LAYOUT OF POWER PLANT LAB

List of apparatus:1) Nozzle study performance unit. 2) Air compressor study unit. 3) Single cylinder steam engine. 4) Rankine cycler. 5) Table. (i) (ii) (iii) Diesel engine (engine test bed) Petrol engine (engine test bed) Wankel engine model

6) Car sectioned model. 7) Table. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Stirling cycle engine. 2-stroke petrol engine. 4 stroke petrol engine. Wankel engine model.

8) Table. (i) (ii) Turbo jet engine. Pressure gauge calibration apparatus.

9) Rack # 1. (i) (ii) 10) (i) Steam engine model. Steam turbine model. Rack # 2. Yamaha sectioned model.

(ii) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18)

Thermo electric engine. 2-shaft gas turbine. Marcet boiler. Steam motor set. Steam test bench. Engine test bed. Sloce speed diesel engine. Bio fuel engine project. Diesel generator.

Terms related to Power Plant: Enthalpy:

Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system. It includes the internal energy, which is the energy required to create a system, and the amount of energy required to make room for it by displacing its environment and establishing its volume and pressure. Enthalpy is a thermodynamic potential. It is a state function and an extensive quantity. The unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI) for enthalpy is the joule.

Entropy:
Entropy is a thermodynamic property that is a measure of the energy not available for useful work in a thermodynamic process, such as in energy conversion devices, engines, or machines. Such devices can only be driven by convertible energy, and have a theoretical maximum efficiency when converting energy to work. During this work entropy accumulates in the system, but has to be removed by dissipation in the form of waste heat.

T-s diagram for steam:

There are four processes in the t-s diagram, these states are identified by number in the diagram to the right.

Process 1-2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure, as the fluid is a liquid at this stage the pump requires little input energy.

Process 2-3: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at constant pressure by an external heat source to become a dry saturated vapor. The input energy required can be easily calculated using h-s chart or enthalpy-entropy chart also known as steam tables.

Process 3-4: The dry saturated vapor expands through a turbine, generating power. This decreases the temperature and pressure of the vapor, and some condensation may occur.

Process 4-1: The wet vapor then enters a condenser where it is condensed at a constant pressure to become a saturated liquid.

Dryness fraction:
If the water content of the steam is 5% by mass, then the steam is said to be 95% dry and has a dryness fraction of 0.95. Dryness fraction can be expressed as: = ws / (ww + ws) where = dryness fraction ww = mass of water (kg, lb) ws = mass of steam (kg, lb) (1)

Saturated steam dryness fraction x<1 Dry steam dryness fraction x=1 Superheated steam dryness fraction x=1

Description of power plant related apparatus

Single cylinder steam engine:A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. Steam engines are typically external combustion engines, although other external sources of heat such as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. The heat cycle is known as the Rankine cycle. The invention of reliable steam engines with reasonable efficiencies J. Watt, triggered the industrial revolution which shaped the world we live in.

RANKINE CYCLER:The Rankine Cycle is a cycle that converts heat into work. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water. This cycle generates about 80% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar thermal, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath.

These are the four main devices used in Rankine cycle.

TURBO JET ENGINE:Turbojets consist of an air inlet, an air compressor, a combustion chamber, a gas turbine (that drives the air compressor) and a nozzle. The air is compressed into the chamber, heated and expanded by the fuel combustion and then allowed to expand out through the turbine into the nozzle where it is accelerated to high speed to provide propulsion.

In turbojet air is drawn into the engine through the front intake. The compressor squeezes the air to many times normal atmospheric pressure and forces it. The turbine extracts energy from the expanding gases to drive the compressor, which intakes more air. After leaving the turbine, the hot gases exit at the rear of the engine, giving the aircraft forward push.

STEAM TURBINE:A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.

PRESSURE GAUGE CALIBRATION APPARATUS:Pressure gauges, like all measuring tools, have a tendency to wear over time and may become less accurate. Because pressure gauges are often manufactured to accurately read only the middle values (the low and high ends of the scale provide less accurate readings), just "zeroing" your pressure gauge may not ensure a good reading.

STEAM ENGINE MODEL:Steam engine is explained above. This model shows the complete function of the parts of the steam engines. The model is shown in figure below.

Two shaft gas turbine:Gas turbines are becoming increasingly used as power plants for a wide variety of applications around the world. Originally they were developed solely for aircraft propulsion where their inherent low specific weight (i.e. mass/unit power) made them essential for high speed flight. For this particular purpose they have been developed to a high degree of efficiency both thermodynamically and mechanically.

Marcet Boiler (Model: HE 169):The market boiler is a bench top unit designed to demonstrate the thermodynamic basic principal of boiling phenomenon. The unit consists of a stainless steel pressure vessel fitted with a high pressure immersion electrical heater. The unit also comes with a safety valve, glass thermometer and Bourdon type pressure gauge. Water inlet valve and discharge valve are also installed.