Technical Manual

Landscaping

ndcp2005__tm__04__landscaping_051011.doc

Production:
Newcastle Technical Manual Landscaping was prepared by the Development and Environment Division of Newcastle City Council.

Enquiries:
For information about this document, contact: Customer Enquiry Centre Newcastle City Council Phone: 02 4974 2050

Published by:
Newcastle City Council 282 King Street, Newcastle. Phone: Post: Fax: E-mail: Web: 02 4974 2000 (main switchboard) PO Box 489 Newcastle 2300 Australia 02 4974 2222 mail@ncc.nsw.gov.au www.ncc.nsw.gov.au

Version 1: 11 October 2005 2005 Newcastle City Council

Newcastle City Council is pleased to allow this material to be reproduced in whole or in part, provided the meaning is unchanged and the source, publisher and authorship are acknowledged.

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CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Landscaping Landscaping Design Why do a Landscape Plan? Steps to prepare a Submission Required Landscape Plan Documentation General Landscape Design Principles and Guidelines Design Guidelines for Particular Development Types References
2 2 2 2 2 3 9 14

Appendix 1 - Flowchart for Landscape Plan process Appendix 2 - Schedule of Landscape Categories for Development Types Appendix 3 - Checklist for Landscape Plan Preparation Appendix 4 - Noxious Plants in the Lower Hunter & Central Coast (as recommended by NSW Agriculture) Appendix 5 - Major construction impacts and methods to minimise tree damage

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1. Landscaping
This Manual: Supplements element4.4 Landscaping by providing technical information for the design and assessment of landscaping component of a development. Is intended as a reference for developers and designers, providing the landscape principles and guidelines which are to be included as part of the development process.

Detailed design resolution: scale, site character, open space design, access, streetscape, site protection, plant material and maintenance. By satisfying the guidelines in this Technical Manual, new development will ensure not only that the landscape quality of the Newcastle environment will be further enhanced and upgraded, but also ensuring that environmental issues such as protection of remnant bushland and mangroves, soil erosion and other requirements such as the provision of usable open space are incorporated.

4. 2. Landscaping Design
Through its many Civic Design and Master Planning initiatives such as Blackbutt Reserve, Foreshore Park, Tarro Recreation Area and the Regional Museum, Council is aiming to improve the community facilities and image of Newcastle while strengthening and enhancing the Citys attributes. Defining the Landscape requirements for new development will assist in achieving Councils targets for Conservation and Enhancement, Urban Development Land Use, and Leisure and Recreation within the goals of its City Enhancement Plan. Together with the Newcastle Landscape Structure Plan, this document continues Councils commitment to the process of realising the Green City concept for the City of Newcastle.

Steps to Prepare a Submission

Check what category your development type falls into (Element 4.4). Element 4.4 also outlines the required Landscape Plan documentation for all Category 2 and 3 development Ask about any other further information, such as policies, codes, townscape studies etc, which should be consulted. Visit the site and prepare a landscape site survey and analysis as per section 5, checklist in Appendix 3 and Councils DA guide. Analyse all the issues which will determine the best design solution, see section 7.0 Design Guidelines for Particular Development. Prepare preliminary concept plans based on all the information gathered and if possible discuss this with Council officers before finalising your design. Use the checklists in Appendix 3 to ensure all information has been included.

3. Why do a Landscape Plan?

Preparing a landscape concept plan up front as part of the development process will provide for adequate and effective landscape treatment as part of new work. This will encourage the responsible use of desirable landscape features while mitigating adverse landscape elements. Councils consideration of landscape issues involve more than plants and planting methods. The issues encompass the following three broad areas: Infrastructure: road and lot layout, drainage, sedimentation control, existing vegetation and coordination of services. Site planning and layout: existing vegetation, conservation, land use, open space, topography, visual and environmental impact.

Attach checklist to the landscape plan submission.

5. Required Landscape Plan Documentation

A brief description of each documentation type is provided below. A detailed checklist for each form of documentation is provided at Appendix 3.

5.1

Site Survey and Analysis

Site plan drawn to scale indicating allotment boundaries and existing contours, as well as identifying existing trees, vegetation and topographical features, natural surface drainage flows and any existing improvements.

Landscaping Take into account such things as favourable and unfavourable views, adjacent uses and the quality of the site soil for horticultural use.

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means of protection against damage during the building construction phase. The landscape documents shall also provide design details of all proposed paved surfaces and retaining walls, as well as treatment of embankments; are to identify proposed lawn and massed planted areas with details of proposed edge treatments, and are to indicate botanical names, quantities and container size of all proposed new tree, shrub and ground cover plantings, nominated proposed soil preparation and means of staking, mulching and weed control. In addition, the landscape documents are to incorporate details of site drainage proposals with any detention basins clearly indicated, and must show the location of hose cocks and provide details of watering systems for future ongoing maintenance (see checklist in Appendix 3).

Site analysis can improve the design and identify optimum land uses and is a valuable part of the site planning stage.

5.2 Landscape Concept Plan / Masterplan

A plan or series of plans and drawings which explain graphically the landscape design proposal for the development site and its context. For developments, information would typically include extent of any proposed cut and/or fill associated with pathways, paved areas and retaining walls, proposed surface treatments, existing trees to be retained, proposed planting principles showing indicative species and arrangement, and indicative cross sections. For subdivisions, information should include proposed roads, car parks, detention basins, open space, access points and links to open space as well as proposed plant species, locations and landscape design principles (see checklist in Appendix 3).

6. General Landscape Design Principles and Guidelines

6.1 Overall Planning
Overall site planning for a development enables the best use of the site so as to take advantage of its positive attributes. Planning objectives should aim to: Encourage efficient development based on sound land management and environmental design principles. Appreciate landscape as an integral part of a total approach to site development. Promote development which potential community benefits. demonstrates

5.3

Preliminary Landscape Report

Provides an explanation of the overall landscape concept, indicating design objectives and addressing all significant and relevant site factors such as existing vegetation, view opportunities, surface drainage, soil types, aspect, microclimate as well as obstruction of outlook, overshadowing and privacy.

Planning the total development site through proper preparation, surveys, analysis and design will save costs in the long run by identifying problem areas early, eg. minimising cut and fill, reducing height of retaining walls and limiting locations, minimising site disturbance and therefore rectification costs through erosion control etc.

5.4 Comprehensive Landscape Plan and Specification

A detailed and fully documented landscape plan generally drawn to 1:100 scale and an accompanying technical specification. Proposed floor and finished surface levels must be nominated, show existing trees to be retained and details of the

6.2

Site Character

The character types of Newcastle are a complex pattern of cultural and natural landscape overlays: older urban areas, newer residential areas, forested ridgelines, harbourside environment, coastal edge, wetlands and many more. These in turn produce a rich mixture of landscape character types.

Landscaping It is important that these character types are properly taken into account during the early planning of proposed development. Where the existing character is recognised as being desirable, the development must endeavour to fit sensitively within this site context. In designing the development in this way, the emphasis should be on the quality of the landscape treatment rather than quantity. A cosmetic approach to landscape is considered inappropriate. The following principles have been adopted as part of the landscape structure plan and are to be applied to new development: New development is to maintain and improve the landscape character of major ridges and spurs which provide a visual landscape resource for Newcastle residents in lower areas by: protecting existing trees, both remnant indigenous species and introduced species, within open space areas, along public roads and within private properties. minimising the extent of earthworks and disruption to natural drainage systems resulting from residential development, road constructions and provision of utilities. planting tall high branching tree species in open space areas and along roadsides where they are lacking and encourage planting of similar species within private property boundaries. maintaining landmarks. panoramic

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views

Identify view corridors and edges (e.g. waterfront) from which the landmark structures (e.g. high level bridges, grain silos, communications towers) are visible and ensure views are framed, not blocked by development or tree planting. Restore and maintain landscape character of cliffs and headlands by stabilising integrated areas, controlling pedestrian and vehicle access, removing weed species and establishing indigenous grasses and shrub species. Development proposals should demonstrate an appreciation of the local environment and landscape character by: retaining and protecting mature trees and other significant and useful landscape elements including rock outcrops, watercourses and wetlands. not detracting from significant landscape elements or the existing character.

Have regard to and conserve any precincts, landscapes or elements of particular heritage value within or near the development site (refer to the Newcastle LEP 2003.) Maintain the rural character of undulating open woodland areas by ensuring that buildings and structures are set well back from major roads, billboards, other signs and structures are not visible from major roads and quarrying, mining and waste disposal activities are not visible from major roads.

Integrating exiting trees with new development maintains the visual amenity of the area and improves the character of the proposal.

New development can maintain the landscape character of spurs and ridges, and minimise visual impact.

6.3 Landscape Conservation

Wisely planned and design development contributes towards fulfilling a need for proper land management. Where such development also

Enhance the landscape quality and visual prominence of major hills and ridges by appropriate landscape treatment while

Landscaping respects valuable cultural and natural landscape assets it fulfils a need for landscape conservation. Maintaining the viability of Newcastle's landscape diversity will depend as much on well integrated new development as the retention of valuable and interesting landscape elements such as major ridges and Spurs, edges, view corridors, wetlands etc. The following principles are to be applied when planning new development: Retain and managed existing forested areas (on ridges, spurs, undulating and rural land) for their ecological value and potential recreational and educational functions. Re-establish and protect native vegetation on natural dune systems. coastal

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Recognise the major function of swamps for flood control and their ecological significance so that no filling, erosion, pollution, vegetation destruction and overstocking occur along the edge with urban and industrial development. Protect and maintain mangrove vegetation. existing stands of

Use tall broad crowned trees to reduce the scale of buildings

6.5 Open Space

Open space is considered to be any area other than buildings, roads or car parks. It can be for private, public or communal use and includes passive and active recreational functions. Provision of open space within new development areas is an important consideration within the early planning stages of the development proposal especially subdivision layout. Landscape masterplans are to be prepared for each major open space area. The following principles are to be applied: New developments are to plan and provide interconnecting open space networks that integrate and conserve urban waterways and allow for ecological, aesthetic and recreation values while functioning as part of a stormwater drainage system. Ensure that where possible, buildings, large structures, roads and car parks are not constructed within public open space areas or that any other form of development does not contribute towards the alienation of public open space. Provide for the safe, convenient and enjoyable movement of pedestrians, cyclists and other activities from surrounding areas to recreation facilities and open space areas. Retain and protect existing endemic vegetation within the open space areas and encourage and protect natural regeneration. Utilise embankment stabilisation techniques along drainage lines in new development areas,

Establish and maintain a buffer between urban development and Hexham Swamp to control runoff and protect this sensitive ecology. Minimise soil erosion, water runoff, increased sedimentation and accelerated eutrophication.

6.4 Scale in the Landscape

Just as the scale of the buildings in relation to a site is an important consideration, so too is the scale of the plant material. It is equally inappropriate and a waste of resources to plant a potentially very large tree in the front yard of a small terrace house as it is to decorate the base of a massive industrial structure with groundcovers or concentrate planting to annual bedding displays in the vast spaces of a large golf course. The context for the landscape treatment is vital in achieving good design. Where space and existing services allow, it is better to use trees to form the basis of planting than to rely on lower storey plants (i.e. shrubs and groundcovers). The effect of applying this principle to new development throughout Newcastle would be to greatly enhance the quality of the visual environment. As a bonus, other functional requirements will be served in that there would be more shade in summer, more opportunities to abate strong winds and reduce dust as well as visually link and unify greenspace areas. Proper selection of plant material to suit the scale of the development will enhance the overall development thereby increasing its value to the community.

Landscaping that allow re-establishment of vegetation while achieving engineering objectives. Carry out extensive tree planting to improve the landscape quality of open space areas by providing shade and protection for users, visual interest and wildlife habitat. Incorporate and conserve significant and useful landscape features within the open space component of the development and link these areas for the local open space network, e.g. ridgelines and swales.

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Construction work at site boundaries which may affect significant trees and buildings on adjoining significant bushland areas. The use of invasive grass and other plant species on sites adjoining significant bushland areas.

6.8 Plant Material

The choice of plants for new developments should relate to the character of the buildings and their setting. Buffer planting of indigenous species to a minimum of 20 metre width is to be provided in areas adjacent to urban bushland, and should be maintained as fuel reduced/weed free zones. Use of plant species should define a theme, focus attention, be of appropriate scale and numbers, frame views and generate diversity of visual interest. The minimum size of trees proposed for planting within the Newcastle CBD area shall be semimature i.e. 100 litre containers. Elsewhere planting sites are to be appropriate to their functions e.g. it is not appropriate to put street trees in as tubestock or 50 litre mass planting as buffers to large sites. Buffer planting in broadacre sites would be more appropriate as a mix of tubestock and 5 litre and larger species, minimum street tree size is 50 litre. Plant species shall be selected and located to avoid potential damage to structures, services and paths. Noxious planets must not be selected. Appendix 4) (See

6.6 Topography
Development proposals are to demonstrate an understanding of the existing topography. Buildings should be designed to relate the existing contours with minimal excavation or fill and with the height of foundations kept to a minimum. For undulating to hilly sites, align road and pathways along the contours as much as possible to minimise earthworks and reduce visual impact. This will save costs in the long run by reducing the amount of cut and fill, identifying the extent of retaining walls, minimising disturbance and obtaining the best use of site. All of which will be passed on to the developer through minimising costs, improved design and therefore increasing the value to the community.

6.7 Adjoining Sites

Proposals should demonstrate a consideration of the effects of the development on adjoining properties and public land. Such effects may include the following: Proposed landscape works which may block out existing views of outstanding scenery from an adjacent property.
Consider size, position and density of planting adjacent to neighbouring properties to avoid blocking the sun

6.9 Mounds and Screening Utilities

The practice of mounding is discouraged unless the need can be justified and the scale of the landscape is appropriate for such treatment. Mounding, unless used very effectively, does little to improve the landscape quality of a site and often looks unnatural or out of place in new developments. In small areas use of mounding tends to increase maintenance costs when access is limited. Utility structures and functional areas e.g. electrical substations, gas cylinders, bin stores, loading docks etc., should be located for easy access while being screened from public view. Where screening is not possible, then where applicable codes allow, the structures should be painted an appropriate and subdued colour.

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6.10 Site Protection - Tree Preservation

All trees over a height or spread of 3 m are protected through Councils LEP 2003. Appendix 5 contains detailed information on construction impacts and methods to minimise tree damage. Prior to construction works, measures are to be taken to protect retained trees from injury. Excavation, soil compaction, alteration of soil levels, foundations, roads and underground services, storage of building materials and disposal of horticulturally toxic materials all shall not occur within the canopy spread of retained trees or against the trunk. Retained trees must be adequately cared for during construction. If there is any question as to the health of the trees, it is recommended that you seek further advice from a consultant Landscape Architect, a Tree Care Specialist or Councils Urban Tree Management Officer. Retaining existing trees in any development area adds substantial value to the property financially and environmentally in that they offer an instant natural landscape at no extra cost.

responsibility, e.g. their designer, use of a qualified tree surgeon. Any tree damage is to be repaired immediately by an arborist to ensure the tree does not suffer stress or other problems which threaten survival. Design routes for underground services, trenches, walls, roads etc., to minimise the impact on trees e.g. use common trenches for services. Location of site huts, compounds, materials stores, etc., shall be kept away from trees. Site supervisory staff are to be made aware of tree protection requirements.

Site clearing and earthworks

Extent of clearing/disturbance shall be limited to locations of site works, and as much existing natural vegetation is to be retained as possible. Where there is native grassland on-site and not in conflict with the proposed development, it is to be retained as a preferred groundcover to assist with stormwater run-off interception and absorption. Where there are areas of significant and useful site vegetation, including native grasscover, ensure that these areas are fenced off and are protected during construction. Use of these areas for construction access, storage of construction material and dumping waste material shall be prevented. Discharge of soil, mud, clay etc. into any watercourse or stormwater system is not to occur unless under licence, as required by the Water Pollution Act 1984 and Element 4.5. Site clearing is to be staged to allow recycling of site materials for re-use in the landscape development e.g. surface rock or gravel may be reused, topsoil must be stripped and stockpiled for reused, branches and foliage can be chipped and stockpiled for reuse, shrubs and groundcover can be slashed, scraped to 25 mm and stockpiled for reuse as regeneration seed material. Topsoil stockpiles should be stored as low mounds, not compacted and are to be sown with a temporary grass cover if left longer than 4 weeks. Easily wind-borne material such as sand and cement dust are to be covered.

Place temporary fence around trees to prevent soil compaction and root damage

Considerations before construction

Where development programming and layout allow, carry out early structure planting before construction works and consider planting for short-term use of visually prominent sites likely to be vacant for some years. An accurate survey must be carried out identifying all existing trees recording their condition, height, girth, crown spread including those nominated for removal. Costing of works should allow for the presence of an arborist on site during operations involving trees, and on-site supervision is to be planned. Tree protective methods are to be nominated e.g. fencing type, details.

Precautions during construction

Site inspections to ensure trees are not being damaged and that effective protection measures have been installed are the developers

After addressing these considerations, the methods of site protection must be included on plans e.g. location of protective fencing, fencing details, methods proposed to ensure existing levels are retained etc.

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6.11 Landscape Construction

All landscape construction should be carried out by a qualified contractor to Council approved drawings. Correct planting based on sound horticultural practices is the essential to ensure survival, optimum growth and realisation of the design intent. Unless intensive upkeep is guaranteed for a particular landscape effect, Council wishes to stress the importance of achieving a minimum maintenance cost design solution. The following construction guidelines and accompanying detail examples should be noted: all massed planting areas should be filled with a weed free soil mix of minimum 300mm depth. All turfed areas to be laid on a minimum 100mm depth of good quality topsoil. consider shrub and tree planting designs that are tolerant of the particular site conditions and that will require minimal pruning at maturity. In particular, planting should not overgrow paths. utility services should be considered. Future problems can easily be avoided if invasive plant material is not planting near drainage, water, sewerage and powerlines. provide a minimum of 75mm thick approved mulch to all massed planting and around trees in lawn areas. Reduce depth of mulch at the base of stems. In many instances these areas should then be overplanted with suitable groundcovers to create a living mulch. The use of black plastic or similar impermeable membranes on planting beds is not acceptable, as air and water are prevented from entering the soil. Secure all mulch on slopes greater than 1 in 3. mass planting is recommended on slopes greater than a 1 in 3 gradient. For slopes greater than or equal to 1 in 2 gradient, a retaining wall may be required. ensure that planting boxes or tree pits enclosed by paving are well drained. Include approved subsoil drainage if necessary. provide lawns in large areas which can be maintained by a mechanical mover. Avoid narrow strips or shapes which are difficult to mow. Do not create excessively steep lawn banks or gradients greater than 1 in 4. Make sure that individual trees in lawn are at least 3 metres apart to facilitate mowing. Construct a mowing strip against walls and planting beds to avoid hand clipping and enhance appearance. Near driveways and parking areas ensure that edges are sufficient to discourage the encroachment of vehicles onto planting areas and prevent damage to tree trunks.

6.12 Landscape Maintenance

The last stage of the site development process is maintenance but it must always be considered in the initial stages of the landscape design. To be successful, a design must not only work well on paper and be faithfully constructed, but it must also be maintained properly throughout its existence. Failure to ensure future care and maintenance of planting involves loss of capital outlay. An approved landscape will be required to be maintained in good condition at all times as a condition of development consent. Maintenance shall be carried out in accordance with accepted horticultural practices and, as a minimum, is to include the following: maintenance will be required for a minimum of three months to a maximum of 12 months depending on size of works as determined by Council, extractive industry requires up to two years maintenance after completion of the project; watering, as required, to maintain a healthy growth rate and not place plant material or lawn under stress through lack of moisture; weed and rubbish removal from any areas deemed to be in the landscape works. The site is to be maintained in a clean and orderly state at all times in the interest of preserving the visual amenity of the neighbourhood; replacement of any failed plant material with a specimen of similar size and identical species; weeding, mowing, fertilising, topdressing, disease control and replacement of failed areas of turf; mulched surfaces to be kept in a tidy condition and a minimum cover of 75mm depth maintained. Correct mulching should reduce, but not replace, the need for weeding and watering; the soil over the roots of newly painted species should be kept free from grass and weeds competing for moisture; stakes and ties should be renewed and adjusted if necessary until the tree is wind firm after which they should be removed; check for disease and insect attack. Spraying of a non-residual herbicide, insecticide and/or fungicide, should be carried out in accordance with both the manufacturer's directions and the Pesticide Regulations Act; make good any erosion or soil subsidence which may occur;

Landscaping protect plants against damage by animals where required. If necessary erect an animal proof fence around the planting area until established; for mature trees, all dead wood should be removed, and dangerous branches overhanging roads, buildings etc., should also be cut away. Skilled tree surgery can sensitively improve the appearance and growth of the tree; a Landscape Maintenance Report will be required by Council at the end of the maintenance period, certifying that all maintenance and rectification works have been carried out.

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During the development phase, filter fences rather than hay bales should be used. This will reduce the spread of exotic grasses and weeds as well as a nitrogen run-off from the bales. Exotic grasses and fertilisers should not be used in soil stabilisation programs for areas being retained as bushland or to be rehabilitated for nature conservation. Alternatives such as shortterm sterile exotics can be used within a native seed mix or hydromulch. Roadside verges adjoining bushland should not be grassed with exotic species. The edges should retain native grasses and vegetation and be maintained as weedfree bushland.

6.13 Bushland Protection

In the Newcastle City local government area, existing remnant bushland is under pressure from many sources, one of which is urban expansion. Urban expansion brings with it a multitude of activities which continually erode the quality of our remnant bushlands such as: grazing, erosion and siltation, increasing soil moisture due to run-off, contamination, fragmentation, damage and invasions from weeds. Council seeks to minimise the impact of new or existing development on bushland areas in order to preserve this valuable resource. When siting new development in bushland settings, the following principles should be applied: All areas of existing bushland are to be shown on the Landscape Masterplan submitted to Council. Provide a flora study which includes the locations of major plant communities with the weed content of each community clearly shown on a site plan. Dumping of soils or materials with higher nutrient content such as chitter spread for a fire/access trail is to be avoided. The natural watercourses in the proposed development areas should be retained with a minimum planting buffer of 20m either side of the creek like. Refer to Multiple Use Drainage Systems section. New fire trails or suburban roads should be built on the perimeter within the boundary of proposed development and form part of the fuel free zone, and not encroach on what is left of the remnant native vegetation. The Dept of Infrastructure, Planning and Natural Resources should be consulted with regard to fire trail construction, sedimentation control/nutrient removal of run-off etc.
Using tall trees near large scale buildings visually reduces their size to a more human scale and breaks up building mass

7. Design guidelines for particular development types

7.1 Industrial
Guidelines
Areas required to be landscaped: The front building setback; Side and rear setbacks where visible from a public place or adjoining or adjacent residential area; Areas adjacent to building entrances and pedestrian access points; The perimeter of all approved open storage areas and staff/visitor parking areas. Large car parking areas should be interspersed with internal planting bays to reduce the visual impact of large areas of paved surfaces.

In assessing the landscape requirements for development on industrial sites the following criteria are also taken into consideration: The proximity of the proposed development to public roads, railway lines, residential development and/or other public places;

Landscaping The nature and scale of the development proposal and relevant need for intensive screen planting or otherwise; The extent of site landscaping that has applied to existing development in the vicinity and the age of such development; The location of services.

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Council will require limited, localised screen tree planting to adjacent properties where appropriate. Both advanced or early structure planting and progressive restorative planting should take into account, where relevant, the visual curtilage of any nearby historic estates. Site topsoil must be conserved by stripping and storing in low mounds such that it remains in good condition (see 6.10: Site Protection). Progressive site restoration should include reshaping the ground form to sympathetic profiles and re-establishing locally endemic vegetation where all components of the vegetation type are represented. The project shall be subject to regular review by the developer as to the effectiveness of the impact mitigation measures and the results of the monitoring submitted to Council as certified reports.

Proposed tree planting and paving works within Provide generous space for noise control measures and planted bufferfootway adjacent source and adjacent land the public zone between noise to the site are to be carried out in accordance with Councils specifications and under Councils supervision.

Councils written approval is required where treatments such as tree planting and/or paving works within the public roads and footways are proposed. It is necessary for the developer to notify the Hunter Water Board, Telstra, AGL, Energy Australia of the proposed paving works to enable these authorities to carry out and complete any necessary repairs and/or amplifications to their respective services before the paving works are commenced. When positioning trees and shrubs on-site, adequate sight distance on corners and intersections of roads and paths within the development should be maintained to avoid safety hazards to motorists and pedestrians.

A landscape ravaged by open cut mining can be rehabilitated to a near-natural condition for use as open space.

7.2 Extractive Industry

Guidelines
Development applications for extractive industry are defined as designated development under the provisions of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act and require the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements. The earliest possible consultation with Council is advisable. A Landscape Masterplan must be submitted to Council for approval at the Development Application stage. The landscape master plan shall indicate the proposed treatments for the whole development site at each critical stage of the project and should clearly demonstrate effective strategies for maintaining a high scenic quality. Where possible, undertake early structure planting of suitable indigenous tree species.

7.3 Residential Development

Site specific design criteria for single dwellings and urban housing are contained in Elements 5.1 and 5.2. The following guidelines apply to residential subdivision.

Guidelines (subdivision)
General A Landscape Concept Plan/Masterplan showing all stages of subdivision and development must be submitted at development application stage. The plan must describe the existing landscape character and reinforce this character in the development.

Open Space Identify landscape assets and provide for public open space which includes and focuses on these assets while integrating compatible

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Landscaping stormwater management and wildlife habitats. Refer to 7.4. Provide for the inclusion of pedestrian/bicycle path system within the open space network ensuring it links community facilities, shops and schools. Ridgelines and swales should be included in the open space network. Maximise the potential for private open space by taking advantage of the positive aspects of the site, such as slope, aspect, existing trees and gardens and adjoining open space.

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Minimise impact on existing amenity through a sensitive design approach which still achieves the drainage function. To use multiple use open space systems as wildlife corridors.

Guidelines
General Hazard assessments may be required depending on the hydraulic characteristics of the proposal. A Landscape Concept Plan/Masterplan is to be submitted at the Development Application stage. Some of the following features may be incorporated within the design: Wetlands/waterbodies or other features to satisfy drainage and recreation functions, and pollution control. Measures to reduce adverse impacts upon existing amenity are to be incorporated into the design of the multiple use systems e.g. protection of existing vegetation, topsoil management, avoidance of compaction and erosion protection.

Environmental issues Optimise northerly aspect for solar access. Provide buffer areas either side of major watercourses in consultation with Council.

Open space buffers along major watercourses can provide a diversity of uses while minimising environmental impacts on this natural system.

Provide a buffer between urban development and Hexham Swamp which will control urban run-off and protect the wetlands. Where development is in close proximity to major roads, rail easements and other potential sources of noise disturbance, make provision for control measures and a buffer easement of sufficient width for tree plating and construction of acoustic barriers.
Existing watercourse corridor can be retained with a planting buffer both sides and incorporated into the open space proposal.

7.4 Multiple Use Drainage Systems

Objectives
Recognise that drainage reserves may provide for a range of uses including recreation, conservation, as well as links between recreation areas and neighbourhoods. To encourage the preservation and maintenance, where possible, of any existing watercourse and its corridor in its original condition in order to maintain the pre-urban amenity of the site. Augment existing amenity through creating new water bodies and improving their landscape setting.

User Requirements Cater for pedestrian and vehicular access within the drainage system by providing footpaths, cycleways and parking areas along the margins, while recognising the hazards associated with people using these areas.

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Creation of a range of habitats to cater for specific types of wildlife in the area is to be considered. Bank treatments for safety and provision of access to waters edge.

Dry Detention Basins Ensure surface and subsurface treatments are suitable for intensity of use of the area and to ensure they can be used as soon as possible after inundation, e.g. stripping and stockpiling topsoil, adding gypsum, adding sand to topsoil to improve drainage. Consider the installation of automatic irrigation systems in active sports areas. Also consider the installation of adequate watering points for maintenance.

Incorporating water bodies within detention basins improves amenity and adds variety.

Access to all parts of the open space and drainage system is required for maintenance purposes. Structures such as picnic facilities and seats, etc. may be required and should be located appropriately within the flood zone. Possible location may be as follows: 1 ARI flood zone = picnic furniture, seats, bollards 20 ARI flood zone = minor structures, bowling greens 100 ARI flood zone = community centres, sports centres.

Planting Council encourages the use of endemic species to minimise the need for maintenance. Grass and plant species that can survive drought and inundation are recommended. The functional requirements of the open space areas are to be reflected in the overall design e.g. dry land grass species for informal low use areas, fine turf grass for organised sports, exotic trees within the residential component. Planting densities are to reflect the functions of particular sites e.g. open forest for passive recreation, mass planting along steep embankments or for screening to promote habitats. Planting within the overland flow paths should be compatible with hydraulic design for the system, and as determined by Council.

Note: ARI = Average Recurrence Interval. Locations will be subject to flood hazard conditions and nature of structures.

Wet Basins, Ponds, Wetlands Open space areas that can incorporate a permanent water body within the detention basin increases the amenity value of the area and contributes to the aesthetic quality of the development. Water quality and incorporation of gross pollutant traps or wetlands filters upstream are to be considered in relation to water bodies.

7.5 Car Parks

Objectives
To ensure significant landscape elements are retained and protected. To ensure that car parks do not dominate the landscape and detract from the local environment. To ensure that where car parks are provided, they function efficiently and safely while having sufficient shade to reduce heat build-up and glare. To ensure that vehicular and pedestrian circulation is clearly identified and separated. Conserve significant landscape elements and incorporate these within the car park design.

Guidelines
Edge treatments can vary to suit types of recreation

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Landscaping Provide generous shade trees and where the car park has a capacity of more than six bays in a row, provide planted or raised paved areas with trees to reduce the apparent size of the parking area. Upper canopy tree species should dominate car parks i.e. plant more trees than lower storey plants. Ensure car park entry points have clear sightlines to roads. Consideration should be given to the following: Using contrasting paving to delineate pedestrian and vehicular zones Lighting for night use Using kerbs or wheel restraints to contain and define parking areas Using shrubs to screen cars from the street

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Guidelines
A landscape assessment of the road reserve should be submitted to Council for approval at the Development Application stage. Retain and conserve significant landscape elements including valuable wildlife habitats. Integrate natural drainage and open space networks. Conserve site topsoil. Undertake early structure planting where possible before and during construction work. Maintain landscape work up to 1 year after completion of project.

7.7 Special Uses Development: Schools, Churches, Hospitals

Objectives
To encourage comprehensive site planning of development where landscape planning and design is a vital and integral component. To promote special development that respects landscape opportunities, conserves significant and useful landscape elements and does not detract from the local environment. To encourage landscape treatment associated with special development that relates well to the site, is designed and implemented to a high standard, contributes positively to the streetscape and other public areas and demands only minimal maintenance. To plan and implement special development with provision for open space, in scale with the development that can be linked to a local open space network. A Landscape Concept Plan/Masterplan shall be submitted to Council for approval with the Development Application. Significant site vegetation, landscape features and useful site elements should be conserved and protected. As much as possible, these elements should be incorporated in the more public landscape areas of the development and linked to the local open space network. At least in public landscape areas, planting should comply with guidelines for the relevant precincts in the Newcastle Landscape Structure Plan. The provisions of any specific Development Control Plans that include townscape improvements should be considered in lieu of these general guidelines.

7.6 Road Reserves

Objectives
To ensure that landscape features, distinctive scenery, landscape character and environmental design considerations are integrated in the planning and implementation of roadway and utility easements. To ensure adequate provision is made for planted buffer zones between major road corridors and nearby development.

Guidelines

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7.8 Commercial Development

See specific provisions in Elements 6.1 6.6.

7.9 Heritage Conservation

See specific provisions in Elements 5.7 and 5.8.

8. References
Newcastle Landscape Structure Plan. (NCC) 1990. State Environmental Planning Policy No. 14: Coastal Wetlands. (DUAP) Urban Erosion and Sediment Control Manual. (NSW Soil Conservation Service) Pollution Control Manual For Urban Stormwater. (State Pollution Control Commission) Managing Urban Stormwater: Soils and Construction 2004 (Department of Housing) Managing Urban Stormwater: Treatment Techniques 1997 (EPA) Managing Urban Stormwater: Source Control 1998 (EPA) Managing Urban Stormwater: Council Handbook 1998 (EPA)

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Appendix 1 Steps in the Landscaping Process

Step 1 Determine landscape requirements consult with council

Step 2

Submit preliminary landscape plans with DA according to requirements PLANS UNSATISFACTORY CONSENT GRANTED RESUBMIT OR EXTRA INFO

SUBDIVISIONS: Submit landscape concept plan with lot layout at application stage

Step 3

Submit comprehensive landscape plan and specification with application for CC

SUBDIVISIONS: Submit detailed landscape plans with engineering drawings

NOT APPROVED

APPROVED RESUBMIT Step 4 CONSTRUCTION Lodge any bond for outstanding landscape works within proposed public areas prior to release of linen plan if required

Step 5

Submit landscape practical completion report prior to prior to occupation

Step 6

Submit a landscape establishment report at end of nominated maintenance period

RELEASE OF BOND ON LANDSCAPE WORKS

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Appendix 2 Schedule of Landscape Categories for Development types

DEVELOPMENT TYPES Dwelling houses Small alterations or additions Change of existing premises Exhibition homes Dual occupancies Rural dwellings Advertising signs Attached dwellings Cluster housing Low rise residential flats Industrial development Special uses eg schools, churches and hospitals Commercial development Residential subdivision Rural/residential subdivision Industrial subdivision Designated development Development in or adjacent to Open Space or historically, visually or ecologically sensitive areas. Note: * indicates small scale developments that could be considered significant because of there nature or where they occur. 3 - 10 3 - 10 3 - 10 < $2 million < $2 million < $2 million < 20 lots < 20 lots < 10 lots LANDSCAPE CATEGORY 1 LANDSCAPE CATEGORY 2 * * * * * * * > 10 > 10 > 10 > $2 million > $2 million > $2 million > 20 lots > 20 lots > 10 lots LANDSCAPE CATEGORY 3

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Appendix 3 Checklist for Landscape Plan Preparation

Checklist for Subdivision Applications
To assist in the preparation of a Landscape Plan at subdivision application stage the following checklist should be used to ensure all items are shown on the plan. 1. Existing Site Site location Boundaries Boundary dimensions Site area Existing vegetation and soils (including description of groundcover) Water elements (eg creeks, rivers, swamps) Heritage elements Adjacent existing landuses Other landscape features (eg cliffs, quarries, sand dunes, riverbanks etc) Contours or spot levels across the whole site Location and uses of existing buildings Location and types of services to and across the site Photographs and photo panoramas should be included for major projects 2. Proposed Development Existing vegetation to be retained Proposed lot layout and new boundaries Proposed roads, driveways and parking areas Proposed open space network, links to other facilities and services Proposed drainage systems: detention basins, channels etc Proposed contours or spot levels Indicative cross sections through the site showing existing and final landform Proposed planting principles: street tree themes, wildlife corridors, buffer planting, aboreal screens, noise reductions, fire hazard reductions Proposed maintenance requirements eg high, medium, low areas Proposed pedestrian access eg footpaths, walking tracks, cycleways Proposed services and easements describing type of utility Hazard reduction requirements, if applicable Attach a copy of the erosion and sedimentation control plan, if applicable For major projects, additional information could include models, persepctives and aerial photographs 3. Information to be included on the Site Plan Site address Applicants name, address and contact number Consultants name, address and contact number Project title

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Landscaping Scale of drawing (use only standard metric scale eg 1:500, 1:200 etc) North point Date of drawing Plan reference number 3 copies submitted to Council

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Checklist for Development Applications

To assist in the preparation of a Landscape Plan at development application stage the following checklist should be used to ensure all items are shown on the plan. 1. Existing Site Site location Boundaries and boundary dimensions Site area Existing vegetation and soils (including description of groundcover) Water elements (eg creeks, rivers, swamps) Heritage elements Adjacent existing landuses Other landscape features (eg cliffs, quarries, sand dunes, riverbanks etc) Contours or spot levels across the whole site Location and uses of existing buildings Location and types of services to and across the site Photographs and photo panoramas should be included for major projects 2. Proposed Development Proposed new buildings and boundaries Proposed open space & uses eg passive or recreation, informal areas Proposed drainage systems: detention basins, channels etc Proposed finished levels and extent of cut/fill eg contours or spot levels Indicative cross sections through the site showing existing and final landform Existing trees to be retained Proposed planting principles: street tree themes, wildlife corridors, buffer planting, aboreal screens, indicative species, locations etc Proposed retaining walls, fences with indicative height, material, including privacy screens, courtyard walls Proposed maintenance requirements eg high, medium, low areas Proposed pedestrian access eg footpaths, walking tracks, cycleways Proposed surface treatments (turf, paving, planted areas, water elements) Proposed bank stabilisation, including batters Proposed services and easements describing type of utility Hazard reduction requirements, if applicable Proposed roads, driveways and parking areas Attach a copy of the erosion and sedimentation control plan, if applicable For major projects, additional information could include models, perspectives and aerial photographs

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Landscaping 3. Information to be included on Site Plan Site address Applicants name, address and contact number Consultants name, address and contact number Project title Scale of drawing (use only standard metric scale eg 1:500, 1:200 etc) North point Date of drawing Plan reference number 3 copies submitted to Council

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Checklist for Construction Certificate Application.

To assist in the preparation of a Landscape Plan at Construction Certificate application stage the following checklist should be used to ensure all items are shown on the plan. 1. Existing Site Site location Boundaries and boundary dimensions Site area Existing vegetation and soils (including description of groundcover) Water elements (eg creeks, rivers, swamps) Heritage elements Other landscape features (eg cliffs, rock outcrops, sand dunes, river banks) Contours or spot levels across the whole site Location and uses of existing buildings Location and uses of existing buildings on adjoining sites Location and types of services to and across the site Photographs and photo panoramas should be included for major projects 2. Proposed Development Location of new buildings Form, scale, finishes of new buildings Extent of site disturbance including to adjacent sites Proposed finished levels eg contours or spot levels Proposed extent of cut/fill and methods of bank stabilisation Existing trees to be retained and methods of protection Proposed planting indicating: location, species, numbers and container sizes Planting details as sections indicating method of planting, depth of topsoil, mulch type, staking Proposed external surface treatments (turf, paving, massed planted areas, water elements) nominate surfaces of all paved areas Proposed roads, driveways and parking areas Fences, retaining walls and privacy screens nominate type and material Proposed services and easements describing type of utility Watering system and hosecock location Construction details Technical specification including nominated maintenance period 3. Information to be included on Site Plan Site address Applicants name, address and contact number Consultants name, address and contact number Project title Scale of drawing (use only standard metric scale eg 1:500, 1:200 etc) North point

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Landscaping Date of drawing Plan reference number 3 copies submitted to Council

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Appendix 4 Noxious Plants in the Lower Hunter and Central Coast (as recommended by NSW Agriculture)
BOTANICAL NAME Whole of State Alternanthera philoxeroides Salvinia molesta Eichhornia crassipes Lagarosiphon major Pistia stratiotes Xanthium spp. Rubus (fruticosus agg.) spp. Erythroxylum coca Sorghum halepense Sorghum x almum Cannabis sativa Prosopis spp. Carduus nutans Papaver somniferum Parthenium hysterophorus Nassella trichotoma Cenchrus incertus, C. longispinus Hypericum perforatum Cuscuta spp. Lycium ferocissimum Solanum elaeagnifolium Gymnocoronis spilanthoides Cortaderia selloana Toxicodendron succedaneum Newcastle City Echium spp. Homeria spp. Cestrum parqui Ageratina adenophora Ageratina riparia Emex australis COMMON NAME Alligator Weed Salvinia Water Hyacinth Lagarosiphon Water Lettuce Bathurst, Noogoora, Cockle, Californian Burrs Blackberry Coca leaf Johnson Grass Columbus Grass Indian Hemp Mesquite Nodding Thistle Opium Poppy Parthenium Weed Serrated Tussock Spiny Burrgrass St. Johns Wort Dodder African Boxthorn Silver-leaved, Nightshade Temple Plant Pampas Grass Rhus tree Patersons Curse/Vipers Bugloss, Italian Bugloss Cape Tulips Green Cestrum Crofton Weed Mistflower Spiny Emex

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Appendix 5 Major Construction Impacts and Methods to Minimise Tree Damage

IMPACT OF TREE Root loss CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY Stripping site of organic surface soil during mass grading. METHODS TO MINIMISE TREE DAMAGE Restrict stripping of topsoil around trees. Any woody vegetation to be removed adjacent to trees should be cut at ground level and not pulled out by equipment, or root injury to remaining trees may result. Use retaining walls with discontinuous footings to maintain natural grade as far as possible from trees. Excavate to finish grade by hand and cut exposed roots with a saw to avoid root wrenching and shattering by equipment, or cut with root pruning equipment. Spoil behind cut face can be removed by equipment sitting outside the dripline of the tree. Use paving materials requiring a minimum amount of excavation (eg reinforced concrete instead of asphalt). Design traffic patterns to avoid heaving loads adjacent to trees (heavy load bearing pavements require thicker base material and subgrade compaction). Specify minimum subgrade compaction under pavement within dripline (extra reinforcement in concrete or geotextile under asphalt may be needed). Design walls/structures with discontinuous footings, pier foundations. Excavate by hand. Avoid slab foundations, post and beam footings. Co-ordinate utility trench locations with installation contractors. Consolidate utility trenches. Excavate trenches by hand in areas with roots larger than 25mm in diameter. Tunnel under woody roots rather than cutting them. Fence trees to enclose low branches and protect trunk. Report all damage promptly so arborist can treat appropriately. Prune to minimum height required prior to construction. Consider minimum height requirements of construction equipment and emergency vehicles over roads. All pruning should be performed by an arborist, not by construction personnel. Fence trees to keep traffic and storage out of root area. In areas of engineered fills, specify minimum compaction (usually 85%) if fill will not support a structure. Provide a storage yard and traffic areas for construction activity well away from trees. Protect soil surface from traffic compaction with thick mulch. Post notices on fences prohibiting dumping and disposal of waste around trees. Require immediate cleanup of accidental spills. Use herbicides safe for use around existing

Lowering grade, scarifying, preparing subgrade for fills and structures.

Subgrade preparation for pavement.

Excavations for footings, wall foundations. Trenching for utilities, drainage.

Wounding top of tree

Injury from equipment

Pruning for vertical clearance for building, traffic and construction equipment.

Unfavourable conditions for root growth, chronic stress from reduced root systems.

Compacted soils.

Spills, waste disposal (eg paint, oil, fuel). Soil sterilants (herbicides)

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vegetation and follow directions on the label. Utilise pervious paving materials (eg interlocking blocks set on sand). Install aeration vents in impervious paving. In some cases it may be possible to design systems to allow low flows through normal stream alignments and provide bypass into storm drains for peak flow conditions, (usually flood control and engineering specifications are not flexible where the possibility of flooding occurs). Provide supplemental irrigation in similar volumes and seasonal distribution as would normally occur. Fills placed across drainage courses must have culverts placed at the bottom of the low flow so that water is not backed up before rising to the elevation of the culvert. Study the geotechnical report for ground water characteristics to see that walls and fills will not intecept underground flow. Where surface grades are to be modified, make sure that water will flow away from the trunk, ie that the trunk is not at the lowest point. If the tree is placed in a well, drainage must be provided from the bottom of the well. Compacted soils have few macropores and many micropores. Core vent to improve drainage. Some species cannot tolerate frequent irrigation required to maintain lawns, flowers and other shallow rooted plants. Avoid landscaping under those trees, or utilise plants that do not require irrigation. Preserve species that perform poorly in single stands as groups or clusters of trees. Maintain the natural undergrowth. Minimise use of hard surfaces around trees. Monitor soil moisture needs where water use is expected to increase. Avoid severe pruning where previously shaded bark would be exposed to sun. Where pruning is unavoidable, provide protection to bark from sun.

Excess soil moisture

Underground flow backup, raising water table.

Lack of surface drainage away from tree.

Compacted soils, irrigation of exotic landscapes.

Increase exposure

Thinning stands, removal of undergrowth. Reflected heat from surrounding hard surfaces. Pruning

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