CHAPTER 1

1.1
Answering machine
Alarm clock
Automatic door
Automatic lights
ATM
Automobile:
Engine controller
Temp. control
ABS
Electronic dash
Navigation system
Automotive tune-up equip.
Baggage scanner
Bar code scanner
Battery charger
Cable/DSL Modems and routers
Calculator
Camcorder
Carbon monoxide detector
Cash register
CD and DVD players
Ceiling fan (remote)
Cellular phone
Coffee maker
Compass
Copy machine
Cordless phone
Depth finder
Digital watch
Digital recorder
Digital scale
Digital thermometer
Electronic dart board
Electric guitar
Electronic door bell
Electronic gas pump
Elevator
Exercise machine
Fax machine
Fish finder
Garage door opener
GPS
Hearing aid

Invisible dog fences

Laser pointer
LCD projector
Light dimmer
Keyboard synthesizer
Keyless entry system
Laboratory instruments
Metal detector
Microwave oven
Model airplanes
MP3 player
Musical greeting cards
Musical tuner
Pagers
Personal computer
Personal planner/organizer
Radar detector
Radio
Razor
Satellite radio and TV receivers
Security systems
Sewing machine
Smoke detector
Sprinkler system
Stereo system
Amplifier
CD player
Receiver
Tape player
Stud sensor
Talking toys
Telephone
Telescope controller
Toy robots
Traffic light controller
TV & remote control
Variable speed appliances
Blender
Drill
Mixer
Food processor
Fan
Vending machines

Video games
Wireless headphones & speakers
Wireless thermometer
Workstations
Electromechanical Appliances*
Air conditioning and heating systems
Clothes washer and dryer
Dish washer

Electrical timer
Iron, vacuum cleaner, toaster
Oven, refrigerator, stove, etc.
*These appliances are historically
based only upon on-off (bang-bang)
control. However, many of the high end
versions of these appliances have now
added sophisticated electronic control.

1.2

B = 19.97 x 100.1997(20201960) = 14.5 x 1012 =14.5 Tb/chip

1.3

(a)

(b)

1.4
1.5

B2 19.97 x10 0.1977(Y2 1960)

=
= 100.1977(Y2 Y1 ) so 2 = 10 0.1977(Y 2 Y1 )
0.1977(Y1 1960)
B1 19.97x10
log 2
Y2 Y1 =
=1.52 years
0.1977
log10
Y2 Y1 =
= 5.06 years
0.1977

N = 1027x10 0.1505(20201970) = 34.4 x 109 transistors /P

N 2 1027 x10 0.1505(Y2 1970)
0.1505(Y 2 Y1 )
=
= 10
0.1505(Y1 1970)
N1 1027x10
log2
= 2.00 years
0.1505
log10
(b) Y2 Y1 =
= 6.65 years
0.1505
(a) Y2 Y1 =

No, this distance corresponds to the

diameter of only a few atoms. Also, the wavelength of the radiation needed to expose
such patterns during fabrication is represents a serious problem.

1.7

From Fig. 1.5, there are approximately 3.5 million transistors on a Pentium IV
microprocessor. From Prob. 1.4, the number of transistors/P will be 34.4 x 109.
Thus there will be the equivalent of 34.4x109/3.5x106 = 9830 Pentium IV processors.

1.8

F = 8.214 x100.06079(20201970) m = 7.5 nm .

1.6

P = (75 x 106 tubes)(1.5 W/tube) = 1.13 x 108 W = 113 MW

I=

1.9

1.13 x 10 W
= 511 kA!
220V

D, D, A, A, D, A, A, D, A, D, A

1.10

VLSB =

10V
10V
=
= 2.44 mV
12
2 bits 4096bits

10V
= 5V
2
10V
VO = 2340
= 5.71 V
4096

VMSB =

1001001001002 = 211 + 28 + 2 5 + 2 2 = 234010

1.11

VLSB =

2.5V
2.5V
mV
=
= 2.44
10
2 bits 1024 bits
bit

01011001012 = (2 8 + 2 6 + 25 + 2 2 + 2 0 ) = 35710
10

2.5V
VO = 357
= 0.872 V
1024

1.12

VLSB =

5V
5V
mV
=
= 19.53
8
2 bits 256bits
bit

and

14210 = (128 + 8 + 4 + 2)10 =10001110 2

2.77V
= 142 bits
mV
19.53
bit

1.13

10V
mV
6.83V 15
= 0.3052
and
(2 bits)= 22381 bits
15
2 bits
bit
10V
2238110 = (16384 + 4096 +1024 + 512 + 256 + 64 + 32 + 8 + 4 +1)10

VLSB =

2238110 = 1010111011011012
1.14 A 4 digit readout ranges from 0000 to 9999 and has a resolution of 1 part in 10,000.
The number of bits must satisfy 2B = 10,000 where B is the number of bits. Here B =
14 bits.

1.15

5.12V
5.12V
mV
V
=
=1.25
and VO = (1011101110112)VLSB LSB
12
2 bits 4096 bits
bit
2
11
9
8
7
5
4
3
VO = (2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 +1)101.25mV 0.0625V
VLSB =

VO = 3.754 0.000625 or 3.753V VO 3.755V

1.16 I B = dc component = 0.002 A, i b = signal component = 0.002 cos (1000t) A

1.17 VGS = 4 V, vgs = 0.5u(t-1) + 0.2 cos 2000t Volts

1.18 vCE = [5 + 2 cos (5000t)] V

1.19 vDS = [5 + 2 sin (2500t) + 4 sin (1000t)] V

1.20

V = 10 V, R1 = 4.7 k, R2 = 2.2 k and R3 = 18 k.

+

R
V

R2

I3

+
V

V1 = 10V

4.7k
4.7k
=10V
= 7.06 V
4.7k + (2.2k 18k)
4.7k + 1.96k

1.96k
= 2.94 V
4.7k + 1.96k

18k
10V
18k
I2 = I1
=
= 1.34 mA

2.2k + 18k 4.7k + 1.96k 2.2k + 18k

2.2k
10V
2.2k
I3 = I1
=
= 0.164 mA

2.2k + 18k 4.7k + 1.96k 2.2k + 18k

V2 = 10V

1.21 V = 18 V, R1 = 39 k, R2 = 43 k and R3 = 11 k.

V1 = 18V

39k
= 14.7 V
39k + (43k 11k)

V2 = 18V

43k 11k
= 3.30 V
39k + (43k 11k)

I2 = I1

11k
18V
11k
=

= 76.7 A
43k + 11k 39k + (43k 11k) 43k +11k

I3 = I1

43k
18V
43k

=
= 0.300 mA
43k + 11k 39k + (43k 11k) 43k +11k

1.22

I1 = 5mA

(2.2k + 3.6k) = 2.76 mA

(2.2k + 3.6k) + 4.7k

4.7k
= 2.24 mA
5.8k + 4.7k
3.6k
V3 = 5mA(4.7k 5.8k)
= 8.06V
2.2k + 3.6k
I2 = 5mA

1.23

150k
= 150 A
150k + 100k
100k
I3 = 250A
= 100 A
150k + 100k
82k
V3 = 250A(100k 150k)
= 8.20V
68k + 82k
I2 = 250A

1.24

+
R

v
v

+
g v

v th

Summing currents at the output node yields

v
+ .002v = 0 so v = 0 and v th = v s v = v s
10 5

+
v

g v
m

R
1

ix

Summing currents at the output node :

v
ix = 5 0.002v = 0 but v = v x
10
vx
v
1
+ 0.002v x = 0 Rth = x =
= 498
vx ix =
5
1
10
ix
+ gm
R1
498
vs

Thvenin equivalent circuit:

1.25 The Thvenin equivalent resistance is found using the same approach as Problem

1
1
R
=
+
.025
= 40.0
1.24, and th
40k

The short circuit current is

+
R

vs

g v

in

in =

v
+ 0.025v and v = v s
40k

in =

vs
+ 0.025v s = 0.025v s
40k

0.025v

40

Norton equivalent circuit

1.26 (a)
+

i
v

vs
R1

and

v th

R2

Vth = Voc = i R2 but i =

Vth = v s

R2
39k
=150 v s
= 58.5 v s
R1
100k

ix
i
R

vx

Rth

R2

Rth =

vx
;
ix

ix =

vx
+ i
R2

but i = 0. Rth = R2 = 39 k.

39 k
58.5v s
Thvenin equivalent circuit:
(b)
+

i
i

R2

v th
-

Vth = Voc = i R2 where i + bi +i s = 0 and

i
Vth = s R2 = 38700 is
+ 1

i
R

vx

Rth

R2

Rth =

vx
;
ix

ix =

vx
+ i
R2

but i + i = 0 so i = 0

and Rth = R2 = 39 k
39 k
38700i s

Thvenin equivalent circuit:

1.27

i
R

vs

R2

in = i but i =

in

in =

vs
R1

and

80
vs = vs
=1.07 x 103 v s
R1
R1 75k

From problem 1.22, Rth = R2 = 56 k.

0.00107v

56 k

Norton equivalent circuit

1.28
is
v

i
R

is =

vs
v
v
+1
i = s + s = vs
R1
R1
R1
R1

R=

vs
R
100k
= 1 =
= 662
i s +1
151

R2

1.29

The open circuit voltage is

v th = gmv R2 and v = +isR1.

v th = gm R1R2is = (0.002)(10 5 )(10 6 )i s = 2 x 108 i s

For i s = 0, v = 0 and Rth = R2 = 1 M

1.30

1.31

5V
3V

2V
f (kHz)

f (Hz)
0

500

1000

10

11

4
[cos(20000t + 2000t) + cos(20000t 2000t )]
2
v = 2 cos(22000t ) + 2cos(18000t )
v = 4 sin (20000t )sin (2000t ) =

1.32

236
A = 5 0 = 2x10 536 o
10 0

1.33 (a) A =

10 45
10 12
= 5 45o (b) A =
= 100 12 o
3
o
3
o
2x10 0
10 0

A = 2 x10 5

A = 36o

1.34

(a) Av =

R2
620k
180k
62k
=
= 41.3 (b) Av =
= 10.0 (c) Av =
= 41.3
R1
15k
18k
1.5k
R2
v (t ) = (90.1 sin 750t ) mV
R1 s
V
0.01V
IS = S =
=11.0A and i s = (11.0 sin 750t ) A
R1 910
v o (t ) =

1.35

1.36 Since the voltage across the op amp input terminals must be zero, v- = v+ and vo = vs.
Therefore A v = 1.

1.37 Since the voltage across the op amp input terminals must be zero, v- = v+ = vs. Also, i = 0.

v vo
v
+ i + = 0 or
R2
R1

10

vs vo vs
+ =0
R2
R1

and A v =

vo
R
=1 + 2
vs
R1

1.38 Writing a nodal equation at the inverting input terminal of the op amp gives

v1 v v 2 v
v v
+
= i + o but v - = v + = 0 and i- = 0
R1
R2
R3
R
R
v o = 3 v1 3 v 2 = 0.510sin 3770t 1.02 sin10000t volts
R1
R2
1.39

b b b
0 1 1
1 0 0
vO = VREF 1 + 2 + 3 (a) v O = 5 + + = 1.875V (b) v O = 5 + + = 2.500V
2 4 8
2 4 8
2 4 8

1.40

b1b2b3

vO (V)

000

001

-0.625

010

-1.250

011

-1.875

100

-2.500

101

-3.125

110

-3.750

111

-4.375

1.41

1.42

Amplitude
5

10

32

f
5 kHz

f
1 kHz

5 kHz

f
10 kHz

11

Low-pass Amplifier
1.43

Band-pass amplifier

High-pass amplifier

vO (t ) = 5x5sin (2000t ) + 5x 3cos(8000t ) + 0x3cos(15000t )

vO (t ) = 25.0sin (2000t ) +15.0 cos(8000t ) volts

1.44

vO (t ) =10 x0.5 sin (2500t ) + 10x0.75 cos(8000t ) + 0x0.6cos(12000t )

vO (t ) = 5.00sin (2500t ) + 7.50 cos(8000t ) volts

1.45

The gain is zero at each frequency:

v o(t) = 0.

1.46
t=linspace(0,.005,1000);
w=2*pi*1000;
v=(4/pi)*(sin(w*t)+sin(3*w*t)/3+sin(5*w*t)/5);
v1=5*v;
v2=5*(4/pi)*sin(w*t);
v3=(4/pi)*(5*sin(w*t)+3*sin(3*w*t)/3+sin(5*w*t)/5);
plot(t,v)
plot(t,v1)
plot(t,v2)
plot(t,v3)

2
1
0
-1
-2
0
(a)

12

5
x10-3

10
5
0
-5
-10
0

5
x10-3

(b)

10
5
0
-5
-10
0

5
x10-3

(c)

10
5
0
-5
-10
0
(d)

1.47

5
x10-3

(a) 2000(1 .01) R 2000(1+ .01) or 1980 R 2020

(b) 2000(1 .05) R 2000(1+ .05) or 1900 R 2100
(c) 2000(1 .10) R 2000(1+ .10) or 1800 R 2200

13

V 0.05V

0.05
x 100% = 1.52%
3.30

1.48

Vnom = 3.3V

1.49

10000F (1 .5) C 10000F (1+ .2) or

1.50

8200(1 .05) R 8200(1+ .05) or

T=

5000F R 12000F

7790 R 8610

The resistor i s within the allowable range of values.

1.51

(a)

5V (1 .05) V 5V (1+ .05) or

5.75V V 5.25V

V = 5.30 V exceeds the maximum range, so it is out of the specification limits.

(b) If the meter is reading 1.5% high, then the actual voltage would be

Vmeter = 1.015Vact

1.52

5.30
= 5.22V which is within specifications limits.
1.015

R 6562 6066

=
= 4.96 o
T
100 0
C
R nom = R 0 oC + TCR (T) = 6066 + 4.96(27) = 6200
TCR =

14

or Vact =

1.53
+

R2

I3

Let RX = R2 R3

V1max =

10(1.02)
= 7.59V
1.78k
1+
4.7k(1.1)

V
R1 + RX

I2max =

I 2 = I1

R3
=
R2 + R3

10(0.98)
= 6.47V
2.18k
1+
4.7k(0.9)
V

R1 + R2 +

R1R2
R3

10(1.02)
= 1.54 mA
4700(0.9)(2200)(0.9)
4700(0.9) + 2200(0.9) +
18000(1.1)

R2
V
=
R2 + R3 R + R + R1R3
1
3
R2

I3max =

I3min =

and

V1min =

10(0.98)
= 1.17 mA
4700(1.1)(2200)(1.1)
4700(1.1) + 2200(1.1) +
18000(0.9)

I2min =

I3 = I1

R1
V1
=
R1 + RX 1+ RX
R1

2.2k(0.9)(18k)(0.9)
2.2k(1.1)(18k)(1.1)
= 1.78k R max
=
= 2.18k
X
2.2k(0.9) + 18k(0.9)
2.2k(1.1) +18k(1.1)

R min
X =

I1 =

then V1 = V

10(1.02)
= 0.209 mA
4700(0.9)(18000)(0.9)
4700(0.9) +18000(0.9) +
2200(1.1)

10(0.98)
= 0.128 mA
4700(1.1)(18000)(1.1)
4700(1.1) +18000(1.1) +
2200(0.9)

15

1.54

I1 = I

R2 + R3
1
=I
R1
R1 + R2 + R3
1+
R2 + R3

I1max =

I2max =

5(1.01)
mA = 2.92 mA
4700(0.95)
1+
2200(1.05) + 3600(1.05)

V3max =

1
R + R3
1+ 2
R1

I1min =

5(1.01)
mA = 2.39 mA
2200(0.95) + 3600(0.95)
1+
4700(1.05)

V3 = I 2 R3 =

V3min =

I2 = I

and similarly

I 2min =

5(0.98)
mA = 2.59 mA
4700(1.05)
1+
2200(0.95) + 3600(0.95)
5(0.99)
mA = 2.09 mA
2200(1.05) + 3600(1.05)
1+
4700(0.95)

I
1
1
R
+
+ 2
R1 R3 R1R3
5(1.01)

= 8.72 V

5(0.99)

= 7.41 V

2200(0.95)
1
1
+
+
4700(1.05) 3600(1.05) 4700(1.05)(3600)(1.05)
2200(1.05)
1
1
+
+
4700(0.95) 3600(0.95) 4700(0.95)(3600)(0.95)

1.55

From Prob. 1.24 :

Rthmax =

Rth =

1
gm +

1
1
0.002(0.8) + 5
10 (1.2)

1
R1

= 622

Rthmin =

1
0.002(1.2) +

1
5
10 (0.8)

= 415

1.56 For one set of 200 cases using the equations in Prob. 1.53.

V =10 * (0.98 + 0.04 * RAND() )

R1 = 4700 * (0.9 + 0.2 * RAND() )

R1 = 2200 * (0.9 + 0.2 * RAND()) R3 = 18000 * (0.9 + 0.2 * RAND() )

16

V1

I2

I3

Min

6.65 V

1.20 mA

0.138 mA

Max

7.47 V

1.47 mA

0.201 mA

Average

1.57

7.05 V

1.34 mA

0.165 mA

For one set of 200 cases using the Equations in Prob. 1.54:

I = 0.005 * (0.99 + 0.02 * RAND())

R1 = 4700 * (0.95 + 0.1* RAND() )

R1 = 2200 * (0.95 + 0.1* RAND() ) R3 = 3600 * (0.95 + 0.1* RAND())

I1

I2

V3

Min

2.63 mA

2.14 mA

7.53 V

Max

2.88 mA

2.34 mA

8.49 V

Average

2.76 mA

2.24 mA

8.03 V

1.58

3.29, 0.995, -6.16; 3.295, 0.9952, -6.155

1.59

(a) (1.763 mA)(20.70 k) = 36.5 V (b) 36 V

(c) (0.1021 A)(97.80 k) = 9.99 V; 10 V

17