BONE TISSUE (11 OCT 2011)

Bone is one derivative of CT. The discussion on bones will follow the same fashion as in CT, just like the previous lecture on cartilage. The mesodermal layer will give rise to mesonchymal cells (multipotent cells that give rise to different types of CT mothercells just like fibroblast in soft CT, chondroblast in cartilage ts and osteoblast in the bone ts). After the osteoblast lay down the ECM, fibers etc, they will be called a cyte; osteocyte which is responsible in maintainance of the ts. In previous lecture, cartilage ts is a semi-solid support ts consists of ECM and collagen fibers (collagen type II = hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage, collagen type I = fibrocartilage). Osteocyte will secrete ECM around itself and they will be located within space-like called lacunae.
Types of cells in regard of the cell cycle:

The main features of bone ts:

1. Vascular with nerve supply 2. Have full power of regeneration. Bone ts is among the actively dividing cells and one of the generative tissues of the body. The bone ts will continuously undergo remodeling The functional aspects of the bone ts:
Remodeling: breakdown and buildup of bone ts throughout life

1. 2. 3.

Actively dividing cell Facultative dividing cell Non-dividing cell

1. Solid support for the body 2. Storage of minerals The most important mineral deposited within the bone ts is the Ca. there is always an active and dynamic circulation of Ca between bone, blood and GIT system. 3. Production of blood cells in the bone marrow (hemopoiesis: formation of blood cellular components) Bone marrow is a part of bone ts 4. Leverage of motion Skeletal muscle is originated and inserted into the skeletal system. The contraction of muscle will move the bone and producing movement of the limbs. 5. Protection This differs from the support function. Ie; brain is protected by the skull, the internal organs of thoracic cavity are protected by the chest wall (ribs, sternum, vertebrae etc), the uterus protected by the pelvic girdle. Cartilage ts is surrounded by a CT membrane Type of bone ts: 1. Osteoblast
called perichondrium except in fibrocartilage. Fibrocartilage is an articulation cartilage; located between two hard tissues (the cartilage itself is solid), thus the presence of membrane is illogical.

Osteoblast are derived from the osteoprogenitor cell / stem cell which is a mesenchymal cell. They are present in the outer membrane covering the outer part of the bone called periosteum and the inner membrane covering the inner part of the bone called endosteum. The oestoblast is a very active cell presenting the features of an active cell ie: active RER, prominent nucleus, GA etc.

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BONE TISSUE (11 OCT 2011)

They will lay down the ECM and forming the osteoid (a layer between the osteoblast and the bone formed earlier; not yet calcified), the fibers and then located within the lacunae. From this point, they are called osteocyte. Osteoblast functions in new bone formation and also after fractures occur. 2. Osteocyte Osteocyte they are the mature bone cell which maintains the bone ts and located within the lacunae. The osteoblast has transverse processes anastomose with the other transverse processes of another osteoblast. They will form a sort of junction complexes that allow the communication between the osteoblast to perform a function (they cannot perform their function individually). The canaliculi are the channels that are created after the deposition of ECM on top of the transverse processes. We have transverse processes on the osteoblast, after the osteoblast lay down the ECM, these channels created on top of the transverse processes are called canaliculi (contain blood vessels). 3. Osteoclast
Q: What are the cells involved in the actual digestion of dying bone ts? A: Osteoclast.

They are multinuclei (up to 50 nuclei in 100 microns), very large cells. Osteoclast is derivative of monocyte origin (the osteoclast is a phagocyte) that has powerful enzyme to break down collagen fibers etc in the matrix. The osteoclast is located in the Howship lacunae (as if a ship decked on a harbor). The osteoclast function is bone resorption; digesting the dying bone Remodeling: ts, thus responsible in remodeling. In order to digest the dying bone Stimulated by PTH (parathyroid gland) ts, they move to the site where the dying bone ts is going to be digested by moving their membranous extension to attach Inhibited by calcitonin (thyroid gland) themselves to that site which is called the attachment site (the site for bone digestion). Under the microscope, the part of the osteocyte on the PTH is concerned attachment site looks like a ruffled border (like the edges of teeth-mamelon ^o^). with the The activity of all osteoclast is very important for the process of remodeling. Unless you remove the dead ts, you are not able to replace it with new bone ts. As mentioned earlier, Ca circulates and the bone is the main storage of Ca. As an example, the development of skeletal in the fetus will need Ca from the mother. In case of insufficient level of Ca in the mother, the fetus will take the Ca from the bones of the mother and this will lead to the mother losing their teeth. So the Ca circulates in a dynamic circulation; from the bone of the mother (remodeling site of bone in her own body) to the developing bone of the fetus.
circulation of Ca in the body!

The dynamic circulation of Ca in the body is stimulated by PTH and inhibited by calcitonin.

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BONE TISSUE (11 OCT 2011)

Bone matrix: The bone matrix consists of organic and inorganic part. The organic part of the bone matrix is the collagen fiber (90%) which is the collagen type I. The inorganic part is the inorganic salts ie: hydroxyapetite of Ca, Mg is going to be deposited in the bone matrix. 75 % of the dry weight of the bone consists of the mineral salts. The GS (ground substance-GAGs, proteoglycans etc) is also present. When does the calcification begin? Bone calcification: Initially we have the deposition of organic matter proceeded by the deposition of inorganic matter. Calcification of bones begins after the deposition of the organic matter. Molecular structure of bone:
In tooth sockets, the immature bone is present. Any work done eg: dental extraction, fracture wills not occur. Cartilage: its matrix and soft CT are essentially organic compound (collagen).

Oestoid: The essential and functional component of the bone ts

The first bone ts formed is immature bone (primary bone) or woven bone. The difference between woven bone and mature bone is that the organic matrix which is collagen is not lain down in lamellae in the woven bone; it will be like a meshwork. After a while the collagen will form lamellae which run parallel to each other around the central canal and the bone will be called lamellar bone (secondary bone). Bone structure: The diaphysis is the shaft or the body of the bone and the epiphysis is the white part at each end of the articulation part. Metaphysis is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. The cartilaginous joint called the epiphyseal growth plate which is essentially made of hyaline cartilage can be found between the metaphysis and the epiphysis. The epiphyseal growth plate is the site bone formation. As an example, in the structure of femur, there are the head, neck etc. Essentially, in long bone ie: the femur, the shaft consists of two types of bone structure. The outer plate is the compact or cortical bone while the inner plate is the spongy / cancellous / trabecular bone. From the histological perspective, we have the spongy bone and the compact bone. So the compact bone will form the outer plate of the bone. As usual the osteoblast will sort of deposit in a matrix and form sheet-like called lamellae. The dots along the lamellae are the osteocytes which are present within the lacunae. We have the central canal (Harvesian canal) which is the main channel that lies in / parallel to the long axis in the center of the bone. Around it is the lamellae (arrangement of collagen fibers) and in mature bone the collagen fibers form concentric layers around those Harvesian canal. An osteon consists of a central Harvesian canal and its concentric layers /
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BONE TISSUE (11 OCT 2011)

lamellae. The Harvesian canals differ in size from each other. The Harvesian canal contains 2 or more capillaries and some nerve fibers. The general arrangement for the compact bone is having the central Harvesian canal containing the capillaries and nerve fibers and collagen that form concentric layers surrounding the canal. The perforating canals (Volkmann canals) provide microvasculature for the central canals of the osteons and connecting the adjacent osteons horizontally / obliquely. The outer part of the bone is covered with dense CT called periosteum and endosteum in the inside. The stem cells can be found along the endosteum and periosteum. Periosteum is a membrane that provides isolation from surrounding structure, the roots for circulative system (enter and leave) and aids in broken bone repair (osteoprogenitor cells located within the periosteum). From the pathology persepective, for a fracture to heal properly the layer of periosteum should be lined edge to edge. Compact bone has Harvesian system. The trabecular bone (some may be lamellated) but they do not have the Harvesian system. They simply have their osteocytes in lacunae within a matrix. Between the trabecule bones, we have the bone marrow (progenitor of different type of blood cells). Cartilage -previous week1. The chondroblast will lay down the ECM and present in lacunae. 2. Main characteristics of cartilage ts: Avascular (no nerve supply) Surrounded by perichondrium except the fibrocartilage Considered the precursor of bones in the body (most of the skeleton part in the fetus initially is formed of cartilage which later converted to bone ts). Apparently occur / arranged in pairs. As the matrix is being lain down, they are still capable of undergoing one or two cell divisions. 3. The type of growth in immature cartilage occurs in two types. Interstitial growth is from within eg: a cartilage plate may have the growth in its center. Appositional growth is from the edges / sides. The mature cartilage can only grow in the appositional way. So if there is any injury to an articular cartilage especially in the center, the repair is by the deposition of fibrous ts. As it is an articular cartilage, when there is deposition of fibrous ts / minerals, the elderly will often complain on the cracking sound of their knee.

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