Suggested solutions MaC3NVC08 K3 Curves, Stationary Point

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CHAPTER TEST: Ch 3 Curves and their stationary points MATHEMATICS COURSE C Fall 2009-Spring 2010: MaCNVC08 Instructions Test period Tools 8:30-11:30 Wednesday Feb 10, 2010 Formula sheet, ruler, your own personalized mathematics concept-formula booklet, and graphic calculator. The mathematics concept-formula booklet must be submitted along the test. The suggested solutions to the test will be handed out at 11:30 and will be published in our home page soon after. For most items a single answer is not enough. It is also expected that you write down what you do that you explain/motivate your reasoning that you draw any necessary illustrations. After every item is given the maximum mark your solution can receive. [2/3] means that the item can give 2 g-points (Pass level) and 3 vg-points (Pass with distinction level). Items marked with give you a possibility to show MVG-quality (Pass with special distinction quality). This means that you use generalised methods, models and reasoning, that you analyse your results and account for a clear line of thought in a correct mathematical language. Try all of the problems. It can be relatively easy, even towards the end of the test, to receive some points for partial solutions. A positive evaluation can be given even for unfinished solutions. Mark limits The test gives totally at the most 44 points, out of which 24 vg-points and 4 MVG-pints. To pass the test you must have at least 14 points. To get the test character Pass with distinction (VG) you must have at least 29 points, of which at least 8 points must be VG-points. Pass with distinction level Excellence (MVG) requires at least 33 points out of which at least 16 VG points and excellent quality presentation of the solutions . Class-School: NVC08 Sjdalsgymnasiet
6 2 4 7 0 3 8 2 4 9 Sum Grade Name: St. No.: 2 20 15 min G 4 24 29 min VG at least 8 VG-points 33 min MVG at least 16 VG-points, and

The test

Name: ________________________
1 2i 2 0 2ii 3 0 5 0 3 2 2 4 2 4 5 0 3

G VG MVG G VG MVG

Hopefully you find the problems interesting, challenging and educational. Enjoy solving them. You may start from the last problem, that way you both illustrate depth of your knowledge before getting tired of the elementary problems. Read the problem carefully. Think! Have you understood what the problem is looking for? Read it again. Think! Plan! Estimate! Perform the plan. EVALUATE the results: Check if the results are acceptable and logical.

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Suggested solutions MaC3NVC08 K3 Curves, Stationary Point

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Simple G-level problems: Those of you who have studied in a higher level may go directly to problem number 3 and do first 3-8. Only at the end of the test, if you have any time left, you may come back and answer problems 1 and 2 for just picking up G.points. 1. The function y = ( x 2 )( x + 3) has a local minimum. With the help of differential of the function find the x-coordinate of the local minimum of y = ( x 2 )( x + 3) . [2/0] Suggested solutions: y = ( x 2)(x + 3) = x 2 + x 6 y = 2 x + 1 1 y = 0 2 x + 1 = 0 2 x = 1 x = 2 3 2. The function f ( x ) = 90 + 27 x x is given. 2.i Find the equation of the tangent to the curve f ( x ) = 90 + 27 x x 3 at the point (5, 100 ) . [3/0] 2.ii With the help of differentiation, analytically find the local stationary (extreme) points of the function f ( x ) = 90 + 27 x x 3 . Construct the necessary table to identify these points and hence plot the function and its tangent found above. [5/0] Suggested solutions: 200 2.i The tangent y = k x + m and the y = 48 x + 340
3
150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 x 2 4 6 8 10

function f ( x ) = 90 + 27 x x share, in general two important properties: Slope at the point: i.e. k = f (5) They both pass the point (5, 100 ) . f ( x ) = 90 + 27 x x 3 f ( x ) = 27 3 x 2 The equation of the tangent may be written as: y = k x + m where its slope

f ( x ) = 90 + 27 x x 3

2 at (5, 100 ) is: k = f (5) = 27 3 (5) = 27 75 = 48 y = 48 x + m y = 48 x + m on the other hand must pass through the point (5, 100 ) , Therefore the coordinates of the point must satisfy the equation of the line: y = 48 x + m 100 = 48 (5) + m 100 = 240 + m m = 100 + 240 = 340

Answer: The equation of the tangent to the curve f ( x ) = 90 + 27 x x 3 at the point (5, 100 ) is y = 48 x + 340 . 2.ii At the stationary (local extreme) points of the function: f ( x ) = 0 27 f ( x ) = 0 27 3 x 2 = 0 3 x 2 = 27 x 2 = x 2 = 9 x = 3 3

x
y = 4

9 x2 9 y = 4x + x

4 _

x1 = 3 0

0 +

x2 = 3 0

5 _

Local minimum

Local maximum 2/14

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Suggested solutions MaC3NVC08 K3 Curves, Stationary Point

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3. The figure below illustrates the curve of the derivative of the function f (x ) . Mark on the figure clearly all local extreme (stationary) points of the function f ( x ) . Name the point max if it is a local maximum of f (x ) , name it min if it is a local minimum of the function f (x ) , and name it inflexion if the point is the local inflexion point (terrasspunkt: terrace point). Why? Explain using the necessary table construction. [2/2]
400 300 200 100 f'(x) 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -4 -3 -2 -1 x 0 1 2 3

f ( x )

Suggested Solutions:
900

600 f'(x) , f(x)

f (x )

f (x )

300

inflexion

max
-300 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 x 1 2 3 4

The function f (x ) has a local minimum at x = 2.24 . This is due to the fact that f (2.24 ) = 0 , f (2 ) > 0 , and f (2.5) < 0 . The function f (x ) has a inflexion point minimum at x = 2 . This is due to the fact that f ( 2 ) = 0 , f ( 3) > 0 , and f ( 3) < 0 .

x f ( x ) f (x )

-3 +

-2 0 Inflexion (terrass)

-1 +

2 +

2.24 0 Maximum

2.5 -

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Suggested solutions MaC3NVC08 K3 Curves, Stationary Point 4. The function f ( x ) =

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6 is given. [2/4] x 4.i Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at point P whose coordinates are 2 6 a , . a 4.ii Find the x-intercept of the tangent found above. 4.iii Assume a reasonable number for a , plot the function and its tangent. 6 6 at a 2 , 4.iv The tangent to the curve f ( x ) = makes a right-angle triangle with a x x and y-axis. Find the area of the triangle. Suggested solutions: 6 share, in general 4.i The tangent y = k x + m and the function f ( x ) = x two important properties: 6 2 Slope at the point a 2 , , i.e. k = f a a 6 They both pass the point a 2 , . a 1 3 1 3 6 1 1 f (x ) = = 6 x 2 f ( x ) = 6 x 2 = 3 x 2 = x x x 2 The equation of the tangent may be written as: y = k x + m where its slope 3 3 3 3 6 2 = 3 = 3 y = 3 x+m at a 2 , is: k = f (a ) = 2 a a a a a2 a

( )

3 6 x + m on the other hand must pass through the point a 2 , , 3 a a Therefore the coordinates of the point must satisfy the equation of the 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 9 line: y = 3 x + m = 3 a 2 + m = + m m = + = a a a a a a a a 6 Answer: The equation of the tangent to the curve f ( x ) = at the point x 3 9 2 6 a , is y = 3 x + . a a a 4.ii The x-intercept of the tangent is: 3 9 3 9 a3 3 9 a3 y =0 3 x+ =0 3 x= 3 x= x = 3 a2 a a a a 3 a a 3 Answer: The tangent to the curve cuts x-axis at x = 3 a 2 y=

( )

4.iii Assuming a = 1 , we may plot f ( x ) =

6 and its tangent y = 3 x + 9 at x (1, 6) . We may realize that the domain of the function is positive real numbers, and y-axis an asymptotic line of the function.

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Suggested solutions MaC3NVC08 K3 Curves, Stationary Point

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20 15 10 5 0 -5 0

f (x ) =

6 x

y=

3 9 x+ a a3

2 x

4.iv Due to the fact that the tangent to the curve y = at y =

3 9 x + cuts y-axis 3 a a

9 , and x-axis at x = 3 a 2 , the area of the bounded right-triangle a 9 is: A(a ) = 3a 2 = 27 a a

5 Number of salmonella bacteria in a food-test culture grows exponentially, and its doubling time depends on the temperature. At a given temperature, number of bacteria in the culture doubles every hour. Calculate how fast the bacteria culture is growing 15 min after the point where the number of bacteria in the culture is one million. [0/3]
Suggested Solutions: Lets assume number of bacteria as a function of time can be represented by the exponential model N (t ) = N 0 a t , where N 0 is the initial numbers of the bacteria in the culture, a is the rate of its growth, and t represents time in hours. Using the fact that the doubling time is one hour: N (t ) = N 0 a t N 0 a1 = 2 N 0 a = 2 . Therefore, the formula may be written as N (t ) = N 0 2 t . The rate the bacteria grows is also function of time, and its is the time derivative of the number of bacteria, i.e.: N (t ) = N 0 2 t N (t ) = N 0 2 t ln 2 Considering the fact that t = 15 min = 0.25 h : N (t ) = N 0 2 t ln 2 N (0.15 ) = 10 6 2 0.25 ln 2 = 8.2 10 5 bacteria / h

Answer: The bacteria culture is growing at the rate of N (0.15) = 8.2 105 bacteria / h 15 min after their number passed one million!

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Suggested solutions MaC3NVC08 K3 Curves, Stationary Point

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When evaluating your work, in problems 6-8 I will take into consideration: how well you perform your investigation. how relevant, clear and complete your solutions are. how generalized your solutions are. if your calculations are correct. how well you analyze and evaluate your results.

60 and plot it with help of differentiation. Does the x function have any asymptotic line(s) or curves? Explain in sufficient details your reasoning. Your solutions must include domain and range of the function, differentiation, necessary table, and the asymptotic line(s) or asymptotic curves if any. [2/4/] Suggested Solutions: Rewrite the function: 1 3 1 3 1 60 60 f (x ) = 5 x x + 0 = 5 x x 2 + 1 = 5 x 2 + 60 x 2 f ( x ) = 5 x 2 + 60 x 2 x x2 1 3 1 3 3 60 15 f ( x ) = 5 x 2 x 2 = x 2 30 x 2 2 2 2 1 3 1 3 x = 2 15 ( x ) = 0 x 2 30 x 2 = 0 x 2 x 2 4 = 0 x 2 4 = 0 f 2 x = 2 not acceptable 60 f (x ) = 5 x x + is not defined for x < 0 . Therefore, the domain of the function is all x positive real numbers, i.e.: x > 0 . The range of the function is also all positive real numbers, i.e. f ( x ) > 0 . 60 approaches the y-axis, but For small values of x > 0 , the function f ( x ) = 5 x x + x never crosses it. Therefore, y-axis is an asymptotic line of the function. 60 For large values of x > 0 , the function f ( x ) = 5 x x + approaches the curve x y = 5 x x from above, but never crosses it. Therefore, y-axis is an asymptotic line of the function. Construct the table: x 0 1 2 4 f ( x ) Not defined 0 + f (x ) Not defined Minimum
6 Study the function f ( x ) = 5 x x +

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Suggested solutions MaC3NVC08 K3 Curves, Stationary Point

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600 f(x) & its asymptotic curve 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 x 12 14 16 18 20

f ( x ) = 5 x 2 + 60 x

1 2

y = 5 x x

7 Prove analytically that 4 x + Suggested Solutions: 9 y = 4 x + = 4 x + 9 x 1 x 9 y = 4 9 x 2 = 4 2 x

9 12 for x > 0 . Note that only a graph is not sufficient. x [0/3/]

3 3 3 2 x = 0 2 = x x = 2 = 1 .5 9 3 3 y = 0 4 2 = 0 2 2 + = 0 x x x 2 + 3 = 0 3 = 2 x = 3 = 1.5 x x 2 Construct the table:

x
9 y = 4 2 x 9 y = 4x + x

-2 +

-1.5 0 max

-1 -

0 Not defined Not defined

1 -

1.5 0 min

2 +

For small values of 9 x , y = 4x + x approaches the y axis. Therefore y axis is an asymptotic line of the function 9 y = 4x + . x

50 40 30 20 10 0 0

y = 4x +

9 x

y = 12

2 x

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Suggested solutions MaC3NVC08 K3 Curves, Stationary Point For large values of x , y = 4 x +

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9 approaches the y = 4 x . Therefore y = 4 x is an x 9 asymptotic line of the function y = 4 x + . x 9 3 The local minimum of y = 4 x + for x > 0 is at x = and it is: x 2 2 9 3 3 y = 4 + = 6 + 9 = 6 + 6 = 12 . QED 3 2 2 3 2 9 Therefore 4 x + 12 for x > 0 . x
[2/4/] 8 How should the box look like? Your task is to design a storage box with an square base. The box has a lid with an edge of 5.00 cm , as illustrated below. The volume of the storage box is 10.0 liter . Find the dimensions of the box such that the material used in making the box and its cover is as small as possible. If instead you decided to make instead a cylindrical storage box. Calculate the minimum necessary material to make it?

5 cm

h cm

x cm

f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 20 x + 4 x h 10 000 cm in f (x ) results in Substitute h = x2 10 000 40 000 f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 20 x + 4 x = 2 x 2 + 20 x + = 2 x 2 + 20 x + 40 000 x 1 2 x x 2 1 f ( x ) = 2 x + 20 x + 40 000 x

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Suggested Solutions: Lets name the height of the box h cm and the length of each side of the square base x cm . 10 000 cm The volume of the box may be written as: V = x 2 h = 10 000 cm3 h = x2 The total surface area of the box and its lits is f ( x ) = 4 x h + 2 x x + 4 x 5

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Suggested solutions MaC3NVC08 K3 Curves, Stationary Point

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f (x ) = 4 x + 20 40 000 x 2 = 4 x + 20 f ( x ) = 0 4 x + 20

40 000 x2

40 000 = 0 x 3 + 5 x 2 10 000 = 0 2 x 3 2 x + 5 x 10 000 = 0 x 2 ( x + 5) = 20 2 (20 + 5) x = 20.0 cm x = 20.0 cm 10 000 h= cm = 25.0 cm h = 25.0 cm 20 2 Answer: The dimensions of the rectangular box are (20.0 cm ) (20.0 cm ) (25.0 cm ) and the minimum area of the material to build the box is: f (20.0 ) = 3 200 cm 2 = 32.0 dm 2 :
f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 20 x + 4 x h f (20 ) = 2 (20 ) + 20 (20 ) + 4 (20 ) (25) = 3 200 cm 2
2

5000
f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 20 x +

4000 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 5 10 15 20 X

x
40 000 x2 40 000 f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + 20 x + x
x = 10 +

40 000 x

f(X) & f'(X)

f ( x ) = 4 x + 20

40 000 x2

25

30

35

40

f ( x ) = 4 x + 20

x = 20 0

Local minimum

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If instead we chose to design a cylindrical storage box with the volume of 10.0 liter and a cover with 5.00 cm edge, and if we take the radius of its base as r cm and its height as h cm , the area function of the cylindrical box may then be written as:

f (r ) = 2 r 2 + 2 r h + 2 r 5 = 2 r 2 + 10 r + 2 r h

The volume of the cylinder is: V = r 2 h = 10 000 cm3 h =

f (r ) = 2 r 2 + 10 r + 2 r / /

10 000 cm . Therefore r2

10 000 = 2 r 2 + 10 r + 20 000 r 1 / r2 / f (r ) = 4 r + 10 20 000 r 2 f (r ) = 0 4 r + 10 20 000 r 2 = 0 4 r 3 + 10 r 2 20 000 = 0 The graphical solution of the third grade equation is r = 10.8988 cm 10.9 cm . The height 10 000 10 000 of the cylinder is then: h = h 26.8 cm cm = cm = 26.7975 cm 2 r (8.504 )2 The minimum area of the material needed to build the cylindrical storage container is: 10 000 2 f (10.8988) = 2 ((10.8988)) + 10 (10.8988) + 2 2920 cm 2 (10.8988) The minimum total area of the material used to make a cylindrical container with a lid is 2920 cm 2 . The containers volume is 10.0 liter . The radius of the base of the cylinder is r 10.9 cm , and its height is h 26.8 cm .

5 cm

h cm

2 r cm
r
r = 10

f (r ) = 4 r + 10 20 000 r 2 20 000 f (r ) = 2 r 2 + 10 r + r

r 10.9 cm 0

r = 15 _

Local minimum

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5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 -1000 5

f (r ) = 2 r 2 + 10 r +

20 000 r

f(X) [cm3] & f'(X)[cm2]

f (r ) = 4 r + 10 20 000 r 2

10

15 X [cm]

20

25

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Suggested solutions MaC3NVC08 K3 Curves, Stationary Point

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9 The figure below is an illustration of the function f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 [2/4/] a. Find analytically, using differentiations, coordinates of local extreme points of the function, and indicate their nature. b. Study the number of roots of the equation f (x ) = C . i.e. find the range of the real number C such that: i: f ( x ) = C has no real solution. ii: f (x ) = C has only one real solution. iii: f (x ) = C has two different real solutions. iv: f ( x ) = C has three different real solutions. iii: f (x ) = C has four different real solutions.

100 80 60 40 20 f(x) 0 -3 -2 -1 -20 0 -40 -60 -80 -100

f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60

x
Suggested solutions: f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 f ( x ) = 0 local extreme points f ( x ) = 4 x 3 12 x 2 16 x
x1 = 1 f ( x ) = 0 4 x 12 x 16 x = 0 4 x x 3 x 4 = 0 4 x (x 4 )( x + 1) = 0 x2 = 0 x = 4 3
3 2

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Suggested solutions MaC3NVC08 K3 Curves, Stationary Point

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Construct the necessary table that includes the coordinates of local extreme points, as well as the function and its derivative:

x f ( x ) f (x )

2 _

1 0 minimum

0.5 +

0 0

1 _

4 0 minimum

10 +

maximum

Coordinates of the local extreme points are: 4 3 2 f ( 1) = ( 1) 4 ( 1) 8 ( 1) + 60 = 57 : local minimum at ( 1, 57 )

f (4 ) = (4 ) 4 (4 ) 8 (4 ) + 60 = 68 : local minimum at (4, 68) Therefore c.i f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 = C C < 68 : The equation does not have any solution.
4 3 2

f (0 ) = (0 ) 4 (0 ) 8 (0 ) + 60 = 60 : local maximum at (0, 60 )

4 3 2

c.ii f (x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 = 68 i.e : C = 68 : The equation has only one solution, and it is x = 4 . As illustrated in the figure below, the graph of the function f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 and y = 68 are tangent to each other at x = 4 . c.iii f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 = C 68 < C < 57 : The equation has two different solutions. This is due to the fact that y = C 68 < C < 57 and

This is due to the fact that y = C C < 68 and f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 = C do not have any intersection. y = C C < 68 is always below the local minimum of the function, i.e. (4, 68) .

c.iv f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 = 57 i.e C = 57 : The equation has three different solutions.

f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 = C have two different intersections. One of the solutions is more than 4 and the other one is more than zero but less than 4. i.e. 0.5505 < x1 < 4 and the other one is 4 < x2 < 5.4495 . f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 = C C > 60 : The equation has two different solutions. This is due to the fact that y = C C > 60 and f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 = C have two different intersections. One of the solutions is x1 < 1.4641 4 and the other one is x3 > 5.3723 .
The solutions are the roots of f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 57 = 0 , which may be solved graphically: x1 = 1 , x2 = 0.5505 , and x3 = 5.4495 .

f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 = 60 i.e C = 60 : The equation also has three different

c.v f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 = C i.e 57 < C < 60 : The equation has four different solutions. This is due to the fact that y = C 57 < C < 60 and

solutions. The solutions are the roots of x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 = 0 x 2 x 2 4 x 8 = 0 , which may be solved graphically: x1 = 1.4641 , x2 = 0. , and x3 = 5.3723 .

f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 8 x 2 + 60 = C have four different intersections. These solutions are 1.4641 < x1 < 1 , 1 < x2 < 0 , 0 < x3 < 2.2415 , and 5.1157 < x4 < 5.3723 .

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65 40 15 -10 -35 -60 -85 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

We may enlarge the region around the local extreme points of the function to observe the intersection points in the crowded region of the figure more clear:
62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

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