Defining culture Culture o System of meanings and behaviors that define the way of life for a given group

p of people Material culture o Consists of the objects created in a given society its buildings, art, tools, print, and broadcast media o Constitute culture to many because they can be placed in a museum o Given meaning Non material culture o Value- abstract standards, what is viewed as moral and good. freedom o Norms-how to behave in a given situation Enforceability Range of acceptance Salience Folkways-general standards of behavior adhered by a group Mores-strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior Taboos-strictest norms in society Laws-written set of guidelines defining right and wrong o Language Sapir whorf hypothesis Complex communication system o Knowledge What we take Basis changes with culture o Symbols Messages Only animals to communicate using them Mean different things to different people When connected with values they can cause reaction Cultural integration and diversity Cultural assimilation Cultural diversity o Sub cultures Counter cultures- want to revolutionize or change current culture Diversity- technological changes, size, immigration Cultural change causes reaction- Norway killing

Cultural views Ethnocentrism o There is one absolute standard by which to judge values and behaviors and that standard is that of my own society Cultural relativism o Each culture must be judged relative to its own standards of value and behavior A consistent view is that beauty is always associated with health Production of culture Culture can be actively created-music o Producers-the media, cultural industries Cultural gate-keepers o Institutions trying to reduce and control cultural change Internationalization of culture o Cultural and technological diffusion Cultural leveling Dispersion of technology, cultural artifacts, and values (global) Socialization Learning how to be human o Whole process that goes on for your entire life o Most intense-early childhood o Learning about the culture and self identity Nature vs. nurture o its both o role of heredity o interaction of environment as well as genes Charles Horton cooleys looking glass self o How do we learn who we are o Image of ourselves comes from other peoples reaction to us o Examples of man with half a face o Shows its not just us coming up with the image of who we are George h meads role playing o Significant others (reference group) and generalized others (society) o Expectations of individuals and general expectations of society o Reference groups-we compare ourselves to them Sigmund freuds conflict model o Id-selfish needs and desires (I want) o Superego- societies need for order and maintenance (we shouldnt do that) o Ego- moderating force ( can we find a compromise) o Ex: sex drive (id) would just rape but (superego) says thats wrong so that leads to masturbation, prostitution, and marriage (ego)

Who does the socializing? The family o Help protect and raise human species o Teach about society and interaction Peers o Family receeds into background and friends become major influence Schools o 20th century idea o takes a parent role o also teaches new stuff o formal and informal the media o does tv socialize children? o Radio-new influence, non local o Programming- passive while watching, one way communication o Internet and video games o Issue-do these things produce more violence Desocializing Mortifications in total institutions death of ones self identity prisons, monasteries, mental institutions, boot camps get rid of the need for individualism then give new identitiy Resocialization birth of a new self identity Occupational socializing anticipatory socialization dressing right seeing issues Types of interaction primary interaction o face to face o strong emotional ties o enduring over time o reoccurring in multiple contexts o personal identification primary groups o cliques secondary interaction o possible face to face possible not o weak emotional ties o short lived over time

o limited in social context o little personal identification secondary groups o business relationships

building blocks of social structure types of status o ascribed (born with) gender, race o achieved (work yourself into) good or bad o master status override everything else ex: pope, sexual predator o status sets go together role-behaviors that we grow into role conflict o when the roles arent consistant with one another (friend vs. law enforcement officer) o reason for banning teacher/student, employee/boss relationships what makes a social group regular patterns of interaction some shared values some sense of shared identity o in groups vs. out groups outside groups initially a potential threat perspectives on interaction symbolic interaction o how we use and manipulate symbols to communicate shared understanding of good and bad physical appearance dramaturgical approach o look at life like a play o front stage vs. backstage o impression management ethnomethodology o conversation analysis social exchange theory o exchange=conversation o how we decide whats a fair balance of social exchange

deviance and greed deviance: behavior that exceeds role tolerance o norms are violated o not necessarily rare o socially defined perspectives part 1 religious o deviates because of devil or possession biological/genetic o turrets, schizophrenia medical o deviance is a disease alcoholism pharmaceutical treatment perspectives part 2 psychological o Freudian model o Learning theory Differential associations and deviant subcultures Gangs o The more somebody hangs out with somebody the more their actions will shift to match them o Deviance is a learned behavior Economic o Theres a pay off Robbing banks, selling drugs Function of deviance Deviance defines and maintaines group boundaries o Emile Durkheim By pointing out deviance you solidify what your group is Anything else o It makes you feel superior Identifying the deviant Labeling theory o Deviant behavior only becomes deviant when its labeled as deviant Primary vs. secondary deviance o First time you commit deviant act youre labeled as a deviant o After youre labeled as a deviant it makes further deviance more likely to occur Stigmatization o Once youre stigmatized its very hard to break away from it

Conflict model of deviance o Class based definitions

How do we control others Formal agents Money, awards Fines, prison Informal agents Emotional support Criticism, ridicule

Positive sanction Negative sanction

Crime Civil law o Where you are and when o Wrongs between independent parties, states uninvolved Criminal law o State involved o Misdemeanors and felonies Reporting crime o Fbis uniform crime reports (ucf) Type 1 crimes crimes against person o Murder o Forcible rape o Robbery o Assault Crimes against property o Burglary o Larceny o Auto theft Type 2 crimes Prostitution Drug use Vandalism Gambling Crime rate: crimes reported per 100,000 population *thefts make up most of crime rate problems in reporting crime Only type 1 crimes are reported o Ignores crimes without victims like organized crime, white collar, corporate crime Only crimes known to police that are reported

o Wouldnt report ufc abduction If multiple crimes are commited, only most serious is reported on UCR Under reporting of crime o Nobody reports small claim thefts-most under reported o assaults o rapes

victimization studies random surveys victim reports vs. ucr *rural areas have lower crime rate *still changes with population Criminal justice system police system o professionalization of the police has changed started screening them court systems o over crowding plea bargaining-makes system efficient prison systems o functions incapacitation-get them out of society punishment- restriction of freedom defference- wont commit crime because scared of punishment resocialization-sometimes comes out worse problems prison over crowding-led to parole

*incarceration increased in 1970s because of war on drugs *capital punishment decreased in 1965 due to supreme court ruling states unjust saying they were discriminating against black/white, and gender *deviance adds element of unpredictability and society needs predictability in order to function properly