CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In this chapter the writer gives clear description about the research design being used in this study, population and sample, variable of the research, method and instrument of collecting data, and data analysis. Each is being discussed as follows: 3.1 Research Design The definition of research is an effort done to solve the problem by using systematic process and methodology. Research appears because there are some problems, which appear to solve that problem needed to do research in order to get effective and correct solving problem. Research may be done because the researcher's curiosity, he or she wants to find new discovery that is useful of everybody in the world. According Kountour (2004:103), the type of research can be classified based on the application, objective and type of information (type title here). Kountour(2004:104) stated, "From an application standpoint, there are two types of research that is pure research and applied research, in terms of information on governance, research can be divided into two types: the qualitative research quantitative research din. While the classification of research in accordance with the purposes of a study is a descriptive research,

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Based on the types of research mentioned above, researcher can choose type of the research she wants to view from the application, objective and the needed information. In this study the writer use descriptive quantitative research, because it is in accordance with the information wanted. Moreover, based on the aim, this research uses experimental research because it will give a treatment using reciprocal teaching.

3.2

Population and Sample

3.2.1 Population Suharsini Arikunto (1992: 102) says Population is the total number of research subject. In this case, the population of the research is the eight year students of SMP 2 Karangrejo in academic year 2010/2011 in which consists of 4 classes with the total number of the population is 140.

3.2.2 Samples `According to Arikunto (1998: 17), samples are part of the population that is selected of those which can represent the whole population. Samples are those to whom the research is being done. Arikunto (1998: 120) says that if the number of the population less than 100 it is better to take them all, but if the number of the population is large or more than 100 the researcher can take only 10 % - 15 % or 20 25 %.

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Base on the above theory, the writer decided to use 25 % of the population as the samples that is as many as 35 students. The writer thinks that that number has already been able to represent the whole population.

3.3

Variable of Research Sutisna Hadi (1999: 62) defines two kinds of variable including the

research. They are dependent variable and independent variable. Dependent variable is the research variable that is measured to know how significant its effect or influence to the other variable. Independent variable is the variable which has various effects or influence to the other variable. Independent variable can also defines as the variable which effects another variable wanted to know. Base on the title of the study The influence of Reciprocal Teaching to the Students Reading Comprehension Achievement at the Eight Year Students of SMP 2 Karangrejo Tulungagung Academic Year 2010/2011and the above definition, these are the two variables involved in this research. The first variable is reciprocal teaching and the second one is the students reading comprehension. The dependent variable of this research is the students reading comprehension achievement at the students of the eight year of SMP 2 Karangrejo. The independent one is reciprocal teaching.

3.4

Method and Instrument of Collecting Data

3.4.1 Method of Collecting Data Collecting data is an important part of research activity. The data

obtained is going to give information which will help a researcher to draw

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conclusion in order to answer the research problems. An accurate data must surely result valid and reliable answer to the research problems. Considering the importance of this action, the way to do it must be arranged thoughtfully. For the objective of this research is to find out the influence of reciprocal teaching to the students reading comprehension achievement, there is only one way to obtain the data, that is by testing the subject of the research. In this case, there are two tests given; they are pre-test (the test given before the treatment of reciprocal teaching) and post-test (the test given after the treatment of reciprocal teaching). These two tests are aimed to investigate the two different conditions. Pretest is aimed to find out the students achievement on reading comprehension before reciprocal teaching applied in the English teaching activities. The score gotten from this test is named as X variable. Post-test is aimed to find out the students achievement on the reading comprehension after reciprocal teaching applied in the English teaching activities. The score of this test is, then, named as Y variable. 3.4.1.1 Test and the scoring system The subject of the research will be tested twice: before and after the treatment. The test given before the treatment is called pre-test and the test given after the treatment is called post-test. Pre-test is meant to know how well the students reading comprehension before the treatmentthat is before reciprocal teaching applied in the English teaching activities. Post-test is intended to

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measure the students reading comprehension after the treatmentthat is after the reciprocal teaching is applied in the English teaching activities. The way of scoring the both tests is the same. The formula used is described below: X 100

The score of pre-test is called X variable. The score of post-test is called Y variable. Those two variables, then, are analyzed to find out the

influence of reciprocal teaching the achievement reading comprehension of the eight year students of SMP 2 Karangrejo. 3.4.1.2 Documentation Documentation is all written materials that are used to report the research data. In this research, there are several: those are names of the sample, the test itemsthey consist of two test (test items for pre-test and test items for post-test), the table of data analysis. 3.4.1.3 Instrument of Collecting Data Some instruments are needed to help the researcher to collect the data. They are mentioned as follows: 1. Observations Observation is done in order to know the condition of the field of the study including the subject of the study. The result of the observation gives the researcher view about the English teaching methodology that is generally applied at the field of the study.

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2.

Interview According to Suharsimi Arikunto (2006: 155), interview is a dialogue done by the interviewer to get information from the interview. The researcher interviews the English teachers to get information about the teachers opinion on the students reading achievement before treatment, in general.

3.

Test According to Suharsimi Arikunto (2006: 150-151), test is any series of question or exercise of other means the skills, knowledge, intelligence, capability or attitudes of an individual or group. To get valid data about the students reading comprehension achievement before the treatment, besides of interviewing the teachers, the researcher gives reading comprehension test to the subject of the study and then scores the results. The scoring is meant to find out the subject achievement in average. This will be compared with the average score of the result of the test that is given after the treatment in order to answer the research questions.

3.5

Data Analysis The data obtained in this study is numerical data. There are two data that

will be analyzed to answer three research questions. The first data is the score of pre-testthis is named X variable. The second data is the score of post-test

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this is named as Y variable. The analysis in this research is based on two foundations. They are the score of KKM (the minimum competence standard) of the English lesson decided by the curriculum of SMP 2 Karangrejo and the regression formula. The KKM of the English lesson is decided as high as 68. The KKM is functioned to measure the students success on their reading comprehension. If the score is equal or more than 68, it means it is said as success. However, if the score is lower than 68, it is said as fail. The first research questions in this study are to know the students reading comprehension achievement before the treatment of reciprocal teaching is applied in teaching English reading in the class. The second research question is to know the students reading comprehension achievement after reciprocal teaching is applied in teaching English reading in the class. The third research question is to know the influent of reciprocal teaching to the achievement of students reading comprehension. The first question is answered by analyzing the X variable. This analysis includes the calculation of mean (average score) of X variable. This is done to know how successful the subject of the study in their reading comprehension before reciprocal teaching is applied in the English class. The measurement of the success here is the score of KKM for the English lessonthat is 68. If the score is equal or more than the KKM, it is decided as successful but if the score is less than 68, it is decided as fail.

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This analysis will also calculate the percentage of the students who can pass of the KKM. By doing so, it can be drawn the conclusion of how well the students reading comprehension achievement before the treatment. The same thing is done to answer the second question of the research problem. To know the success of the whole subjects on their reading comprehension lesson after the treatment, the researcher calculates the mean or the average of Y variable. The percentage of the students who can get score higher than the KKM after the treatment is also found out to know the percentage of the success of reciprocal teaching in reading comprehension. The formula that is used for counting the mean or average score is: Mean =

Notes: : total score in the test N : number of the sample Meanwhile , the third research question is answered by analyzing the data by using T-test and The formula is:

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= t value which is found

Mx = the mean of the pre-test My = the mean of the post test score N = the number of subject

D = the difference between the score of pre test and post test

The norms: The t-score must be compared to t-table to divide the significance in this case, this form will be used:

1. If t-observed > t-table, and degree of significance 1%, it means very

significant, so Ho is rejected.

2. If t-observed > t-table, and degree of significance 5%, it means significant, so

Ho is rejected.

3. If t-observed > t-table, and degree of significance 5%, so Ho is confirmed of

fail to be rejected.

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