Hh this brief 'Ylow of the pol1t 10al and m11itary can 1-

Uon of the 'YarlouB ooetriea border1tlg the Paa1fio let Q8

conaU.. what the strate cal conditions in the Paoific are at the
pre81lnt Ulle troll the standpoint of the uni ted t te8.
A!.r pOTIer hAs oompletely changed the method of applying
lI\i i tar;r po er.
hUe i 108 eff 10 haa been very great on land op-
81"aUona 1i has not :;'010 Ohanged the cb3raoter of land tereea or
their glliler methods of oporation. The use of an air farce at
the of a war be dooisive and not require the U e of
0Zl1l aray againat another to obtain the decislon, bat if the use
ler7, poasibly stae oavalry, an meny of tho aaxl iarlo8 that
have heretofOre been ell: loyed.
his is booause
(al .. 81D"taoe 'yeup.]. Of,m.ot oonoeal 1bo t from the view at
alroratt.
r po '8 effect on a navy, however, wl11 entir 1y
(bl ....lal th bOl:lc, clnea, ch4n1au "oap ns,
air .d wat.. torpedllea, and can fire, can d atr "1
ehaJlse all aetbo a aDd means fOJ'lllorly used by sea foroes. To be-
of al'Illiea beocaes necessary, they will 8t111 use infantry, 81't11-
trOll laBd baa.. are able to att ok thClll.
c1a with, IIIl slD"taoe veasels gall. exist where'ftr air forces acting
(0)
(4)
aII4 pIlt oui ot MUOD ai a &1D1&_
ood aII4 arq .art..o waael ihat baa
b Oil bu1U or ila1. OaD bo bll1lt.
'r.IIere b DO offlo18J1t 1U181l. ot deteu. air-
craft trca t.be "eola thell.el".. olther by
dUllo throwlng w.pODa, ballooD or tbar
bllr.L"<lgtI. or ohllrlo WoBpoDS.
A .whoe ::JIi"f;y oanno t operate air oratt trOll tloaUng
lIaa asalDat airoraft aotiJ18 trOll d ea
beoause the platform available fer launohing
airplaDes 1. (j 'lIwl. ClODtr ted. UDlItab e,
aII4 RpO.ed to hostile air aU CIt thai nei thar
eattl01ellt Dar .uitable airaraft OaD b lQUlch-
04 tro. io oope '11th air toroe. oUng
trca .boro 'ba....
!he Mvo _ 1 arr&ll&...enta wUl. thllr8tore, be 00nt1n for
,
otteul_ p.-po.... to .,...01. 08p1lblo of dl"lng bel t 1Iu:t-
.u all'U'att Ill' e ab to cioa1 io Cl IIlpletely the sllI'faae
ot .. _i1'b1n their radi1 ot operations. it 11 be 1 llsl-
)1. te tranaport ....., D_ber. f .en or IIlaa8QS of at rial in
_ he ....al. MI'Oa aro.. 111
unUl OQlllpl 1;8 oontrol of
1a U. first 8t84l88 f a oODtllet for t
CODtorO ot tile
,. 11... of op aUon will be alo
coast linea., re aeoQrs
..... - )e .....ed aIId bald. 8IIIal1 islanda offer
t
"1\8_ beoall8e 'hey oan bo _117 d.tono.ed trOll _ GrAft; and. n
t uth.. hand. OaD .....11)' .upplied dtber b1 air OJ' by 8llbmar-
dllle
In between the uni teel tate. and Japan. aD advano.
oannot be mada by the southern ine with any jp'814t hope of BuOOeliS
oa 8, as Ul bo 8e n fnrther on in thi. repor'. ep8Zl8.e air
po or oQllpl tely dOlll1 tell 11;, ConseqWtnU;y.. ina f 11' basea
'11111 have to l:e o.tab11 .lied ong t be oout to Alaue &Dd tbenoe
to ~ a ad.. oOftr of hioh any dlreot operat ion. ligbinat the
aa1Il lalaD4 at Japen will have to be aacle. In the eVeDt of OT-
1Irc aD ezrq to the tur east it 1& l:lOt lnooJUl.1Yab18 tbat he ad-
_00 l __t. lt not a gre t part of the foroe a1 hi; have to be
.0.4 ltl the lulu pauage to Skagwq, Ala"', Ofti' the hit.
~ '7 r a n ~ , UI_. dOllD the oa and &CII'Oaa ll..1ng ..AJl
all' ottllllal... 1\8&1.., Japan ltselt wollld be 4..1alv8 beoaua& all
- Ul.a, a.'era ot populatioll aDd .-10ult\l1'&1 or U.
e'q __ 9II1l..,. ot , tro, are ooaseated. and ...11 10Gated.
1a al. ,.u aVIlat\ll'8 1" of Pllpw and od 01' QtheF lntl
MIll. lle7 ot Up.., trOll thi. obIII'aotel" of _
t ""JII"ea.
I
GEORGE T. BYE, INC:
535 FIFTH AVE., NEW VORl("
JAPAN
In ooneidering the situation of Japan 1n the Far and her
relation to the United States, it ie necessary to tak into'considera_
tion her status 1n the pRst and the psychological condition of her
people with respeot to fore1gn nations. Although on th surf ce Japan
may appear to have ohanged a great deal, her basic principles and manner
of thought have varied but little. -
In 1854. Japan was forced to open her doors to 1ntercourse with
the Oiv1lized,world. It was done by a squadron of Amer1can war vessels
painted black and with the muzzles of many cannon peeri from their
ports that looked still blacker to the Japanese. The United States,
haVing arrived in Ca11fornia, on eastern shore of the great pacific,
oast1ng 1ts gaze across it to the shoreS of Cathay. OUr'merchants
had estab11shed themselves at the Chinese city of Canton and were
carrying on a lucrative trade, but Japan's attitude towaTds us and all
fore1gners was unbearable. Tho European nations were est blishl them-
selve. permanently at 1n As1a: the lish, the Dutch,
the.Spaniah, the French. and the Portuguese. at we w nted was trade
and fa1r treatment for our people engaged in trade, not the acqulsition
of t.rr1tory alone. For a time our flag flew from the' onin Islands,
the Loooh.and even Formosa, to give force to our demands. These
of the greatest strategical importance to Japan.
Th. lavase lsolation of Japan was at an end, She nol
.r up th. dlplomatlc envoys from a forei n power and decapi-
te a. ahe did the eml.Baries of Kublal Khan ln the fourteenth
Gould no lODg.r take the Christian and
'ate. give them the water torture, bury them __
and oruclty them." She could
A'-
..
mutilate, mistreat the 0 ews or vessels putting into her ports
for supplies, or mariners wrecked on her shores.
t the tim or Commodore Perry's visit, the sm 11 island of
Deshims, off the b rbor or a asaki, was tle only where
toreigners were llowed to bave commercial intercourse with Japan.
The e, a re. Dutch represent tlves of their st India company were con.
fined to & strip of land six hundred teet 10 . by two hundred feet broad,
and only six teet above high tide. This land was reclaimed trom the
water and connected to the little town by a small stone bridge, at the
end of whlch was a gate, c10 ely gu rded, their only means of communi.
cation with the outside. "On t is restricted bit of territory, gu rded
and confined like prison rs or thieves, constantly subjecte to the
most bull1Uati offlcl a rogance nd rostrictions", from sixteen to
twenty Dutchmen 1iveA and were allowed to carr) on trade with Japan.
The profits tremendous, however, w icb imp lled them on in their
commercial deallngs.
Onoe a year, tbe Dutch resident h d make a journey to Yedo to
offer th ShOgun his respects and presents.
ile In Yedo, the Dutch
wer tre t.d as prisoners constantly aocomp nied .hroughout with
.
guards ana,,""lne" ot Japanese teudal lords. Finally, the resident
wsl rtcelvea in audienoe and his presents lald out for inspection. Among
other arti 1, there W&S always a liberal supply of ' ropean wines and
whi e1. At t.
wa..a on 11
audie ce, the Dutch resident was made to "creep for.
n4 t ..t, and t lUng on his knees, be his head to

exactly like
ain in absolute silene , crawl!
10n .as over, the Dutch were led further
.., eouid be Viewed by the women re ainers ot
1r. The Sho un, during the audlence,
.,6-
,

t.b

N_ined out ot eight ot the lXltoh ree1<.!ent, behlnd a ourt In. Here
he Sboe;un aau1! the lXltohJlen to 0 thro h "a monkey-llke oomedy."
"They h d to rl and walk to and tro, excha e c mpllmente wlth eaoh
other, I!anoe, jump, repre.ent II. drunken m n, sp nit brok n Japan se,
palnt, real! Dutoh and German,.l ,put thelr clo ks on d ta e them
ott." ttle re.ldent wae alwaye 0 ntemptuouely reterred to ae a red-
handed barbaJ'lan and, wh n dlsmlssed trom th audlence, he was made to
,
agree to 11 eorts restrlctlons not ln accordance wlth clvl1lzed
usages.
So_ little meliorat1on took place ln th . of he
nlneteenth century, but no baslc change ot vlew so far s the bulk ot
the people were concerned. Thelr merchants ere Juot as dlshonest as
they had always been, tor various reasons, one of wh\ch ls that 1n a
feudal etate a merchant 1s down toward t e hottom ot t. e soolal soale,
and no as , r bow dlshonest he ls, hls positlon wl11 not be lowered.
180, It 1s perfectly leelt1mate to hoodWlnk the foreigner under ny
nd all oirou 'nc88.
a war and the preparatlon tor war, thelr methods conform t
,
-al,ebologloal make-up. Thelr great p
Sua BU and tzu, ,\1ho the
oeptors ue e the
o t oelobr ted
the literature ot Chlna, publ1she<t in 550 B.C. These
of .pl ln every posslble ay. "lIlt ry
be G en by calll l1. on ode and demon.; nor doee
.... DOl' oalcul tlon. It ls throueh men th t
alned." Sples acqulre the reateet merlt
".Iywhere in 11 sorts or gulses and dis ulBeB.
I6nlrapenln .nelll1' s servlce nd 1 t he for
o POsitions or responalbl11 y
'7.
d truet, BO.

, tbat. t.hey can galn lntorDlll.t1on. ery advantage is taken to work into
the geod grac...... the friendship and the oonfidence of the forei nero
The most elaborate sy.tem of espionage is maintaIned by them. espeoial_
ly lth and 1n the United States. With the of the country by
CollllOdore Perry. their outward customs respeoting foreigners had to- be
Ohaq;ed lhel "ere mad. tO
I
by force. Their lnward psychology cha ed
T.r, 11ttle. howev.r. and with Slight modlfioat1ons. 1s the same today.
fhe United tates did everyth1ng to help along this
country 1n 1ts apparent attempts to emerge from barbarianism. The lead-
1ng men of Japan saw full well what the obstruotive taot1os of the
Chinese were bring1ng them to. and they knew t the small lslands of
Japan would be quickly up by the United or some other
enterpri.ing wh1te pOller. unless decided cha. es took place and the
country 1mbibed sufficient western olvillzatlon at le st to make modern
gun power. guns and
In 1868. thls .entlment had grown so strong that a revolut10n took
plaee Whlch put aside the old system of entire leo1 tion and lna u ted
new one ot 1eam1ne the white man's methods. usi them for thelr own
protaot,loQ w1th him. The Ja nese saw that
the eo 1al of the white man was d1rected re and re
.eQuring the trade of Asia. lIhirh held mo than half the popu-

the world. mb1 should not Japan then, at the doors of As1a,
boiI:4 tnla trade 88a1nst nat10ns and peoplo that 11 re seven
Qr aore 11118.
80lng to school 1n the estern world. She sent
and lmported fore1gner. to teach h r. These were

OQBf and then away and new ones obtained

recelved with more open arms than 1n the
-38-
Unl ted na. Amerlcan. were proud or the way J pan h d been
opene4 aDd ot \h. pro re 1n we.tern oivilization t t she was

Tbousands ot Am ricnn. took trips 0 J nan 'lIe e greatly

!apr....4 with the pretty thl s they saw. the outward rr blllty of
the .Japan... and how these a rent oorb rl s re meliorating
.rythlng about. the1r oountry. They oa e back a.fter avl been
wlned and dined, 1th really woree t an no ot the real con.
d1tlone in the oountry, to report t t the J anese empire iaB pro
bly tbe mo.t wond rtu1 place 1n the world, physlcally, ment 111 and
morall,.
Japan began work1 hard on the m111tary s rv1ce. F1rst she
lapor\ed French 1netruotor.. en Fr nce "e.s overwhelmed by Germany
in 1870-1, .he sh1tted to Ger ny. The G organ1z d and tralned
the Japanes. tor war, GO that tod y they h v the slm lest. most effect-
lye and eff101.nt mi11tary yst m 1n the world. iote t at t e word
"ays "18 used. '1'1118 does not nec me n hat it 111 be the
htlee.
malt1
n v1 was
and Briti8h instruotors were
t.h. 1l1,.\le , .J8pan beglU'1 to "feel h rots" G 1t uere.and
the 014 \0 poasea8 herselt of tbe helpless s e of Korea
C na objeoted and the Chlno.J anese w r ensu d in
toWr hi lpleneaa JlUlde 1t a " r of s. dur t nand
.o..1.te11 vlctorious. She seized the lums th she desired
f ai., but under the r saure of teo e B.
...
be t.rr1tories had to be Iven ok to Ch1na
mad Oft "I RuSSla} hUe em'lny n<:'l

ngl nd also
Japan was careful to keep up her reputation with th world at
large, so as t& keep friends that oould be uoed In oaoe of emergenoy.
She wae ln no way ready to bld defiance to ,e west rn rs, t ehe
knew that she muot tight or be destroyed. Fortunately for Ja an,
Ruelia'e tremendous expansion in every way menaced the Empire of Great
Brltsin. seia growled at a closed Dardanelles. Th EI r threatened
British authoJ;1ty in IndlaJand almost as harmfUl 'to r t r1taln would
be the establishment of a Bsian lee-free port in the midst of Chln
1 its comm roial wi h Chinese empi and the gradual absorptl on
and military possibilities nto the Musoovlte
DalD3, at the en of the Great Russt n ral1u y, lIt 1n an
time, and conneoted by seven thousand iles of lron- amasingly short

bande .-. 1I0e oow, the center of

Gsia, was to be t e rent white port
in the oenter of China. The wonderful railway could ot be hlndered by
the British battleships. It furnished a covered and protected way for
the forwarding ot Russian troops, their advance aeents 0 ocoup tion,
posseeelon and amalgamation. Thousands of thece w rr ors went forward
..eryw.ek. Somothing had to be ftone and done qu ckly.
ermany was
complacent. wanting to get Runnia on 1ta side 1n the HUro ean war w ich
W.. lIUl'. to break out before long. E land co
n t e re e1th r sea
power '01' lane: power to any degree for service in the east. Japan wae
a ready 11etener to En&land's prom1ses that all others wo d be kept
onward march was an her coess to n lee-tree
!be Allllo-Japaneee Treaty was prollU1gated nd reat " 1te power
ye110* man. The Boxer trouble, ln whioh
themselves well the eyes of the torei ners.
over. Nippon. w1th rit1sh alliance in
-40-
1
her pooket, wlth the threat that she oould ally herself to other powers
agalnst England lf the Briton playod turned out t e nation to
'make ready for the caming fray with 'Russia. In thie she was assi'.ed
and helped by her Ally, ...... "the United Statea flooded with propa.
ganda about the aggressio of the Russians. the inhulI8.n treatment
aooorded the Inhabitants of the oooupied territories. and wh t their
d...elopment or m1l1tary and commercial power on the other side of the
Paolfio would mean to the United States. The people took this seriously.
as the United States had had a taste of what colonization by Russia
meant. had penetrated to within a few milee of where San
Franolsco stands today and established their villages. as they thought
then, permanently. They were developing Alaska. an . duri the '49 days
on the ooast. shipped Wheat. meat and fieh. from the north to callfornla.
Most of the propaganda was true as far ae the Uni ted States was ooncern.
ed and whole.hearted sympathy went out to Japan
Although the shipment of war makl
the request of Ruesla. IIl1ch found 1te way
19v..
equipme was prohi bited at
to Japan.
Tbe Russian ar.z'angements for the war were good but the quality of'
ber troops, bel' .yste. and her leadership. were not worthy of a little
third olass po ere She was whipped and driven back on In. A reat
oar&! wa. oolleoted and sent through the Suez Canal and Indian
Oo.an to Japan. It .rrlved wi th the bottoms of the ships foul and grass
a toot or 'wo long on the The fleet bad llttle war trainln. One of
t.be ar.,eatA.t battlhips was oollllllLnded by an ex.captain of Cossllck

wbOle oonslsted of one hundred and twenty.ei ht vessels.

Bblp It wa. watohed by the spy system of the Japane.e
..I.....s
.a in the narrow waters of the Straits of
lamentable and inetficient cQndltion, the
-0\1.
1
tide ot battle almost turned to the side of the ssians. rot an
ntage gained was turned quickly to ccount by the Japaneae.
fighting In vlew of and under the protection of their own shores
.The Russian fleet was dispersed. sunk a d as a military
factor In the Far Fast.
eanw.lle, the Russlan pu111 itself together and
it was apparent th t sooner or later the Japanese. now nearing the
end ot their resources. W:lu1d be overwhelmed. Fortunately for them,
Internal dlssenslon ren riot ln Russia. so that both countries were
willinr, to call qults. President Roosevelt played the overture for
this and the fin treaty was made ln PortslIIOuth, ew Hampshire, the
port trom which John Paul Jones sailed to beard the British 110n. and
where dled.
lth thls heralded as a wonderful Japanese th ugh the
world. with Russia rendered h 1p1ess ln the Far st for at loaot a
coup e ot decades. and with an army and navy full of enthuslasm and
p%'lde at being the only people of the yellow Noe who had overwhelmed
a great White ropean power for man1 centuries, the ambltion of the
J'apane.. Iin.. no bounds. It was "Dal-Nippon". Great Japan. IllUch
8M er .as it .. be than anything Great Britain had ever dreamed of.
Roman Fmplre or tho ' plre of the acedonians. Had
atter the milltary pow r of Chlna. con-
bo. tbe Paciflc to the Medlterranean and crept well up lnto
bla Ylctorlous ar"lea hac! been stopped? All lacked

10n ot thls fact and a li+t1e preparatlon In the study

ot gunpowder and batt1eshlps. Japan would
and 1Iou"d be thelr leader. The "Celeatlal
tolds ot the flag of the
BUD 1 a w y th t would aake the oagollan conqu rers of the world seem
l1ke 1nsl nt bandlts. This was the a tltude of lnd of the
Japane.. after 1905.

Tremendous ene was put Into lnduetrl llz1 the country. The
s.arch tor mw III&t.e 11lls. art,lcularly 1 ron, co 1 . nd wood, went on.
Iron mtnee were deYeloDed in the Yangt1.e valley 1n hln n anohurla.
Forced col alsation of these distrlcts under the prot otlng bayonets
of their was Pushed. Korea was obbled up, b
AD'" ...ae, In
1910. ]lUro e, prep rl
Amerioa put 1n a stro
tor the . rope n nar, looked helplessly on.
word for the m&lntenanc of t e "open door" In
Thls so Incensed the Ch1na and the lntegrlty of the
noble heaJ't of J& an that liar 1 J an p aohed
"Asla tOl" the Aslatio " under the of J p n ln Chlna, 1n
the Phl11pplne8, 1n the toh East Indies, and In Ind a. Everyt 1
"a8
golng ahead at a reat Her n vy ulokly suml & .
nr<JlJlZht t" at rope.
A th1e 3uncture the war burst over
etre th th t DO other slngle navy could co e wlth 1n t e P clflc,
whil. the arBr went stead1ly on.
ld. They
t>"(
s.A The
h sslan
llhe1.l" J"OOpIl Gould stand more casual tles, more h'lrdshl
aho than a other

re .08ft 41s.uaded ot the "tlef1el
l ..ipII..... D1 lelO1l tro. Osaka mn away as a whole fr m
bur,atter baVlng sUftered less th n t lr y eroent
, to
t agaln 10 that oampaign. The
.1e In lope
N tbaJl aUty percent lOBS and contlnue the combat.
r areat ru8h Into France oovered tllrty-ml1es per
QOrth to the &ld or thelr other foroes at
tQU8bt & great: battle at the end of It.
01"-1' s rmy
,
rate or Bcarcely riye miles per day. Tho Japanese plaInly
.a. wbat war with a .reat. WhIte mllit ry power meant. It was the first
big 301 they had encountered.
entered the war on the sIde of En,land. because they thou ht
an tbat -.. would be vIctorious: beoau e
ship. that were 1n thoir barbors) ror
all or ABla, and p rticul ly. get the German le1 nds of the M.al'lanna,
Caro11ne and Pelew group, whIch were directly aoross any supposed line
or operatiQns or an Aoarican naval force oceedlng to the PhilIppInes
and Asia. Between all these closely situ ted Islets. theIr torpedo
cratt could operate w1th impunity while the .r ss greTI lon on the
botto.. or the Amorioan vessels. They bullded better t an they knew
the , becauee these same 1s1ands make ide 1 lr bases. They captured
K1ao Chow and proceeded to carry out thelr d slgns on Chin w en they
automobllee, were monopo11zed by States,
. .
sa ',. Am"rlc nl!l er beglnnl to
.ore that A.ia wae thelr natural market, tha.t the war
o dete lne who wa to b. supreme
.44-
.
were qui.tly told "to lay off th t stu'f! for &TIhl1e. It ..la ing all sorta
ot roml.es, th y kept ri ht on,eeoretly ho ever, troops 1n
various plac 1n Ch1n, anchur1a, nd later, 1n Giberi F1nally.
Aaer10a .ntered the war and the Jap neee were iven a.other setbaok when
the, tound the prod1g10us power that the oountry .ossessed. StartIng wIth
DO las, praotlcal11, with1n a year her forces turned tho t
...;.pcc:JL(;>..a!
A8& p&Jl faa". SUd wrong, beoause 1n the sprIng of 1918'1\ was
t:lQlLIIiI DeIl--.fII to building her fencel!l ccord1 ly. Allot
.ye of th Amerloan people.
roe 1n As1a and the pacltlc h d
r 15t.. a d th t the 1 15 JlI!1de 1f' l! not be
e8pecl&11y aa a result ot t bully1 ,a d OV rb arl attl-
"" of J I' n.
'!h Japanes. 1
g t10n lss", bee In s rl0 to all), &a w s the
t
-
oond1tio. ot th H 11 n Islands, wh re the J anese.born
la1ands wou d aoon outvote t e m rloana. 1 rl ee 1n
1 .our., Y'f cloors, "ere leo e r1oue.
war fi1J1ah d, grent reeentme t as t It the unl 8 States
the attl de ot e t Brit In 1n mB t Inln he 11" cs wlth J p

red" by Canada and Auetr&l1. It eralated In, it would
o rta1D17 lead to aerioue d1ffe enoee 1n te f u e. Two othe thl e
a1'fected Engla 15 T1ewpo1nt. Firat, Ellis W B b ok from the
hOlf 0 and had beoome so di80rg& ized tha.t ahe wae 10 er a serlous
an ome. at least for the time bein ; the ot r w s liD - J n's
1e P W land oont1nued intrigUing 1n Chinn, India an the
\0 10 It!'or way out of her. 111anoe wi J n.
.. 11 t.he Ja nese 11 d III&de 8' eh ab I'd d tlln:lC!e on Ch1na
1IQyeott was 1nat.1tut.ed ainst Japane n J '0 ne e
Geldno1a1 0 !'!lUana 1n C lna we:re 0. inte'rru ted d thrnttl d by

w1 Cbine \hat mil110ns ot y ne worth of t de w e loat to Japan.

,SAIlaJ'IiII" 1IIM'- U was to offen! the Chin e peo leo Tb w ak Chin8ee
a dirt_ nt thln Thle 0 u
ent 18 more or leee a
e
sel
Il_dozod in ny .aye.
un 1 san n 815 hich
.ean8 of 01'8 lt1sed .::o:t.or 10n. e eo oe of
etrloua, selt-cont 1 ed nd iii It-
_lOtlII'llUe. 1
800t
a 8t !D v h My 0:1'-
II
rreA out I' rt> rl na" p radi
(
in EUrope n olothss nd ewashl::-uokllng throuc-h their oountry. The
Japanese attempte t oolonlzation In; nehurle., Chin nos
bad utterly ta11ed. Old II OM Chlnaaan" erosded tl m out_ of the
Industria1 tle1d everywhere. The Japaneso found th t ttey could plon-
eer nothlng. he the Chlnaman went Into t e in forest, cut down
the trees Bnd roade hls home, eh 1n a couple 0 y rs became bloom-
ing gar4en. the Jap couldn't lLft the axe, fell the tree

ere large Breas had to be tilled on the anchuri n 1 ne, the J

oou1d not plow strsi ht fUrrow excep for .few feet the elze of his
fleld 1n Japan. In ten years, more thAn seven mlllion Chinose mmre4
lnto "llanehurla f\8D.ln t tho covert reel of the Jap eee, and
dev&loped the country, where only one hund Pod thounand Ja anese were
barely able to ma ntaln themselves un ar the rotoetlon of th bayonets
of their sold ers.
eh the same oondition eXiste in Koraa or ea. No Indus_

.. and where IIhe 8tep d in and oarrip.d on under th
.46-
trial d e10pment takes pI os TIl thout the oll!lO t co lete monopoliza-
tion ot the 1 bor and small produce market. by the Chineee. Yo at ot the
artisanas, and ohopkeepers, also are C Ineee. Ja w s torced
to realize that she could in no way compete eo nomica11y wi h the hi-
nes., The moment th t tried to do what th y did nd on the same
00 etiti" 1"e1. she" s II r 1y swallow d u 11ke a d1'O or" ter 1n
buoket. Her attempts in Sibar a a c 0 m ire we enti
....
tutU. Her people c Id not at"n tho oold lie theY' nd
The e.xpedlt1on lIa. a cO!ltly tallu_. By doi the" rand
c 10 the Far East, ,he bad aatra d 11 h r erstwhl1e
reUe4 00 her word and none trusted hpr. he eo Id onl1
oce.stu1 occupatlon or bUll noas herG th1 s h d al ady
r
tlo ot h r be3onets, or he
her of 11vl below that of
the inhabltants of territories wh1ch her p ople went into.
Thi. wao the ease 1n Hagal1 C 11fornln, Iher . he con i lone
,
re Ter, good for the developmen of Jll.p colonlz tlon. In h se
territories of th United States, no tter lf a Japaneee becamo
naturalized a8 a citizen of the United or even if born ort Amer-
loan .011,when,aoeordi to our constitut1on, he bee m "natuT1!l born
AII.rioan citizen". he did not loee his J panese cit1zens.1p. He remained
Japanent his money to Jap n, was it'ble for Ja anese milit ry ser-
.
Tlce, carried on all the as th t he cou d, an ln no way beoame
an element of beneflt for the United'St es. His code of mar Ie, of
ethic., and hls business honosty and inte rlty e 0 lfferant fro
our that no assimilat10n ls possible. Tho race lssue became so acute
that the United States was on the verge of p ss excluslon ets -
-
asaln.t all Japanese immlgration. but deslrted t the e rnast behest
of the Japanese government, who promlned that t ey w u re ul t the
illa1gratlon, sen people of Bultab1e character and aep out undeBirables.

lapanese affairs ln ABla had reached a condition 1n 1921

oul soon 18-
oillion! of do' lars uselessly.
the tor th liml t tlon ot
naval constructlon 1 a nowhere
Mans 01' spond1.
to!" oalll
40ne b1 the U"li ted Sto.teo 1n the utumn of 1921.
-A7-
.
of the battloships 0 t the Vl Inl cpos by tle
Serrlce showed th t these levi th n
... she could no 10 er ma nta1.n h r 1.e n n 1 attitude
outslders, one
Japan
to.arlS which was nt.very far re'tovad from at "'lIit!a
... Peary/fpened up the country. e was rea y to
f
It Japan tailed to oontorm to the provislons ot thls conterence, she
uld be pushed out into the diplomatl0 cold, compi tely. She knew thet
E land and Amerloa had agreed ahead ot tlme, and th t theA lo-Japanese
allianoe had beoo e so dietasteful to Amerio that E land was e er to
give it up. Japan knew the oards we e stacked agalnst her, sO'she kept
quIet and agreed to
erything outwardly. The made Jap
get out of Klao Chou and Shantung.
China's slde had been well handled, largely by the aid of the
Uni ed States. Her authority was greatly extended over the territory

that had formerly been taken away fr9m her by the v rious powers.
Japan now began to realize what her own country
llleant. Her population flocked more and more to the cities to
?
aJ>-
enjoy the high of the worker. Sma I as i her cultiva-
table area, only one_twelfth or the eurfece of her i lands, she began
to feel the lack of laborers on the farms. The prices of agrlcultural
prodUot. went up. Her laborers, taking a cue from the westerners, be an
organizing into labor unions. Her rtisans obtained an ei ht hour day.
Their wages were boosted until now they re about seveaty ercent of
tho In and England, and as the Japanese turn out only bou
...enty percent a. lIILloh work per day, the totlli output per doll r, of
ooat, i. about the same as in the west. Generall speakinp, her mechbn-
1 aN uoellent worlmen. Her raw materials cost tremendously, iron
times what they do in th United atates.
that hnr former cheap tabor an pro-
thine of the past, Ilnd that, havi- Industri lized
,
level. and Dtandards of livin,; as the
wa. 60ing to great 01ffioulty in ntaln1ng
.48_
I
,
here_It against western particul rly American
Thelr tear of
century w snow beglnni to come true. America waa
beglnning to overproduce more nd mor , .nnd the mark t of ABla tormed
the greatest ou1let. She mu t compote on the continent of Asla with
America until such time s she could put the 1 tter out 0 business ln
a wyand drive her oompletely out of Asla.
'l'b6refore, Japnn swur16 the pendulum once agaln. She began pro_
plt1atl the Chinese In eve way so as to gain their favor. The
bayonets were hidden from view by a thin curt in anq
1 :>
tlon was begun ln earnest. Japan began buyl up all ln

Asla. establlshlng b nks th t money on lands. nIl sorts of

cla! ventureD, BO as to get c"ntrol of them, then _. to organ1.ze and ad-
. t t
mlnister them according to tho ritish system. She havi Gome suc-
cess alODE these llnes and 1e puehin m n terrl-
torlal .tandpoint, Instead of to obble up all of Asla an the
t
world. as was hpr former 1dea, and 1n w lch-she recei od quite painful

Ie...... she ls now tryina to her 10

, .
all the
g very rich, con'ain certal ln add1tion to be
lsland. the coast of Asia trom
.ulao
C
These
to the Ponln-
people whioh Japan oan eae11y h ndle and organize. Somo, such a the
I
-
t at nn air force can patrol all of them
1. now oentered on her air force nd "el'J-
th ir noees into
r sepn ted by only , in:-apo
e Be 'lI'1 w rob1.ps poltl
lh111p lrw are by a. r ce t 1 t. h B s good rnll;tary ch rac-
good soldlers as the'Jnpnnone theme lvas. All
elae 1s secondary. Already this new arm 1s rap1dly pproach-
108 the .econd 1n B1ze 1n the world, be1ng exceeded ln number only
by France. Japan hopes under these c nd tlona to m ke the eastern
coast of 81a a Japaneae lake, controlled ln every manner by her
milltary power, which ln ca.e of be abl to dispose
qUickly of any alr or naval force the western
world. Agaln, her fear 1s of the United States, beoause she knows that
we have a natur 1 br1dge of 1s1ands from AlasK a1most to tne shores
of Asia, wh11e the d1stance across the Bering Strait from America to
Asia.is only flfty_two miles.
Japan 1s ln no way afraid of our naval pouer but 1s 1n deathly
fear of our air force, even more th n le Engl nd afrald of that of
France. Japan ofters an ldeal target for air pper tions. Her ns
are bul1t of wood and paper to resist the deVAstations of earthqu kes:
her water supp11es are qulte attackable; and, should an enemy obtaln
control of the air, her shipp1 ,bri i raw materials from Ch.1na -
her 11fe blood 1n case of a national emergency _ can be quickly sunk.
The f11ght of the Amerlcan planes throuh the Aleutlan Isl nds and
Japan he1ghtened feellng. After tryi ln every 'covert way to
.top the tll ht, which ahe consldered was merely a reconn lssance of
the Japaness Islands by the Americans, she allo led them to 0 thLu'w<"u
and t of nolse... t1rely unfelt over.. welcoml
and
tremendous chaAAe 1s comi ln the met od
of ooaductlng overs.eas The naval sy tems of the p st w111
&1'9'., to the a1r system of the future.- She ls reac!y from the naval
...UI5po1Dt, but 1s atraid of the alr. She 1s tryi
na
strenuouely to
-i-. ''0
er 1s beg1nning to put the United Stateell
In/"o
air deyelopment 13 clothed h more secrecy th
"50-
else is secondary. Already this new arm ls rapldly p roach-
ing the .econd in size in the world, belng exceeded ln number only
by France. Japan hopes under these c nattlons to make the eastern'
coaet of sia a Japanese lake. oontrolled ln every m nner by her
milltary power, w ich ln case of be to dispose
qUlckly or any alr or naval force the western
world. Agaln, her fear io of the United States. beoause she knows that
we have a natur 1 brldge of islands from Alask almost to tne shores
of Asia. while the dlstanoe aoross the Bering Strait from Amerlca to
Asla.ls only flfty_two mlles.
Japan is in no way afraid of our naval power but is ln deathly
fear of our air force, even more th n ls afraid of that of
France. Japan offers an ldeal target for air pper tions. Her to ns
are bull of wood and paper to resiot the deVRstations or earthqu kes:
her water supplies are quite attackable; and, should an enemy obtaln
control of the her shippi ,bri i raw materials from China -
her life blood in case of a natlonal emergency - can be quickly sunk.
The fllght of the Amerlcan planes throu h the Aleutian Islands and
Japan helghtened this feeling. After try1 in every covert way to
stop the tll ht, whlch she conal ered was merely a reconn issance of
the Japanese Islands by the Americans, she allowed them to go through
and t of no ti rely unfal t over..elcoml
ant!
th ., knows *hat a tremendous chal1,lte is coming 1n the met
ot conductlng campalgns. The naval systems of the p st will
Sl....., to the air system of the She 1s reac!y from the naval
,..aa:point, but i. atraid of the a1r. She 1s try1na strenuously to
'00
ber is beglnn1ng to put the United State. well
air deyelopment 13 clothed th more seorecy th
50-
.. th. organlzation and tr inir of her the Ruaslan war.
She DOW has many more men, more maohines. and more larking
oq her Air force, )es, three tlmes oyer, than haelthe United tates.
In the prosecution of her cnmpaign of financial penetration into
Asla, Japan has constantly held lt up to the Chinese that sho, Japan,
was the only Asi tic power that was a first class 10 ld power, that
her were no discriminated against and that the United
States was afraid to take any of that kind because it was
lIIerel1 a heterogenous mass of ahopke pere a.nd beodler. The Chinese
kn.w better than t'1is and they knew that Ihen r. Hanihara, the Japanese
ambassador at . aahington, announced to our State Department that "Grave
Consequeneeo" would folloi7 an exelucion act, th3.t the Japs "had cpokcd
their goose" with Amorica. It hurts the ;rapanese prestige terribly.
Thelr pride was mortally offended because they continued to lose friends
throughout the l'Iorld. Their prlde suffered more and !tOre until the
"pride business" had a bad c se of the "jumps" on all occasions. Their
pride and their pr&stige in China are tho main things affected y the
.xo1usion &ct. The average Japanese knows no more not America than
the tarmer behind the Kansas plol'/ knows about nchuria. He 1s told
bl hl. that the nat10nal pride haa been hurt by merien and
. that lnst.ad of being the great benefactor as he had boon lead to
bill.... the United States l' now the darkest of demor-a
I_h n.eded stopplng on badly a d needs ore of 1t. A little
U do a great d.al of good ln the future. Unfortunatoly, our
_ .._.t10 NpNa"ntatlve ln Japlln handled our ca.se very b dly. '.Ihen
...... of th. exolus1on law. came up. laste d of-maintain1ng a
as the repreaentat1ve of the grent American repub-
e utterance to 111: orts of puerile atatements and
oompla1nts w1th the greatest publicity. These gav, the decided 1m-
pression 1n Japan th t the Con"ress of the United States was acting
,
contrary to not only of the executive, but of the m Jority
of the people of the oountry. This has tended to 1ncrease the agitation
against Amer1cans. In m rked contrast to this was the aotion of our
1n Ch1na, who 1n a fine, statement told
the Ch1nese all about our reasons. why 1t was done, and what would
happen 1n the future. It had a splendld effeot allover Asla and
counteracted, to a great extent,
The boll
nil done 1,n ......_
.......
ant1-Americ n_

tatlon
whlch 1s really looked on wlth favor, ,if, not gotten up;
by tbe ru11ng olaeses; Its object is to eee if America will be "ec
Nothing serious will be done because Japan has no real reason to go to
.
war at thie time, and because ehe hae no al11es.
she feels per-
fectly able to fight a defensive w r against the United States, she does

not want to f1 ht an offensive war, and does not want to fight at all
without an ally. An ally 18 a very diffioult th1 to obtain. She has
tried every open1ng to find one 1n Europe. She tho ht for a while that
GermBn1 would be a ready listener, but Germany not only sees thrau b
that Japan does, but that a strong American position
1n Asia is the best gu of whlte dominance in the world.
There is no use for any one to question the necessi y of ' white
do81nance. If the whites do not dominate, then the yellow raoe lill.
Germ&n7 waa tbe originator of tae expression. "yellow and du ing
the war DO one- but a white man BeITed under ber banners in rope. So
it 1. toward. Ruaaia Japan now leans, but no matter how muoh she
leana
ere, ahe will find a broken staff when the time comes, b oause,
.al froa tbe taot that the Russians have a ood deal of' "whi te" in
the. their policy of expansion eastward runs directly contrary
to Japan'l hopei of Asiatio Empire.
AI to China. Japan has learned full well that she cannot organize
her ln Iltary way' at thil time. To do this requires a great deal of
money to handle the big m n and a tremendous a unt of equipment, officers,
and non-commlssioned offioers to organize Chinese troops. The Japanese
h ve tew ot these attributes and are not accustomed to organizing and
using troops of a subJeot people. England, Ge ny or the United States
could do much better with them. Furthermore, the Chinese do not want
any more trouble than they have. from any people. place or country.
They want to be let alone. They oonsider that biolo ically and economlc-
ally will gradually absorb anything wlth thich they come in contact.
They want all others to keep out of China. If outsiders lnsist on
coming. they w1l1 throw them out lt they can. but If they cannot, they
Will let 'the slow process
..... 't/hat worrle's th m
,
of biolog1cal assimilat10n do its
most are the North Europeans and Americans.
beoause they do not stay in Chln m1x with the peopl and become
,
Iwallowed up among them ln a few years. but on the contrary, 0 home
and renew their vlgor. thousands ot miles away from sla. The Chinese
conslder. however. that none of the wh1tes will become so strong that
they w111 be able to take ChinaJ under their arm. and baggage, be-
cause the whltes fight so much among themselves. They thinS that lf the
experiment of government (as they oons1der It) 1s success 1 1n the
Unlted States. that thls power wield a tremendous lnfluenoe ln the
. future. but.. tor the tille being and tor many deoades to come, the United
Stat .uat .tand tor the ot Ch1na. beoauee by doing that the
whole bod7 of Ch1na w111 be kept open for the lale ot Amer1can goode
.. w111 Dot be allowed to par\ltloD the oountry and Japan wl11 be
e rbed 1n her ambitions. -5'.
" '., .
.. .. ,""I
'!'heretore, look where she wll1, J pan 1s unable to find an 11y.
She is flirt1 with, nce, but the Gaul, impotent in hsi , wants to
keep good teeli there on account of his poesesslons ln Ind'-China.
The Japanese are alao afraid of merlc n tr de reprlsals. ore
than one-h t of the total torel n trade of the Jap nese empire io ith
America. OVer ninety percent of all her silk oes to America, hil
the importll from the United States of metal products, ootton, he t
the
in v rio' 8 forms, and lumber, h ve become very important in economl0
lite ot J'apan, and are thi Il she cannot very well get alo wlthout.-
Whlle 1t 111 a quelltion whether the United States wO'11d boycott Japanese
ooda ae a counter meallure against n Japanese boycott, any ction on
the part of the Ja Bnese to offer a eneral boycott against Amerlcan
goode would probably lead to lar.
There are III!lDl more Jap eee in merlcan pooeeselons than there
are Americane ln J panese possesslons. Those ln Hawali and Amerlc ,
amountlng to some two hundred thousand, are well treated, protected in
their vested rl htll, and tree to oirculate ae they desire. Any declded
I1lI11treatment of Americana in Japanese terri tory would result in general
clean-up ot Japaneae in America a ~ d probably ln Hawali. They m1 ht ..~
be entirely expelled from the co ntry and their property disposed ot
.at once to American citi.ens.
Japan, theretore, baa more to lose tMn sho has to g ln
trom eoonomic repriaals. It they are inaugurated, it wll1 be with
a view ot torcing the Untted Statea1nto an oftensive are
There are two eohools ot thought 1n Japan ae to the mll1t ry ac-
tlon that abould be tat with the Unlted States. Both of these desire
the oo_lete exte:na 10n ot the A_rloan nation aa a commerclal,
41 tio or .1llt. r'1 t tor 1D the r !!A.t. They Meo nlze th t it
,
.54-
weaker ln every way; also, that sooner or 1 ter,
the United State. keeps on, sooner or later
be made
the United States
an easy target for an overseas expedition. Now they think d1ffe ently
and know that ln case of an unsuccessful Japanese expanSion
United 5t tes was
ropean war. They
befo 0 the
.ill be stopped, that her armaments will be llmited,' and that she will
cease to eXist as a great power. Both parties agree that the proper
will consider the maintenance of a gre t military force by any s1 tic
nation as a direct menace to the safety of the American n tion nd
A lo-Saxon "destlny" ln the Pacific. The fore, sooner or later, they
must fi ht. The only question is hOW, when and where.
They are not so sure of their military bility now as they "ere
strategy ls to do as much as poss1ble of the fighti near their own
shores, where, If the United St t s sends a nave.l arm dB.. it is sure to
be destroyed. The Japanese better prep rea), co'parativelY,
than the erican.. At this t1me, also. Engl nd is very much occu-

pied wl th affairs on the continent of rope. nd t, ", Il!l', of her

air and n val base at Slnga ore has been held up by the 1 bor government
at present 1n power 1n England.
Orie party. therefo ret to begin hostiliUes at once, by
declaring that no Amerlcan gOOdS be imp<?rted into Japan or
Japanese possesslons and cans 71 11 lie 'SI cal to le ve
Japanese possessions b.1 squeez1ng thea out economically, scari them
and otherwise mistreating the... Th18 they believe w111
to strengthen" power ln the Pacific. start.
le d tilE Americans
new construction
for t.tw n&V7. nnd ado.' MallUres of defenlle in the Ph1lippines. Thls
wlll tbeft be a pretext tor Japan to de Iare that the United state. has
l.ted eXlsttns treatles, and that pbJsloal actlon has to be taten
by Japan to protect her positlon. ThIs 1'1111 be follO'1ed by the selzure
of one of the Hawal1an Ialands, probably the Island of Nl1hau, and an
alr and submarine base Gstabl1ehed the. Ie this ls belng done,
all' operatlons for the destruotlon of the f\tel tanks and other works
at Pearl Harbor will be undertaken. Aeron utlcal slege wlll then be
lnaugurQted agalnst all the Hawallanlslands. and all vessels approach-,
log w11l be attaoked through the alr or under the water.
As thlngs stood when I Inspected the defenses of the Haw l1an
Islands In November and Deoember. 1923. thls could have been done wlth
eaa8 by Japan. The only th1JJg that oan stop 1t' ls an adequate all'
detense or the roup of 1slands.. It III1st be remembered that the defense
scheme tor the Hawal1an Islands Involves merely the defense of the
Island of Oahu alone agalnst an attack by small boats landl troops
from the shlps. In thls day nd age, It Is an utterly lneffectlve
/
method ot 'detense because the shore detenses an the thl s usef\tl In
can b. easlly destroyed by an enemf possesslng control
or the all'. An attaok of this kln would Involve comparatlvely llttle
effort and only a small part Of the war mald resources of Japan.
(
The Phll1pplnes notild be attacked In a almllar manner. TIlth an
adequate alr detense there, the Japanese would have gre t dlfflculty
.J.n tIaII: the 18land of Luzon. The obJeot of theee ope%'Qtlons would

be tor Japan to poseees hereelt of all the southern pproachea to Asla

and either force an Immediate naval attack along the southern route by
..., ot the Hawal1an bland or the adoptlon of a complete ch nge In
the AlII rlcan plan to an attaok bJ the northem route by way of lllska
and the Aleutlan Island This t.he Japanese are very much afrald of.
1'h. lDlt1 suo...... A' t.bl,.. stand now. would probably be wlth the
I M. '!'h1a Would ~ a o 1 l 1 t . a t e A lble understand! 111th other
to expend IIIa1'lJ 11ves and a great deal of t asu%'C on a long drawn out
powere to keep hands oft, would tremendouslY lncrease thlr prestlge
wlth the Chlnese, and they think th t lt would have a reat etfeot on
Should the United States. at thls Juncture. strive to continue
her campaign. the fr1endly offloes of other powors would be requested
to bring an end to the hostll1tles. something slmll r to the actlon 1n
are not p rtlcularly"anxlous
Bslan war. Thls would dound to the reat adVantsG:e
r Fast. 1n the
the of the merlcan publlc. who
campal
the case of the
ot the Japanese. An otfens1ve war by Japan ag lnst the Paoltlc ooast
by Tiay cif the Aleutian Isl nds and Alaska ls adVocated by some.
The other party thlnks 1hat although initial suooesses mlght be
- galned by Japan. that a prolonged war wl th Amerloa would mean her ul tl-
m te ruin. that Japan must walt untl1 Arne loa 1 agaln lnvolved in a
European. or ioce other war. when Japen can get n ally and attack the
United States to greater In the meantlme. she must lork up
her economic oonditlon. prestlge on the oontinent of ia. and
her general posltlon among the natlons. which at thls tlme ls none too
ood.
Just at the part1 immediate actlon' 1 s the one
most heard from.
There 1. anothEr feature about the Japanese that must be taken
into ser10us aocount. They are ot IIalq extraction. w th many of the
attributes ot that !Wooe tlrmly lllPlanted 1n them. They are apt to :Nn
"&80k" or go"juramentado" at an, t1me that the1r feell B are euftl01ont-
17 oauee it. Thi. oondition ex1eta not only in the ind1v111ual
but in lars. bodi and also .., utend to the whole state. The reoent
10n ot ot To
atter the earthquake h
ers were also disposed of.
f)

Th M11:d1C1lW'eo c mpletely lost, thous

kl1)!ed, simply because they hated them.
a 0... in polnt.
le Koreans were

nds of hel
Some foreign-

o-A
.\nother e1em nt 0 f 1IIlrest
-,a.:t::::J=:::a=_It!::::6I5-lndustrlalizll.tion, the stand ros of the poople hav..".........
been ra1aed to such an extent that whenever
subsides from t1me
to time, the expenses of 1iv1 are so hi h
commerce
eM.
as to a reat deal of
d1soontent among the workers. Since the est blishment of universal
_compulsory edUcation, practic lly all the people c n read. They are
-- "
red with all sorts or n spapbrs \'Ih ch, Ithou h very strictly controlled
by the Government, have 11 "'ood de 1 of soci listie matter in them. There
are III!1I\J sociallstio and co nlrtic societies which "have always more
lnf1uence at a tlme of business depression. The present ls a period
especlally com n
M'
P ople be1leve

the Amerioan 'pollcy of pl811ng the Chinese agalnst the J panese so that
the Unlted State. mA1 derlve commerclal benefl t from i t
or that klnd"; the 1en ls do. n pretty low,
American dollar. The government makes the
lteople bla_ the goyerruaent fo r falll
t.o proteot the orkers lnst
capltall and not pushing thelr prestige broad suftlclently. So there
are all eort. ot etrong undercurrents llQI'I which y become serious
enoush at UII ti_ to require that war be de.
1111:e the oink1
aI1.id or 1s that somethi
.58-
..
'!be United statee 0 llDOt stand complacently by undor the se1 f-
t ..-eontrol IDOre than half or Jap n's t de, that she 18
,-
.be le atrald Or us, tc,eto. She 1s pertectly able to
..!"loue and dangerous manner.
a."INJ"
ot the Malne ln Havana harbor mlght happen ln one of he:-l'0rts. They
were ve17 nel:"Voua when the amy transport Tho s asakl to
coal. on her way troll Manila and Chlna en route to S n Franclsco ln JUne,
at the or the antl_Amerloan agltatlon.
erythl was watohed
around the shlp and partlcularly the coal as it as passed ln, to
prevent explos1ve. or ohemioal weapons belng, deposlteu ln the bunkers.
They are afrnld that a mob ml ht get out of control 1n one of the 1 rge
cltle. and kill and savagely
tllate some Amerlcans. In elther or these
casee the government that Amerlca would "go after them wlth svery-
thlng ahe had". They want most decldedly to esoape a casus be1l1 of
thle t1nd. 110 aa to malte lt ap ear alway, 1f there ls a war, that
Amer10a 1s morally wrong and ls jumpl
on Japan because she ls a weaker
power, the ... eong ehe put up ln the 1 sslan war ln 1904.
Japan estl.ate. that, lf war comes, Amerlca 111 begln
.... the .ethod. and systems ot the last war. She ls therefore pre-
parlng her wbole wal'-malt1ng powers ao that every a ant e can be
taken of nn develop_nte 1n the art of w"r. Her av1 tion la recelvlng
tlr.t a. are alao her submarlnes and 11 ht crulsers. All
her plane are oaretully worked out nd kept up-to-date. She knows th t
,
,
war 1. aolll1ng 1101118 day w1th the
coat..., .el'J eXistenoe.
Unlted States and th t it wlll be
The Unl ted St teemust not ren er herselt
oo-.J,et.elJ detelUl81e.e by n the one han t a \'Iar \'11th
J'apa.. 1. an 881b111ty. and on the other. by etlckl to methods
IlD4 of t1IIB war a. ob.olete as the bow and arrow,. compared to
tile ur.r nne.
alLltlU7 lIIt'on..'t \.011 or an ll1pOrtant ture 1B always he.rd to get
..... 1. NSarded ae the prospeotlve enellij" of the one
sought. Thle 1B partloul r1y eo ? "

It,,. _
$
:

J
!be 81.. and oondit1on of the Japanese Army 1s well known. They
two bwldred and t'1tty thousand men under arms. ,,1th a total J!.Ul.V
...la' 'wo .11110n tra1ned men. The1r armament 1s getting a 11ttle
It 18 about. t.ntl 1.an nO'll since they "ere equ1pped with the1r
Hnt ....pon All or th.ir uter1el 1B wearing out at about the same
80 \bat. a oondd.....bl. outlay '11111 be required to replaoe 1t.
wlt.b the Japanese. A.ll of hor people I\re instructod trom their enr-
11est ohildhood not to divulge anythi of a mill tary n' ture to forel n-
ell'll. This ls carried -absolutely to extreoes an reDultD in the attHude
at the Japanese, which we all notioe, of avoidi i Gues, equivooating,
and downright misrepresentatIon. On the other hand, the reatest
stress 1s lald on the galning of infoTm1ltlon from t 1e other person,
whioh agaln 1. oarrled to foollsh extremes. The Ja that comes
into lour otfioe, for 1nstanoe, wll1 note every piotu c on the all.
111 note all the buttona on your clothes, and \7111 rep/)rt on the most
tr1vial Thls gaining' of infoI'lD:ltlon on all forei matters an
conceali thelr own,aotlvities 1s 10 est bl1shed .praotlce wIth
th.... on> i C 0'1 "r n.
, .
G.l1ft'all1 spealt1 .:thei r military resombles he ....
, '
German 8yste. and 18 very well adapted to theIr n ads. Th system
natural.17. inolud the industrial mobllltatlon of the c?untry and the
t.uftllQB out ot of equipment In quantlty, before nd rluri
war. Tbe1r arm, appeare to be Dufflcient for any of their prospectlve
nee4a, .ither tor tald the offensive on the oontinent of al or elee.
wbell'll, or for acti on the defenslve in thelr 0 n countr or 1n any
ot tbelr pOiion
I' t be held 1n mind that the whole l1tto l'of Asia, from
KalMl.tilra to the Southern limit of alrcraft radius from rmos 1e
....I :lJ .r air force domlnanoe,and oomlll1nic t on from Japan to the
eoI.tlJ..l' ot 1& can oal, be stopped by bringl superior air po er
So 10 , therefore, ae Japan can hold oontrol ot
aa' of A.la she will bave free oommunication tro.
ootiD.nt nd oan transport her mill t ry rorce.,
-60-
artieularly acroas the Stralts of Shlmonosekl. with tncility
. Japan's navy conforms in organizatl and traini to th t of
England and Is desl ned. of course. primarily for defense against the
United States. Since the adVent or air the policy of naval
expansion has been 30mewhat modified and a gre t deal of attention is
,
being given to the development of aubmarines. Fifteen hundred ton
submarines have been bUilt, twenty-five hundred ton submarines are
being built, and it is 8ald that submarines of forty-five hundred tons
are contemplated. These large submarines will form excellent
to air forces operating on Islands. They could act as fuel,ammunition
and spart parts transports. also as airplane transports.
I went to Nagasaki. in the middle of July. the first battle
fleet of the Japanese was in the This flee d been maneuvering
in the direction of the Bonin Islands for some time and I as returning to
make a tour of the princ1pal Jap nese ports to perm1t the people to see
the ships. This fleet consisted of two 'battle cruiserc, the Konge and
KlrishIma, two battleships. the Nayoto and ton. e1 hteen f1rst line
destroyers and eight submarines. with four supply eh1ps and one subma-
rine tender. They were anchored in the bay from the mouth 1nward, 1n
the followi order a battleships. battle oruisere. 11ght oru1sers,
destroyers and auppll sh1pe. I saw the fleet move out the morn1.ng of
JUll eighteenth. The weather was quite cloudy, with consIderable fog,
and the Yhibil1ty rather bad. The flrst Intimation that we had th t
th. oraft were moving out was the coming of two squadrons of single
ter Sopwlth pureuit airplanes from the airdrome of Sa.sebo. Theee
follo..d b.J .everal two-seater observation planee. The
till. _OWId out of the harbor, followed by the destroyers. the 11 ht
ttl. oruia.re. the ba.ttleships and the supply vessels.
-61_
whole thi struck me as being very well exeouted and swoo hly
don. I had observed the elrewa of these vessels 1n a said on the
p eoeding d y. They looked ln good shape. well clothed, and el1-
disoiplined. s the lmmigration question was c usi a re t deal
of ant1-Americ n feeli ln Japan. lt was feared there m ht
be some claah between the Americans on bo rd the Amerlcan traneport_
.. Thom a. about to arrive, and the J anese, so tha all the oal10 s
wtre wlthdrawn tram the city s oopn as the Thomas appeared.
There ls a "questlon whether the earthquake really hurt their
naval establ10hment or not. Their naval port and dock y rds at Yoko-
sua were badly damaged as were some of th naval veose1s. They

aloo lost some fuel 011, but the amount destroyed ls a I
do not thlnk _ their mval power has boen diminished by the earth-
quake. On the other hand. it m y have increased. Their worthless
qul ment.,and n reat deal of other equipment destroyed.l)..l'........
Wi
Rale"ObaOlesoent) ... will be rep1aoed by newer articles.
A lot ot attention is bei given to !ture, nay 1 port on the
east ooaat ot Japan. Th1a 18 aleo be ng made a principal aircl'aft
a tlon and a fuel baae. The fuel 16 being laoed both on the island
ot )ture and on the mainland opposite. I do not think th t any cam-
palgn .alnat Japan. based on me 1y cuttlng otf her supply of fuel
froa suaatra. and other pointa a dlstanoe, lill be succees.
fUl, beoau bet.een her reBervea of 011, the"Bhel1 011" Ihich she is
beSl to 8.
t
fro. Manohuria, and the developmen of other 011 in
.. and the lsland Of sakhalln. ahe will have enouph to supply her
....a... plana tor the use of the navy will undoubtedly conte
-62.
ir

plate 1ng the surface vessels near home under protoction of her
pOwer. pushinB her submarinos well out to sea, directi thom against
hostile commerce, and using them as auxiliaries to her air force.
There i8 a great deal of discussion in Japan, ao there is in
other places, about the futility of maintaining a great surface fleet,
due to the development of air power.
v/hat the fUtu holds for Japan in an aeronautical way is, of
course. a question. The creation of a suitable military aviation de-
pends primarily on haVing a personnel which is capable of atanding
10DS 1n the air. Only a few countries have this
The Chinese, for instance, who very ood pilots nd excellent
mechanics, are incapable of d elop1
a Breat m1litary av1ation, be-
country, 18 and until a form of govern_
to give up life for
cause the spark or element of patriotism nhich causes the Willingness
the greatest air pow
Bolas to fly. and may end up by developi
63-
ment 1s adopted by the Chinese which will be up to respected
f'.Al'""Y'\. I t.4U (d..o.. "A..Q",? .
by her fig
ht1
nc classes, an efficient ary av1ation oannot be pro-
duced. On the other hand Japan is capable of atandinr lossee. One Can
be sure that her pursuit aviation 17ill stand as heavy losses as any
otber: whether she would accomp11sh as much.J 1n as other
powers is another matter. This would be a fUnct10n of tra1ning and of
the pro..r of her a r forces.
0- "rt"\ /
As thlA!S stend. it takes no to teach Jap nese to fly than
it do Anglo.Saxons. Nat ally they are not so conversant with mechan_
ical arrangements and the1r minds are not molded lnto alr ways of think_
1ms, but they are getting all of this Just as we did ten or f1fteen
,.ars 1180. They are improVing all the time. One a ften hears 11:" sald
t.IIat ....ille oannot ny. Nothlng 1s more fallaoious than th1s. They can
au about anyth1.ng. and an estlmate mat e by peoplo oomersant \"I th
on
tha.t 11e
met.
the 1 test
of manu ctur1llB and
'\
th t th Y have strlk-
to our ry systems of
nese alr '/er. 0 re JUU'" be
lmost 1mpossible to be
ooordl
aeronauticR.1 equ1 mont ln every eron ut-
perfectly capable
t.er 1s no doub
tion, e only iv credenoe to thi s of wh1ch
rHh the diffioulty of gainin,
nd are
country 1n the world. Thoy re etti
ot the J
1nto consideration the roblems
t e J n thc nner ln which they 0 n be
ocurate.. alJ I
mllU ry 1nfo
The Japan Be are buy1
In the wOl"ld.
In m'lkl
th t 1t 1s not underestl ted.
we ro a.bsolutely sure.
about the Jap nose a.vi t1on, lt 1
aeronautioal syotems takl
g 1nt
10al manufacturi
types of eve
hancU1ng
1n<- torce of at lea t slx hundred a1rplanes. half of which are pursuit
and heJ.f bombardment. with entlrely adequ< to reserves of equipment and
Air power 0 nnot be developed from flo tinr baa a or aeao ft.
&11e4 " irp1!\ns carrier" haa pr"ot10 lly no v Ius a'" in t shore
on the1r a1rways from Kamch k to the northern ls1ands of the
Ph1l1ppine group,,> from the m in J paneee 1slan e to anohuri on the
west and to the Bonin lslands and on to Guam 1n test. This foroe,
"/ -
wlth it" obeerv t on and surveillanoe avi tion, wl1l be oapable of
oontrolling hese sea are s of J p n. Consequ n ly. ny offensive to
,
be pushed agalnst Japan ,,111 have to be made under oov r of our own ir
used ny.
fu 1 th m fast
ble of bei
nnot launch suff1cient ire f
1'lnd them 'lfld
beo!\use ito

them, oannot
to mainta1n it. This force .il1 be c
..nt" of vi tion,
cannot oontro1
lrlrstt oarrlers, in a dlt on, h ve
lie or tt
o condUct an alr ortenslve against Jap n, u 1
1m ..lbl
to proteot themselves ainet other surf' oe vessel such aD sub rines,
d .tr0lera.crulsers and battleships, so that a c'nslderable outlay

1. Deoe. ry tor thelr protection alone. Heve 1t ,v.o

from whloh to operate;and as naval vessels c
ot 0 e_ to except un er
alr protectlon, the, wlll have no effect against the J p ncse air power.
Conaequentl1. what will to be done Is to sh an oftenslve from
Island to leland throu h yhe north by way of ,. Al s , the
ID.lrUee. to the coaet of Japan, II klng d1 . ct ttaclts on the centers
of_ atrength of the Japanese em lre. I beHave th t n operation along
that line would be perfeotly and would roq ire much less
outlay than any operntlolUl by my of th Hal'lall nIsI ndo, Gu m, and
the The northern be urned at te ioally
nor can Ita nant be attacked. It i8 1n a decisive re nhere a the
80Utbero route ls not 1n a decisive because of e strc th of
the Jap&n6ae
The detenslve st ngth of an
. OJN!.-t.. "*'
leland s been re tly mented
b1 the a4Yent of alr power. s aIr power can destroy surf ce ahi 1
nts n hold lsI nds D 0 r t taol11t1es. much smaller torces
thaD .... the cue torMrly.
Clo.. atch should be It pt on the ir evolo men, not
onlt in Japan 1tself' but 1n all other countrios.
!be J paneae started the ser10us and continued ev lopmont of
at vulner bill ty of th lr country to 1r
t
rut re 010 .nt In
t. 0 tremendous Impo al1z1
decldl
-65-
new aM. the
aUon 111 1918. In th t year.
t ,tbe .rod lO'ls etfort ... th Un1ted t tes h d
WOUld, if kept uP. be
1n uar
o anizations, modele
w s be un.
.j;. " IV,
nacess ry: flrst, the
next, the m nufacture and production
aa ..Jo.l;llln had to de cnd on the purch ae of alrpJ. neB
thlng. s 10
'elr &n.:lnell abroad. tlhe could not hope -to <10 nnyt....
n w uld necessitate great
---
expend1 ture of al but the dev lopment of
"ar. 1"n Qr 0""" pme-nt
;....;IJIr'b!"'"'e..... __ two thi
creation of the leal units. and
of the m terl.l and equIpment In Jap n itself. Of personnel
s Itable tor the rnaki of pilots, e Insers and mechanlcs. Japan had
h; but or tactories of all kin s, and of technlcal backbone for

'he developaent of aircraft and their acceoBoriea, Jsr n ha 1-
1st a po or such as the Unlt d St teo, beclluae the be
oountry.
As Is her custom, Jap n aou'ht out TI t ehc t oueht W 6 the
drawn ou over R period of years
entlrely now designs to Buit t e p conditl B ntl the
1n avi tlon nd wisely decided to copy exist
tt eel". to show her methods and 0 aniza
t
ion n t 0 rcqu red ty!'e of
ceo on a
DC 010 fo r er p1lote re
ln 1918. Japan ho bocome pro the Deco d
he world, bell1' socon on y to
b r beglnn1
of e and methods of produotlon. or the 0 anlzation of her r
foroe, she turned to Franco nd arra ed for the comln. or a mlss1 n
of Frenoh offioers. Thls was completed 1n 1919-20. Her a1r
toroe now appears to oons1st of an a1r d1vlsion nlth s x hundred shIps
o the llne, and of the obsorvatlon un1ts necessary tor the
The req11red sohools and fln1ahi
slJ11lar to those of France.
'Or her avlat10n wlth the nvy. Japan turned to nod

IN
THE FAR EAST
Political conditions in the Pacific have changed greatly in
the last ten years. Before the European ITar, t.e white man dominated
the Asiatic contineDt politically, commercially and in a military way,
to a much greater extent than is now the caee. Physically, should the
white countries to apply military forcll in the ar East, they
are capable of exerting more power now than they were able to before
European War. Proportionately, vhe white people have better Armies,
better. Air Forces, and better Navies, better means of constructing
war material, and better means of applying it than the Asiatics
have, including Japan.
/
On the other hand, the attitude of mind of the white people,
growing out of war tiredness, the lack of a desire to exert pressure
physically, and the growing sentiment amot'lg the ,.. liI.La 1'ee1'1e of allow-
ing dependencies and formerly subject people to etermine for them-
selves their methods of government, have led to a great weakening
of the white man's prestige and initiative. Prestige is a very impor-
tant thing with the Asiatics. The Easterners have always aonsidered
themselves superior to the Europeans, mentally, spiritually and
biologically. They have bowed only to the European military ower
and excellence in the sciences.

'--
,

NeY! condit ions resulted rom introducing troops from India,

14
Ch1na
and the various parts of Asia, onAthe European battlefields,
and the consequent necessity for the
....
c0untr4:es using them to give
Indo-
some guaranty of greater political autonomy to the people of those
countr1es '0 as to hold their allegiance during the War. /
the Vlar, Ja
h-<u. ).)M.IJ"......... W;l1A.-.'b}
r Asi Thic
It is to be noted also that during

.14 1n certain cO'!llllerCial ways all ov

-/-
the former commercial conditions. The entire elimination, for the
present at least, of Germany as a military power in the Southern
Pacific, and of Ruseia in the Northern Pacific, has also disturbed
the old.balance.
The great white powers that still maintain a foothold in the
Far East are England, France and the United States. While Holland
cannot be considered as a great power on the Europe,
has a tremendous colonial empire in the Far extends from
north to south for a distance of twelve hundred miles and from east J t.d
to wes thousand miles V
The combined populations of the countries in the Far East belong-
ing to the powers alsfi8 amount to more than one quar_er of the

population of all of these native people there is
great political of the agitation aims at expelling the
Whites from dominion over th m. It takes different forms in different
places. In India and the Philippines, it is done openly and aired in
the local press. In the Dutch East Indies and in Indo-China,
it is carried on secretly and behind closed doors. In China, it is
pushed by the de facto governmen
It is interesting to note the different systems of colonial ad-
ministration adopted by England, Holland and the United States in
their far Eastern possessio s.
r British originally arrived in India seeking commercial gain
and drove out the Dutch and Portuguese who had arrived there ahead of
the They came as armed traders and all their was with
the v1.. of turthering commerce With the mother country. In carrying
t
, beoame allied to one after another of the Indian princi-
-2-
In order to further their trade and create a favorable im-
pression among the Indian countries, the English interfered as little
as PosFible with the native customs, religons and conditions. As
long as peace continued and trade was not interrupted, the British
allowed matters to take their own course in India. It became impera-
tive,however, to extend their political dominion in order to hold
the trade, and within three hundred years, the authority of Great
Britain had been extended over the whole of India. Only recently
has any attempt been made to educate the people according to European
standar and to teach them the principles of self government accord-
ing to the system of the Common Law. It is a serious question
or not this is a good thing for India.
In marked contrast to the British political method in India
Dutch syctem. The Dutch, in their East Indies, took over the
manner of handling the SUbject population which had been exercised by
the former Hindoo rulers. This was to exact compulsory labor from the
people held in subjection. By requiring that all the people deve op

irrigation. prepare arable ground, plant trees and otherY/ise augment

,

the agricultural resources of the cO'Jntry. a tremendous,development

It must be remembered. however, that this wasAforced
labor. practically slavery. The Government monopolized all of the
trade and would not encourage, to an appreciable extent, the
gration of whites from the mother country. Everything was conducted
as a Government monopoly from which the mother country and Government
0' "" .L
derived the profit. The wonderful condition of Java todaY0is a result
Ohamme"ans
t!W Spaniards who used the meth::xJ.s of the
-3 -
of t.h&t sJst
Philippines. the people were forcibly converted to
in proselyting che countrJ. The people were "made to go to church,
made to say their prayers, and made to conform to the Spanish politi-
cal organization. This syEtem was picked up and carried on by the
United States, and we have requiring compulsory educa-
tion, compulsory governmental organization and compulsory franchise
part of the people.
Of the three different sYFtems, each has advantages and dis-
advantages. From an altrutstic standpoint, our attempt to handle a
subject people as we have Qone,and our administration in the Philip-
pines, are I believe that today the means of maintaining
life more nearly meet the conditions of the people in the Philip-
pines than in any other place. They have plenty of food, they have
protection for their lives and property and their taxes are extreme-
ly low, lower in fact than in any country in the East.
The oth r colonial powers in the Far lOOK with great
interest and apprehension what the United states does with the
Philippines. If independence is accorded to the Philippines, it will
so encourage the people of India and the people of the Dutch possess-
ions,nsrticularly, that serious results are expected, because with
such an example before them their people would never stop agitating.
Behind a 1 this political unrest stands Japan, who unquestion-
a1llly continues her propaganda of "Asia for the Asiatics" everywhere,
because with Occidental nations eliminated, Japan vould reap the whole
COlDJllE-rc ial reward.
All Asiatics now look on America as the one white nation which
will be able above all to assert itself on the western side of
the ao1tlo. England has always held that position hereto reo Since
of the Anglo-Japanese treatieE, the British and Ameri-
average as very mu to
en ne PEople
Military ,c;,nditione in the Far East and among all the VI ite
c;,untriee are quite similar. They occupy their respective TIith
ground, air and naval forces for the purpose of keeping the inhabitants
uhder..control'cand for repelling external invas1on:fffhere is no intent
or purpo e at present on the part of one w ite nation to take away
from another nation its territorial pos easions in the Far East.
Al Western nations look with apprehension at t e ris
have comparatively little value for repelling nvasion and
),--'
e Ilnd
m tary po.fr of Japan. Japan's military strength is grow ng
constantly, and ehe is relatively stronger in all ways than she has
ever been 1n her history.
Ch na's enormoue mumber of eoldiers are fit on y for domestic
less for an offensive campaign against any other power.
China, now practically separated into three principal parts
and many small ones, exerts little political influence outside of its
Own confines. Commercially,however, and biologically, its effect s
ane is being constantly extended, not only in the south
and across the equator, but in the north clear up to the Arctic 6ircle.
The falling apart of the sovereign a thority in China has left no
responsible head of the country with whom white nations can deal,
with result that treaties and treaty rights are not
nor can foreigners demand from the present Government protection anc
have it accorded them as was the case fifteen years ago. This agaln
diminishes the prestige of the man
. . only absolute left in the worl tOday, with
exoept1on of the small country of Sarawak in Borneo, is extremely
tavorable ropeans. Wedged in between the British in the Straits
.. 1n Indo-China, and afraid of Japanese domlnanc

of
chools.
eir pilots
of making their own a mu-
les and art ill ry
to their air force.
is taken in aviation.
great deal
includes Burma, has an excellent and ancient
is based on the principle of having sufficient
Observation D
Th Siamese re now
ve given f'y
Howitzers in the ar enals.
, and a great eal of
nition
They have
The ai
and Chinese absorption from the north, it has comparatively little
or military potentiality in the East.
Siam mainta ns a military force for the of keeping her
own tranquil and theoretically for repelling invasion.
Service is supposed to be universal and obligatory. There are about
thirty five thousand men constantly under arms and a out sixty percent
of the males of military age have passed through the Army.
art llery of three-i ch guns in the hands of troops
troops in India itself to maintain the authority of England, to repel
I. India, which
system. It
/
invasion both on the northern frontier and along the seacoast, and to
organize additional troops when necessa y for service outside of India.
The Indian Army consists of about seventy seven thousand regular
British white troops and about one hundred and eighty thousand native
troops.
The white troops are in splendid aondition, well commanded, wel
otticered, and well equipped. All artillery, arsenals and supply points
.1III...,ta,\tII.. 4:_ at white troops.
troops, reorganized since the War, have lOst most
-1..-
of their old professional officers,and neVi 'men, more or less unfamiliar
with conditions in India are on duty with them. Inetead of having
, . ,
Who eAunits come from particular localities or single tribes, different
sects and castes compose the several companies in the batta ions. I
think that the Indian native troops are not particularly efficient
and their loyalty in case of domestic disturrance is questionable.
It is difficult to sse how the present political unrest in
India, designed to shake off the British yoke, can become a military
problem. Unless the native troops desert the British standard and
rally around some potentate, they can accomplish little. Even then,
,
Without outside assistance, they could not overcome the British
tr ops. The maintenance of tranquility, therefore, at present,
is a police problem. The cutting down of the number of white troops
in India undoubtedly would in serious consequences.
neral. Similar
is a separa e arm
and to be used to protec
It is not quip ed to resist the attack of
a:ny large power.
y
air forces
The air for e in India is ell
to the Army
against
under an Air V
The Stra1ts Settlements, another valuable English

contain &Q8Ut elxt.oJ flull of the world I s tin supply, a great

deal of the rubber supply, and the island of Singapore, which at the
present time 1s the controlling staategical naval position for all
ocean traffic between Europe and Asia. As an air base, an
uninterrupted air line be established from Singapore along
the Pacific islands otf the coast of Asia clear to the Peninsula of
host 11
'V
t cros8ing more than sixty to eighty miles of water
Briti8h have begun the construction of an
'1-
air and naval station at this appropriations for the
development of the base have been interrupted from time to time by
political changes in England, a great deal has already been accom-
plished. The land for the stations has been turned over to
the British Government, an a certain amount of has been
done at both the Air an Naval stations. Divil dry docks already
eXist, w _ch have about thirty four feet of water on the sill.
A number of fuel oil depots pipes connecting them are now in
operation, also several ammunition depots, and a large radio
station, installed a time ago.
In case of hostilities, Singapore is very well equipped at
the present time to fulfill the functions of a naval and air base.
of
onthe. The.tr
small
to last ab ut ammuniti men and have
r
the inte ior. ' 01 r':;--
w..'VU

center of Dutch activities{ is in the island of Java. fhe

,V military forces are organized to control the native populations and

to offer resistance to an external attack. CODs1st of tIl! >
A tiAJ.
al;ls!sRQ wlth a twenty men Thei art _lery
ree-inc rifles and h howitzers,
troops are all officered by whites and the ranking non-commissioned
officers are men. The ranks are recruited from the fighting

for the mest part from the Celebes. These men very much
11ke our own in the Philippihes. men
co:! td be tUR'ec1 out in c,eA of wer--.
1 ty.
two
, raIned
a pilot's
ns of ...'

neither
air forces nor ground forces are sufficient to resiEt an on
of a firs class power.
Dutch Island of Natuna, capable of great as
an air an naval station, absolutely controls he Straits of Malacca.
fear its seizure by the Japanese at the slightest provocation.
Japan's power unquestionably is growmng tronger constantly, and
political, commercial and foothold upon the continent
of Asia is becoming more secure. In sp1te of the d1ffic Ities conncct-
ed with industrialization of her country, she is develop1ng new
fiel 9 for her coomerce and creati.g points for wh_ch
she lacks, such as iron a d oil. These things make her more and more
independent of outside assistance, either political, commercial or
military.
The size and condition of the Japanese Army is well known.
have about two hundred and fifty thousand men under arms, with
a total of about two million trained men. Their armament is getting
a little old. It is about twenty years now since they were equipped
with their present weapons. All of their materiel is wearing out at
about the same time so that a considerably will be required to

replace it. When replaced it will be the newest in the world, because
all the European military nations have the equipment used during
the World War. That now is beginning to be out-of-date, as the war
1. alaost ten ,.ar. behind us. Many changes and improvements have
81De. which the Japanese will avail themselves of.

The Navy appears to be in good condition.
The Japanese have specialized on their air force since 1918.
They have taken the best European models and copied them, both in
organlzatiol, training and
are probably the second a
teriel. It,nol ary ears that the Japanese
/ -' r
r power in the 11 rld wHl. 'between 600
lem. Their airways extend

Manchuria, north
ands t
indu
from Formosa th ough their main islands to
&.Il hI...' '''''
along the Kuriles up to Kamchatka, which is opDosite and not very
from the States Aleutian Islands pf Alaska.
/i', ..
take their the Bonin Islands to the vicinlty of
and possibly through the Pelew, Caroline and Marshall
p-retee1;gpatee \U
Of the United States possessions in the Pacific, the Hawaiian
iit.D.1..1'
Islands are,roughly, about one third the dis the Island
,
of two thirds, While the Philippines nestle against the
side of the Asiatic continent.
There seven large inhabited islands in the Hawaiian group,
varying from 35 miles to 90 miles from each other, the whole seven
being about 350 miles from north to south.
All the possessions of the white powers in the Far East are
held by military forces. In the Hawaiian Islands, the policy of
the United States is to maintain a sufficient garrison to hold them
againet a sudden attack until they can be einforced from the
mainland; and a naval supply depot from which naval craft can

operate the Far East

The system of land defense of these Islands is based on the
to resist a boat attack against the Island of
military idea was to defend the Pearl
-11-
lu area, according to the Russian system of the port, A d,
J. P I. J_
Art ur fJ.J .. u..or;'u
This syctgm the defense of a arbor was 0 put a line of
fortifications around it far enougb away so that the enemy coul not
fire into it wit cannon from any position they might occupy o,posite

the main line of defense. With the range of modern cannon,

necessary to put a line of this kind at 40 or 50 miles

R
and as the
island of Oahu, on which Honolulu is
long or wide, a defense of this kind
tB& f8:ee sf a determlned e09JBoY ..
situated is only 30
k 1J..4 cI..a."'-'O,
velY
or 40 miles
lou@!)
The scheme of defending the Island 0 Oahu now as
obsolete as was the former Port Arthur system. an enemy
obtain a footing on any 'one of the Hawaiian Islands and gain control
of the air, the value of Honolulu as an American offen ive and defensive
station w uld be destroy d in three or four days. An air attack would
wreck the water supply, and the naval base, and demolish

The only sure defenEe defeus:e of the Hawaiian group consists
in having sufficient air forces th.re to protect all the islands against
submarines. This the United States has
1U-w l;mJ.S H

midway between the
seizure by enemy air forces and
entirely neglected to do. (JA

The Island of Guam, Which

Hawaiian group and the Philippines, is quite a comfortable sized piece
of ground, about 30 miles long by 15 miles wide. It has an exce lent
harbor which can be made into a fine naval base, and the whole island
is suitable for use by air forces. It 1s part of a group of islands
formerly owned b1 Spain, later taken by Germany, but now possessed by
Japan. '1'h1.
t. tbe Japanese squqrely aCross any ine af advance by
-12-
an American Navy, from Guam to the Philippines. The Japanese Island
of Rota is about 30 miles away from the Island of Guam, from there
northward the islands string out in succession until the ma n Japanese
problematical.
-W.4
1

have been"a f ne
Islands are encountered.

Japanese air forces can fly doun\with comparative

suppli84 by submarines, anything on the Island of Guam.

to the United States
So the military value of GuamAat the present time is
Before the coming of air power, it undoubtedly might
naval station.
The policy of the United States in the Philippine Islands has
been to maintain a sufficient military force to hold the civil popu-
lation in subjection and to repel invas on. The garrison consists of
about l?,OOO troops, of Which about 2,000 are white,the rest being
native.
The quality and dependability of the native troops are problem-
atical. All the different tribes are mixed in the same organizations.
The orficers them are for the most part young men Who have
had only a couple of years' service \'lith white troops in the United
States. They-neither understand the language of the native troops
nor the country, nor are they accustomed to
to this character of troops. The result is
the conditio s
t u
nott-ing about what 1s going on among the troops themselves, \'l th the
I be11eve troo s
result that the sold1ers are handled largely by their rank1ng non-

commissioned", officers.
{y '\JI'1r{AlAAl"
upon in case ot serious domest1c m111tary cond1-
For use againrt
Tho horbo>
pOwerful and capable of entirely off surface seacraft in t.e
dayt1me and in ,good weather. Of

force is insignificant, poorly equipped and trained.
It would be impossible to this force with success against any
foreign invasion, particularly an invasion of Japanese air forces.
The Japanese posoessions come within 60 miles of the northern island,
of the Philippine bout three
southern base of Luzon/fnd Mindanao.
In a war 1t
6
i'ldet"Japan in the Far East, the Philippines Vlould
be a hindrance and not an asset.

hJ.M ttv.-U NtvJ.(

and has been forcing it down their throat ever since. The Chinese have
always had stringent laws and regulations against the UEe of opium.
Next to the constant use of force, the killing of Chinese by
the British, and latterly by the Americans, has had a very bad effect.
The bombardment of Nanking in the spring of 1927 '''as one of the worst
blows ever received by British and American prestige. (seedS of hate
were 50 deeply SOTIn in that one incident that they will probably hever
be uprootedi
It is a Singular thing that no great agitation is aroused when
a ship, to protect its nationals, lands a force of marines, who may
have a fight with the people on shore and kill hundreds of them; but
the minute a hip to fire big guns into unresisting cit es, it
is heard around the world. Although not much damage may be done, as
do
bombardment by ships really never does /\l1luch damage, still it makes
a tremendous impression.
To a casual observer, present in China may seem to
indicate that she is becoming a great military power, especially when
taking in account the fact that she is able to exert an increasingly
greater influence on Western nations. A deeper look into the
will reveal a very simple explana ion for this phenomena, LS tnat
estern nations are no longer united in their poliCy oward China as
they have been heretofore.
For instance, in 1900, when the legations were attacke n
Peking, the Americans, British, French, Japanese, Russians and Germans,
under the command of a German general, marched to the relief of the
besieged Westerners. At the present time, the Germans are absolutely
pla1ins their own gu
Aaerloa 1s insisting ,on the open door in China and equal opryor-
tunl 1 tor all. England. endeavoring to maintain her colon
-10-
and commercial enterprises, is using more force than any other
nation.
The only thing that has prevented the dismemberment of
China has been the jealousy of the great World Powers toward each
other. None of the nations, not even England or Japan, finds it
expedient to exert too much military power against the Chinese,
as they know they will be restrained by the others. Naturally,
this is just what China wants.
Although all the Chinese are fighting and striving among
themselves,bbbb with armies and bribes, and with diplomacy, XEB1
all factions understand full well what is happening among the
Occidentals. They hey are better off now in their dealings
With the whites than at any time heretofore.
It is not the military power of China that has ushered in
this change, - it was brought about by the divisions and dissensions
among the Western nations competing for Chinese trade.
Since the overthrow of the Manchu regime in 1911, political
matters in China have gone from bad to worse, so that at the present
central
time the has little or no power (over the rest
of the country1] China has lapsed into a state of feudalism. vith
chiefs more or less powerful controlling parts of the ancient
empire;; comparable 't-o her old condit ion of 'three- separate' government.s.<4
Im01m:.&B the -North. aoo"SoutherrlrKingdoms. Although
.. in some cases acknowledging the authority of Peking. the warring
a law unto themselves. They maintain their own military
eBtablishmentB, levy their own taxes and administer things in any way
the1 de.ire.
-11-
It' is interesting to trac,e the causes of the ?resent condition.
The Chinese have never held the military profession in high esteem,
Throughout their history, they have only raised armies and practiced the
profession of arms seriously when called upon to resist invation or
to make a necessary conquest. Throughout her thirty centuries of
existence, although menaced on all her frontiers by warlike neighbors,
China has been the least militaristic nation on the earth. Those
nations which have conquered her, such as the Mongols and the Manchus,
whose form of government ~ a s based on military overlordship, rapidly
~ , , " ~
lost ~ andvreverted to the Chinese system of having all governmental
administration reside primarily in the hands of civilians. This con-
tinued until the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty in 1911, and the
subsequent seizure of the government by the military party. Yuan
Shih Kai, in attempting to establish his system, appointed military
commanders in all the subdivisions of the empire. These were persons
upon whom he could rely and v'ere of the military class, as distin-
guished from the old civil governors who had been selected by a
series of competitive examinations from the body of the Chinese
people. As the authority of the central government was gradually
broken down, the strength of the Tuchuns, or military governors, grew,
until the present condition exists.
With it has come an augmentation of the total number of men
under arms that are called "soldiers". There has been a complete break-
down of the whole Chinese military system laid out by the former German
instructors. There is no uniformity in equipment, operations or sup-
plie., and the so-called armies consist merely of more or less trained
retainers.
-12-
The Northern section is now under Chang Tso Lin, warlord of
anchuria; the center under Wu Pei Fu,and south under the Cantonese,
who ostensibly are carrying out the broad principles of nationalism laid
down by great Chinese patriot, Sun Yat Sen. However, they are torn
by internal diseension res Iting from Bolshevist propaganda, and hampered
by weak finances, so it is a question about how far they wi 1 go.
All of these factions, however, are united in anting to get the
foreigners out of China. "Let us alone," they say, "V/e jill Vlork out
our own salvation."
The growing sentiment is pervading the country that a strong
political organization is necessary for the further continuance of
the Chinese as an independent people. While they hate political
organization, they are beginning to understand that in order to combat
the Western nations and keep them out, and to prevent themselves from
becoming enslaved either economically or politically, they must be
to hold their own against the Occidentals.
The military class is beginning to be regarded wtth more favor
higher
by the people, and men of better family and XK standing in the com-
munity are inclined to go into it. It will take a long time for the
Chinese to develop a political government Which will be able to cope
with those of the western world. From a military standpoint, the
economic state of China is so primitive that she cannot manufacture
war material, such as aircraft, cannon, motor cars,tanks and other
things that are for the prosecution of modern war.
On the other hand, her great economic weapons, the boycott and
strike, are very effective against industrial nations.
We must be careful in the United States to handle our affairs
-13-
I
with China in a stra1ghtforward and independent manner, because if we
become involved 1n the minds of the Chinese with other nations who have
interests at stake, our prestige will be greatly affected. We must
insist on the open door, that is, equal opportun1ties for all, and
resist the acquirement of special pr1vileges by any other nation or
people. This has been our tradit10nal policy with respect to Ch1na
and it must not be changed to cater to spec1al interests, or the
insidious propaganda of foreign diplomats.
- ~ -
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moe ahl bit on ot 1'&1 t lIblt" t in..: 'OT r tho

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