European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.30 No.4 (2009), pp.677-684 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009 http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.

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Single Phase Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC): Simulation and Construction
Nashiren.F. Mailah Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor E-mail: nashiren@eng.upm.edu.my Senan M. Bashi Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor E-mail: senan@eng.upm.edu.my Abstract Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is used to control the power flow in the transmission systems by controlling the impedance, voltage magnitude and phase angle. This controller offers advantages in terms of static and dynamic operation of the power system. It also brings in new challenges in power electronics and power system design. The basic structure of the UPFC consists of two voltage source inverter (VSI); where one converter is connected in parallel to the transmission line while the other is in series with the transmission line. The main scope of this paper involves the designing of a single phase UPFC using Matlab and Simulink software, and constructing a lab scale model of the UPFC. A microcontroller program has been developed to provide the required phase shift. The experimental result which has been obtained from a lab scale system showed a good agreement with the simulation result.

1. Introduction
As the power systems are becoming more complex, it requires careful design of the new devices for the operation of controlling the power flow in transmission system, which should be flexible enough to adapt to any momentary systems conditions. The operation of an ac power transmission line, are generally constrained by limitation of one or more network parameters and operating variables [1]. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System or FACTS is a technology introduced by Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI) in the 80s [2]. Its principle role is to increase the transmission capacity of the ac lines and to control power flow over designated transmission lines. FACTS technologies involve conversion and switching of power electronics in the range of a few tens to few hundred megawatts [3]. New solid state self commutating devices such as MOSFETs, IGBTs, GTOs and also other suitable power electronic devices are used as controlled switches in FACTS devices [4]. The universal and most flexible FACTS device is the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). UPFC is the combination of three compensators characteristic; i.e. impedence, voltage magnitude and phase angle, that are able to produce a more complete compensation. In this paper, the work revolves on the development of a single phase UPFC, drawn and simulated through Matlab and Simulink software. The effect of the phase shift, produced by the UPFC are noted and compared with the results obtained from the lab scale model of the UPFC. The

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required phase shift of the model is generated from a Programmable Interface Controller (PIC). A good agreement has been obtained between the simulation and experimental results.

2. UPFC Construction
The UPFC consists of two voltage source converters; series and shunt converter, which are connected to each other with a common dc link. Series converter or Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is used to add controlled voltage magnitude and phase angle in series with the line, while shunt converter or Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is used to provide reactive power to the ac system, beside that, it will provide the dc power required for both inverter. Each of the branches consists of a transformer and power electronic converter. These two voltage source converters shared a common dc capacitor [5]. The energy storing capacity of this dc capacitor is generally small. Therefore, active power drawn by the shunt converter should be equal to the active power generated by the series converter. The reactive power in the shunt or series converter can be chosen independently, giving greater flexibility to the power flow control. The coupling transformer is used to connect the device to the system. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the three phase UPFC connected to the transmission line.
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of three phase UPFC connected to a transmission line [2]

Control of power flow is achieved by adding the series voltage, VS with a certain amplitude, VS and phase shift, to V1. This will gives a new line voltage V2 with different magnitude and phase shift. As the angle varies, the phase shift between V2 and V3 also varies. Figure 2 shows the single line diagram of the UPFC and phasor diagram of voltage and current.

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Figure 2: Single line diagram of UPFC and phasor diagram of voltage and current

With the presence of the two converters, UPFC not only can supply reactive power but also active power. The equation for the active and reactive power is given as follows:VV (1) P = 1 2 sin 12 X 12 VV (2) Q12 = 1 2 (cos + 1) X 12

3. Methodology
The focus of this work is to design a single phase UPFC and simulate it using Matlab and Simulink software. A lab scale model will then being constructed and its performance are compared to the simulated ones. The effect of phase shift, of VS to the supply voltage, V1 are investigated. Based on the schematic diagram of the three phase UPFC in Figure 1, a simulation model of a single phase UPFC is drawn in Simulink and is illustrated in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Simulinks simulation model

A lab scale model is constructed using H-bridge voltage source inverter to act as SSSC. Figure 4 shows the block diagram of the lab scale model.

Single Phase Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC): Simulation and Construction
Figure 4: Block diagram of lab scale model

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Programmable Interface Controller (PIC) is being programmed to generated PWM signals to the gate drive that will send the signals to trigger the IGBTs. The comparator provides a reference signal to the PIC controller board to generate triggering signals in synchronization with the supply voltage. Figure 5 shows the flow chart of the program used to find zero crossing and to generate the required pulses.
Figure 5: Flow chart of the program used to find zero crossing and to generate the required pulses.

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The program generates a pulsed signal of 50Hz with a switching frequency of 1.22kHz. The desired frequency at the output of the H-bridge inverter is 50Hz which is equivalent to the supply frequency. The program is written to start triggering when it detects zero crossing of the ac supply. In order to get a delay at the output of the inverter in comparison to the supply, delay instruction is added into the program before starting the triggering signals. Figure 6 shows the circuit diagram of dual IR2110 IGBT used to isolate the high and low voltage levels, and to provide the IGBTs with the required voltages and currents. The values of the components used have been calculated following the procedure given in the chip data sheet.
Figure 6: Circuit diagram of the gate drive connected to the H-bridge

4. Results and Discussions

Figure 7 shows the output voltage of the UPFC, VS and the ac supply voltage, V1 obtained from the simulation. Both voltages are in synchronization with each other but with different magnitude due to voltage step down of the shunt transformer. If a certain value of delay is set to the triggering signals, a different output can be observed as shown in Figure 8.

Single Phase Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC): Simulation and Construction
Figure 7: Supply voltage and output voltage

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V1 V

As the phase shift value, is increased, the output voltage is shifted more to the left. When negative phase shift in implemented, the output voltage will be shifted to the right in comparison to the supply voltage.
Figure 8: Output voltage with 30 phase shift with ac supply
V1 V

The UPFCs output voltage, VS is then being added to the ac supply voltage, V1 to obtain V2. The resultant waveform is not pure sinusoidal due to the triggering signal which is of pulsed type as shown in Figure 9. Filters need to be added in order to get a smooth resultant voltage to reach the ideal. The ideal output of an UPFC as shown in Figure 10 where sinusoidal waveform of the output voltage is added to the ac supply voltage in 50Hz. When both the output voltage is added to the supply voltage, a sinusoidal waveform with magnitude and phase shift will be observed as explained in the vector diagram of Figure 2.

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Figure 9: Sum of output voltage waveform with 30 phase shift from the supply voltage

Figure 10: Ideal sinusoidal output voltage

Figure 11 shows the result obtained from the lab scale model. The sinusoidal waveform represents the ac supply waveform while the square waveform represents the PWM signal. When there is no phase shift, set in the program, the PWM signal generated is in synchronization with the ac supply. However, when a phase shift, is applied, the signals will be shifted with angle .
Figure 11: Output and ac supply waveform with delay

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4. Conclusion
In power system transmission, it is desirable to maintain the voltage magnitude, phase angle and line impedance. Therefore, to control the power from one end to another end, this concept of voltage injection is applied. The magnitude of this V is constant and the variable is the phase shift, . This project covers the scope of designing the single phase UPFC, where its function is to generate the phase shift, . When the designed voltage injection is added to the sending end voltage, V1, voltage, V2 VV at the receiving end with a phase shift of is obtained. From the power flow equation, P = 1 2 sin , X 12 phase shift is varied to vary the power, P. The output voltage of the H-Bridge inverter, VS can be controlled to be in synchronization or with some delay with the ac supply. The delay is programmed into the PIC in order to get a phase shift with respect to the ac supply. The experimental result which has been obtained from a lab scale model showed a good agreement with the simulation results in term of phase shift, of the UPFC.

References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, IEEE Press, 2000. Narain G. Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Trnasmission Systems, IEEE Press Marketing, 1999, pp. 297-352, pp. 407-424. Edvina Uzunovic, Claudio A Canizares, John Reeve, Fundamental Frequency Model of Unified Power Flow Controller, North American Power Symposium (NAPS), Cleveland, Ohio, October 1998, pp 294-299. M. Toufan, U.D. Annakkage, Simulation of The Unified Power Flow Controller Performance Using PSCAD/EMTDC, Electrical Power System Research Vol. 46, 1998, pp 67-75 L. Xu and V.G. Agelidis, Flying Capacitor Multilevel PWM Converter Based UPFC, IEE Proc. Of Electronic Power Application, Vol. 149, No. 4, July 2003. Page(s) 304-310.