SYNOPSIS on WAVE-MOTION and SOUND

• Periodic motion- The motion which repeat itself in equal interval of time.
• Vibratory motion- The to and fro motion of an object about its mean position.
• Motion under elastic restoring force- The type of motion occurs when the force
acting on a body is directly proportional to the displacement and directed towards
the mean position; i.e. F= -kx where negative sign shows that the direction of
forces acting on a body attached to a helical spring is always opposite to the
direction of displacement ‘x’.
• During vibratory motion the K.E is maximum at mean position and is zero at
extreme position.
• During vibratory motion the P.E is zero at mean position and maximum at
extreme position.
• During vibratory motion body possesses inertia.
• Displacement- It is the least distance b/w two points in specified direction.
• Amplitude- It is the maximum displacement of the body on either side of its
equilibrium position.
• Time period- Time required to complete one vibration.
• Frequency- Number of vibrations in one second. It is the reciprocal of time
period f=1/T its unit is Hertz (Hz) or Cycles/second.
• Simple pendulum- a simple pendulum consists of a single isolated particle
suspended from a frictionless support by a light inextensible string.
• The time period of simple pendulum is T= 2π l / g
Where’l’ is the length of pendulum and ‘g’ is acceleration due to gravity
• Second’s pendulum- The pendulum which takes two second to complete one
vibration
• Waves- The periodic disturbance of particle in any medium is called waves.
• Mechanical waves- The type of waves that required medium for their
propagation for e.g. sound waves, waves on the surface of water & waves along a
string.
• Electromagnetic waves- The type of waves that do not required medium for their
propagation for e.g. light waves ,radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, X-rays
gamma rays.
• Types of Mechanical waves:
• Longitudinal waves- The waves in which particles of the medium vibrate along
the direction of propagation.
• Transverse waves- The type of waves in which particles of the medium vibrates
perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
• Resonance- it is defined as the specific response of a system, which is able to
oscillate with a certain period to an external force with the same period.
• Relation b/w wave velocity, frequency and wavelength- v = f λ
• Speed of sound increases with temperature by the formula: vt = v0 T / 273
• Characteristics of musical sound- Intensity, loudness, pitch, timber(quality).
• Echo: the reflection of sound in 1/10th of a second is called echo.