Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Aim :- Study of Charts
CHARTS :-
This-is the most popular method of recording the facts. The activity comprising
job are recorded by means of method study symbol. Great care is to be taken in preparing
charts so that the information it shows is easily understood and recognized. Following
information should be given in charts,
i) Adequate description of activities,
ii) Whether the charting is for present or proposed method,
iii) Specific reference to when item is begin and end.
iv) Time and distance scale used whenever necessary,
v) The date of charting and the name of person who does charting.
S.N. Type of chart It's application
1. Operation process or Give birds eye view of process and records Principal
outline process chart operation and Inspection.
2 Flow Process chart
a) Man type Sequence of activities performed by worker
b) Machine type Sequence of activities performed by machine
c) Equipment type Sequence of activities performed by equipment
3. Multiple Activity Chart Chart shows the activities of man or machine on a
common time scale
4. Two handed process chart activity performed by workers two hand
Operation
Inspection
Transportation
Delay
Storage
1 Lying in storage
2 minute 33 Inspection
12 minute To store
2 Stored in rack
4 9.0 -
3 - 34 m
1 2 minute -
1 15 minute -
2 - -
Symbol
Frequency 8 4 1 •• 1
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Summary
Symbol
Summary
Symbol
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Aim : Study of Multiple activity chart < Present Method>
Task : Machining of component
Chart begin : The part to be machined laying near machine
Chart ends : Machined part laying in the container
Charted by
Date of charting
Operator Machine
Description T S T S
Suggestion :
It is seen that operator is idle for much of time i.e. 76.6% we can allow additional
machine to him.
Cycle time(T )
No. of machine =
Activity time of operator (a)
1.96
Example n = = 4.26
0.46
n ≅ 4 machines
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Aim :
To serve the meal in ward having 17 beds and proposed improved method .
Available Equipments :
Three dishes and 17 plates, stationary table and 17 patients laying on beds.
Proposed Method :
A trolley with wheels having space for dishes and plates.
Operator :
Operator is a narse serving the meal.
Starting station :
Starting station is a kitchen 12 m from the main door of the ward.
Description of earlier Method :
Dishes and plates are placed at place and meal is served in one place at one time.
Then operator travels to bed 1, serve it to patient, comes with empty handed to the
stationary table. Serve second patient, travel to bed 2 and come empty handed to
stationary table and so on upto 17 bed and return back to kitchen. The same procedure is
followed to collect empty plates. Description of improved method :
Portable trolley in the kitchen, 3 dishes and plates are kept on the trolley, operator
pushes the trolley to A first operator serves the meal in 2 plates. Operator takes plate in
left and right hand and travel to bed 1. Then right hand plate is served to bed 1 and right
hand plate is given to bed 2. come back to station A pushes trolley to station 2. Serve the
plate and take 2 plates in two hand, walk to bed 3, serve right hand plate to bed 3 walk to
bed 4 serve the meal to bed 4 and come back to station B. The push the trolley to station
c. Serve the meal in two hand walk to station 5 then to the stations 6,7. Then return back
to the station c. Then push the trolley to station D and serve the meal to the bed 8,9 and
10, then come back with empty plates to station D. Then take the two plates in hand and
serve the bed 11 and come back with empty plate then serve the meal to the bed 12 and
then 13 and return back to the station D. Then push the trolley to the next station E. Then
take the meal & serve it to the station 14 and 15. Then come back with the empty plate to
the station. Then push the trolley to the next station F. Take the meal in two hand and
serve the meal to the 16 and 17 bed. Then come back with empty plate to the station.
Transport first
1 course and 17 16 0.50
plates
Kitchen to
2 serving table on 17 - 0.30
tray.
Place dishes
3 and plates on - - 0.25
table
Serve from
4 three dishes to 1 7.3 0.25
plate
Carries plate to
5 bed 1 and - - 0.25
return
Carries plate to
6 bed 2 and 1 6 0.23
return
Service - - 0.25
7 completed and
places dishes
on tray
8 Return to
kitchen
< Original Method >
S. Description Qty. Distance Time Symbol Remark
No. (m) (Min)
Transport first
1 course and 17 16 0.50
plates
Kitchen to
2 serving table on 17 - 0.30
tray.
Place dishes
3 and plates on - - 0.25
table
Serve from
4 three dishes to 1 7.3 0.25
plate
Carries plate to
5 bed 1 and - - 0.25
return
3) Can it be eliminated ?
Solution : It cannot be eliminated.
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
AIM : Example of a time study
Theory : Elements and break points
a] Pick up casting, locating fixtures, lock two nuts, safe guard, start m/c and autofeed,
depth of cut 2.5 mm, speed 80 r.p.m, feed 40 cm/min. Break point — m/c commences cut
b] Hold casting, break milled edge with file, clean with compressed air. Break Point -
Air gun drop on book
c] Move depth gauge to casting, check m/c surface, move gauge again. Break Point - Left
hand release gauge
d] Pick up m/c Casting, carry to finish parts, boxes and placed aside, pick up next part
and position on m/c table Break point - casting heats table.
e] Wait for machine tool to complete cut Break Point - m/c ceases to cut
f] Stop m/c, return table, open guard, unlock fixture, removed m/c casting and placed on
surface plate. Break Point - casting heats surface plate.
g] Clear, swarf from machine table with compressed air Break point - Air gun drop on the
hook
B 115 78 23 26 B 95 1713 27 26
C 95 91 13 12 C 75 28 15 11
D 85 1113 22 19 D 85 50 22 19
E - 36 23 - E - 68 18 -
F 80 68 32 26 F 115 90 22 25
G 95 80 12 11 G 80 1803 13 10
(8) A 75 1218 38 28 (12) A 95 36 27 26
B 110 40 22 21 B 95 55 25 24
C 105 52 12 13 C 100 67 12 12
D 100 70 18 18 D 95 87 20 19
E - 1300 30 - E - 1902 15 -
F 115 25 25 29 F 95 30 28 27
G 105 35 10 10 G 75 42 12 09
B 110 25 25 25 B 80 2618 32 26
C 95 38 13 12 C 85 33 15 13
D 95 56 18 17 D 100 53 280 20
E - 81 25 - E - 68 15 -
F 100 1509 28 28 F 85 96 28 24
G 85 21 12 10 G 95 2708 12 11
(10) A 95 43 22 21 (14) A 80 40 32 26
B 80 75 32 26 B 100 65 25 25
C 95 88 13 12 C 85 80 15 13
D 95 1608 20 19 D 95 2800 20 19
E - 25 17 - E - 22 22 -
F 105 48 23 24 F 80 54 32 26
G 85 61 13 11 G 105 64 10 10
631 1203
(15) A 95 93 27 26 (18) A 100 71 27 25
B 80 3023 30 24 B 100 96 25 25
C 100 36 13 13 C 95 609 13 12
D 100 56 20 20 D 75 34 25 19
E - 74 18 - E - 52 18 -
F 80 106 32 20 F 100 77 25 25
G 105 16 10 10 G 75 92 15 11
(16) A 80 49 33 26 Watch stop 800
B 85 77 28 21 a.m. (elasp
C 105 89 12 13 earlier) 108
D 100 207 18 18
E - 30 23 -
F 95 57 27 26
G 85 70 13 11
(17) A 100 417 27 27
B 85 45 32 27
C 85 64 15 13
D 85 86 22 13
E - 509 23 -
F 100 34 25 25
G 105 44 10 10
2 25 26 12 18 26 10 81
3 26 26 12 20 25 11 81
4 26 24 11 17 24 10 81
5 26 23 11 17 24 10 83
6 26 26 13 18 22 10 82
7 26 26 12 19 26 11 81
8 28 24 13 18 28 10 82
9 26 25 12 17 28 10 81
10 21 26 12 19 24 11 82
11 29 26 11 19 25 10 82
12 26 24 12 19 27 9 (72)
13 27 26 13 20 24 11 82
14 26 25 13 19 26 10 82
15 26 24 13 20 26 10 81
16 26 24 13 18 26 11 81
17 27 27 13 19 25 10 (92)
18 27 25 12 4 19 25 11 81
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
Aim : Study of M.T.M2 System
M.T.M2 uses behaviour system, Behavioural dated system classify data as seen in
the practice for eg. a movement of empty hand between 5 to 15 cm followed by graspic
action made by simple closing of the fingers motion defines the GET motion in M.T.M2
system.
Classification of GET
YES
is it enough to
close hand or NO GC
finger with one
motion
YES
GB
Distance is a principle variable in GET.
There are 5 classes of GET. On the basis of upper limit 5 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm, 45
cm, 80 cm.
1
ITMV = hr = 0.060 min
1000
Code GA GB GC PA PB PC
5 3 7 14 3 10 21
15 6 10 19 6 15 26
30 9 14 23 11 19 30
45 13 18 27 15 24 36
80 17 23 32 20 30 41
PUT (P):
It is an action with the predominant purpose of moving an object to a destination
with the hand or fingers. PUT starts when an object is graped and under control of
starting position.
PUT includes the movement of the objects. PUT ends when object goes to the
destination but still in under control.
is it continuous is correction
smooth motion required NO PB
PA PC
Ex of PA : PA is a tossing
PB is putting a 10 mm ball in 15 mm hole. PC is inserting a key in a lock .
PUT WEIGHT :
Is an addition to input motion depending on weight. It is denoted by PW.
PW is assigned when resistance to motion exceeds 2 kg per hand. Between 2 kg
and 5 kg 1 TMU is allowed and is coded as PW5. Between 5 to 2 MTU is allowed and is
coded as PW10.
FOOT MOTION :
When the foot is moved without any intension of moving truck is called foot is
moved and denoted by F. e.g. Depressing a paddle in a car.
STEP :
When the truck is moved along with foot motion so as that and reach to the
destination step occurs.
BEND & ARISE :
It is denoted by 'B' Bending of the body towards the floor and coming to original
position is called BEND AND ARISE.
Bending on the knees : While bending on your knees, takes the value of to be
A R E C S F B
14 6 7 15 18 9 61
'R' represents 'regraph'. REGRAPH is hand action with the purpose of changing
the grasp on an object. It starts with the object in the hand. It includes digital and hand
muscular readjustment on an object end on object at new location. A single regraph
consists of not more than 3 fractional movement. Digital and muscular readjustment with
the purpose of exerting muscular force on an object is called apply pressure.
Eye action is an action with the purpose of either recognising a readily
distinguishable characteristic of an object or shifting the aim of region of axis of vision to
a new viewing area. It starts when other action must sees because the characteristic of an
object must be recognised. It includes muscular readjustment of lens of eyes and the
mental process required to recognise a distinguishable characteristic of an object.
OR eye motion performed to shift aim of axis of element to a new viewing area. It
ends when other action can start again.
PC 30(30)
Stud
GC 30(23)
A single eye focused cover an area 10 cm in diameter and 40 cm from the eyes.
The recognition time included is sufficient only for simple binary decision. For e.g.
1) To see a head or tail of coin. 2) Fitting a nut and washer on a stud.
TMU Code Description
23 GC30 Washer
30 PC 30 To stud
3 PA 5 On stud
10 GB15 Nut
26 PC 15 To stud
6 2 PAS Engage thread
42 64 B5
18 6 PA 5 Turn down nut
23 GB13 Spanner
30 PC 30 To nut
6 PA 15 Turn nut
14 A Tighten
Total 231
Thus 231 TMU are required to tighten a washer and a nut on stud for a given situation.
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
Aim : Study of INCENTIVE SCHEMES
INCENTIVE SCHEMES :
Incentive schemes are intended to increase workers motivation by allowing them
to earn proportionately higher returns from greater efforts.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) defines a wage incentive
plan as "a method of payment which directly relates earning to production. A system
which enables workmen to increase their earning by maintaining or exceeding an
established standard of performance".
These are the tools of the management to stimulate the production by encouraging
workers to produce more than average in accordance with their productivity.
higher rates than those fail to reach the standard. It considered both time and output. The
differential rates are paid based upon the quantity produced.
Advantages :
1) Worker is paid as per his efficiency and he is paid only for production time and not for
idle time.
2) Clerical work is kept at minimum and workers knows how much he should produce to
get the required wage.
3) Reduce the supervision to the minimum .
4) Encourage the worker to produce more to earn more.
5) It ensures better utilisation of resources
Disadvantages :
1) Workers in order to earn more will not care much for quantity of worker. Hence more
wastages and rejections.
2) A quality orientation makes the worker to work fast in due course, he may neglect
safety measures.
3) The decreasing demand may have adverse effect on employees.
Differential rate = 80% of standard piece rate for below standard performance 120% of
standard piece rate for standard and above standard performance
Compute the earning of A and B
Standard O/p. hr= 100
Labour rate / hour = Rs. 10
Standard piece rate = 10/100 = 0.01 Rs.
Piece rate for below performance = 0.10 x 0.8 = 0.08
High piece rate (above standard performance ) = 0.1 x 1.2 = 0.12
Earning of operator A = 700 x 0.8 = 56 Rs.
Earning of operator B = 900 x 0.12 = 108 Rs.
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
Aim : Study of Ergonomics
Definition : " Human Engg. or it is also called Human Factor Engg." ILO defines
human engg as " the application of human biological science along with engg. science to
achieve optimum mutual adjustment of man and his work, the benefits being measured in
terms of human eff. and well being.
Objectives of Human Engg.: Human engg. has two broader objectives
1) To enhance the efficiency and effectiveness with which the activities is carried out so
as to increase the conveniency of use. Reduce error and increase in productivity.
2) To enhance certain desirable human values including safety, reduce stresses and
fatigue and improve quality of life.
Thus in general the scope of objective in ergonomics is designed for human used
and optimising working and living conditions.
Ergonomics Productivity and Working Environment:
Productivity is powerful to improve the standard of living of people to enhance
the quality of work life [QWLJ. Ergonomics is concerned with man and its working
condition. This accounts for increase productivity safety and reduce the fatigue. This
helps to increase the plant utilization.
ANTHROPOMETRY:
It deals with the measurement of the dimension and certain other physical
characteristics of body such as volume, centre of gravity, industrial property and masses
of body segments. There are two primary types of body measurement
1) Statics and Dynamics
Statics dimension are measurement taken when the body is fixed with position.
This consists of
1) Sceleton dimension
2) Counter dimension
Body Measurement:
Vary as a function of age and for different countries, there are difference in
anthropometry of male and female.