UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

GCE Ordinary Level

MARK SCHEME for the November 2004 question paper

2059 PAKISTAN STUDIES

2059/01 Paper 1 (History and Culture of Pakistan), maximum mark 75

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks.
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marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark scheme that arose from these discussions
will be recorded in the published Report on the Examination.

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candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills
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schemes.

CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the November 2004 question papers for most IGCSE and
GCE Advanced and Ordinary Level syllabuses.
November 2004

GCE O LEVEL

MARK SCHEME

MAXIMUM MARK: 75

SYLLABUS/COMPONENT: 2059/01

PAKISTAN STUDIES
History and Culture of Pakistan
 Page 1 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
PAKISTAN STUDIES – NOVEMBER 2004 2059 1

1 (a) (i) Who led the first major invasion of the Mughal Empire from Persia in 1738?

(ii) In which year did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan write his work Athar-ul-Sanadeed?

(iii) With which group of people did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan argue regarding the
acceptance of western science within the Islamic faith?

(iv) Name the battle fought in the Sub-Continent in 1764.

(i) Nadir Shah 1

(ii) 1846 1

(iii) Ulema 1

(iv) Buxar 1

(b) Why were the British able to replace the Mughals as the dominant force in the
Sub-Continent by 1850?

LEVEL 1 Simplistic statement 1

They were stronger

LEVEL 2 Identifies reasons 2-4

They had superior weapons and were better organised

LEVEL 3 Explains reasons 5-7

The British were already becoming well established in the Sub-Continent

and had gained much territory and so were well placed to take over from
the Mughals. Due to the Industrial Revolution Britain had been able to
stockpile weapons which were of superior quality to any of those which
the Indians had. Also the troops were better disciplined, trained and
organised and were able to establish their superiority without much
opposition.

(c) How important was Shah Wali Ullah in the spread of Islam in the Sub-Continent
before 1850? Explain your answer.

LEVEL 1 Simplistic statement. 1-2

He was very important to the spread of Islam

LEVEL 2 Description of Shah Wali Ullah's work or that of others 3-6

SWU taught at the Madrassa in Delhi, spent some time in Medina and
wrote a number of books. SA was a follower of Shah Abdul Aziz and
founded the Jihad Movement. He attacked Sikh forces capturing
Peshawar. HSU established the Faraizi Movement.

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005

 Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
PAKISTAN STUDIES – NOVEMBER 2004 2059 1

LEVEL 3 Explains importance of his work/disagrees explains importance of one

other 7-10

LEVEL 4 Explains importance of work of a number of people (to include SWU for
maximum marks) 8-13

SWU felt that the Muslims faced many problems because of their
ignorance about Islam and the Holy Quran. He encouraged them to
concentrate on Quranic teachings and helped them by translating the
Holy Quran into Persian which was the main language of the Muslims at
that time. His books were designed to spread the principles of Islam
amongst the Muslims. However he was not the only one who was
important in the spread of Islam at this time. SASB spread Islam through
the Jihad Movement, which was to become an armed struggle to liberate
the Punjab and the NWF from Sikh rule largely because Muslims were
banned from prayer and had to undergo many humiliations, which made it
difficult to practise their religion. HSU spread Islam through the Faraizi
Movement which insisted that Muslims should perform their faraiz
(religious obligations). This alarmed the Hindu landlords who were
unhappy with the Muslim practices. A huge group of followers grew which
were called ‘Faraizis’.

LEVEL 5 As Level 4 - also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14

2 (a) (i) Which division of Bengal was merged with Dhaka, Chittagong and
Myemsingh to form East Bengal in 1905?

(ii) For which event did Muslim delegates meet in Dhaka in 1906?

(iii) Name the king who announced the reversal of the partition of Bengal in
1911.

(iv) Who suggested that the capital of the British Indian Empire be moved to
Calcutta?

(i) Assam 1

(ii) Mohammadan Educational Conference 1

(iii) George V 1

(iv) Sir John Jenkins 1

(b) Why did the Congress Party oppose the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1906?

LEVEL 1 Simplistic statement 1

They were against them

LEVEL 2 Identifies reasons 2-4

Because of separate electorates and lack of self rule

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Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
PAKISTAN STUDIES – NOVEMBER 2004 2059 1

LEVEL 3 Explains reasons 5-7

The British intended that the Indians could voice their opinions in the
Councils but the Hindus wanted more responsibility which the
government were not prepared to give. This annoyed the Hindus who
were looking towards self-rule. The British accepted the right of Muslims
to have separate electorates which also annoyed the Hindus who saw it
as a concession too far. Again self-rule was the goal for the whole country
with the Hindus as the dominant force. The Hindus also resented the
relative high position of Muslims in the Councils despite their much
smaller numbers.

(c) "The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was the only beacon of hope for Hindu-Muslim
unity between 1914 and 1930." Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.

LEVEL 1 Simplistic statement 1-2

LEVEL 2 Description of Lucknow Pact or others 3-6

The Lucknow Pact was an agreement on a plan of constitutional reforms

reached between Congress and the ML. The MC Reforms established
legislative councils in the provinces with a system of dyarchy. The Nehru
Report looked to dominion status and no need for separate electorates.

LEVEL 3 Explains one factor 7-10

LEVEL 4 Explains at least two factors. LP to be included for maximum marks 8-13

The LP was an agreement on a scheme of constitutional reforms reached

between Congress and the ML. Both realised that co-operation was the
only way to get the British government to agree to self-rule. For the first
time Hindus acknowledged that Muslims had the right to a separate
electorate and was therefore seen as a beacon of hope for the future. The
MC Reforms continued this hope by establishing legislative councils in
the provinces with a system of dyarchy. It was the first time that
government had mentioned the possibility of self-rule in all internal
matters. The Reforms disappointed Congress and ML as both had hoped
for more concessions. Relations between the two remained cordial since
self-rule was still their aim and could only be achieved through co-
operation. However the Nehru Report ended this hope. It was produced in
response to demands for future constitutional reforms and the committee,
which drew it up, had minimal Muslim representation. It reported on the
future of the sub-Continent by looking to dominion status with no need for
separate electorates. This totally alienated the Muslims and marked the
end of any future co-operation between them and the Congress. However
Jinnah made one final attempt to preserve the relationship in his 14
Points of 1929 in which he proposed three amendments to the report.
These proposals were met with refusal and marked what he called – the
parting of the ways.

LEVEL 5 As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation 14

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005

 Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
PAKISTAN STUDIES – NOVEMBER 2004 2059 1

3 (a) (i) Who represented Muslims at the Third Round Table Conference in 1932?

(ii) Who became President of the Muslim League in 1934?

(iii) Who launched the ‘Basic Education’ scheme between 1937 and 1939?

(iv) Who was Prime Minister of Bengal in 1940?

(i) Aga Khan 1

(ii) Jinnah 1

(iii) Gandhi 1

(iv) Fazl-ul-Haq 1

(b) Why did the Cripps Mission of 1942 fail?

LEVEL 1 Simplistic answer 1

The Cripps Mission had no success/Describe the Mission.

LEVEL 2 Identifies reasons 2-4

The Muslims and Hindus opposed it.

LEVEL 3 Explains reasons. 5-7

The Muslims rejected the plan because the British would not agree to
Partition and the Congress Party wanted immediate and full control over
the central government. The British were also negotiating from a weak
position which the Congress Party exploited by demanding Britain leave
the sub-continent immediately.

(c) How important was the development of regional languages to Pakistan

between 1947 and 1988? Explain your answer.

LEVEL 1 Simplistic statement 1-2

LEVEL 2 Description of development of regional languages 3-6

Pushto is spoken in the NWFP. Sindhi is the second major language

spoken in Pakistan.

LEVEL 3 Explains importance of one regional language or that of Urdu as a 7-10

unifying language

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005

 Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
PAKISTAN STUDIES – NOVEMBER 2004 2059 1

LEVEL 4 Explains the importance of several regional languages and may state the
case of Urdu 8-13

Punjabi is the regional language of the Punjab. The Government have

ensured its development by giving support to those institutions who are
using it. They have also taken steps to promote the Sindhi language by
establishing the Sindhi Literary Board in 1948 which has printed many
books and magazines in the language. The Baluchi language has also
been promoted by its broadcasting on the radio. The establishment of the
Quetta Television Station has also helped to promote it. Pushto literature
was boosted after Independence since the poets had contributed a great
deal to the freedom struggle. However the promotion of regional
languages has not been as important as that of Urdu. It carries immense
importance for all Pakistanis since it has been considered to be the
language of all Muslims for 300 years. It was the language associated
with the Pakistani Movement throughout its struggle with the British and
the Hindus. After Independence it was felt that the language was the
uniting force behind the nation and the government is committed to using
at all levels in society.

LEVEL 5 As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation 14

4 (a) (i) Who was appointed Chairman of the Boundary Commission in 1947?

(ii) What position did Liaquat Ali Khan hold in Pakistan's first government of
1947?

(iii) What position did the Quaid - e-Azam hold in an attempt to help the
religious minorities in Pakistan?

(iv) In 1955 which court decided that Ghulam Muhammad's declaration of a

state of emergency was illegal?

(i) Radcliffe 1

(ii) Prime Minister 1

(iii) Protector-General 1

(iv) Sindh 1

(b) Why was Martial Law declared in 1958?

LEVEL 1 Simplistic statement 1

The government was corrupt.

LEVEL 2 Identifies reasons 2-4

There were too many Prime Ministers between 1956 and 1958. The army
wanted to take control.

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
PAKISTAN STUDIES – NOVEMBER 2004 2059 1

LEVEL 3 Explains reasons 5-7

There were a number of Prime Ministers between 1956 and 1958 and it
reached a stage when Ayub Khan achieved that status that he felt the
army should take control until stability had been restored and questions
answered. East Pakistan's politicians wanted more say in the running of
the central government which increased tension.

(c) How successfully did India and Pakistan handle the Kashmir issue between
1947 and 1988?

LEVEL 1 Simplistic statement 1-2

They did not

LEVEL 2 Description of events between 1947 and 1948 3-6

The Kashmir issue became a problem on partition because it had a Hindu

ruler of a population which was mainly Muslim.

LEVEL 3 Explains successes 7-10

OR

Explains failures

LEVEL 4 Explains successes and failures 8-13

Successes

A cease-fire was arranged in January 1948 leaving Kashmir divided

between India and Pakistan. India promises to hold a plebiscite in
Kashmir to determine its future.

Failures

War has broken out on at least 2 occasions between the 2 countries.

Plebiscite still not been held. Continues to be a source of conflict between
the two nations.

LEVEL 5 As Level 4 - also produces a judgement or evaluation. 14

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005

 Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
PAKISTAN STUDIES – NOVEMBER 2004 2059 1

5 (a) (i) Who was the President of Pakistan in 1972?

(ii) What did Z.A. Bhutto found in 1972 to function as Pakistan's internal
security agency?

(iii) In which year did the Soviet Union send troops into Afghanistan?

(iv) From where was Zia-ul-Haq flying when his aeroplane was blown up in
1988?

(i) Chaudri Fazal Elahi 1

(ii) Federal Security Force 1

(iii) 1979 1

(iv) Bahawalpur, Punjab 1

(b) Why did Pakistan face so many problems in the provision of education
between 1947 and 1988?

LEVEL 1 Simplistic answer 1

Education is poor

LEVEL 2 Identifies reasons 2-4

They have many illiterate people. Money is spent on the armed forces

LEVEL 3 Explains reasons 5-7

Some 70% of the population are illiterate and many children simply do not
go to school at all. An illiterate society means a poor economy and a
poorly educated workforce.The major problem is the lack of government
investment. This is because the military expenditure is excessively high for
a country such as Pakistan and therefore there is little room for spending
on education. Education is expensive in Pakistan. Children are expected to
buy their own books and many children drop out of schools.

(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Afghanistan between
1947 and 1988?

LEVEL 1 Simplistic statement 1-2

Not very successful

LEVEL 2 Description of relationship between 1947 and 1988 3-6

Diplomatic relations started in 1948. Visits by the leaders of the 2

countries have undertaken since then.

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Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
PAKISTAN STUDIES – NOVEMBER 2004 2059 1

LEVEL 3 Explains successes 7-10

OR

Explains failures

LEVEL 4 Explains both 8-13

Successes

Leaders of the 2 countries have visited each other which has helped to
improve relationships between them. Zahir Shah wanted to be friendly
with Pakistan and during the 1965 War remained neutral despite pressure
from India and Russia.

Failures

Afghanistan has violated a trade agreement on several occasions.

Diplomatic relations have been severed due to hostility between the two
countries but later renewed. During the Afghan - Russian War,
Afghanistan violated Pakistan airspace and bombed Pakistani areas.

LEVEL 5 As Level 4 - also produces a judgement or evaluation 14

© University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005