ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION OUMH 1303

COMMUNICATING EFFECTIVELY IN SPOKEN ENGLISH IN SELECTED SOCIAL CONTEXTS

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Introduction Communication is the way people communicate with each other. There are various methods of communication and language is an important aspect for the purpose. According to Abdul Rahman Abdul Aziz Socialist Basic Skills in the book, language is connecting people and language was the one who turned social life. Language used to communicate whether in speech, writing or thinking. There are hundreds of the languages spoken by all people in this world, but the English language is the language most often used in international relations. As an international language, English language plays an important role in our daily lives especially for study and work purposes. It has lingua franca status in many parts of the world comes from military, economic, science, politics and influence culture of the British Empire in the 18th century, 19th and early 20th century, and in the United States from the beginning of the 20th century to the present. Therefore, many people are aware the importance of English to learn and use language. English is the main language of the world. It is seen as a language that allows people worldwide to interact easily and effectively in the era of rapid and modern technology such as introduction of satellite television, cellular telephone and computer networks but it is near 99 percent of the information in the Internet is in English (Ahmad Zahri Jamil, 2002). It becomes very important because of globalization and internationalization has changed the career structure, influencing education, skills training and challenging curriculum design and education in a pluralistic cosmopolitan culture. In this context, the English language tends to be an efficient indicator of graduates speak, communicate and argue, the strength of thought and problem-solving, emotional intelligence and leadership qualities. We cannot be global if the English language is still weak .Efforts to improve English proficiency does not mean ignore the national language, but rather to meet the demand job market, especially graduates of public universities (Star, 2006). We do not be inferred from the requirement to be basic because of the conditions qualifications for graduates who want to work in the private sector and public is required mastery in English. Quoting Former Prime Minister, Dato 'Seri Abdullah bin Haji Ahmad Badawi in his speech he was at the launch of Teachers' Day 2002

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".... We must accept the fact that in the era globalization share at least one foreign language The main very useful to enhance gain knowledge in various fields of science technology, including ICT, and enhancing the role of a more broad and effective in international relations ". Students and young generation who are the future leaders of our country should be level of English language proficiency in order to provide a high effective international communication in all aspects of development countries. This is important towards achieving Vision 2020.Regard with the recommendations of people to learn English harder to master it better should be considered seriously by all parties. Each individual in the community should take the initiative more and find the right time to enhance the English language respectively. Basic Principles of effective speaking and listening skills In order to communicate effectively in spoken English, we have to identify the basic principles of effective speaking and listening skills. To develop effective speaking skills we have to know the form of communication first. Basically, there are two forms of communication in English which is verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Firstly, lets talks about verbal communication. Verbal communication is a communication using words. In verbal communication, we communicate our message verbally to whoever is receiving the message. Verbal communication requires the use of words, vocabulary, numbers and symbols and is organized in sentences using language. The basis of communication is the interaction between people. Verbal communication is one way for people to communicate face-to-face. Some of the key components of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language. At birth, most people have vocal cords, which produce sounds. As a child grows it learns how to form these sounds into words. Some words may be imitative of natural sounds, but others may come from expressions of emotion, such as laughter or crying. Words alone have no meaning. Only people can put meaning into words. As meaning is assigned to words, language develops, which leads to the development

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of speaking. The actual origin of language is subject to considerable speculation. Some theorists believe it is an outgrowth of group activities such as working together or dancing. Others believe that language developed from basic sounds and gestures. Over 3,000 languages and major dialects are spoken in the world today. The development of languages reflects class, gender, profession, age group, and other social factors. The huge variety of languages usually creates difficulties between different languages, but even within a single language there can be many problems in understanding. Through speaking we try to eliminate this misunderstanding, but sometimes this is a very hard thing to do. Just as we assume that our messages are clearly received, so we assume that because something is important to us, it is important to others. As time has proven this is not at all true. Many problems can arise is speaking and the only way to solve these problems is through experience.

Now, lets move to non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is a communication without the use of words. Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages. For examples are communicated through gesture(body language or posture), facial expression and eye contact, object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture, symbols and info graphics, prosodic features of speech such as intonation and stress and other paralinguistic features of speech such as voice quality, emotion and speaking style. After we know how to built effective speaking skills, we also have to know about the basic principles of listening skills. Developing effective listening skills are just as important as developing your speaking skills. It is because good communication is a partnership. Without effective listening skills the ability to communicate meaningfully is narrowed. To have good listening skills, we have to be obtained three main steps. All of the steps are hearing, understanding, and judging. First step is hearing. Hearing here means that we just listen to what the speaker talking about. Hearing is categorized under passive listening. Next step of listening is understands. Understanding takes part when you listen to the speaker and understand it in your own way. The last step of listening is judging. It occurred when you are sure that you are understand what speaker said and think about whether it makes sense. Understanding and judging are categorized under

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active listening because it include physical and mental process where you have to process what you heard, understand it, and conclude it. Listening takes concentration and energy, curiosity and open mindedness, and analysis and understanding. In listening activities, we have to wait for speaker to finish their speech, avoid interrupting them, dont make assumption, maintain the eye contact, and try to get the speakers emotional feel. All of the ways are important to ensure us become a good listener. The most common barriers to being a good listener are distractions, misinterpretations and attachment to our opinions. Overcoming these barriers is straightforward and can be the biggest step in helping you communicate better with others in your life. An active listener is a person engaged in what a speaker is saying. The active listener pays full attention to the words, and at times, the mood of the person speaking. How Oral Communication Works In order to achieve communicating effectively in spoken English in selected social context, we have to learn about how oral communication works especially in theories of oral communication. Based on my research, three main models of oral communications which will be highlighted throughout this paper are Linear Model, Interactive Model and Transactional Model. Linear Model stated communication as a one-way process. Schramm (1955) however, takes a different view of communication, he believes that communication should involve more than one person where they will be a process of listening and receiving between the speaker and listener and their role are inter-changeable. Another model which is called as Transactional Model views communications as a constant process where each of the elements involved in the process are all inter-related to one to the others. This model is much better than Interactive Model which not stated that the message receiving and sending can occur at the same time as stated in the current model which is Transactional Model.

Interpersonal Communication There are three types of communication will be discussed in this paper; Interpersonal communication, small communication and public communication (public speaking). Interpersonal communication involves several persons; it may

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takes place in formal function where you have to entertain your clients as well as in informal situation. Interpersonal communication is the skills we use to interact or deal with others. Interpersonal communications are sometimes also referred to as communication skills, people skills or soft skills. How we deal with others can greatly influence our professional and personal lives, improving these skills builds confidence and enhances our relationships with others. Interpersonal skills also can be divided into two which are impersonal communication and personal communication. Impersonal communication is a form of communication with people that we not know very well. Impersonal communication is when you talk with a person you do not really care about there is often coldness or indifference in your attitude when you engage in this kind of communication. Personal communications are possible only with small groups or organizations. For example, if the management of a textile mill is desirable, that the charge man in each section meets his workers informally and informs then regarding the steps that made the company decide on the installation of these looms and how these are likely to affect them. The advantages of such personal communications are many. First, it leads to a better understanding of the situation as a result of discussions and questions and answers. Secondly, it leads to a distinct improvement in the attitude of the workers towards the leader and the organization which that leader represents. Small group communication Small group communication takes place in a group, usually comprising five to ten people. This form of communication serves relationship needs (like companionship, family bonding and affection or support) as well as task-based needs, for example, deciding on disciplinary action or resolving conflict in the workplace. In academic institutions, students often form small groups which meet regularly for study discussions or to work collaboratively on projects. At the workplace, small groups may meet to discuss issues related to work, or for problem-solving or teambuilding purposes. Learning to communicate effectively in teams contributes to success and advancement in many careers. Small group communication allows you to interact with others, be it at home, in school, at the workplace or in public. You learn to exchange ideas, solve problems and share experiences.

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Public communication Public communication, also known as public speaking, involves communication between a speaker and an audience. This audience may range from just a few people to thousands or even millions of people. The aim of the speaker is usually to inform or to persuade the audience to act, buy, or think in a certain way. A teacher may address an assembly of students on codes of behaviour or school rules. A politician may make speeches on how he will be dealing with certain issues in order to win their votes. An executive may give a business presentation to get more sales. It is important to understand some of the basic principles of effective public speaking so that you are able to influence, persuade as well as entertain your audience when you communicate with them. There are a large number of reasons that public speaking is important. Some of them are stated that, by learning how to effectively speak in public, you'll be able to increase your own self-confidence. Since public speaking is one of the most prevalent fears in the world, by enabling yourself to master this difficult skill you'll have the confidence that you need to meet and greet future challenges. Public speaking regularly tends to helps to make you feel more comfortable around other people, including strangers. Once you're capable of greeting and instructing an entire room full of strangers (or at least most of them strangers), it'll be nothing to smile and shake hands and meet new individuals in more personal and less threatening circumstances. Public speaking also will help to improve your everyday verbal and nonverbal communication skills. This is especially true for people who spend a great deal of time working with the written word, and have forgotten how to properly vocalize their messages to get their points across best. It's important because at some point in life, just about everyone will be required to involve themselves in one type of public speaking or another. Accepting this fact quickly and preparing for it accordingly will help you wind up a step ahead of your competition at work or at home. For obvious reasons, the ability to dive into public speaking and related communication skills are a big winner among prospective employers. Public speaking ability is a true career booster. Using public speaking effectively will allow you to make a difference in your business, community and perhaps even the world. By sharing your information with others, you're better able to increase the impact of your hopes, dreams, desires and

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goals for your life and the world around you. Because by the time you've learned to represent the importance of public speaking, you'll have learned another key principle. We can better persuade people when we are able to appeal to them as human beings that have emotions, desires and thoughts just like we do. This is the difference between distinguishing between simple an audience of bosses, employees or clients and transforming them in your mind into people with real problems, hopes, fears, dreams and desires. Public speaking is often a powerful way to make a good impression on others and to help bridge gaps in understanding, cooperation and set goals and objectives. Public speaking is by nature important because it's a primary and powerful avenue to give of you and to share with others in a profitable way and is a perfect way for compelling give and take that is hard to match any other way. As individual actively engage in the speaking process, their perceptions can change from moment to moment and from week to week. Besides, they also acquire new information, the language they use to make meaning changes. As they reflect upon information shared or received, they revise their understanding, further developing their schemas about language and the world. The speaking process includes activities that occur prior to, during, and after the actual speaking event. For example, before speaking, the speaker might determine the actual content of the message, how it should be presented, and what kind of audience will be hearing the message. While speaking, the speaker must attend to such things as presenting a clear message, tone of voice, suitable vocabulary, possible responses, the environment, and nonverbal gestures. Following speaking, the speaker might accept comments, answer questions, explain concepts not understood, and assess the process. Before I end up my talks today, I just want to revise the topic that we have discuss today. Being good and excellent in English is a bonus for student and worker. The things that we have to take note is, in order to be a good speaker or listener, a good skill of speaking and listening are needed. Also, there is model that explain about comunication and gives us more understanding about communication which can help us to be a good speaker and listener. In communication, the basic and well used by us are oral communication and we need to understand each types of oral communication so that when starting the conversation we can use the suitable

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speaking skill and suitable language. The most importance communication in human life, the interpersonal communication which occur between our self with other people have different types weather it is open, personal or impersonal channel. This interpersonal communication can occur in small group where people form group for various purposes and the group or organisation have their own goal and objective. Public communication also one of the interpersonal communication form of communication which also known as public speaking. In conclusion, to be a good speaker a few tips have been presented must be followed so that audience could keep track with our talks. 2,790 words

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Reference Abdul Rahman Abdul Aziz (1989). Socialist Basic Skills. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Thesis Rudolph F. Verderber, Kathleen S. Verderber, Deanna D. Sellnow(1984). The Challenge of Effective Speaking. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall. 150 178.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_communication http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speaking http://www.casaaleadership.ca/mainpages/resources/sourcebook/publicspeaking.html