Surya Siddhanta Overview 2011 Kedarnath Jonnalagadda 2011 - smartxpark@yahoo.

com [sUrya siddhAnta] is one of the earliest [siddhAntas] in archeo astronomy of Hin dus. Sri. Bapu Deva Shastri translated this in 1861. In less than 100 pages it describes the archeo astronomy theories, principles and methods! Significant sections are ...1.10. Kinds of time...5 ...1.11. [pala] and [ghaTika]...5 ...1.12. Day and Month...5 ...1.13. The Lunar and Solar month and the Divine Day...5 ...1.14. Length of the year of Gods and Demons...6 ...1.15. &1.16. The Length of a great [yuga]...6 ...The length of the four small [yuga]...6 ...1.17. The length of a period called [manu] and its [sandhi]...6 ...1.18. The length of a [kalpa]...7 ...1.19. The lengths of a day and night of the God [brahma]...7 ...1.20. The period of his life and that of his passed age...7 ...1.26. How the planets move eastwards...7 ...1.27. [bhagaNa] or a sidereal revolution...8 ...1.56. An easy method for finding the mean place of the planets....13 ...1.59. The length of the Earth's diameter and its circumference....13 ...1.60. The rectified circumference of the Earth and [deshAntara] correction in minutes...14 ...1.62. Middle Lines of the Earth...14 ...1.63,1.63 and 1.65 To find the terrestrial longitude of a place....14 ...1.66. To find the instant when a day of the week begins...15 CHAPTER VI.-On the projection of Solar and Lunar Eclipses, ... ... 52...55 ...6.1. Object...55 ...6.2. To describe the circle in which the [valaNa] is to be marked...55 ...6.3. The other two circles concentric with the first...55 ...6.22. To find the direction of the end of end of total darkness...58 ...6.23, The colour of the eclipsed portion of the moon...58 ...12.42. There is no equinoctial shadow at the equator....83 ...12.43. The position of the polar stars...83 ...12.44. The beginning of the day to the Gods and the [asura]...84 ...Northern hemisphere - Sun appears at first point in Aries....84 ...Southern hemisphere first point in Libra...84 ...12.48.Aries, Taurus, Gemini...84 ...Cancer... second half of the day...84 ...Asuras - Libra...Capricorn......84 ...12.50. Answers to question in 4th [shloka]...84 ...There is no above and below....85 ...12.55. Parallel and Right spheres...85 ...Starry sphere -right to left and left to right for [asura]...85 ...At equator always east to west -same night and day length...85 The complete contents of the book is given below. The most significant features of the document are 1. The acknowledgement that an [asura] called [maya] was first imparted the know ledge of "astronomy.

2. The [asura] were residents of the "nether world" which is opposite side the w orld of the [deva]. 3. There are mentions of northern and southern hemispheres and that there is no up and down for the globe. The ancient civilizations of the world can generically classified as th Northern civilizations of which Hindu and India is a part. History tells us that America s were discovered recently. And in the South and Meso America were great ancien t civilizations of the Maya. Geographically the Hindu civilization and India are more orless diametrically opposite sides of the globe. Comparative study of the two well known ancient civiizations however practically non existent. And there is need for diligent study.

======== Bookmarked-Surya Siddhanta Kedarnath Jonnalagadda 2011 (This ebook - PDF is in CreativePDF format to enhance readability of Bharath Herit age Documents) Books without Bookmarks are as good as as Bookmarks without Books A TRANSLATION OF THE SURYA SIDDHANTA BY BAPU DEVA SASTRI & OF THE SIDDHANTA SHIROMANI BY THE LATE LANCELOT WILKINSON ESQ., C.S. REVISED BY BAPU DEVA SASTRI FROM THE SANSKRIT CALCUTTA, PRINTED BY C.B.LEWIS. AT THE BAPTIST MISSION CHURCH PRESS 1861 Title Page...1 TRANSLATION OF THE SURYA SIDDHANTA...2 CONTENTS. (overview page)...3 CHAPTER I.-Called MADHYA-GATI which treats of the Rules for finding the mean pla ces of the planets, ... ... 1...4 ...1.1 Invocation...4 ...1.2 &1.3 Introductory...4 ...1.10. Kinds of time...5 ...1.11. [pala] and [ghaTika]...5 ...1.12. Day and Month...5 ...1.13. The Lunar and Solar month and the Divine Day...5 ...1.14. Length of the year of Gods and Demons...6 ...1.15. &1.16. The Length of a great [yuga]...6 ...The length of the four small [yuga]...6 ...1.17. The length of a period called [manu] and its [sandhi]...6 ...1.18. The length of a [kalpa]...7 ...1.19. The lengths of a day and night of the God [brahma]...7 ...1.20. The period of his life and that of his passed age...7 ...1.26. How the planets move eastwards...7 ...1.27. [bhagaNa] or a sidereal revolution...8 ...1.28. The circular measures...8 ...1.29. The number of revolutions of the Sun, Mercury, Venus, and the [shIghroc Ca] of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter...8 ...1.30. Of Moon and Mars...8 ...1.31. Of Mercury s [shIgrocCa] and Jupiter...8 ...1.32. Of Venus,'s [shIgrocCa] and Jupiter...9 ...1.33. Of Moon's Apogee and Node...9 ...1.34. Number of sidereal revolutions and the mode finding the number of risin gs of the planets in a [yuga]...9

...1.35.The mode of finding the No. of Lunar months and that of the Additive mon ths in a [yuga]...9 ...1.36. The mode of finding the No. of subtractive days in a [yuga] and the def inition of a terrestrial day....9 ...1.37. No. of terrestrial and lunar days...9 ...1.38. No of additive months and that of subtractive days...9 ...1.39. No. of Solar months in a [yuga] and the way to know the number of terre strial days....10 ...1.41. &1.42. No.of Revolutions of the Apogees of the planets....10 ...1.45,1.46 &1.47. The number of Solar years elapsed from the time when planeta ry motions commenced to the end of the last [kRutA yuga]...10 ...1.48. To find the [ahargaNa] or the number of terrestrial days from the time the planetary motions commenced to the present mid-night....10 ...1.51 To find the Ruler of the present day....12 ...1.52. To find the ruler of the present terrestrial month and year....12 ...1.53. To find the mean place of the planets at a given midnight at [la~ggka]. ..12 ...1.54. To find the place of the [shIgrocCa], apogees and nodes of the planets. ..13 ...1.55. To find the present [samvatsara]...13 ...1.56. An easy method for finding the mean place of the planets....13 ...1.59. The length of the Earth's diameter and its circumference....13 ...1.60. The rectified circumference of the Earth and [deshAntara] correction in minutes...14 ...1.62. Middle Lines of the Earth...14 ...1.63,1.63 and 1.65 To find the terrestrial longitude of a place....14 ...1.66. To find the instant when a day of the week begins...15 ...1.67. To find the mean place of a planet ay a given time,...15 ...End of Chapter I [madhyA-gati]...15 CHAPTER II.- Called SPHUTA-GATI which treats of the Rules for finding the true p laces of the planets, ... ... 13...16 ...2.01 Causes of planetary motion....16 ...2.12 Kinds of Motion...17 ...2.15 The Rule for finding the sines for 3 3/4 in a quadrant of the circle who se radius is 3438....18 ...2.16 - -24 ***BASE 20! OF SOUTH AND MESO AMERICAS?...18 ...2.17. - 2,22, The sines...19 ...2.23 to 2.27.The versed sines...19 ...2.31. To find the sine of the given degrees &c....20 ...2.33 Given the sine to find its arc....20 ...2.34. Dimensions of the I st epicycles of the Sun and Moon in degrees of the different or concentric...20 ...2.35. Dimensions of the I epicycle of the Mars &c., in degrees of the concent ric....21 ...2.36. Dimensions of the 2nd epicycle of Mars &c....21 ...2.38 Given the [kendra] of a planet, to find the dimensions of the rectified periphery of the epicycle...21 ...2.39 Given the first or second [kendra] of a planet, to find the 1s or 2nd [b huja phala] and [koThi phala] and the 1st equation of the planet...21 ...2.40. To Find the second equation of the minor planets Mars &c....22 ...2.43. To find the true place of the sun, the Moon and other Planets...22 ...2.45. How the 1st and second equations of the planets are to be applied...23 ...2.46. The [bhujAntara] correction in minutes...23 ...2.48. Find the true diurnal motions of the Sun and Moon and [manda-sphUTa] mo tions of the others...24 ...2.50. To find the true diurnal motion of a minor planet...24 ...2.52. The cause of the regression of the planets...25 ...2.53. &54 When the planets began to retrograde and when they leave their regr ession...25 ...2.56. To find the latitude of a planet...25

...2.59. To find the length of a planet's day...26 ...2.60. Given the declination, to find the radius of the diurnal circle...26 ...2.61. To find the ascensional difference...26 ...2.62. To find the lengths of the day and night of a planet and a fixed star.. .27 ...2.64. The [bhoga] of a [nakShatra]...27 ...To find the [nakShatra in which a planet is at a given time....27 ...2.65. To find the [yoga]* at a given time...27 ...2.66. To find the lunar day at a given time...28 ...2.67. Invariable [karaNa]...28 ...2.68. 2.67. Variable [karaNa]...28 CHAPTER III.-Called the TRIPRAS'NA,which treats of the Rules for resolving the q uestion: on time, the position of places, and directions,... ... 26...29 ...3.1 To determine the meridian and east and west line and pints of the Horizon ...29 ...3.5 Given the Gnomonic shadow and its [bhija], to find the direction of the s hadow...30 ...3,7 To find the sine of amplitude reduced to the hypotenuse of the given shad ow...31 ...3.8. Given the shadow to find the hypotenuse...32 ...3.9 The precession of the equinoxes...32 ...3.12. The equinoctial shadow...33 ...3.13. Given the equinoctial shadow to find the co-latitude and latitude...33 ...3.14 &15. Given the Gnomon's shadow at noon and the Sun's declination, to fin d the latitude of the place....33 ...3.16. To find the equinoctial shadow from the latitude...34 ...3.17 Given the latitude of the place and the Sun's zenith distance at noon, t o find his declination and longitude....34 ...To find the Sun's mean place from his true place...35 ...3.20. Given the latitude of the place and the declination of the Sun, to find his zenith distance at noon...35 ...3.21. Given the Sun's zenith distance at noon, to find the shadow and its hy potenuse....35 ...3.22. Given the Sun's zenith distance at noon, to find his amplitude and the sine of amplitude reduced....35 ...3.23. Given the equinoctial shadow and the reduced sine of amplitude, to find the [bhuja]....35 ...3.25. Given the latitude and the Sun's declination, to find the hypotenuse of the shadow at the time when the Sun reaches the Prime Vertical....36 ...3.26. Otherwise...36 ...3.43 To find the rising periods of those at equator...41 ...[la~ggka] EQUATOR...41 ...3.44 To find the rising periods of the rest...41 ...3.45. To find the Horoscope or the point of the epileptic, just rising at a g iven time from sunrise...42 ...3.48. To find the culminating point of the epileptic at the given time from n oon....43 ...3.49. Given he place of the Horoscope and that of the Sun, to find he time fr om sun-rise....43 ...End of the chapter called [triprashna]...43 CHAPTER IV.-On the Eclipses of the Moon, ... ... 41...44 ...4.1. The diameter of the Sun and Moon in [yojana] and their rectification... 44 ...4.2 & 4.3. To find the Sun's diameter at the moon and their rectification in minutes....44 ...4.2 &4.3. To find the diameter of the Earth's shadow....44 ...4.4 &4.5. To find the probable times of the occurrences of eclipses....44 ...4.6. To find the probable times of the occurrence of the eclipses...44 ...4.8. To reduce the places of the Sun, Moon, and her ascending node as given a t mid-night to the instant of the syzygy...45

...4.9. what covers the Sun and the Moon i their eclipses...45 ...4.10. To find the magnitude of an eclipse...45 ...4.11. To ascertain the occurrence of a total, partial or no eclipse.... 45 ...4.12. To find the half duration of the eclipse and that of the total darkness ...46 ...4.14 & 4.15 To find the [stithyardha] and [mardhardha]...46 ...4.16. To find the times of the phases of an eclipse...46 ...4.18. To find the [koTI] or the portion of the coverors's path from the middl e of the eclipse to a given time...47 ...4.20. To find the quantity of the eclipsed part as a given time during the fi rst half of an eclipse...47 ...4.21 To find the quantity of the eclipsed part as a given time during the lat ter half of an eclipse...47 ...4.22 &4.23 Given the quantity of the eclipsed part, to fulfill its correspond ing time...48 ...4.24. to find the [valaNas] used in the projection of the eclipse...48 ...4.26. To find the [a~ggula] or digits contained in the Moon's latitude, diame ter, eclipsed part & c. at a given time during an eclipse....49 CHAPTER V.-On the Eclipses of the Sun, ... ... 48...51 ...5.1. Where parallax in longitude and that in latitude is nothing...51 ...5.3. To find the sine of amplitude of the horoscope...51 ...5.4. To find the sine of the zenith distance of the culminating point of the ecliptic....51 ...5.5. To find the sine of and co sine of the zenith distance of the nonagesima l...51 ...5.7. Otherwise...52 ...To find the Moon's parallax in longitude from the Sun related to [ghaTika]... 52 ...5.9. To find the accurate parallax and the apparent time of conjunction...53 ...5.10. To find the Moon's parallax in latitude from the Sun...53 ...5.11. Otherwise...53 ...5.12. To find the apparent latitude of the Moon...53 ...5.14 -5.17 To find the apparent [stithyardha] and [mardArdha] Ina solar ecli pse...54 CHAPTER VI.-On the projection of Solar and Lunar Eclipses, ... ... 52...55 ...6.1. Object...55 ...6.2. To describe the circle in which the [valaNa] is to be marked...55 ...6.3. The other two circles concentric with the first...55 ...6.22. To find the direction of the end of end of total darkness...58 ...6.23, The colour of the eclipsed portion of the moon...58 ...6.24. This science is very secret...59 CHAPTER VII.-On the conjunction of the planets, ... ... 56...59 ...7.1. Kinds of Conjunction...59 ...7.2. To find whether the time of conjunction is past or present...59 ...7.3. To find the time of conjunction from a given time...59 ...7.8, The correction is called [akSha drikkarma]...60 ...7.10. The correction is called [Ayana drikkarma]...61 ...7.11. The use of [drikkarma] in finding the conjunction & c....61 ...7.12. To find the distance of two planets in the same circle of position...61 ...7.13. Apparent diameters of the planets in minutes...62 ...7.15. Observations of the planets...62 ...7.18. The fight and association of the planets...63 ...7.20. Which planet is conquered in the flight...63 ...7.21. Which is the conqueror...63 ...7.22. Kinds of fight...63 ...7.23. FIGHT OF VENUS...63 CHAPTER VIII.-On the conjunction of the planets, with the stars,... ... 61...64 ...8.1. To find the longitudes of the principle stars of the Asterism...64 ...8.2. The [bhoga] of the Asterism...65 ...[nakShatra]-latitudes longitudes...65

...8.10 -8.12. The longitudes and latitudes of the the stars [agastya], [mRugaby Adha], [agni] and [brahahRudaya]...66 ...8.13. Crossing the cart of [rohiNI]...67 ...8.14. To find the conjunction of a planet with a star...67 ...8.15. To know whether the time of conjunction is past or future....67 ...8.16. [yoga tAra] or principal stars of the asterisms...67 ...8.20. The longitude and latitude of the star [prajApati]...68 ...8.21. Of the stars [apAmvatsa] and [Apa]...68 CHAPTER IX.-On the heliacal rising and setting of the planets and stars,... ... 65...68 ...9.2. The planets which set heliacally in the western horizon and rise heliaca lly in the eastern horizon....69 ...9.3. The planets which rise in the eastern horizon and set in the western hor izon....69 ...9.4. To find the time at which a planet rises or acts heliacally...69 ...9.12. Stars heliacal rise and set...71 ...9.13. Stars heliacal rise and set...71 ...9.14. Stars heliacal rise and set...71 ...9.15. Stars heliacal rise and set...71 ...9.18. Non disappearing stars...72 CHAPTER X.-On the phases of the Moon and the position of the Moon s cusps,... ... 69 ...72 ...10.2. To find the time of daily setting of the Moon...72 ...10.3 To find the time of daily rising of the Moon....73 ...10.4. To find the phases of the Noon...73 CHAPTER XI.-Called PA'TA'DHIKA'RA, which treats of the Rules for finding the tim e at which the declination of the Sun and Moon become equal, ... ... 72...75 ...11.1. [vaidhrIta]...75 ...11.2. [vyAtipAta]...75 ...11.6. To find time at which the true declinations of the Sun and Moon become equal....75 ...11.12. To find when a [pAta] is past or to be past....77 ...11.13 To find the true time of the [pAta]...77 ...11.14 To find half the duration of the [pAtkAla]...77 ...11.15. To find the beginning, middle and end of the [pAta]...77 ...11.16. * horrible... all rites are prohibited...77 ...11.17. Form of the [pAta kAla]...77 ...11.20. Third [pAta]...78 ...11. 21. [ganDanta] and [bhasandhi]...78 ...11.22. Inauspiscious [vyatIpa], [gaNAnta], [bhasandhi]...78 CHAPTER XII.-On Cosmographical matters, ... ... 76...79 ...12,2. . Question about the Earth....79 ...Seven [pAtala bhUmi]...79 ...12.3. Question about the Sun's revolution....79 ...12.4. Other questions....79 ...Why day and night of Gods and Asuras reverse of each other...79 ...12.5. Day and night of [pitRu] a lunar month - Man 60 [ghaTika]... 79 ...12.8. Why hot in summer? [mAna] kinds of time and use....80 ...12.11. [adhyAtman]...80 ...12.12. The secret knowledge called [adhyAtman]...80 ...12.30 & 12.31. Order of the orbits of the stars and planets situated one belo w the other....82 ...12.32 Answers to the question stated i the 3nd [shloka]...82 ...12.33. Seven [pAtala bhUmi] [nAga] [asura]...82 ...12.34.The position of [meru]... 82 ...an axis projecting on both sides at the poles....82 ...12.35. The inhabitants of the ends of [meru]; i.e. the two poles....83 ...12.36. Situation of the great Ocean...83 ...12.37. The four cities placed at the Equator...83 ...[dvipa] made by Gods....83

...[bhadrasva varSha] [yamakoTi]...83 ...[bhArata varSha] [la~gka]...83 ...[kuruvarSha] [sIddha-purI]...83 ...12.42. There is no equinoctial shadow at the equator....83 ...12.43. The position of the polar stars...83 ...12.44. The beginning of the day to the Gods and the [asura]...84 ...Northern hemisphere - Sun appears at first point in Aries....84 ...Southern hemisphere first point in Libra...84 ...12.48.Aries, Taurus, Gemini...84 ...Cancer... second half of the day...84 ...Asuras - Libra...Capricorn......84 ...12.50. Answers to question in 4th [shloka]...84 ...There is no above and below....85 ...12.55. Parallel and Right spheres...85 ...Starry sphere -right to left and left to right for [asura]...85 ...At equator always east to west -same night and day length...85 ...12.60 and 61. Determination of the place where the day or night becomes 60 [g haTika]...86 ...12.63. The positions where some signs are always invisible...86 ...12.68. Terrestrial tropic...87 ...12.69. Determination of the direction of the gnomonic shadow at noon....87 ...12.70 Answer to the question in the 3rd [shloka]...87 ...12.72. Oblique sphere....88 ...12.73. Answer to the question n in the second half of the 6th [shloka]...88 ...12.74. Answer to the question in the 5th [shloka]...88 ...12.78. Answer to the question in the first half of the 6th [shloka]...88 ...12.80. Answer to the question in the 7th shloka...89 ...12.82. Determination of the dimensions of the orbits of the planets and their daily motion in [yojana]...89 ...12.83. Of their daily motions in minutes or angular motions...89 CHAPTER XIII.-On the construction of the axillary sphere and other astronomical instruments, ... ... 87...90 CHAPTER XIV.--On kinds of time, ... ... 91...94 ...13.1 and 13.2...90 ...[guhyama...90 ...13.3. & 13.4. The construction of the axillary sphere...91 ...13.5 Diurnal cycle of the 12 signs...91 ...13.10 & 13.11 Determination of the places of the 12 signs in the sphere...91 ...The Ecliptic...92 ...13.12 and 13.13...92 ...The Horoscope...92 ...13.14 The [madhya] [lagna] or the culminating point of the ecliptic...92 ...The [antyA]...92 ...13.15.The sine of the ascensional difference...92 ...The horizon...93 ...13.16. The self revolving Spheric instrument...93 ...13.17. Instrument with mercury...93 ...13.18 x...93 ...13.21. (water clocks, clepsydra & c, sand clocks...93 ...13.22. Self revolution of said instruments...93 ...13.23. [kapala yantra] clepsydra....94 ...13.24. The Gnomon....94 Postscript by the Translator, ... ... 96...99 The names of the eighteen ancient [siddhAnta]...99 ERRORS...101 INDEX page... (select items to go to page)...102 ...Armillary Sphere... Page 87...102 ...Asterisms ... 62...102 ...Cosmological matters ... 76...102 ...Dial: application to find the position of the Sun ... 26...102

...Eclipses of the Moon ... 41...102 ...Eclipses of the Moon ... 52...102 ...Eclipses of the Sun ... 48...102 ...Eclipses of the Sun ... 52...51 ...Heliacal rising and setting ... 65...102 ...Horoscope ... 39...102 ...[kalpa] ... 4...102 ...Latitude of a place ... 30...102 ...[meru] its oceans &c. ... 79...102 ...Moon, eclipses of ... 41...102 ...Moon, eclipses of ... 52...102 ...Moon phases and cusps of ... 60...102 ...Planets, on finding their mean places ... 1...102 ...Planets, on finding their true places ... 13...102 ...Planets revolutions of ... 3...102 ...Planets, cause of their motions ... 13...102 ...Planets, conjunction of ... 56...102 ...Planets, conjunction of ... 61...102 ...Planets, order of ... 79...102 ...Planets, dimensions of, their orbits and daily motions ... 86...102 ...Position, questions on ... 26...102 ...Precession of the equinoxes ... 29...102 ...Signs of the ecliptic (zodiac), right ascension of, ... 38...102 ...Sun, longitude, declination &c. of, ... 31...102 ...Sun, eclipses ... 48...102 ...Sun, eclipses ... 52...102 ...Sun and Moon, when declinations are equal ... 72...102 ...Time, kinds of ... 4...102 ...Time, kinds of ... 91...102 ...Time, questions on ... 26...102 ...Yuga ... 3...102