Chapter 2 Shell Momentum Balances and Chapter 2.

Shell Momentum Balances and

Velocity Distributions in Laminar Flow
Shell momentum balances and boundary
conditions
Flow of a falling film Flow of a falling film
Flow through a circular tube
Flow through an annulus
Flow of two adjacent immiscible fluids Flow of two adjacent immiscible fluids
Creeping flow around a sphere
1
Sh ll t b l d l it Shell momentum balances and velocity
distributions in laminar flow
Laminar and turbulent flow
2
2 1 Sh ll t b l d 2.1 Shell momentum balances and
Boundary conditions y
transport convective by
out momentum of rate
transport convective by
in momentum of rate
+
(

out momentum of rate in momentum of rate

p y p y
+
(
(

(
(

+
(

| | 0 t ti it f f
transport molecular by transport molecular by
+
(

+
3
| | 0 system on acting gravity of force = +
Boundary conditions Boundary conditions
At solid-fluid interfaces:
No-slip condition.
fluid solid
V V =
No slip condition.
At a liquid-liquid interfacial plane of constant
x:
Continuous tangential velocity:
z y
v and v
Continuous stress tensor components:
xz xy xx
, , p t t t +
At a liquid-gas interfacial plane of constant x:
0
4
0
xz xy
= t = t
2.2 Flow of a falling film
5
A ti Assumptions
Constant viscosity and density
L i fl Laminar flow
Far from the ends of the wall (no end (
effects)
Velocities:
) x ( v v
z z
=
Velocities:
0 v v
y x
= =
B d diti
0 v x at
0 , 0 x at
z
xz
= o =
= t =
6
Boundary conditions
Th h ll The shell
where
vv p vv
where
+ t + o = + t = |
7
Shell balance Shell balance
in momentum - z of rate
( )| A =
=
out momentum - z of rate
x W 0, z at surface across
0 z
zz
( )| A =
=
x W , L z at surface across
L z
zz
( )| LW x, at surface across
in momentum - z of rate
xz
( )
( )| A +
|
LW z x at surface across
out momentum - z of rate
LW x, at surface across
x
xz
( )| A +
A +
fluid on acting forces gravity
LW z, x at surface across
x x
xz
8
( ) | A cos g x LW direction, - z the in
fluid on acting forces gravity
Balance Balance
Introducing the z-momentum balance
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 0 LW
x W LW
L z
zz
z
zz
x x
xz
x
xz
| A
| | A + | |
= A +
Di idi b LWA
( ) 0 cos p x LW = | A +
Dividing by LWAx
| =
| |

A
| |
= = A + = =
cos g
L x
L z
zz
0 z
zz
x x x
xz
x x
xz
9
Diff ti l ti Differential equation
Applying the limit
| =
t
cos g
d
d
xz
0 x A
By integrating
| g
dx
( ) C x cos g + | = t
0 x A
U i BC1
( )
0 , 0 x at
C x cos g
xz
1 xz
= t =
+ | = t
Using BC1:
Introducing the Newtons
( ) x cos g
,
xz
xz
| = t
g
law of viscosity
d
dv
z
xz
= t
10
dx
V l i di ib i Velocity distribution
Differential equation
|
.
|

\
| |
=
z
x
cos g dv
Integrating | | |
|
.

\

cos g
dx
Integrating
+ |
.
|

\
|

|
=
2
2
z
C x
2
cos g
v
BC2 = o =
z
0 v , x at
Velocity distribution
(

|
.
|

\
|
o

|
|
.
|

\
|

| o
=
2
2
z
x
1
2
cos g
v
11
y

. \
o
. \
2
Results
12
Other calculations
The maximum
2
z
cos g
v
|
|
|

| | o
=
velocity
W
z
2
v
|
|
.

\

o
The average
l i
W
0 0
z
2
dxdy v
} }
o
velocity
max , z
W
0 0
z
v
3
2
dxdy
v = =
} }
o
0 0
y
} }
13
Other calculations
Mass rate of flow
| o
= =
} }
o
cos gW
dxdy v w
3 2
W
z

} }
3
y
0 0
z
( )
} }
L W
Force (z-direction)
( ) t =
} }
o =
dz dy F
L W
0 0
x
xz z
exerted by the fluid
on the wall
|
.
|

\
|
=
} }
o =
dz dy
dx
dv
L W
x
z
on the wall
| o =
. \ o =
cos LW g
0 0
x
14
| g
More
Reynolds number

o
=
z
v 4
Re
Laminar flow, negligible
rippling

20 Re <
pp g
Laminar flow pronounced
1500 Re 20 < <
Laminar flow, pronounced
rippling
1500 Re 20 < <
Turbulent flow
1500 Re >
15
2 4 Flow through an annulus 2.4 Flow through an annulus
S d i l Steady-state axial
flow between two
coaxial cylinders
Incompressible fluid Incompressible fluid
Flowing upward
BC BC:
( ) 0 R v
z
= k ( )
( ) 0 R v
z
z
=
16
Equations Equations
M t b l thi k li d i l Momentum balance over a think cylindrical
shell
( )
( ) ( )
L
P P
L
L g p 0 g p
r
dr
d
L 0 0 0
rz
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
= t
g p P
L L dr
+ =
. \ . \
Integrating
r
C
r
L 2
P P
1 L 0
rz
+
|
.
|

\
|

= t
C
1
cannot be determined immediately
r L 2
. \
17
Solving equations Solving equations
Substituting the Newtons Law and Substituting the Newton s Law and
integrating
( )
2 1
2
L 0
z
C r Ln C r
L 4
P P
v + +
|
.
|

\
|

=
Constant are determined using BC:s
L 4
. \
(
(

|
|

|
k
|
|

|
|
|

| R
Ln
1 r
1 R
P P
2
2
2
L 0
( )
(

|
.
|

\
|
k

|
.
|

\
|
|
.

\

=
r
Ln
/ 1 Ln R
1 R
L 4
v
2
L 0
z
18
Other results
Average velocity
(
2
( )
(
(

k
k

k
k
|
.
|

\
|

=
/ 1 Ln
1
1
1
R
L 8
P P
v
2
2
2
4
2
L 0
z
Comparison with flow in a slit
( )
(

k k
. \
/ 1 Ln 1 L 8
Problem 2B.3 and 2B.5
< 2000 Re
Valid for laminar flow
k
=
<
z
v ) 1 ( R 2
Re
2000 Re
19

2 5 Fl f t dj t i i ibl 2.5 Flow of two adjacent immiscible

fluids
20
2.6 Creeping flow around a sphere 2.6 Creeping flow around a sphere
21
Di i i i lt Discussion using given results
u
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=

Cos
R
2
1 R
2
3
1 v v
3
r (

. \ . \
r 2 r 2
= u
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
| u
0 v Sin
R
4
1 R
4
3
1 v v
3
(

|
.

\
|
.

\
| u
r 4 r 4
u
|
.
|

\
|

=

Cos
R
R
v
2
3
gz p p
2
0
22
|
.

r R 2
g p p
0
C t f th t t Components of the stress tensor
Using Table B.1
u
(
(

|
|

|
|
|

C
R R v 3
4 2
u
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

= t = t = t

|| uu
Cos
r r R
rr
|
|

|
R v 3
4
u
|
.
|

\
|

= t = t

u u
Sin
r
R
R
v
2
3
r r
23
Normal Force Normal Force
( ) ( ) d d Sin R Cos p F
2
2
) n (
t t
| u u u t + =
} }
( ) ( ) d d Sin R Cos p F
0 0
R r
rr
=
| u u u t + =
} }
Rv 2 g R
4
F
3 ) n (
t + t =
form Bouyant
Rv 2 g R
3
F

t + t =
drag force
form Bouyant
24
Tangential Force
( ) ( ) d d Sin R Sin p F
2
2
R r
r
) t (
t t
=
u
| u u u t + =
} }
( ) ( ) p
0 0
R r
r
=
u
|
} }
drag Friction Rv 4 F
) t (

t =
25
Total Forces Total Forces
4
3 ) t ( ) n (

t + t + t = + =
friction form Bouyant
Rv 4 Rv 2 g R
3
4
F F F
3 ) t ( ) n (
drag drag force
friction form Bouyant

t + t = + = Rv 6 g R
3
4
F F F
3
k b
f f
Kinetic Bouyant
3
force force
26

t = Rv 6 F : law s ' Stoke

k