dominate the business sector in Indonesia. This group uses the guanxi system to deal with the uncertain and unethical environment in Indonesia and to offer a point of entry to other ethnic Chinese from the wider region wishing to enter the local market. (Tan, 2000) Perceptions about the behavior of this ethnic group form an important part of the wider perceptions of entrepreneurs in the community and features in focus group discussion relating to this study. The basic question around which this paper is framed attempts to extend research into individual characteristics, examining how external factors influence personal preferences for ethical behavior, taking into account the common perception of entrepreneurs in Indonesian society; and how business students see these challenges from the perspective of being ethical entrepreneurs in training, while considering some of the challenges they may face in putting the theory of ethics into place after graduation. This study was designed to take advantage of the unique position of these students, positioned as they are in the middle of an experimental educational model, whereby students from predominantly lower socio-economic groups from a number of regions in Indonesia have been given

the opportunity to study in English using an internationally based curriculum. They are among the brightest in their home communities and their views represent the opinions of ordinary Indonesian people combined with some technical knowledge, a unique viewpoint on the subject. Literature review A growing body of work is found in entrepreneurial ethics. The transformative role entrepreneurs play in global economic activity means that the ethical behavior of entrepreneurs is increasingly surveyed and questioned in this international context. Research also examines ethical challenges entrepreneurs face and their responses to them, ethical responses to uncertainty, ethical traits that entrepreneurs may or may not possess, and the societal impact of profit seeking by entrepreneurs. (Machen 1999; Harris et al. 2009; Hanafey, 2003) Longenecker et al. (1989, p31) state that the uniqueness of small business extends to ethical issues. Solymossy and Masters (2002) maintain the need to be ethical is a constant due to the ongoing interaction with stakeholders and customers and conclude that a model of ethics separate to other types of business ethics is not needed, despite the unique and differing situations encountered by entrepreneurs. There is also a growing body of material relating to entrepreneurial ethics in non-Western business environments, for example Confucian ethics as an influence on ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs (Cheung and King 2004; Wah 2010), and case studies highlighting the standards of ethics in the transitional economies of Eastern Europe (Ivanova, 2007; Bucar et al., 2003). Little material exists on the subject of entrepreneurial behavior in a South East Asian setting, and most of what is available was written a number of years ago. The material available relating to Indonesia was mostly written just after the 1997-98 global crisis and needs updating. Much of the entrepreneurial activity in South East Asia is dominated by ethnic Chinese business networks. Tan (2000) asserts that a great deal of prejudice against ethnic Chinese is a direct result of the economic power of this group in the region, and further that the indigenous perception of any dishonesty accompanying this is a result of the networking and patronage of networks internal to the Chinese ethnic group, in collusion with the indigenous political elites, to the detriment of the common people. Other writers have questioned the ethics of the Indonesian business community on the basis of a weak and variable legal environment with weak accountability and audit standards (Favere-Machesi, 2000) and the quixotic nature of a quest for Corporate Social Responsibility in a society largely perceived as unethical. (Kemp, 2001) The issue of corruption is an important theme in discussing Indonesian business ethics. Wilhelm (2002) lists Indonesia as 80th most corrupt country of 85 studied for validation of the Corruption Perceptions Index. A study by Lu and Lu (2009) concluded that much unethical entrepreneurial behavior is condoned by consumers, and further that the inaction of a weak and corrupt legal environment in Indonesia influences the ethical choices of both entrepreneur and consumer. High levels of materialism may be encouraged by the government to promote economic growth, but this in turn may lead to lower ethical standards. The study also asserted that Indonesian women are somewhat more ethical than Indonesian men.

Taormina and Selvarajah (2005) maintain that perceptions of business leadership in ASEAN countries are heavily influenced by Confucian ethical values on a continuum of 2500 years. The fundamental problem with this view, however, is that it ignores the influence of indigenous traditions and religious beliefs. It does, however unwittingly, support Tan's (2000) study indicating an ethnic Chinese dominance in the business of the region. Mitton (1989) paints a behavioral analysis of patterns of entrepreneurial conduct, listing individual characteristics as traits an entrepreneur exhibits. Bengelsdijk and Noorderhaven (2005) deliver a review of research into Entrepreneurial Trait research as a pretext for their own research into traits being a confident predictor of entry into entrepreneurial activities. Their findings are weak and inconclusive, continuing a major problem in studies into the individual characteristics of entrepreneurs, an inability to find empirical evidence to prove the theory. Being that the field of entrepreneurial ethics is still novel and undeveloped; the empirical evidence is scant and remains inconclusive and open-ended. The conceptual framework of entrepreneurship is highly dynamic and resists attempts at definitive agreement among scholars. The qualitative measurement of entrepreneurial ethics is difficult. Researchers who continue attempts to develop trait theories have only succeeded in raising more questions and little in the way of answers. With this in mind the decision to attempt to add to the body of empirical evidence with a short survey study using a small sample is made with the expectation that responses may be inconclusive, and only point the way to further study. Methodology For the purposes of this study, a two-pronged method of gathering data was used, circulating questionnaire to respondents, followed by a focus group to clarify answers and focus on a subset of questions requiring extra data. This approach was deemed necessary due to the fact that the selected respondents were non-native English speakers, with some necessary clarification predicted. This was borne out by the brevity of some written answers to the questionnaire. A group of students undertaking degree study at a Business School specializing in entrepreneurial training in Jakarta, Indonesia were chosen. It was thought that as business students, the group would offer a transitional perspective on entrepreneurial ethics, falling somewhere in between the public, the business community and academia, with a mix of outsider and insider views. The self-selected students offered an easy level of access and cooperation and were previously known to the researcher. The group of ten was from six different provinces in Java and Sumatra, and all were ethnically indigenous Indonesians. The research was set up using Facebook, with a call for volunteers made via a closed student council group. Following this a new closed group on Facebook was used to communicate with participants and administer the project, initially at a distance between Phnom Penh and Jakarta. The mandated sample of ten students was selected on a voluntary, first come first selected basis, with four reserves accepted as a provision for non-reply or withdrawal of consent. All fourteen students were emailed a questionnaire. All fourteen students returned the document. Ten questions were selected from the questionnaire to form the primary data set. See Appendix 1 below for a full list of questions from the questionnaire.

Respondents were then asked to attend a focus group with four questions designed to amplify and expand on the questionnaire: 1) Are personal traits learned or are they born with you? 2) Do you think entrepreneurs in Indonesia have a good reputation? 3) Can the government help solve ethical issues for entrepreneurs? 4) What are the most important traits an entrepreneur should have? Twelve students attended the focus group. During the course of the study respondents were therefore asked two related sets of questions relating to their perceptions of entrepreneurial ethics and external influences on ethical behavior. Only the information from the first ten respondents has been used in presenting this report. Data analysis and discussion Q1: Personal traits, values or characteristics Respondents generally agreed that personal characteristics are necessary to be a successful entrepreneur, with focus group discussion confirming this. One respondent disagreed, saying Everyone can be an ethical entrepreneur as long as they obey the existing regulations. One answer indicated that traits do not come from within, but must be taught in school and society. This theme was explored further in the focus group, with the finding that schooling played an important part in the formation of ethics, in both positive and negative ways. In discussion it was found that the environment and the experience in which one encounters ethics will lead to rationalizations of ethics, if the entrepreneur sees others operating in a certain way. An unethical environment will lead to the rationalization that unethical behavior, as the norm, is acceptable. The group felt challenged by this paradox, and saw it as a limitation on their success as an ethical entrepreneur. A member of the group described the process of ethical development using a psychological approach, saying that people are born with their own character but also that environment and education play a major role in the development of individual behavioral characteristics, following our parents, then our teachers and, after graduation, the societal environment. The indicative traits were listed as: good manners, assertiveness, frugality, discipline, honesty, respectfulness, unselfishness, green aware, independent, reliable, responsible, trustworthy, religious, charismatic, positive thinking, consistent, the need for self-improvement, wisdom, proactive, innovative, socially responsible, socially sensitive, firm, humane and able to persevere, humble, openminded, transparent, leadership, charisma, firmness, democratic, innovative, fair-minded, sociable, and rapid decisions making abililty Q2: Common Perceptions of Entrepreneurs Many Indonesians think that the entrepreneurs are brave people, taking a chance to run a business in a corrupt and collusive society. In the face of this obstacle, no honest entrepreneur is likely to succeed, and must have to cheat one way or another. They will only be looking for their own benefit and profit, and do not consider the sustainability of the environment.

Urban people tend to think that entrepreneurs make their life easier because they build hotels, restaurants, malls, and apartments. On the other hand, many rural people think that entrepreneurs cause job losses and corruption in the community. However, a common perception of entrepreneurs is as a profession without a stable income and with a high level of risk, susceptible to loss. In order to succeed they must have capital wealth, which may come from illegal activities. Entrepreneurs are suspected of being greedy, and of engaging in unfair competition and anti-competitive behavior by bribing government officials or seeking political office, in order to increase the wealth of their business. The common perception of entrepreneurs among the Indonesian people is generally negative. The finding is that Indonesian society does not regard entrepreneurs very highly. The highest aspiration most people have is to be a government servant with a monthly salary and an easy life. In this view, being an entrepreneur is a failure, and the entrepreneur is constantly criticized until they become successful, whereupon they are then worshiped as a pillar of the community. Many people try to become entrepreneurs, give up too easily and then have a bad attitude towards entrepreneurs. A common perception is that a great deal of capital is needed to become an entrepreneur, and most choose not to become an entrepreneur because they think the barriers are insurmountable without becoming an unethical operator. The mindset of Indonesians is to play it safe and entrepreneurship is seen as too difficult and risky, requiring special skills and a lot of money, with little support from the government. What support there is beset by problems in the bureaucracy; described by one student as going to a thousand officials. The government makes business licenses very complicated, leading in turn to perceptions that to be an entrepreneur means being able to have connections. Indonesians therefore distrust entrepreneurs for political reasons; and this is compounded by the notion that successful entrepreneurs tend to seek office regionally and nationally. Entrepreneurs are perceived to want authority and political power, leading to a conflict of interest in using political connections in order to ensure success and in entering politics to influence conditions for business in their favor. Racism is also a factor in this distrust, especially in the regions. In the focus group it was noted that to be an entrepreneur means to be ethnic Chinese and that the ethnic Chinese are perceived to be greedy. The fact that nine of the ten richest men in Indonesia are ethnic Chinese was brought forward in explanation of this. Ethnic Chinese are seen to be non-Islamic, inauthentic Indonesians, who do business in an unethical and greedy way and are perceived as a bad influence on business in Indonesia. Tan (2000) discusses this issue from the other side as a network perspective (guanxi) and notes that ethnic Chinese continue to operate in this way in the absence of effective legal and ethical boundaries; and while being aware that this situation does add fuel to the prejudice, rationalize the status quo as an outcome of previous instability and victimization, and therefore politically and socially necessary to protect the interests of the ethnic group. Carefully cultivated connections mean survival. Dialogue then moved onto greed, with one respondent stating that the individual characteristic of greed comes from the monetary system itself. This aspect opened up the issue of religion as an influence on business behavior and business systems. Confucian and Western humanist models stand here in direct contrast to business ethics approached from an Islamic world view. The group consensus was that Islam is not a barrier to entrepreneurship; as the Prophet Mohammed's (PBUH) first wife was a business woman, and a Muslim following the Quran has to fulfill their daily life. The group maintained that

Islam encourages people to be rich but that many Indonesians are content with living day by day because the existing system condemns them to poverty. The feeling in the group is that the common people of Indonesia have been victimized by the international money system and that entrepreneurs are part of that system, manipulated by international bankers in a very un-Islamic way. Islamic principles of ethical fairness in banking and business were seen to be lacking in many entrepreneurs. The current Islamic banking model practiced in Indonesia was held up as an example of this manipulation, it being claimed that Islamic banking is not true Syariah banking, but like a puppet of the western system. In spite of these caveats an effect of Islam is that entrepreneurs who follow religious ethics in business can be wise entrepreneurs. The key is that being rich is ethical, but greed is unacceptable. Muslims are enjoined by the Quran to share wealth with those less fortunate and give to others. In the words of one respondent: In this money, a part of it is poor people. The group finding was that the perceptions of unethical behavior by Indonesian entrepreneurs are true, but that the proposition that all entrepreneurs are unethical is incorrect. The role of the media in shaping public perceptions is seen as an important factor. It was noted that unethical behavior might not entirely be the fault of the entrepreneur because of compulsion imposed by the unethical environment existing in Indonesia, and that many entrepreneurs did nothing to challenge this. Entrepreneurs were seen to do positive work and make life easier, creating jobs and building the economy of Indonesia in the absence of effective government, with some helping to develop the country by awarding scholarships and building social movement programs in underdeveloped regions. In spite of the sensationalist popular media and in spite of ingrained prejudice against the dominant ethnic group in business, the role of entrepreneurs is still recognized as being of some benefit to the community of indigenous Indonesians. This position is not entirely supported by the World Bank (2011) which notes that the number of jobs created is less than the natural increase in working population. Q3: Ability to act ethically The difficulty of acting ethically at all times was pragmatically accepted, with a number of respondents mentioning corruption, collusion and nepotism in government and business as the main obstacles facing entrepreneurs. Indonesia's complicated bureaucracy forces entrepreneurs into collusion with bureaucrats in order to navigate the system. One respondent said It is just hard to act ethically here in Indonesia even though some entrepreneurs may basically have positive traits. Another said Sometimes an entrepreneur has to bribe someone to get a license easily for their distribution process, or else it will take a long time to get and will have a bad impact on their company. Third party officials complicating relatively simple business transactions, for example by demanding bribes to release imported goods to avoid overly bureaucratic paperwork, can lead to indirect unethical involvement, even if the entrepreneur contracts an agent to deal with such transactions. Respondents were still positive that is possible to be an ethical entrepreneur. Strong will and intention are the individual characteristics required of the entrepreneur in this context. The media is again mentioned, this time as a limiting factor on the negative activities of business people, disclosing everything to the public, and helping to prevent the destruction of the natural environment by unethical behavior. It is widely recognized that the rule of law is weak in Indonesia and that many entrepreneurs exploit this fact to maximize profits. In this context, the media can play the role of community

watchdog to expose and prevent such practice, which in turn acts as an incentive to behave ethically in the public arena to avoid having a bad reputation. Q4: Reasons for Unethical Behavior Many Indonesians sometimes act unethically just to survive in business. Perceived reasons are corruption, nepotism, a poor business infrastructure, a complicated bureaucracy, a highly competitive cut-throat market, greed, laziness, vague government regulations leading to inconsistency in legal practice, profit seeking, an uneducated mass who do not recognize unethical practice, and adherence by entrepreneurs to the global capitalist system at odds with socio-religious ethics founded in the principles of Islamic business guidelines. One respondent asserted that the imposition of the capitalist system in Indonesia exacerbated the gap between rich and poor, and stimulated unethical criminality in business and on the street. Q5: Obstacles to ethical behavior The lack of capital is seen as a significant obstacle to being ethical, for example some investors only seek short term profits and pull out capital in mid-cycle. Corruption, collusion and nepotism are seen as major systemic problems, as are poor infrastructure, a badly educated workforce, complicated bureaucracy, unstable markets, cut-throat competition, and poor government performance. Entrepreneurs are able to behave unethically for a purely profit motive and the likelihood of censure or negative judgment is slim. The entrepreneur who acts ethically at all costs will find it hard to find a partner and find it hard to make a decent profit. Q6: External influence on individual traits Respondents were undivided on the question of whether external factors influence the individual traits of an entrepreneur. In spite of the will to be ethical at all times, pragmatism was evident, for example in the ability to obtain a license quickly enough to exploit a market opportunity, or in the need to adapt to the reality of being an entrepreneur in an unethical business environment. The behavior of competitors, political issues, social environment, convention, the education system, systemic acceptance of bribery, and the emulation of the unethical behavior of others are all mentioned as factors. As the traits of an entrepreneur are influenced by partners, society and family, the quality of education and the prevailing moral climate are the most significant factors in the mix. Q7: Can Entrepreneurs lead ethical change? Respondents were again united in their perception that leading ethical change is difficult for Indonesian entrepreneurs. All saw a drive for ethical change as a partnership between society and the entrepreneur, with the entrepreneur acting in accordance with the wishes of society to promote a better future for Indonesia. In the context of a totally laissez faire society with impotent government and widespread governmental corruption the private sector, including religious organizations, performs many of the social welfare functions undertaken by government in socially democratic countries. This fact alone is an important contextual reference point for much of the argument for entrepreneurial ethics from an Indonesian perspective. The group indicated that the entrepreneur could not do it alone and needed to work with society. This is an example of a common cultural view in Indonesian society, where the group comes before the individual, the obverse of Adam Smith's individualism. (Smith, 2005) The

individual may not act without group permission, which makes it very hard for an entrepreneur to break the rules to break down the barriers to ethical behavior in the Indonesian market. Some felt that government should lead change or at least play a greater role, but the feeling was that those who display positive attitudes are rendered useless by the scale of the problem and the endemic entrenchment of unethical behavior. One respondent was slightly more positive than the others, saying It is possible for entrepreneurs to lead ethical change, but it will take a long time. Entrepreneurs who act outside societal permission are not accepted, a team approach and consultation is called for. The change will have to come from Indonesians themselves as Indonesian society finds it very hard to accept something new from strangers, making it hard for ethnic outsiders, including ethnic Chinese Indonesians, to gain acceptance. The entrepreneur who engineers such a change would have to be above reproach, but even then their efforts may be undone by the counter-revolutionary actions of an unethical government in collusion with established business interests to maintain a status quo of unethical normality. Q8: The role of government The group was undivided in the opinion that government and the bureaucracy should be reformed to root out systemic corruption and replaced with accountability and transparency, with simplified business licensing procedures, strictly enforced tax laws, an improved education system and more assertive education of entrepreneurs in relation to ethical issues, coupled with effective law enforcement, before government can make any significant contribution to positive ethics in the business environment of Indonesia. Q9: The role of education One respondent indicated that education does not necessarily change attitudes and may in fact reinforce them, claiming systematic manipulation of education by capitalist ideologues producing business people with high levels of education acting unethically in running a capitalist system which encourages a great deal of suffering and poverty. Other respondents were much more positive about education playing an essential and significant role in enhancing the awareness of people, society, government and entrepreneurs towards ethical attitudes. Students who study ethics will act more ethically, but the education system must be reformed to reduce acceptance of the status quo, a fatalism demanding that Indonesians must adapt to and cope with corruption instead of trying to change the system, taught from elementary school onwards. A better quality of education is needed to train entrepreneurs who would be embarrassed to act unethically. Q10: Possible solutions The replacement of competitive capitalism with a system based on religious ethics and fairness was one solution mooted. Standards of accountability and transparency with set guidelines for business ethics and improved performance from government workers and officials were also suggested, including replacing conservative senior officials with open minded position holders who are likely to be younger, less corrupt and well educated. Further reform to ensure ethical standards in government was also called for. Good habits are seen as the precursor of ethical change, but a change likely to happen slowly, due to the size and scale of the ethical problem.

Conclusions It is clear from the research undertaken in this study that respondents felt that external influences play a significant part in forming individual characteristics displayed as entrepreneurial behavioral traits. The base personality was seen to be molded very heavily by parental, educational and societal influences. In the context of Indonesia, many of these influences are seen as very negative, especially in relation to the unethical nature of the governmental and business systems in action in country. There are a number of external non-indigenous influences which were heavily criticized by the group, especially in relation to ethnic outsiders and un-Islamic economic systems. Special mention was made of the pervasive influence of the ethnic Chinese business community and Western Capitalism, often in combination, with the group unable to reconcile extant cultural and ethical differences to their own socio-economic and socio-religious expressions and ethical sensibilities. There seems to be a great deal of ethical cynicism and awareness of the exploitation of the Indonesian economy by foreign interests, in collusion with indigenous political elites who remain, in essence, the same parties who governed the country during the period 1945-1998, or their children. A common problem in dealing with these external ethical influences is the individual desire to make the change needed to bring about ethical business practice in Indonesia, and a group consensus among younger Indonesians that such a change is necessary and desirable, up against the stark reality of the size and scale of unethical behavior in country, and the sheer immensity of the task ahead in bringing about a critical mass of ethical change. Respondents clearly realized their dilemma and felt that individual and age cohort preferences could easily be overwhelmed after graduation, due to the size and scale of both the country, and its ethical problem. The group had a strong sense of duty and a religious base contradicting both the Anglo-Saxon and Chinese Confucian business models, and found much of the so-called ethics of these two dominant cultures to be unethical and distasteful from their own perspective. Missing from the ethical philosophy of these students is a will to break the rules, or openly challenge defective norms in order to break down ethical boundaries. The notion of individualism is not strong in indigenous Indonesian cultures, and is complicated by the religious beliefs of the majority in subordination to the will of higher authority. The respect for elders, the need to seek permission from the group before breaking new ground, the subjugation of the individual to the collective, and resistance to foreign influence ingrained in the national psyche, make true entrepreneurial innovation very hard to achieve and an ethical environment for entrepreneurs almost impossible under current conditions. The tendencies and imagined preferences of the individual are completely shaped and subordinated by the reality of Indonesian society. Opportunities for future research Given the novel nature of the study of entrepreneurial ethics in general, and the complete dearth of research into the development of ethical behavior in Indonesia in particular, the scope for future research is immense. Large scale comprehensive research could help to identify ways in which the new generation of Indonesians could make the structural changes necessary to develop an ethical environment for entrepreneurial business. A longitudinal survey of indigenous ethical perceptions and theoretical bases for such assumptions is needed as a starting point, and is likely to add an important cultural perspective to the wider international picture of entrepreneurs and ethics as a counterpoint to the perceived ethical failings of Anglo-Saxon and Confucian business models. Given indigenous

Indonesian resistance to foreign ideas and control, much of the work should be done by Indonesians themselves, with some culture-sensitive foreign input. We can learn from the strengths and failings of the Indonesian system as another piece in a new construction of entrepreneurial and business ethics if we apply a depth of rigorous study to this massive emerging market. Limitations of the study A small sample size and a relatively homogeneous group of respondents, combined with unverifiable perceptions of subjective facts, means that the empirical worth of this qualitative research is highly questionable. At best these answers can only indicate a viewpoint of a certain segment of Indonesian society from a limited age cohort; and even if we take into account the geographical spread of origin of the respondents, there are large areas of Indonesia unrepresented in this small study. The lack of comparative or corroborative research specific to Indonesia is also a severe limitation, and it appears that we are breaking relatively new ground with this research, so there is little with which to compare our findings, other than Lu and Lu (2009). A great deal more research is needed. References Armstrong, R.W. (1992), an empirical investigation of international marketing ethics: Problems encountered by Australian firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 3: 161-171 Bengelsdijk, S., & Nooderhaven, N. (2005), Personality characteristics of self-employed: An empirical study. Small Business Economics 24: 159-167 Brown, C. (2003), A short history of Indonesia: The unlikely nation? Allen and Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW Bucar, B., Glas, M., & Hisrich, R. (2003), Ethics and entrepreneurs: An international comparative study. Journal of Business Venturing 18: 261-281 Cheung, T., and King, A. (2004), Righteousness and profitableness: The moral choices of contemporary Confucian entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Ethics 54, 3: 245-260 Favere-Machesi, M. (2000), Audit quality in ASEAN. The International Journal of Accounting. Faculty of Business 35, 1: 121-149 Hannafey, F. (2003), Entrepreneurship and Ethics: A literature review, Journal of Business Ethics 46: 99-110 Ivanova, Y. (2007), Ethics in an unethical environment or absence of ethics. International Journal of Emerging Markets 2, 1: 84-91

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Appendix 1: Questionnaire Q1: Do you think you need certain personal traits, values or characteristics to be successful as an Ethical Entrepreneur? What are those traits, values or characteristics? Q2: What do you think is the common perception of entrepreneurs among the Indonesian people? Do you agree with this perception? Q3: Do you think it is possible to act ethically as an entrepreneur in Indonesia at all times? Why or why not? Q4: If Entrepreneurs in Indonesia do not act ethically, what are some of the reasons? Q5: What are some of the obstacles to being an Ethical Entrepreneur in Indonesia? Q6: Do you think external factors would influence your individual traits as an entrepreneur? Q7: Is it possible for Entrepreneurs to lead ethical change in Indonesian society to better ethics in government and society, or must society take the lead? Q8: What role does the government have in leading ethical behavior changes? Q9: What role does education play in changing ethical attitudes in Indonesian business? Q10: What are some possible solutions to some of the issues you have commented on in this questionnaire and do you think it will be possible to implement these solutions?