ND3321 Lesson1 Overview

ND3321 SYSTIMAX STRUCTURED CABLING SYSTEMS (SCS) DESIGN AND ENGINEERING LESSON 1 OVERVIEW
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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview
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Copyright 2000 Avaya. All rights reserved. October 2000
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Table of Contents
OVERVIEW ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Synopsis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Objectives------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 EVOLUTION OF CUSTOMER NEEDS -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Problems of unstructured wiring -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 SYSTIMAX Structured Cabling Solutions ------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 Virtues of Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Wire-------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Unbalanced Transmission ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Balanced Transmission ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF UTP --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Effects of Attenuation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Effects of Near End Crosstalk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 Pair-to-Pair NEXT------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 PowerSum NEXT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 Far end Cross Talk (FEXT) and Equal Level FEXT-------------------------------------------------------- 21 Delay ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 23 Return Loss---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 How a shield works --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 Effects of Tight Twists -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 1061/2061/3061 High Performance Cables -------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 1071/2071/3071 GigaSPEED High Performance Cables------------------------------------------------- 31 1081/2081/3081 GigaSPEED High Performance Cables------------------------------------------------- 32 EIA/TIA-568-A CABLE CATEGORIES ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 Mbps vs. MHz ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 36
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FIBRE DESIGNS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 39 62.5/125 m Enhanced Multimode Fibre---------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 OptiSPEED plus fibre --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 LazrSPEED High speed Multi mode fibre ----------------------------------------------------------------- 41 8.3/125 m Singlemode Fibre ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 42 Optical Loss --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 Optical bandwidth ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 Optical bandwidth for LazrSPEED fibres ----------------------------------------------------------------- 49 AVAYA COMMUNICATION SYSTIMAX STRUCTURED CABLING SYSTEMS (SCS)----------- 51 Work Area Subsystem -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 Horizontal Subsystem --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 Riser Backbone Subsystem--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 Administration Subsystem --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 Equipment Subsystem--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 Campus Subsystem ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 63 TIA/EIA-568-A BUILDING WIRING STANDARD ----------------------------------------------------------- 65
OTHER STANDARDS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67
AVAYA COMMUNICATION SYSTIMAX SCS APPLICATIONS ---------------------------------------- 69
VOICE APPLICATIONS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 Analogue Voice Application-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 Digital Voice Application ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 Remote Switch Module Application ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79 TERMINAL-TO-HOST DATA APPLICATIONS ------------------------------------------------------------- 81
LOCAL AREA NETWORK APPLICATIONS ----------------------------------------------------------------- 83
IEEE 802.3 10BASE-T Network Application----------------------------------------------------------------- 93 IEEE 802.3 10BASE-FL Network Application --------------------------------------------------------------- 95 IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Network Application --------------------------------------------------------------- 97 ATM Forum UTP application --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103 SUMMARY----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 108
LESSON 1 SYSTIMAX SCS OVERVIEW QUIZ ------------------------------------------------------------ 109
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Overview
Synopsis In this lesson, the student is introduced to the concept of a premises cabling system, and in particular to the primary qualities of a structured cabling system. The basic rules governing a structured cabling system are discussed, and the student learns about the SYSTIMAX Structured Cabling System (SCS) and how it adheres to those rules. Objectives 1. List three problems with conventional wiring systems, which have led users to migrate to UTP. 2. Cite the virtues of UTP. 3. Explain the difference between a balanced circuit and an unbalanced circuit. 4. Describe the effects of attenuation and crosstalk. 5. Explain the difference between the pair-to-pair and powersum NEXT measuring methods. 6. Describe the two different fibre designs allowed by SYSTIMAX SCS. 7. List the six subsystems, which comprise the Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS. 8. Given a list of Avaya Communication products, cite the products, which are certified by SYSTIMAX SCS. 9. Look at some examples of applications supported over SYSTIMAX SCS.
EVOLUTION OF CUSTOMER NEEDS

20 years ago
Today
Evolution of Customer Needs

n
View of the recent past Dedicated Application Wiring Proprietary Systems Central Processing Voice/Data Less than 10 Megabit Per Second (Mbps) Data Rates
Todays View Integrated System Wiring Open Architecture Distributed Network Computing Voice/Data/Image/Video Up to 1Gb/s and Higher
Problems of unstructured wiring A quick look back reveals that applications have changed dramatically in the last two decades. The rate of change will not diminish in the future. Customers are demanding an integrated cabling system with open architecture to support their frequently changing voice, data, video and imaging applications. Where unstructured wiring systems are present, the fragmented control of the various systems within the building, the differences in topologies and wiring types of these systems, and the lack of connectivity between systems make implementing changes due to moves and rearrangements of staff difficult to do. This leads to high cost of these moves. Even minor changes are difficult when systems using different wiring types. In other words, proprietary media leads to Administration problems. Unstructured wiring systems usually have unstructured installation and record keeping. This means that the complicated wiring leads to mistakes and time consuming trouble shooting, which leads to increased downtimes of systems.
SYSTIMAX TO SOLVE THE PUZZLE
BMS
VOICE 16 Mbps
DATA
VIDEO
TP.PMD
1 Gb/s
LAN/WAN
SYSTIMAX Structured Cabling Solutions In order to solve the wiring problems caused by the use of different wire types and connectors, a single, universally accepted transmission medium is needed. The prime quality of a Structured cabling system is:
Standards compatible Consistent design Flexible Modular
Avaya Communications SYSTIMAX Structured Cabling System offers all these features. Our initial offering of Premises Distribution System in 1985,based on Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) wire and RJ45 modular outlets, emerged when data communications were typically at rates up to 4Mb/s. The TIA/EIA 568 cabling standard, published in 1991, was actually patterned after our Premises Distribution System. This standard was the model for the ISO/IEC 11801 commercial building wiring standard. With SYSTIMAX a range of baluns and adapters is available to support Systems equipped with coaxial or other incompatible type of connections. (E.g. 93 Ohm coax, Twinax, etc.) Today SYSTIMAX offers the Power Sum or GigaSPEED solution to provide high-speed data transmission capability suitable for todays and future applications. The SYSTIMAX OptiSPEED and improved performance OptiSPEED Plus solution provide a selected, but complete set of fibre products for building structured cabling based on optical fibres. The SYSTIMAX LazrSPEED solution is an enhanced multi mode optical fibre, which provides data rates of up to 10Gb/s over 300 m. LazrSPEED Optical fibres avoid the higher cost of single mode optical fibre systems. SYSTIMAX Structured cabling systems are backed by a 20year application and product warranty, accompanied with detailed performance specifications to provide a secure and future proof solution to users.
VIRTUES OF UTP
Rugged & Easily Installed Excellent Spatial Efficiency Balanced Mode Transmission and Pair Twists Minimize Outside Interference Minimize Radiation Preferred Media by Standards Good Information Carrying Capacity Application Independent
Virtues of Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Wire

n
UTP wire is rugged and easily installed. Insulation displacement technology, such as the 110-connector system, can be used to terminate the UTP pairs. This results in significant cost and installation time savings when compared to coaxial cables or STP cables, such as Twinax or Type-1. UTP cables also have excellent spatial efficiency or, in other words, there is high capacity in a very small cable. By using balanced mode transmission and pair twists, susceptibility to outside interference is minimised. UTP, especially the new high performance UTP, is capable of supporting higher data rates associated with applications installed in todays office environment. These high data rates can be transmitted for long distances (100 m).
n Another major advantage of UTP is that it is application
independent. Application independent transmission media allows a cabling system to be designed independent of the supported applications. It offers the flexibility needed to support new applications without re-cabling.
n Standards bodies now consider UTP as the transmission media
of choice.
UNBALANCED TRANSMISSION
External Noise + N+ N + 2V + 2 V+ N
Transmitter
Receiver
Unbalanced Transmission
n In unbalanced transmission, or one-side-grounded
transmission, one of the two conductors making up the pair is grounded at one or both ends. This type of transmission works well at low data rates for short distances in noise free environments. However, noise can be picked up from external sources such as the ballast used to control fluorescent lights, pencil sharpeners, paper shredders, etc. This noise is interpreted as data by the receiver and causes errors.
n EIA-232 in its raw form uses unbalanced transmission.
Therefore, if extended to long distances in noisy environments, there may be problems.

n One way to avoid this is to use shielded cables, thereby
reducing the cable's susceptibility to external noise.
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BALANCED TRANSMISSION
External Noise Transmitter + 2V + 1V + N+ N Receiver + 1 V+ N + 2 V
-1 V + E -E Net Emission ~ 0
-1 V+ N
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Balanced Transmission
n
A much less expensive way of avoiding external interference is to use a balanced transmission. In balanced transmission, small transformers or "Baluns" are used to isolate the cable from the electronics and only pass the difference of the signal onto the cable. Since the two conductors of a pair are so close together and neither conductor is grounded, the amount of noise picked up by one conductor of a pair is about the same as the amount of noise picked up by the other conductor. The twisting of a pair, especially when using tight twists, improves this even more, thereby virtually guaranteeing that the amount of noise picked up by each conductor is virtually identical. The Balun at the interface to the receiver only allows the difference of the signal to pass through. Therefore, only the desired data signal is passed through and the undesired noise is rejected. This, of course, assumes that a high quality Balun from a reputable manufacturer is being used. Radiated emission, or the amount of energy that radiates from cable, is also a concern. If the radiated emission (often referred to as Electro Magnetic Interference [EMI]) of a system is excessive, it may cause interference to other services, such as broadcast television. To minimise this, the Federal Communication Commission, FCC, (CISPR-22 for International applications) has placed stringent maximum allowances on systems. In a balanced system, where one conductor of a pair has the exact opposite data signal from the other conductor, the field generated by one conductor is virtually cancelled by the field generated by the other conductor. This is because the two conductors of a pair are so close to each other. In a system that uses well-balanced electronics and well-balanced cables, the FCC's limits on maximum emission allowances can easily be met. To summarise, in office environments, the use of balanced transmission with well-balanced electronics and cables eliminates the need for shielding the pairs as a preventive measure against external interference and radiated emission.
EFFECTS OF ATTENUATION
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Transmitted Signal
Received Signal
Transmitter
Receiver
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Technical Aspects of UTP

Effects of Attenuation
n
Attenuation is caused by two factors: Copper loss, which is unavoidable and the same for all 24-gauge 100 Ohm twisted pairs. Dielectric loss, or dissipation, due to the insulation and jacketing materials used on the conductors and the cable.
Minimising the dissipation loss of the insulating and jacketing materials is important to minimise the cable's attenuation. The dissipation factor is a relative measurement of a material's loss. Looking at all of the typical materials used in cables, the optimum two are Polyethylene and Teflon. These are the insulating materials used in Avaya Communication high performance cables, namely the 1061,2061,1071, 2071, 1081, and 2081 series. A fire retardant version of polyethylene is used for the non-plenum 1061, 1071, and 1081 cables. Because of its low flame spread and smoke spread properties, Teflon is used in the plenum rated 2061, 2071, and 2081 cables. Attenuation is usually expressed in dB (decibel) per unit length (e.g., dB/Km) and is a measure of how much a signal is weakened or reduced in amplitude as it travels down a cable. The higher the attenuation (loss) of a cable, the smaller or weaker the received signal becomes, thus, low loss in a cable is desirable. Decibels are a logarithmic factor. A 3dB/Km loss results in reducing the power of the signal by one-half every Kilometre. The lower the loss per unit length of the cable is, the longer distance the signal can be sent. Most Local Area Network (LAN) applications are two pair systems where one pair is used to transmit data to another device and the other pair is used to receive data from the other device. This leads to another critical cable parameter, Near End Crosstalk (NEXT).
n n
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EFFECTS OF NEAR END CROSSTALK
Transmitter
Receiver
Crosstalk
Receiver
Undesired noise (caused by crosstalk)
Transmitter Two pairs inside the same cable
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Effects of Near End Crosstalk

n
Near End Crosstalk (NEXT) refers to the undesired coupling of signals from the transmit pair onto the receive pair. NEXT isolation is expressed in dB and is a measure of how well the pairs in a cable are isolated from each other. The higher (larger value in dB) the NEXT isolation of a cable is, the lower the undesired coupling onto other pairs therefore the better the cable. NEXT is frequency dependant, meaning that more energy is transferred to the adjacent pair (NEXT value becomes lower) as the frequency becomes higher. Crosstalk is determined strictly by the twist length algorithm used for the pairs. In general the shorter the twist length (tighter twists) the better the crosstalk separation. NEXT values can also be affected by the installation practices. The primary causes of poor NEXT performance are split pairs, untwisted pairs, splices, bundling cables or patch cords too tightly, transpositions and poor modular plug/jack performance.
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Pair-to-Pair NEXT
Disturbing Pair
Disturbed Pair
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Pair-to-Pair NEXT
n The pair-to-pair method is good for small pair-count cables
(i.e. 4-pair or less). The measurement assumes one disturbing pair and determines the amount of signal coupled into other pairs in the cable (i.e. NEXT)
n This is the method used by hand held testers, which therefore
report six test results (1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-3, 2-4, 3-4)
n Cable NEXT = Worst Pair-to-Pair NEXT from PR1-2, PR1-3,
PR1-4, PR2-3, PR2-4, PR3-4

n TIA-568-A requires pair-to-pair NEXT compliance for cables
up to 4 pairs, PowerSum NEXT compliance for cables with more than 4 pairs
n ISO/IEC 11801 requires pair-to-pair NEXT compliance for
horizontal cables, PowerSum NEXT compliance for cables of more than 2 pairs used in the backbone
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PowerSum NEXT
Disturbing Pair
Disturbed Pair
PSNEXT PR1 =
(PR2-1)2 + (PR3-1)2 + ... + (PR25-1)2
Cable NEXT = Worst PSNEXT PR1, PR2, ... , PR25
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PowerSum NEXT
n The PowerSum NEXT method is a more appropriate means
for multi-pair (> 4-pair) and backbone cables since it takes into account coupling from more than one disturbing pair at a time, which will be the case for a multi-pair cable handling data signals from multiple users.
n PowerSum compliant components should be considered when
high-speed parallel transmission schemes would be supported.

n While PowerSum NEXT compliance ensures that signals of
the same type can coexist in the same cable, the amount of signal mixing that is allowed for multi-pair cables is determined by the system manufacturer. The SYSTIMAX SCS Shared Sheath chart is the result of extensive application testing and should be consulted when planning to support dissimilar applications in the same cable.
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FEXT and ELFEXT
Transmitter
Attenuation
Receiver
Receiver
NEXT
FEXT
ELFEXT Transmitter
Loc al End
Undesired noise (caused by crosstalk)
Far End
ELFEXT = FEXT - Attenuation
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Far end Cross Talk (FEXT) and Equal Level FEXT Traditionally, cable and channel performance is described in terms of attenuation and cross talk. The development of higher transmission speeds has led to the use of multiple pairs, sometimes in both directions (full duplex operation). FEXT, Far end Crosstalk, refers to undesired coupling from one pair into another pair, measured at the other end of the transmission link ELFEXT, Equal level Far end Crosstalk, refers to the ratio of the signal level and the undesired coupling, when two pairs are activated with a signal of equal level. Defined as such, the ELFEXT is equal to the Far end crosstalk minus the link attenuation Power Sum FEXT, Power Sum ELFEXT As described for Power sum NEXT, any other crosstalk parameter can be described as a Power Sum, taking into account coupling from all disturbing pairs in 4 pair or multipair cables.
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Delay and Delay Skew

Cable Near End
PAIR 1 PAIR 2 PAIR 3 PAIR 4
Cable Far End
0 Propagation Delay
Delay Skew
T(ns )
STRUCTURAL RETURN LOSS
Transmitted signal Transmitter Reflected signal SRL = Transmitted signal Reflected signal
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Delay Propagation Delay. The time it takes electrical signals to travel to the other end of the cable is the delay the signal experiences to propagate to the other end of the cable. This parameter is usually expressed in nanoseconds. As in UTP cables each pair has a different twist, each pair has its own set of electrical parameters. Differences in Propagation delay may present a problem in applications where a data stream is split in two (or more) streams to transmit it over an UTP cable. Each pair has its own propagation delay; therefore the signals arrive at different times at the receiver. Delay Skew is the maximum difference in propagation delay over a 100m channel. It is very important this parameter is well defined
Return Loss Return loss is the effect that a part of the signal is reflected at every point where there is a minor impedance mismatch, such as connection points. An amount of reflection will also occur when there are minor differences in the cable twist and cable geometry. The number indicating the ratio between transmitted and reflected energy is the Structural Return loss. A higher number indicates a lower reflection and therefore indicates a better performance.
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ATTENUATION TO CROSSTALK RATIO (ACR)

NEXT Cable & 2 Conn. (Cat 5) 70 NEXT 1061/ 2061 & 2 MPS 100Es 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Frequency (MHz) Channel ACR @ 10 dB NEXT 1071/ 2071 & 2 MGS 200s Attenuation (Cat 5/6)
100 m UTP Link
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Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio n Attenuation to Crosstalk is the relationship between the loss exhibited by a cable across the frequency range compared to or subtracted from worst pair crosstalk values along the same frequencies. The larger the ACR the better, as this determines the ability of the receiver to interpret the attenuated signal in the presence of crosstalk noise. Typically, an ACR of 10 dB is considered a minimal requirement for most applications. n As both attenuation and NEXT increase with frequency, the ACR decreases as the frequency increases. In typical Category 5 links, an ACR performance of 10 dB is generally found around the 70 MHz frequency. As shown in the chart, SYSTIMAX SCS PowerSum NEXT (Cat 5E) channels exhibit an ACR performance of 10 dB at 100 MHz frequency, and at 149 MHz frequency for GigaSPEED Channels. n The ACR characteristics of a UTP link force designers of high-speed transmission equipment to employ encoding schemes to transmit multiple bits per hertz. For example, while Ethernet and Token Ring applications utilise simple Manchester coding and have a data rate equivalent to the critical frequency (i.e. 10 Mbps = 10 MHz), 100 Mbps TPPMD has a data rate of 125 Mbps (100 Mbps of user data and 25 Mbps in control bits) but the critical frequency is 31.25 MHz. The more efficient encoding schemes are more sensitive to crosstalk noise and thus require more reliable ACR performance.
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How a shield works

INTERFERENCE
Cable Shield
Cable Pair
IS
IS
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How a shield works

n While the term shielding suggests that because STP cable is
physically encased in a shield all outside interference is blocked, this is not true.
n Just like a wire, the conductive shield acts as an antenna,
converting received noise into current flowing in the shield when it is properly grounded. This current, in turn, induces an equal and opposite current flowing in the twisted pairs. As long as the two currents are symmetrical, they cancel each other out and deliver no net noise at the receiver. Any discontinuity in the shield or asymmetry between the current in the shield and the twisted pairs is interpreted as noise.
n To work properly, every component of a shielded system must
be just that, fully shielded.

n The drawbacks of shielded cable are many, in addition to high
component and installation costs: Pair attenuation increases at high frequencies, forcing the use of thicker insulation and/or larger conductors Balance is compromised if the effects of the shield are not compensated, leading to crosstalk and signal noise Shielding effectiveness is dependent, among other factors, in the efficacy of the grounding structure used and the grounding methods used. Optimum grounding of a shielded cabling system is not possible, as the number of grounding points depends on the application (grounding requirements change with the frequency). The length of the ground conductor presents a challenge, since over a certain length for a given frequency it no longer functions as a ground.
n EMC regulations in Europe have focused attention on the
Electro Magnetic properties of cabling systems. Independent laboratory tests have proven that SYSTIMAX SCS meets all the required standard specifications for transmitting highspeed data and can pass all required tests. Tests were conducted with 10 Mbps Ethernet, 16 Mbps Token Ring, 100 Mbps TP-PMD and 155 Mbps ATM systems.
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EFFECTS OF TIGHT TWISTS
Long Twists - Share Space
Short (Tight) Twists - Increased Pair Separation - Decreased Helix Distortion
Advantages: - Improved Crosstalk Performance (Efficient Approach) - Simplified Termination Procedure (One Pair instead of One Conductor at a time)
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Effects of Tight Twists

n
Without the expense and practical difficulties of a shield, a better way to achieve good crosstalk performance is to use short tight twists on the cable pairs. If long twists are used, the conductors from different pairs tend to nest together or intrude inside an adjacent pair's cylinder. In the case of short twists, because the location of the pair rotates so fast within the cylinder, the conductors from the other pairs are prevented from invading the pairs cylinder. Thereby, pair separation is increased and the distortion of the ideal helical shape of the twisted pair is decreased. Both effects result in significantly improved crosstalk performance. This is the efficient approach to obtaining good crosstalk performance.
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1061/2061/3061 CABLE
Long bundle twist applied Solid 24 AWG (0.539 mm.) Low loss insulation (FRPE/LSZHPE/Teflon) Cylindrical space claimed by tight twists
Low loss jacket with length markings
1071/2071/3071 GigaSPEED CABLE

Tight bundle twist applied Solid 24 AWG (0.545 mm.) Low loss insulation (FRPE/LSZHPE/Teflon) Cylindrical space claimed by tight twists twists TIGHTER and lower TOLERANCE Low loss jacket with length markings
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1061/2061/3061 High Performance Cables

n
The illustration shows a cross-section of Avaya Communication high performance UTP cable, released in 1990. All the conductors are solid 24-gauge with low-loss insulation. These cables patented twist scheme guarantees a twist every 12 mm. or less. Therefore this cable can support the higher data rates found in todays business environment. The dotted lines represent the cylindrical space claimed by the pair along the length of the cable because of the tight twists. Around the cable is a low-loss sheath or jacket. The jacket of Avaya Communication UTP cables contains footage markers. This can be very useful during installation. The Cross talk performances of these cables meet the more stringent Power Sum NEXT test.
1071/2071/3071 GigaSPEED High Performance Cables

n
With the same technical concepts, but more advanced technology, the transmission capacity can be increased even more, resulting in the GigaSPEED cable, released in 1997. GigaSPEED cables have a tighter twist scheme than the 1061 cable, has lower production tolerances and has a tighter bundle twist, which improves the NEXT performance far more.
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1081/2081/3081 GigaSPEED CABLE

Tight bundle twist applied Solid 24 AWG (0.545 mm.) Low loss insulation (FRPE/LSZHPE/Teflon) Flute design separates pairs and improves cross-talk performance further
Low loss jacket with length markings
1081/2081/3081 GigaSPEED High Performance Cables

n
With a flute design, as shown on the cross section drawing, the pairs can be better separated and the cross talk is improved even more. This GigaSPEED cable, released early 2000, has 10dB cross-talk margin relative to the draft Category 6 standard.
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CABLE CATEGORIES
CATEGORY 6*
CATEGORY 5
CATEGORY 4
CATEGORY 3
Frequency (MHz) * Proposed Standard
10
16 20
100
250
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EIA/TIA-568-A Cable Categories

n
EIA/TIA standards provide structure to UTP product offerings. These categories help the customer qualify the products to his requirements. Although the customer has some landmarks now, the decisions are still not simple. There is a significant difference in product capability even within the categories. The table below relates Avaya Communication 4-pair horizontal cables to the standards categories. The standard also defines performance requirements for Category 3, 4, 5, and 6 connecting hardware. Code UL TIA Category 3 3 Max. Freq. (MHz) 16 16
1010 2010
CMR CMP
1061 2061
CM (4-pair) CMR (25-pair) CMP
5 5
100 100
1071A, 1081A 2071A, 2081A
CM CMP
6* 6*
250 250
*Category 6 is a proposed standard
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LAN ENCODING ALGORITHMS

Bit Stream
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
Manchester
NRZ
4-Level Code
Highest Frequency (Bandwidth)
1 Cycle Period of Fastest Sinusoid
Manchester Code: uses a level transition in the middle of each bit period. For a binary 1, the first half of the period is high, and the second half is low. For a binary 0, the first half is low, and the second half is high. NRZ (nonreturn-to-zero) Code: the signal is high for a 1 and low for a 0. The level changes only when the data level changes. 4-Level Code: unlike other codes this one uses four levels of transmission, rather than two levels. Each level represents two bits instead of one. Any change in a bit means a change in level.
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Mbps vs. MHz

n n
Mbps and MHz do not mean the same thing. Bit-rate refers to how many bits can be transmitted in a given time period and is associated with data throughput. Its measured in millions of bits per second (Mbps). Frequency is the number of cycles per second for any periodic signal. Digital signals are square waves with a period that changes with the data stream. This means that a digital signal has many different frequencies. The Fundamental Frequency can be defined as the frequency of the closest analogue equivalent to the digital signal. It determines where the maximum signal energy is concentrated and is measured in MHz. The relationship between bit-rate and fundamental frequency depends on the coding algorithm used. Most new algorithms transmit more than 1 bit per Hz (i.e. Mbps > MHz).
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ENHANCED MULTIMODE
Polymer Coatings
Glass Cladding
62.5 M
125 M
250 M
Glass Core
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Fibre Designs
There are three basic fibre designs identified by core diameter:
n 62.5 m graded index, enhanced multimode n 50 m graded index, used for LazrSPEED multimode n 8.3 m (step index), single mode
The cladding diameter for all fibre used in SYSTIMAX SCS is 125 m. 62.5/125 m Enhanced Multimode Fibre The enhanced multimode (62.5/125 m) lightguide fibre is recommended for all premises applications because of its compatibility with the physical and transmission characteristics of the electro-optical devices commonly used in the premises distribution environment. The large core diameter and transmission characteristics of 62.5/125 m fibre offers the following advantages:
n Greater light coupling efficiency n Less critical core alignment requires fewer administration
points and splice locations

n Less susceptibility to micro and macro bending losses n Recognised as the industry standard for LAN applications by
the Electronic Industries Association/American National Standards Institute

n FDDI standard compliant n EIA/TIA-568 and ISO/IEC 11801 compliant
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LazrSPEED MULTIMODE
Polymer Coatings
Glass Cladding
50
125 M
250 M
Glass Core
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OptiSPEED plus fibre This 62.5/125 m Multi-mode fibre is an improved fibre design, fully compatible with existing 62.5/125 m fibres, allowing larger distances for higher bit rates. Where the Standard (OptiSPEED) fibre is recommended for distances of up to 300 m for a future proof optical link, the OptiSPEED plus fibres can be applied for transmission distances of up to 600 m. with the same applications.
LazrSPEED High speed Multi mode fibre A special optical fibre, LazrSPEED, developed to transmit bit rates as high as 10Gb/s has a reduced DMD (Differential Mode Delay) and is therefore capable to transmit these high bit rates.. For longer lengths than 300 m LazrSPEED optical fibres can be used, however the same bit rates are supported as standard Multi mode optical fibres. For lengths longer than 1000 m, LazrSPEED optical fibre supports shorter lengths than OptiSPEED optical fibre.
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SINGLEMODE, DEPRESSED CLADDING

Polymer Coatings
Glass Cladding Depressed Cladding Glass Core

8.3 M 62.5 M 125 M 250
8.3/125 m Singlemode Fibre Single-mode fibre was initially developed to support the high bandwidth and channel capacity needed in the long-haul trunk environment and, although single-mode fibre is being deployed in the subscriber loop, it is usually not cost-effective for premise distribution systems. Single-mode fibre may be considered for backbone subsystems if it is anticipated that the bandwidth and distance limits of multimode fibre will be exceeded during the lifetime of the system. Matched Clad Single Mode Fibre Matched Clad Fibre consists of a germanium doped core, of 8.3 m, and a silica cladding. Although the dispersion characteristics of the design are optimised for the 1310 nm region, 1550 nm wavelength operation is possible.
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Depressed Clad Single Mode (Shown on facing page) Depressed Clad is a design with a lower dispersion to improve the transmission properties. The Fibre consists of a germanium doped core (8.3 m diameter) with two concentric layers of silica cladding. The inner silica layer is doped with fluorine to lower (depress) its refractive index relative to the outer clad. Also this fibre is optimised for 1310 nm operation, although 1550 nm operation is possible. Depressed Clad fibres are significant less susceptible to bending losses.
Dispersion shifted Single Mode Fibre Dispersion shifted fibre has been optimised for 1550 nm wavelength operation, however, they are less suitable for multiple wavelength operation. For new installations True Wave fibre is recommended instead. True Wave Single Mode Fibre True Wave Fibre (core diameter of only 6m.) is especially designed for use in Dense Wave Division Multiplex (DWDM) applications in the 1550nm wavelength region. DWDM is a method of transmission using multiple optical signals, each with a slightly different wavelength. This fibre type has non-zero dispersion over the band used by Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFAs) used in DWDM systems to avoid four-wave mixing (cross interference between wavelengths). The dispersion is still small enough to allow single channel data rates of up to 20 Gb/s without dispersion compensation. All Wave Single mode fibre Until recently, all fibres experienced a higher attenuation in the 1400 nm region, due to absorption by water particles. In the All Wave fibre this loss peak, or water peak, has been eliminated. All Wave fibres are especially useful in MANs and WANs when (in future) DWDM systems with hundred or more wavelengths become available.
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Causes of Optical Loss
Microbending
Rayleigh Scattering
Manufacturing Irregularities
Absorption
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Optical Loss The optical loss measures how much light gets lost as the pulse travels along the fibre, and can be found taking the ratio of the energy in the output pulse to the energy in the input pulse. There are two basic physical mechanisms that cause fibre to lose light: scattering and absorption. Scattering
n Refers to light being deflected from its intended path. When
light scatters in a fibre, rays travel off in new directions some of which exceeds the fibres critical angle for total internal reflection. When this happens, part of the light escapes through the cladding. n Some scattering is inherent to the fibre, like Rayleigh scattering, while other scattering is caused by fibre bends (macrobending and microbending) and manufacturing irregularities. Absorption
n Light is absorbed by the fibre and converted into heat, actually
raising the fibres temperature.

n The silica material and dopants used in the fibre
manufacturing absorb light abundantly at certain wavelengths. n Impurities present in fibre, like the hydroxyl ion (OH ), also produce a large absorption loss at certain wavelengths. Optical loss is measured in dB/km and depends on the wavelength. The maximum values for SYSTIMAX SCS fibres are: Multimode: 3.4 dB/km @ 850 nm 1.0 dB/km @ 1300 nm 3.5 dB/km @ 850 nm 1.5 dB/km @ 1300 nm 0.4 dB/km @ 1310nm 0.3 dB/km @ 1550nm
LazrSPEED
Singlemode:
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Modal Dispersion and Optical Bandwidth
Step Index Fiber

Pi T Po
Graded Index Fiber

Pi T Po T
47
Optical bandwidth Fibre bandwidth is related to the information carrying capacity of a fibre, and limits the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted. Because fibres have limited bandwidth, when a pulse travels over them its width increase by spreading in time. If this dispersion becomes too large, the broadened pulse can interfere with pulses on either side of it causing intersymbol interference and associated high bit error rates in transmission systems. One cause of pulse spreading is modal bandwidth. It arises in multimode fibre because hundreds of modes can travel in the fibre. Some modes or light paths are shorter than the others, so these modes are going to arrive first to the fibre end. Light beams taking the longest paths arrive last, causing the pulse spreading. To compensate for the hundreds of different path lengths, gradedindex multimode fibres are designed and manufactured so that pulses travelling short paths have slower velocities than pulses travelling long paths. The minimum bandwidth of Lucent Technologies enhanced multimode fibre is 200MHz km @ 850nm and 500MHz km at 1300nm.
48
CONVENTIONAL MULTIMODE CANT SUPPORT 10 Gb/s TRANSMISSION

10101010101??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10 Gbps
Laser Detector
Core Cladding
Conventional Fibre - 50 or 62.5 micron
LazrSPEED SOLUTION 10 Gb /s AT 300 METERS

1010101010101010101010101010101010101 10 Gbps
850nm Laser
Detector
Core Cladding
10 Gigabits on Multimode Fibre
49
Optical bandwidth for LazrSPEED fibres The higher bandwidth of LazrSPEED optical fibres is achieved by reducing the delay differences of the different transmission modes. At expense of a slightly higher loss, the bandwidth is increased to handle 10 Gb/s over 300 m length when laser sources are applied. Due to the loss, the LazrSPEED fibre supports the same applications as traditional multimode fibre for distances up to 1 km and supports shorter distances for longer lengths. Please note that the bandwidth for 1300 nm wavelength is the same as for traditional multimode optical fibres. Below you find the bandwidth for LED (overfilled) light sources and for laser lightsources. Bandwidth: Overfill 500 MHz.km @ 850 nm 500 MHz.km @ 1300 nm 2200 MHz.km @ 850 nm 500 MHz.km @1300 nm
Laser
50
SYSTIMAX SCS SUBSYSTEMS
Horizo ntal Work Area
Adminis tration
Ris er Backbo ne
Campus Backbo ne Equipme nt
51
Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX Structured Cabling Systems (SCS)

n
Based on the industry Standard for Commercial Buildings (EIA/TIA 568-A) Uses structured subsystem approach Work Area Horizontal Riser Backbone Administration Equipment Room Campus
52
WORK AREA SUBSYSTEM
Work Are a
53
Work Area Subsystem

n
The Work Area Subsystem components connect the Telecommunication outlet (TO) end of the Horizontal Subsystem to the voice or data terminal equipment. The station equipment may be any number of devices including, but not limited to, telephones, data terminals and computers. Although work area wiring is critical to a well-managed distribution system, it is usually non permanent and designed to easily facilitate changes and rearrangement of the connected devices. The work area wiring subsystem consists of the cords and adapters that connect devices to TOs. It includes mounting cords and connectors as well as extension cords needed to make connections. Certain types of equipment may be needed in the connection between the station device and the TO. These adapter type devices are generally needed to match the transmission characteristics of the connected device to the transmission characteristics of the unshielded twisted pair distribution system. These devices are not required if the connected device is equipped with an 8-position modular port.
54
HORIZONTAL SUBSYSTEM
Horizontal
55
Horizontal Subsystem
n
The Horizontal Subsystem covers the distance from the Work Area to the Telecommunications Closet (TC). It includes the TO and the transmission media used to extend the outlet to the TC. Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS supports the use of 4-pair and 25-pair 24-gauge UTP cables and multimode and singlemode fibre optical cables in the Horizontal Subsystem. The horizontal wiring is terminated on a Telecommunication outlet in the Work Area and on cross-connect or interconnect hardware in the TC. The horizontal wiring shall be a star topology with each Work Area TO connected to a TC or to an Equipment Room (ER). The maximum length of the horizontal cable run is 295 feet (90 meters).
56
RISER BACKBONE SUBSYSTEM
Ris e r Bac kbo ne
57
Riser Backbone Subsystem

n The Backbone (sometimes called Riser) Subsystem is the
portion of the SYSTIMAX SCS that provides the main (or feeder) cable routes in a building. It usually supplies the multiple circuit facilities between two locations, especially where system common equipment is located at a central point. The Backbone Subsystem consists of the copper cabling or a combination of the copper and optical fibre cabling along with the associated hardware used to bring this cable to other locations.
n For communications within a building, the Backbone
Subsystem connects telecommunications closets to equipment areas. These areas may be a single main equipment room, or multiple equipment locations within the building.
n To provide communications access to outside networks, the
Backbone Subsystem joins the trunk Cross-connect and the network interface portion of the network facility owned by the Telephone Company. The network interfaces usually located in a room adjacent or near the equipment room. The network interface defines the demarcation between facilities and the Premises Distribution System.
n The maximum allowable backbone cable length is 2624 feet
(800 meters) when voice-grade UTP cables are used. When using Categories 3, 4, or 5 cables, lengths should be limited to 295 feet (90 meters). Multimode fibre optic cables may be up to 6,560 feet (2,000 meters) and Singlemode cables may be up to 9,840 feet (3,000 meters). While it is recognised that the capabilities of singlemode fibre may allow for greater distances, more than 9,840 feet (3,000 meters) is considered to extend outside the scope of the TIA/EIA-568A standard.
58
ADMINISTRATION SUBSYSTEM
Adminis tratio n
Adminis tratio n
59
Administration Subsystem
n
The Administration Subsystem consists of: the cross-connects and interconnects that are made to join two subsystems together or to assign common equipment circuits to a subsystem, the termination hardware, colour coding and numbering schemes and record keeping. The Administration Subsystem must be compliant with EIA/TIA-606. Cross-connects and interconnects allow easy administration of common equipment circuits for routing and rerouting to various parts of a building or a campus. They are made with jumper wires or patch cords. A jumper wire is a short length of unjacketed copper conductors (1, 2, 3 or 4 pairs), whereas a patch cord contains stranded conductors in a PVC jacket and has connectors at both ends. Patch cords provide an easy way to rearrange circuits without the need for the special tools required to install jumper wires.
60
EQUIPMENT SUBSYSTEM
MDF
Equipme nt S ubs ys te m
61
Equipment Subsystem
n The Equipment Subsystem consists of shared, common
communications equipment and the transmission media required to terminate this equipment on connecting hardware.
n The Equipment Room Subsystem is made up of the cable,
connectors and associated support hardware in an equipment room. These are used to extend the common equipment circuits to the main cross-connect wall field for connection to the Premises Distribution System.
62
CAMPUS SUBSYSTEM
Campus Bac kbo ne
63
Campus Subsystem
n The Campus Subsystem extends the cabling in one building to
communication devices and equipment in other buildings on the premises. It is the portion of the distribution system that includes the transmission media and support hardware required to provide an inter-building communication facility. It consists of copper cable, optical fibre cable, earthing and electrical protection devices that are used to prevent electrical surges on the cable from entering buildings.
n Fibre optic cable is often used as the Campus Backbone
medium because it is immune to Electromagnetic Interference and Radio Frequency Interference (EMI and RFI) and can extend the distance over which signals can travel between buildings. Typically, the Campus Backbone Subsystem connects buildings in the equipment rooms.
64
TIA/EIA-568-A Building Wiring Standard

BUILDING 1 LEGEND
s s WA Horizontal Wiring TC IC Backbone Wiring MC IC ER TC WA S ER & EF MC EF Main Cross-Connect Intermediate Cross-Connect Equipment Room Telecommunications Closet Work Area Station Equipment Entrance Facilities Cross Connect Interbuilding Backbone Wiring ER & EF Backbone Wiring Horizontal WA Wiring s TC s Telecommunications Outlet
IC
BUILDING 2
65
TIA/EIA-568-A Building Wiring Standard

n
The TIA-568-A Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring Standard defines a wiring system that supports a multi-vendor environment. The purpose of the standard is to enable the planning and installation of building wiring with no knowledge of the telecommunications devices, which will ultimately be installed in the building. The simple fact is that all major voice, data, and computer systems vendors acknowledge the economic benefits, in terms of initial cost and maintenance and administration costs, of placing a universal wiring system in commercial buildings at the time of initial construction or major renovation. The TIA-568-A standard calls for a physical star topology. The example shown here illustrates the terminology used in the standard and shows a typical physical layout. The elements of the wiring system include: Horizontal Wiring Backbone Wiring Work Area Telecommunications Closets Equipment Rooms Administration Points Entrance Facilities
Maximum cable distances as specified for UTP by TIA-568A are as follows: Horizontal Wiring 90m (295 ft). Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Backbone Wiring 800m for voice and 90m for data. Multimode (MM) Fibre Backbone 2 Km. Single mode (SM) Fibre Backbone 3 Km (longer distances possible). Work Area 3m (10 ft). Jumper and Patch cords lengths in Telecommunications Closets 6m (20 ft). Total allowed for cords in the Work Area plus patch cords, jumpers and equipment cables in the Telecommunications closet for each horizontal channel: 10m (33 ft). Jumper and Patch cords lengths in Equipment Rooms 20m (66 ft).
66
OTHER STANDARDS
EIA/TIA-569 EIA/TIA-606 EIA/TIA-607 EIA/TIA-570 TSB-67 TSB-75 UL IEEE802.5 IEEE802.3 ANSI
IS 11801
67
Other Standards

EIA/TIA-569 Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces provides guidelines for the design of horizontal, and work area pathways, building entrance facilities, tel. closets, and equipment rooms. EIA/TIA-570 Residential and Light Commercial Telecommunications Wiring replaces EIA/TIA 568 as the primary standard in these environments. EIA/TIA-606 Administration Standards for the Telecommunications Infrastructure of Commercial Buildings provides guidelines for labelling and administering the components, which comprise a structured wiring system. EIA/TIA-607 Commercial Building Grounding and Bonding Requirements for Telecommunications describes a standard method for distributing signal ground throughout a building. TSB-67 Transmission Performance Specification for Field Testing of UTP Cabling Systems includes hand-held test set specifications, test configurations and limits for site testing of UTP systems. TSB-72 Centralized Optical Fibre Cabling Guidelines supplements TIA-568A with home-run architectures for fibre optic installations. TSB-75 Additional Horizontal Cabling Practices for Open Offices allows the inclusion of Consolidation Points and Multi-user Outlets for added flexibility. IS 11801 Generic Cabling for Customer Premises is the ISO/IEC standard based on TIA-568A ANSI Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Standards describe a set of rules for the implementation of 100 Mbps token ring networks on fibre optic, STP, and UTP cabling systems. IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD Access Method describes various implementations of the 10 Mbps Ethernet network, including the 10BASE-T (UTP) and 10BASE-F (fibre) physical medium dependent options. IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Access Method describes the implementation of token ring networks. NFPA 70 U.S. National Electrical Code describes practices necessary for safeguarding people and property from hazards, such as electrical shock and fire, arising from the use of electricity. Local codes must be followed where applicable.
68
69
Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS Applications

The Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS supports the following specific applications: n Voice Applications Analogue Voice Digital Voice Remote Switch Modules
n Terminal-to-Host Data Applications IBM 3270 IBM System 3X and AS/400 WANG OIS and VS EIA-232 UNISYS Air Land UNISYS Advanced TeleCluster Fujitsu M System ICL DRS-Connect Pilkington Flexilink 6000 System
n Local Area Network Applications IEEE 802.3 10BASE-T/FL Networks IEEE 802.3 100BASE-T2/T4/TX/FX Networks IEEE 802.12 100VG Demand Priority LANs IEEE 802.3 1000BASE-T/SX/LX Networks 133/266/531/1062 Fibre channel applications TP-PMD Networks IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Networks Farallon PhoneNET
70
Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS APPLICATIONS (Cont'd) n Enterprise Network Applications FDDI ATM
n Video Applications Baseband Composite Video Baseband RGB Video Broadband Video
NOTE: Detailed recommendations for implementing a particular application may be found in the appropriate Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS Application Guide and in the Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS Performance Specifications. The following colour code is recommended for labelling circuit terminations. This is the colour scheme also shown in the EIA606 Standard.
71
COLOR CODED CIRCUIT LABELS DESIGNATION STRIPS

s Blue: Station Connections from a Telecommunication
outlet (TO) located in an office or other work area.

s White: Riser backbone connections. Cables terminated
on a white field run between equipment rooms and telecommunication closets.

s Brown: Campus backbone cable connections. Cables
terminated on a brown field run between equipment room and buildings on a campus.
s Grey: Tie backbone cables run between
telecommunication closets.
s Green: The incoming trunks from the telephone
company central office.

s Purple: Leads from such system-common equipment
as a PBX, data switch, or multiplexer.

s Yellow: Auxiliary equipment connections and
miscellaneous
s Orange: Network Interface.
72
ANALOG VOICE APPLICATION

Pair 1
110C-4
Voice Outlet Pair 1 WHITE

110C-3
BLUE Horizontal Cable Backbone Cable Analog Line Cord
8 Ports
Analog Telephone
25-Pair Analog or Cable Digital PBX
PURPLE
WHITE
voice.##
73
Voice Applications
Analogue Voice Application The Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS supports analogue voice connections using the D6AP modular cord and 25-pair connectorised cables. A single-line analogue voice phone utilises only one pair of wires for operation. The modular plug on the telephone end of the mounting cord must be a 6-position plug in order to fit into the modular jack on the telephone set. When plugged into the 8-pin modular voice outlet, the plug on the outlet end of the phone cord centres itself in the jack such that the centre two pins (4 & 5) are accessed. These two pins are connected to pair 1 of the horizontal cable. At the telecommunications closet, this pair (blue field) is crossconnected to the appropriate pair in the voice network backbone cable (white field). The voice backbone cable is terminated on 110AW2-x00 wiring blocks at both ends using 110C3, 110C4, or 110C5 connectors. At the equipment room, the backbone pair (white field) is crossconnected to the proper telephone line number on the voice switch (purple field). For this connection, 110 patch cords or cross-connect wire may be used. A Avaya Communication 25-pair preconnectorised cable is used for connecting the line ports of the switch to the purple field 110 wiring block. The equipment end of this cable may utilise a 50pin TELCO connector. The wiring end of this cable may be unterminated or may use a connector. Unterminated cables are field terminated on a 110-wiring block. Preconnectorised cables may be plugged into connectorised 110 patch panels.
74
LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES 8-PIN INFORMATION OUTLET

Connected to Closet Power Supply X Connect Data REC X Connect Data XMT X Connect Analog Voice White/Blue 1 Blue/White White/Orange 2 Orange/White White/Green 3 Green/White White/Brown 4 Brown/White 110 C4 Conn. Blk. 1 2 3 4 To Closet To Device
Lucent 8-Pin IO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Pair 1 Analog Voice Pair 2 Data XMT Pair 3 Data REC
T568B
W/BL BL/W W/O O/W W/G G/W W/BR BR/W
4 x UTP
Pair 4 Power
Pin #s
Cable Designation T2 R2 T3 R1 T1 R3 T4 R4 Front View of AT&T 8 Pin Modular Jack
75
Analogue Voice Application (Cont'd) Two-line analogue phones may be equipped with 4-wire cords intended to be used with 6-pin modular jacks. These phones use pins 4 & 5 of the 8-pin modular jack for Line 1 and pins 3 & 6 for Line 2. Each line requires a separate cable pair. At the blue field in the telecommunications closet, pins 4 & 5 appear as pair 1. Pins 3 & 6 appear as pair 3. In this case, two 1 pair crossconnects are required at the telecommunications closet and at the equipment room, one for each line. The voice switch (PBX) is connected to the 110-wiring block (purple field) via a connectorised 25-pair cable.
76
DIGITAL VOICE APPLICATION

Pairs 2 & 3
110C-4
Pairs 2 & 3 WHITE

110C-3
Voice Outlet BLUE Horizontal Cable Backbone Cable D8BA Cord
8 Ports
Digital Telephone
25-Pair Analog or Cable Digital PBX
PURPLE
WHITE
77
Digital Voice Application The Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS supports digital voice connections using modular cords and connectorised cables. A digital phone may utilise from one to four pairs of wires for operation. This depends upon the specific model of the phone. When a Avaya Communication 7400-series digital phone is plugged into the 8-pin modular voice outlet, pairs 2 and 3 of the horizontal cable are utilised. At the telecommunications closet, these pairs (blue field) are cross-connected to the appropriate pairs in the voice network backbone cable (white field). The voice backbone cable is terminated on 110 wiring blocks at both ends. At the equipment room, the backbone pairs (white field) are cross-connected to the proper telephone line number on the voice switch (purple field). For this connection, 110 patch cords or cross-connect wire may be used. A Avaya Communication 25-pair preconnectorised cable is used for connecting the line ports of the switch to the purple field 110 wiring block. The equipment end of this cable may utilise a 50pin TELCO connector. The wiring end of this cable may be unterminated, or may use a connector. Unterminated cables are field terminated on a 110 wiring block. Preconnectorised cables may be plugged into connectorised 110 patch panels.
78
REMOTE SWITCH MODULE APPLICATION
LIU
LIU
Fiber Optic Jumpers
Fiber Optic Backbone/Campus Cable
Remote Switch Module
LIU Digital PBX Fiber Optic
LIU
voice.4
79
Remote Switch Module Application In large private voice networks, it may be advantageous to install a large PBX at a central site and connect it to remote switch modules at various remote sites. Usually, this connection requires the use of a pair of multimode fibres. The Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS supports these connections using fibre optic cables and apparatus. The fibres from the main PBX are terminated with ST or SC connectors in a Fibre Optic Interconnection Unit (FOIU). Two of these fibres are connected to two fibres in the appropriate fibre optic backbone cable using ST- or SC-connectorised fibre optic jumper cables. At the remote switch location, the fibres from the remote switching module are terminated with ST or SC connectors in a LIU. Two of these fibres are connected to two fibres in the appropriate fibre optic backbone campus cable using ST- or SCconnectorised fibre optic jumper cables.
80
81
TERMINAL-TO-HOST DATA APPLICATIONS

There are many popular implementations of terminal-to-host data communications systems. With these systems, data processing is typically performed at a centralised computer (host). Data is input at a terminal. Avaya Communication' SYSTIMAX SCS is a structured cabling system, which supports many various terminal-to-host applications. The difference between the various applications is the type of UTP balun or adapter used. Please refer to the application guides for details.
82
LAN COMPONENTS
NETWORK HUB UNIT
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
WORKSTATION SOFTWARE WORKSTATION
WORKSTATION SOFTWARE
SERVER SOFTWARE
WORKSTATION
SERVER
a016.001b S voice.5
83
Local Area Network Applications

With a terminal-to-host network, the terminal serves as a device for inputting data to a centralised computer, which does all of the data processing. With a Local Area Network (LAN), each user has a Personal Computer (PC) rather than a terminal. With a PC LAN, data processing occurs in every PC rather than at a centralised computer. The LAN provides connectivity among all of the PCs for the exchange of data. As illustrated on the facing page, the basic components of a LAN include: n Servers n Workstations n Network Interface Cards n Cabling n Hubs n Software In addition to these basic components, more complex LANs may include interconnection devices such as: n n n n Bridges Routers Switches Gateways
84
LAN Topologies The principal alternatives that determine the nature of a LAN are the physical and logical topologies and the transmission medium used for the network. The term topology, in the context of a LAN, refers to the way in which servers and workstations (nodes) are interconnected. Every LAN has both physical and logical topologies associated with it. n The physical topology is the manner in which the cables are physically routed among the nodes of a LAN. n The logical topology is the route followed by data frames, which are logical groupings of information created by a LAN network interface card.
85
PHYSICAL STAR TOPOLOGY

LAN Hub Port Card
Workstation Workstation
Workstation Workstation Workstation
Server
Workstation Workstation
a016.199a S voice.6
The physical topology is the manner in which the cables are physically routed among the servers, workstations and hubs, which comprise a LAN. In a physical star, each LAN station is attached to a cable, which runs from the station to a centralised hub. This is by far the most popular physical LAN topology. It is used for all types of networks including Ethernet, token ring, and FDDI. Physical star topologies may be configured within a hub to operate as a logical bus or as a logical ring.
86
PHYSICAL BUS TOPOLOGY
T Server Workstation Workstation Workstation
a016.200a S voice.7
With a physical bus, the cable is routed past each station and a resistive terminator is placed at each end of the cable. Every station taps into the cable through a transceiver. This physical topology is utilised by the majority of coaxial Ethernet networks. Physical bus topologies are usually configured as logical bus topologies.
87
PHYSICAL RING TOPOLOGY
Server
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
a016.202a S voice.8
The physical ring topology may be implemented by connecting the transmitter of one station to the receiver of an adjacent station, and continuing this process until all stations are connected. There are no vacant jacks when the ring is completed. The problem with a physical ring is that if any station is turned off or disconnected the ring is open. In order to implement a physical ring topology, complex recovery mechanisms and alternative transmission paths must be employed. Generally speaking, physical ring topologies are employed only in FDDI networks. Physical ring topologies are usually configured as logical ring topologies
88
LOGICAL BUS
Termination Resistor
Rx
Rx
Tx
Rx
Rx
Termination Resistor
a016.204a S voice.9
The logical topology is the route followed by data frames, which are logical groupings of information created by a LAN network interface card. With a logical bus, any station wishing to transmit listens to the bus. If the bus is active, the station waits until it is quiet. If it is quiet, the station transmits a data frame. The data frame is carried from the transmitting station to all other stations at virtually the same time. Each receiving station makes a copy of the data frame. It is possible that two stations may begin to transmit at the same time. When this occurs, their data frames run into each other on the bus which causes a "collision." The stations involved detect the collision, stop transmitting, and wait a random amount of time before listening again to the bus. This access method is called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).
89
PHYSICAL STAR TOPOLOGY (ELECTRICAL RING)

Wiring Closet RX TX TX RX
RX TX RX TX
TX RX
a101.285a S voice.10
With a logical ring, the data frame is carried from the originating station to its downstream neighbour, then to the next station, then to the next, etc. So, the data frame progresses around the logical ring, from station to station, until it returns to the originating station. Each station makes a copy of the data frame as it passes by. The originating station removes the data frame from the logical ring and generates a special frame called a token. This token frame is passed around the ring from station to station until a station receiving the token has information to transmit on the network. It then removes the token frame and transmits its own data frame.
90
LOCAL AREA NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

LAN Type Coaxial Ethernet IEEE 802.3 10BASE5 & 10BASE2 UTP Ethernet IEEE 802.3 10BASE-T, 100Base-T, 1000Base-T Fibre Ethernet IEEE 802.3 Token Ring IEEE 802.5 FDDI ANSI X3T9.5 Physical Topology Bus Logical Topology Bus
Star
Bus
Star Star Ring or Star
Bus Ring Ring
The table above illustrates the physical and logical topologies associated with popular LANs. Note that Ethernet networks always operate with a logical bus topology regardless of the physical topology employed. Token ring networks always operate with a logical ring topology regardless of the physical topology employed. NOTE: 10BASE5 10BASE2 10BASE-T (100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T) 10BASE-FL (Fibre Link)
Thick Coax Thin Coax 24-gauge UTP 62.5 Multimode Fibre
91
Note: The examples in this section use a purple field for the termination of equipment cables. Patch cords are used for cross-connections between the purple and blue fields. In the case where a LAN hub has modular jacks, which can be labelled, it is acceptable to use a patch cord for connections between the hub and the blue field thus eliminating the purple field.
92
10BASE-T NETWORK APPLICATION

Pairs 2, 3 110C-4
110C-4
Equipment Cord
6 Ports PURPLE BLUE Horizontal Cable
Data Outlet
10BASE-T LAN Hub D8CM Cord
PC equipped with 10BASE-T Network Interface Card
WHITE
Equipment Cord
6 Ports PURPLE WHITE
10BASE-T LAN Hub
93
IEEE 802.3 10BASE-T Network Application The IEEE 802.3 10BASE-T standard defines a 10 Mbps CSMA/CD LAN, which uses unshielded twisted pair, cables for connectivity. The Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS supports 10BASE-T links up to a maximum distance of 100 meters (328 ft.) over 1010/2010 cable and 150 meters (492 ft.) over 1061/2061 cable. A Avaya Communication D8BA or D8CM double-ended modular cord is used to interface the 10BASE-T Network Interface Card (NIC) to the data outlet. The NIC transmits over pins 1 and 2 and receives over pins 3 and 6 of the 8-pin modular jack. At the telecommunications closet, a 2-pair patch cord is used to cross-connect pairs 2 and 3 from the horizontal cable to a port on the 10BASE-T hub. Hub ports are sometimes connected to the purple field using single-ended D8BA or D8CM cords with the unterminated end punched down on a 110-connecting block. Alternatively, hub ports may be connected to the purple field using 25-pair cables equipped with 50-pin TELCO connectors. In this case, the 110 connecting block is a factory-connectorised version. 10BASE-T hub ports (purple field) may also be patched to pairs in a backbone cable (white field) for connection to another 10BASET hub located in a remote telecommunications closet or equipment room. A Master Hub Unit is used when hubs in many closets need to be interconnected. There is a time delay restraint, which limits the number of hub units (normally 3) between the end points.
94
10BASE-FL NETWORK APPLICATION

Fiber Outlet Fiber Optic Horizontal Cable LIU Fiber Optic Backbone Cable
Dual Fiber Patch Cord 10BASE-FL LAN Hub
LIU
Dual Fiber Patch Cord
PC equipped with 10BASE-FL Network Interface Card
Dual Fiber Patch Cord 10BASE-FL LAN Hub
LIU
10basebw.2
95
IEEE 802.3 10BASE-FL Network Application The IEEE 802.3 10BASE-FL standard defines a 10 Mbps CSMA/CD LAN, which uses 62.5-micron core/125-micron cladding multimode fibre optic cables for connectivity. When fibre is used in the horizontal, for 10BASE-FL connections, the Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS supports distances up to a maximum of 6,560 ft. (2,000m).
96
TOKEN RING NETWORK

370C1 Adapter
m-k006
prdctsbw.2
97
IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Network Application The IEEE 802.5 standard defines a 4 or 16 Mbps token ring LAN which uses Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), and/or fibre optic cables for connectivity. The Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS supports token ring LAN hardware from a variety of vendors. Each of the vendor's equipment configurations has been thoroughly tested at Avaya Communication Bell Laboratories through the Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS vendor test program. Token ring NICs typically uses a shielded DB9 connector for the cable interface. The top two pins are the data IN port and the bottom two pins are the data OUT port. Both the data IN and data OUT circuits have a characteristic impedance of 150 Ohms. Because these NICs were initially designed for use with STP cables, there are no signal filters on the NIC. Avaya Communication 370C1 adapter matches the 150 Ohm impedance of the NIC data IN and data OUT circuits to the 100 Ohm impedance of the UTP cables used in the Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS. In addition, the adapter contains a filter that severely attenuates frequencies above 30 MHz as they pass from the data OUT circuit onto the cable. This filtering assures that the system meets the requirements of FCC Rules & Regulations Part 15, Subpart J for electromagnetic interference. UTP token ring NICs include an impedance matching and filter circuit, which terminates in an 8-pin modular jack. A D8SA cord is used to connect this type of NIC to the data outlet. Some token ring NICs have both the STP (DB9) and UTP (Modular Jack) interfaces. Note: For 370 Adapter refer to Product Guide
98
TOKEN RING NETWORK APPLICATION

110P6CAT5-B PATCH CORD 2-9 FT LONG (.6 - 2.7 m) PAIR 1,3 (2) PAIR 1,3 (2)
PAIR 1,3 (2)
11OC-3
11OC-3
110P6CAT5-B PATCH CORD 2-9 FT LONG (.6-2.7 m)
11OC-4
Data Outlet
PAIR 1,3 (2) 4x UTP
BLUE
8 PORTS PURPLE 115P4E-15A MIC to Unterminated Cord RING IN RING OUT 114P4E-A MIC TO MIC PATCH CORD RING OUT 8 PORTS PURPLE I/O
11OC-4
16MB NIC 370C1 ADAPTER OR D8SA/d8GS CORD
Data Outlet
4x UTP
BLUE
I/O 16MB NIC 370C1 ADAPTER OR D8SA CORD METERS)
RING IN MAU
1010/2010 CABLE - 72 TERMINALS 124' (37.8 1061/2061 CABLE - 104 TERMINALS 328' (100 METERS)
99
IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Network Application (Cont'd) This table indicates the following parameters for a variety of hardware types: n The token ring hub type
n NIC manufacturer n n HUB IBM 8228 IBM 8230 IBM 8228 SynOptics Raylan RAD Maximum number of stations allowed on a ring segment Maximum allowable lobe length
NIC IBM IBM NCR IBM IBM RAD
Max. Stations 104 100 104 DependsJ 250 256
Max. Lobe Length 100 m* 100 mo 100 m* 100 m* 1,000 mu Note 1
Equivalent electrical lobe length. Allowances for 370C1 media filter, patch cords, and equipment cables must be subtracted to determine actual horizontal cable length.
o 100 meters of 1061/2061 cable plus up to 10 m of patch cords and equipment cords J 72 stations over 1010/2010 cable 132 stations over 1061/2061 cable
u Maximum attenuation of 11.5 dB @ 850 nm wavelength Note 1: Passive Modules 328 Ft. (100m)/UTP Active Modules 590.4 Ft. (180m)/UTP Active Modules 9,840 Ft. (3 km)/Fibre or Optical Loss less than 11 dB
100
TOKEN RING NETWORK APPLICATION

Pairs 1,3 3-pair Patch Cord
110C-3
110C-4
Equipment 8 Ports Cord

PURPLE
Data Outlet BLUE Horizontal Cable 370C1 Adapter PC equipped with IBM Token Ring Network Interface Card
Token Ring LAN Hub
NOTE: D8CM Cord if UTP NIC is Used
101
IEEE 802.5 Token Ring Network Application (Cont'd) A Avaya Communication 370C1 adapter is used to interface the token ring NIC to the data outlet. The 370C1 adapter transmits over pins 3 and 6 and receives over pins 4 and 5 of the 8-pin modular jack. At the telecommunications closet, a 3-pair patch cord is used to cross-connect pairs 1 and 3 from the horizontal cable to a port on the token ring network hub. Hub ports are connected to the purple field using single-ended cords. The connectorised end of the cord requires an IBM Data Connector or modular plug. This depends on the particular hub type. The unterminated end of the cord is punched down on a 110 wiring block. Some vendors allow hub Ring IN and Ring OUT ports to be patched to pairs in a backbone cable for connection to another token ring hub located in a remote telecommunications closet or equipment room. Other vendors require the use of fibre for connections between hub Ring IN and Ring OUT ports. NOTE: Refer to the appropriate Application Guide for specific requirements.
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LOCAL ATM NETWORK APPLICATION

Pairs 2, 4
110C-4
Equipment Cord
6 Ports PURPLE
110C-4
Data Outlet BLUE Horizontal Cable
ATM Network Switch or Concentrator with ATM modules WHITE Equipment Cord
6 Ports PURPLE
PC equipped with an ATM Adapter Card
D8CM Cord Riser cable Cat 5
WHITE
ATM Network Switch
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ATM Forum UTP application Avaya Communication SYSTIMAX SCS supports a local Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network using UTP cabling system components that are compliant with the following ATM Physical Medium Dependent Interface Specifications: n 155.52Mbps using nonreturn to zero (NRZ) signalling over UTP Category 5 cabling. n 155.52Mbps using CAP64 signalling over UTP Category 3, 4 and 5 cabling. n 51.84 Mbps using CAP16 signalling over UTP Category 3, 4, and 5 cabling (including the sub-rates of 25.92 and 12.96 Mbps). n 25.6 Mbps using NRZ signalling over UTP Category 3, 4, and 5 cabling. ATM network switches come in two types: stand alone switches and multiple-module switches. The number of ports in a switch is manufacturer dependent. An area with many workstations may require multiple stand-alone switches linked together with connecting cords, or additional switch modules inserted into a multiple-module housing with the switch modules linked via the backplane in the housing. A D8CM modular cord is used to interface the PC equipped with the ATM interface card to the data outlet. Each station on an ATM network requires two pair functionality: transmit is pair 2 (pins 1 and 2) and receive is pair 4 (pins 7 and 8). At the telecommunications closet these pairs are cross-connected from the horizontal cable in the blue field to the respective ATM switch port in the purple field.
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Supported Link Lengths for Network Switch Ports
Application Type 155.52 Mbps NRZ 155.52 Mbps CAP64
Cable Type UTP-CAT5 UTP-CAT3 UTP-CAT4 UTP-CAT5 UTP-CAT3 UTP-CAT4 UTP-CAT5 UTP-CAT3 UTP-CAT4 UTP-CAT5 UTP-CAT3 UTP-CAT4 UTP-CAT5 UTP-CAT3 UTP-CAT4 UTP-CAT5
51.84 Mbps CAP16
Maximum Link Length 100 m 100 m 140 m 150 m 100 m 140 m 160 m 150 m 223 m 255 m 183 m 280 m 300 m 100 m 140 m 150 m
Sub-rate 25.92 Mbps
Sub-rate 12.96 Mbps
25.6 Mbps NRZ
NOTE: The TIA/EIA-568-A Standard allows a 90m cable maximum from the TO to the blue field. SYSTIMAX SCS recommends that installations comply with the standard to ensure compatibility with future applications.
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ATM Forum UTP application (Contd) The ATM switch can be connected to the purple field using modular single-ended cords, punching down the unterminated end on a 110-wiring block. When the switch is equipped with 25-pair connectors, a 25-pair cable with 50 pin TELCO connectors can be used to terminate it on the purple field. Its allowed to reduce the number of connections by moving the purple field function to the switch, provided that the equipment can be properly labelled and connected through patch cords to the blue field without using adapters. The ATM switch can also be linked to other ATM switch located in a remote telecommunications closet or equipment room, through a Category 5 riser cable, either 25-pair or 4-pair. In these cases the distance between switches is equivalent to a link length. Depending on the application type, SYSTIMAX supports link distances from 100m over 1010/2010 cable up to 300m over 1061/2061 cable.
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FIBRE CONNECTIVITY OF ATM SWITCHES

Dual Fibre Patch Cord Equipment Cord Outlet LIU BLUE Concentrator with ATM modules Fibre Optic Backbone Cable Dual Fibre Patch Cord Outlet LIU BLUE Concentrator with ATM modules D8CM Cord Horizontal Cable PC equipped with an ATM adapter Card D8CM Cord Horizontal Cable PC equipped with an ATM adapter Card
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ATM connectivity for switches using fibre When the distance requirement exceeds the supported length for UTP cable, a 62.5/125 m multimode graded-index or singlemode fibre optic cable can connect switches. The fibre optic cable type supported and link length supported between switches is manufacturer dependant. A Lightguide Interconnect Unit (LIU) houses the fibre optic backbone cable, which is terminated with ST or SC connectors. Two dual-fibre patch cords are required to connect the switch to the backbone cable.
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Summary
In this lesson, the basic concepts of a premises cabling system and in particular the primary qualities of a structured cabling system were presented. A structured cabling system was defined as a cohesive way of organising a cabling system and the basic rules governing its design and implementation were provided. Consistency, flexibility and adherence to a standard design formula were identified as the prime qualities of a structured cabling system. Avaya Communication, formerly Lucent Technologies, was identified as a pioneer in the creation of structured cabling systems. Our initial offering in 1985, the SYSTIMAX Premises Distribution System (known as PDS) actually provided the pattern for the current TIA -568-A telecommunications cabling standard. Today, Avaya Communication offers SYSTIMAX SCS, which handles voice, data, video, and image signals (including applications for industrial, education, and health-care markets); as well as signals created by intelligent building control systems such as HVAC, security, and FLS. A discussion of each of the six SYSTIMAX SCS subsystems provided critical parameters for each subsystem, along with a general description of the subsystems function and the products commonly used. The information provided indicates that SYSTIMAX SCS utilises 24-gauge copper twisted pair cables along with multimode and single mode fibre optic cables as its transmission media. The use of these types of transmission media make it possible for the SYSTIMAX SCS to support the voice, data, video and image requirements of the systems being placed in buildings today and also in the foreseeable future.
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LESSON 1 SYSTIMAX SCS OVERVIEW QUIZ

1. T F SYSTIMAX SCS divides a complete structured wiring system into six subsystems, while the TIA/EIA 568-A standard divides it into seven subsystems. 2. T F A structured cabling system, such as SYSTIMAX SCS, can be used for all telecommunications needs, now and in the future. 3. T F SYSTIMAX SCS supports the use of 26-gauge UTP cables along with multimode and singlemode fibre optic cables. 4. T F The work area subsystem includes the Telecommunication outlet. 5. T F The maximum length of a horizontal cable run is 328 feet (100m). 6. T F The backbone (riser) subsystem generally utilises 4-pair cables. 7. T F The performance of cables meeting the proposed Category 6 standard is specified at frequencies up to 250 MHz. 8. T F Crosstalk is the loss of energy, which occurs as a signal travels over a cable. 9. T F In a balanced circuit, neither of the signal-carrying conductors is grounded. 10. T F The Administration Subsystem components connect the Telecommunication outlet (TO) end of the Horizontal Subsystem to the voice or data equipment. 11. T F Delay Skew indicates the maximum propagation delay difference between pairs. 12. T F The PowerSum NEXT measurement assumes one disturbing pair and determines the amount of signal coupled into other pairs in the cable. 13. T F PowerSum NEXT compliance ensures that signals of the same type can coexist in the same cable. 14. T F Shielding effectiveness is independent of the grounding structure. 15. T F Bit-rate refers to how many bits can be transmitted in a given time period. 16. T F The two basic physical mechanisms that cause fibre to lose light are scattering and dispersion. 17. T F Modal dispersion occurs in singlemode fibre 18. T F Electrical protection devices are not included in the campus subsystem. 19. T F Blue coloured labels are used for identifying terminations of horizontal cables in Telecommunications Closets.
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ND3321 SYSTIMAX STRUCTURED CABLING SYSTEMS (SCS) DESIGN AND ENGINEERING LESSON 1 OVERVIEW

ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

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Copyright 2000 Avaya. All rights reserved. October 2000

ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

OTHER STANDARDS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67

AVAYA COMMUNICATION SYSTIMAX SCS APPLICATIONS ---------------------------------------- 69

LOCAL AREA NETWORK APPLICATIONS ----------------------------------------------------------------- 83

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

LESSON 1 SYSTIMAX SCS OVERVIEW QUIZ ------------------------------------------------------------ 109

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

EVOLUTION OF CUSTOMER NEEDS

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

Evolution of Customer Needs

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

SYSTIMAX TO SOLVE THE PUZZLE

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

Standards compatible Consistent design Flexible Modular

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

Virtues of Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Wire

n Another major advantage of UTP is that it is application

Copyright 2000 Avaya. All rights reserved. October 2000

ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

Therefore, if extended to long distances in noisy environments, there may be problems.

reducing the cable's susceptibility to external noise.

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

Technical Aspects of UTP

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

EFFECTS OF NEAR END CROSSTALK

Undesired noise (caused by crosstalk)

Transmitter Two pairs inside the same cable

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

Effects of Near End Crosstalk

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

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ND3321 SYSTIMAX SCS Overview

PR1-4, PR2-3, PR2-4, PR3-4

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