Types of

Research
0r. P.K 8aoy
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009

60HPLETELY
6ERTA|N
A80LUTE
AH|CU|TY
6AU8AL 0R
0E86R|PT|VE
EXPL0RAT0RY
Uncerta|nty |nf|uences the Type of Research
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Types of Research
From the v|ewpo|nt of
|mmed|acy of
app||cat|on
Nature of
0bject|ves
Predom|nant
or|entat|on
Pure| as|c Exp|oratory 0uant|tat|ve
App||ed 0escr|pt|ve 0ua||tat|ve
Act|on 6o re|at|ona|
6ause - effect
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Fundamenta| research, Pure, basic research
To ga|n know|edge and understand|ng of the
phys|ca| wor|d,
w|thout regard to any pract|ca| use.
For the sake of cur|os|ty and funct|ons to
advance know|edge for |ts own sake
4 e.g, spec|f|c genet|c code of the fru|t f|y
4 Has|ow's h|erarchy theory |n mot|vat|on
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
App||ed Research
8c|ent|f|c |nvest|gat|on |s carr|ed out |n order to
d|scover a so|ut|on to a pract|ca| prob|em.
For the sake of techno|og|ca| advancements. Th|s
research ant|c|pates that the resu|ts found w||| |ead to
the deve|opment of commerc|a||y v|ab|e goods or
processes.
4 Eg., |mprove agr|cu|tura| crop product|on
4 treat or cure a spec|f|c d|sease
4 |mprove the energy eff|c|ency of homes, off|ces, or modes of
transportat|on
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Re|at|onsh|p between 'app||ed' and 'pure'
Pure research generates new |deas
App||ed research takes these |deas to create
new |nvent|ons.
Then, through deve|opment, the new |nvent|ons
are transformed |nto commerc|a| products.
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
0uant|tat|ve Research
8ystemat|c sc|ent|f|c |nvest|gat|on of quant|tat|ve propert|es and
phenomena and the|r re|at|onsh|ps.
Research that dea|s w|th the quant|t|es of th|ngs and that
|nvo|ves the measurement of quant|ty or amount
Cenerates numer|ca| data or data that can be converted |nto
numbers.
The process of measurement prov|des the fundamenta|
connect|on between emp|r|ca| observat|on and mathemat|ca|
express|on of quant|tat|ve re|at|onsh|ps (mode|s, theor|es and
hypotheses perta|n|ng to natura| phenomena}.
|nvest|gates what, where and when.
w|de|y used |n both the natura| and soc|a| sc|ences.
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
0ua||tat|ve Research
|nvo|ves ana|ys|s of data such as words (e.g., from
|nterv|ews}, p|ctures (e.g., v|deo}, or objects (e.g., an
art|fact}.
Exp|ore and understand peop|e's be||efs, exper|ences,
att|tudes, behav|our and |nteract|ons.
Cenerates non- numer|ca| data,
|nvo|ves an |n-depth understand|ng and the reasons
beh|nd var|ous aspects of human behav|our.
|t |nvest|gates the why and how of dec|s|on mak|ng
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
0ua||tat|ve & 0uant|tat|ve Research
0ua||tat|ve 0uant|tat|ve
The a|m |s a comp|ete, deta||ed descr|pt|on.
we c|ass|fy features, count them, and construct
stat|st|ca| mode|s |n an attempt to exp|a|n what |s
observed.
Recommended dur|ng ear||er phases of
research projects.
Recommended dur|ng |atter phases of research
projects.
Researcher may on|y know rough|y |n
advance what he|she |s |ook|ng for.
Researcher knows c|ear|y |n advance what he|she |s
|ook|ng for.
The des|gn emerges as the study unfo|ds.
A|| aspects of the study are carefu||y des|gned before
data |s co||ected.
Researcher |s the data gather|ng |nstrument.
Researcher uses too|s, such as quest|onna|res or
equ|pment to co||ect numer|ca| data.
0ata |s |n the form of words, p|ctures or
objects.
0ata |s |n the form of numbers and stat|st|cs.
0ua||tat|ve data |s more 'r|ch', t|me
consum|ng, and |ess ab|e to be genera||zed.
0uant|tat|ve data |s more eff|c|ent, ab|e to test
hypotheses, but may m|ss contextua| deta||.
Researcher tends to become subject|ve. Researcher tends to rema|n object|ve.
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
0escr|pt|ve ( post facto} Research
to descr|be what |s go|ng on or what ex|sts
not what caused |t
No contro| over the var|ab|es
Report what |s happen|ng
4 E.g., Pub||c op|n|on po||s or market survey
|t prov|des the number of t|mes someth|ng occurs, or
frequency, |ends |tse|f to stat|st|ca| ca|cu|at|ons such
as determ|n|ng the average number of occurences or
centra| tendenc|es.
most common|y types of descr|pt|ve research des|gns
are bservation and 3urveys
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
EmpiricaI Research
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Emp|r|ca| Research
Any research that bases |ts f|nd|ngs on d|rect or
|nd|rect observat|on as |ts test of rea||ty.
Research based on emp|r|ca| observat|ons or
data
The researcher attempts to descr|be accurate|y
the |nteract|on between the |nstrument (or the
human senses} and the ent|ty be|ng observed.
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Exp|oratory Research
App||ed when the prob|em has not been c|ear|y def|ned
or unc|ear.
A||ows the researcher to fam|||ar|ze w|th the prob|em or
concept to be stud|ed and perhaps generate
hypotheses to be tested.
|t |s the |n|t|a| research.
4 Used to test concepts before they are put |n the marketp|ace.
0ften re||es on secondary research or qua||tat|ve
approaches and more forma| approaches through |n-
depth |nterv|ews.
The resu|ts of exp|oratory research are not usua||y
usefu| for dec|s|on-mak|ng by themse|ves, but they can
prov|de s|gn|f|cant |ns|ght |nto a g|ven s|tuat|on.
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
|stor|ca| Research
Eva|uat|on and synthes|s of ev|dence |n order to
estab||sh facts and draw conc|us|ons about past
events.
Uses h|stor|ca| data
where the events take p|ace, wh|ch peop|e are
|nvo|ved, when the events are occurred and what
k|nd of human act|v|ty was |nvo|ved
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
6omparat|ve Research
6ompare peop|e's exper|ence of d|fferent
soc|et|es e|ther between past or present
|mportant |n soc|a| sc|ences
Hany soc|a| theor|es va||d a|| t|mes and p|aces
arr|ved based on certa|n country exper|ence
4 E.g., |nd|v|dua| to study d|fferent types of marr|ages.
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
6ausa| Research
e|p to determ|ne what causes a spec|f|c
behav|our, mot|vat|on or occurrence.
The corre|at|on study |nvest|gates the
re|at|onsh|p between var|ab|es, to deve|opmenta|
stud|es wh|ch seek to determ|ne changes over
t|me.
Re|at|on stud|es or pred|ct|on stud|es.
Produces the amount of re|at|onsh|p between
the var|ab|es be|ng stud|ed.
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
N0T a|| exper|menta|
research has to, or even
can, take p|ace |n a
|aboratory
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Exper|menta| Research
Researcher str|ves to |so|ate and contro| every re|evant
cond|t|on so as to observe the effects when cond|t|ons
are man|pu|ated.
Hak|ng change |n va|ue of one var|ab|e and observ|ng
the effect of that change |n another var|ab|e
6hem|ca| exper|ment
6ontro| group
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Exper|ments are powerfu| and
versat||e techn|ques
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Act|on Research
6arr|ed out |n a rea| wor|d, rather than |n the
context of a c|osed exper|menta| system
0n the spot procedure w|th a spec|f|c prob|em
|ntervent|on |n the funct|on|ng of the rea| wor|d
and c|ose exam|nat|on of the effects of such
|ntervent|on.
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Theor|es, part|cu|ar|y when
new and revo|ut|onary,
a|ways conta|n numerous
f|aws and contrad|ct|ons
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Part|c|patory Research
A||ows part|c|pat|on of commun|ty be|ng researched |n
research process (|.e. deve|op|ng research quest|on;
choos|ng methodo|ogy; ana|ys|ng resu|ts}
Target commun|ty group wh|ch |s |n fe|t-need of change
or|zonta| d|a|ogue between researcher and commun|ty
Estab||shes the contro| of the |earner over the |earn|ng
process
Empowerment of marg|na||zed through the research
process
|n wh|ch peop|e go through and as a step |n awareness
bu||d|ng about the s|tuat|on of the oppressed.
Va|ue neutra||ty |s |mposs|b|e
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Ethnogen|c Research
Researcher |s |nterested |n how the subjects of
the research theor|ze about the|r own behav|our
rather than |mpos|ng a theory from outs|de.
6u|tura| context
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Fem|n|st Research
|nvo|ves theory and ana|ys|s that h|gh||ghts the
d|fference between men's and women's ||ves.
Va|ue neutra||ty |s |mposs|b|e
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
6ase study Research
A comp|ete ana|ys|s and report of an |nd|v|dua|
subject w|th respect to spec|f|c aspects of |ts
tota||ty.
Emphas|ze deta||ed contextua| ana|ys|s of a
||m|ted number of events or cond|t|ons and the|r
re|at|onsh|ps.
an |n-depth, |ong|tud|na| exam|nat|on of a s|ng|e
|nstance or event: a case.
0ua||tat|ve method.
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Research Hethodo|ogy
Hethodo|ogy |n 8oc|a| 8c|ence |s a comb|nat|on of
4 techno|ogy - of data co||ect|on (too|s and methods
of research}
4 ana|yt|ca| too|s such as stat|st|ca| tests and methods
4 ph||osophy, theory and ep|stemo|ogy of soc|a|
sc|ence
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Research methods Vs Hethodo|ogy
Hethods refers to part|cu|ar procedures and too|s of
research (such as, |nterv|ews or stat|st|ca| too|s}
Hethodo|ogy refers 'theory of how research |s carr|ed
out or the broad pr|nc|p|es of how to conduct research
and how theory |s app||ed (e.g.: exper|menta|
methodo|ogy or fem|n|st methodo|ogy}
Ep|stemo|ogy refers theory of know|edge
(e.g.: sc|ent|f|c method}
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Dr. P.K Baby, SNGST, 2009
Thank You