ICkM 1 SCILNCL NC1LS

What |s Sc|ence?
Sclence ls a sysLemaLlc sLudy of naLure and how lL affecLs our llves and Lhe envlronmenL
2 -aLural phenomena are evenLs LhaL happen around us
3 ample of naLural phenomena
CrowLh of a baby lnLo an adulL
An ob[ecL falllng Lo Lhe ground
MelLlng of lce
volcano erupLlons earLhquakes and Lsunaml
1hundersLorm snow and llghLnlng
4 Sclence ls lmporLanL Lo us because lL
nables us Lo undersLand ourselves and our surroundlng envlronmenL
Solves mysLerles of sclence Lhrough Lhe sysLemaLlc lnvesLlgaLlon
ConLrlbuLes Lo new dlscoverles lnvenLlons and knowledge galned
lmprove our sLandard of llvlng and quallLy of our envlronmenL
CreaLes sclencebased [ob opporLunlLles
azard Warn|ng Symbo|s
lammable subsLances
O May become hoL and flnally lgnlLe ln conLacL wlLh alr
O JhlLe phosphorus yellow phosphorus peLrol kerosene eLhanol meLhylaLed splrlL
2 ploslve subsLances
O May eplode under Lhe effecL of a flame or lf sub[ecLed Lo shocks or frlcLlon
O Sodlum poLasslum mlLure of hydrogen and alr hydrazolc acld hydrazlne dlazo
3 Corroslve subsLances
O May desLroy or burn llvlng Llssues on conLacL wlLh Lhem
O ydrogen perolde concenLraLed hydrochlorlc acld concenLraLed sodlum hydrolde
4 9olsonous or Lolc subsLances
O May cause lmmedlaLe or long Lerm healLh rlsks and even deaLh lf lnhaled lngesLed
or absorbed lnLo Lhe skln
O Mercury bromlne lead sodlum cyanlde chlorlne hydrogen sulphlde benzene
3 lrrlLaLlng or harmful subsLances
O May cause dlscomforL or lnflammaLlon Lo Lhe body
O Ammonla chloroform bromlne vapour chlorlne
6 adloacLlve subsLances
O May cause cell muLaLlon
O Oray uranlum pluLonlum Lhorlum radlum

1he steps |n a sc|ent|f|c |nvest|gat|on

ldenLlfylng Lhe problem

ormlng a hypoLhesls

9lannlng Lhe eperlmenL
O ldenLlfylng varlables
O eLermlnlng apparaLus and maLerlals
O eLermlnlng Lhe procedure Lo carry ouL Lhe eperlmenL
O eLermlnlng meLhod Lo collecL and analyses daLa


ConLrolllng Lhe varlables

CollecLlng daLa

Analyzlng and lnLerpreLlng daLa

rawlng a concluslon

JrlLlng a reporL


9hys|ca| quant|t|es and the|r un|ts
lve physlcal quanLlLles whlch can be measured
LengLh
Mass
1lme
1emperaLure
lecLrlc currenL
2 9hyslcal quanLlLles can be measured ln sysLeme lnLernaLlonal d'unlLes (Sl) unlLs

9hyslcal quanLlLy Sl unlL Symbol
LengLh MeLre m
Mass kllogram kg
1lme Second s
1emperaLure kelvln k
lecLrlc currenL Ampere A

9refl Symbol -umerlcal value
Mega M
kllo k
CenLl C
Mllll M
Mlcro

We|ght and Mass
Mass
Mass ls Lhe amounL of maLLer ln an ob[ecL
2 1he more Lhe maLLer ln an ob[ecL Lhe blgger ls lLs mass
3 Sl unlL kllogram (kg)
4 Mass can measured ln gram (g) and mllllgram (mg)
3 Mass can be measured by beam balance and lever balance

l kg g
g mg


JelghL
JelghL ls Lhe gravlLaLlonal force acLlng on an ob[ecL
2 1he greaLer Lhe force pulllng Lhe ob[ecL Lowards cenLres of arLh Lhe heavler Lhe ob[ecL
3 JelghL ls measured ln -ewLon (-)
4 Compresslon balance and sprlng balance ls used Lo measure welghL


Ce|| as a un|t of ||fe
A cell ls Lhe baslc unlL of llvlng Lhlngs whlch can funcLlon on lLs own
2 Cells are mlcroscoplc and cannoL be seen wlLh naked eye
enera| structures and funct|ons of an|ma| ce||s and p|ant ce||s
MosL cells conslsL of proLoplasm whlch ls surrounded by cell membrane
SLrucLures CharacLerlsLlcs uncLlon
-ucleus ls dense and spherlcal
sLrucLure
ls surrounded by a nuclear
membrane
ConLaln chromosomes whlch
carry geneLlc maLerlals LhaL
deLermlne Lhe characLerlsLlcs
of organlsms
lL ls Lhe conLrol cenLre of Lhe
cell because lL conLrols all
chemlcal reacLlons ln Lhe cell
CyLoplasm ls a flelble colorless [ellyllke
subsLance
ls surrounded by a cell
membrane
ConLalns waLer and chemlcal
subsLances such as proLelns
sLored food and mlnerals
AcLs as Lhe medlum for
chemlcal reacLlons of Lhe cell
Cell membrane ls a Lhln elasLlc layer on Lhe
ouLer surface or anlmal cells
ConLalns faLs and proLelns
ls parLlally permeable 1hls
means LhaL lL allows cerLaln
subsLances Lo pass Lhrough
ConLrols Lhe movemenL of
subsLance ln and ouL Lhe cell
Cell wall ls a Lhlck and rlgld layer on Lhe
ouLer surface of planL cells
ls malnly composed of Lough
subsLance called cellulose
lL glves Lhe cell a deflnlLe
shape
ChloroplasLs Are Llny oval sLrucLures found
lnslde Lhe cyLoplasm of mosL
1hey enable green planLs Lo
manufacLure Lhelr won food
- kg
kg -
planL cells
ConLaln a green plgmenL called
chlorophyll
Absorbs llghL energy and uses
lL Lo make food 1hls process ls
called phoLosynLhesls
vacuoles ls a fluldfllled sac found ln Lhe
cyLoplasm
ls surrounded by a membrane
and ls fllled wlLh cell sap
ConLalns of a soluLlon of
sugars proLelns mlnerals
1he vacuole acLs as a sLore of
varlous subsLances such as
waLer food plgmenLs
enzymes and wasLe producLs


Dn|ce||u|ar organ|sms
Are slmple organlsms LhaL are made up of only one cell
ln anlmal klngdom Amoeba and 9arameclum
ln planL klngdom 9leurococcus uglena Chlamydomonas and yeasL
Mu|t|ce||u|ar organ|sms
Are organlsms whlch have more Lhan one cell
ln anlmal klngdom mammals amphlblans repLlles blrds dlsh and ydra
ln planL klngdom mosses algae (Chondrus Splrogyra) ferns
|fe processes of un|ce||u|ar and mu|t|ce||u|ar organ|sms
unlcellular organlsm
Can grow
SenslLlve Lo llghL chemlcal subsLances and sharp ob[ecLs
Maln food ls bacLerla
lLs ecreLory organ ls Lhe vacuole
Moves by eLendlng pseudopodlum
8reaLhes Lhrough cell membrane
eproduces aseually
2 MulLlcellular organlsm
Maln food ls zooplankLon
creLes Lhrough lLs ecreLory pores
Moves by means of lLs Lall and flns
Can grow
SenslLlve Lo llghL and vlbraLlons ln waLer
eproduces seually
8reaLhes Lhrough gllls
Ce|| organ|zat|on |n the human body
1ypes of cells found ln human body
a) -erve cells conducLs nerve lmpulses
b) ed blood cells LransporL oygen from lungs Lo all cells
c) JhlLe blood cells
d) SkeleLal muscle cells conLrols movemenL of bones and organs of body
e) eproducLlon cells
f) plLhellal cells conLrols echange of subsLances
g) 8one cells funcLlons ln Lhe supporL sysLem of Lhe body

2 1ypes of Llssue
a) plLhellal Llssue proLecLs Lhe Llssues beneaLh lL
b) ConnecLlve Llssue connecLs one Llssue Lo anoLher Llssue supporLs organs ln Lhe
body
c) Muscle Llssue enables Lhe movemenL of body parLs
d) -erve Llssue enables body Lo respond Lo sLlmull
e) Carrles nerve lmpulses from one parL of Lhe body Lo anoLher

3 1ypes of sysLems
a) creLory sysLem dlscards Lolc wasLe producLs produced by Lhe body cells
b) eproducLlve sysLem produces offsprlng
c) esplraLory sysLem lnhales oygen and ehales carbon dlolde
d) LymphaLlc sysLem defends Lhe body agalnsL dlsease
e) SkeleLal sysLem provldes supporL and proLecLlon Lo sofL lnLernal organs
f) 8lood clrculaLory sysLem LransporL food subsLances oygen hormones and
oLhers Lo Lhe enLlre body
g) ndocrlne sysLem produces hormones LhaL conLrol Lhe body's responses Loward
sLlmull
h) -ervous sysLem coordlnaLes and conLrols all bodlly acLlvlLles relaLed Lo lmpulses
and reacLlons
l) Muscular sysLem helps ln movemenL of Lhe body
[) lgesLlve sysLem breaks down comple food lnLo slmple subsLances for easy
absorpLlon by body cells

4 Cells Llssues organs and sysLems can be lnLerconnecLed by Lhe followlng charL

Cells 1lssue Crgan SysLem Crganlsm

3 1he lmporLance of organlzaLlon of cells
a) nables body Lo perform llfe processes slmulLaneously
b) nsure llfe processes funcLlon efflclenLly and smooLhly
What |s matter?
veryLhlng LhaL has mass and occuples space ls called maLLer
1he states of matter
MaLLer ls made up of Llny parLlcles whlch are separaLe
2 1hese parLlcles can be composed of aLoms or molecules
3 An aLom ls Lhe smallesL parLlcle of maLLer and cannoL be furLher dlvlded
4 A molecule ls made up of Lwo or more aLoms
3 9roofs LhaL maLLer ls made up of Llny and dlscreLe parLlcles
lssolvlng copper (ll) sulphaLe crysLals ln waLer
lffuslon of gas
rrangement of part|c|es |n matter
MaLLer elsLs as sollds llqulds and gases
ArrangemenL of parLlcles ln sollds
a) Are arranged close LogeLher and ln a regular paLLern
b) Are very small spaces beLween parLlcles of a solld
c) CannoL be compressed
d) volume of a solld ls deflnlLe

2 ArrangemenL of parLlcles ln llqulds
a) Are arranged closer buL noL ln a regular paLLern
b) Spaces beLween Lhe parLlcles of a llquld are blgger
c) CannoL be compressed
d) Shape ls noL deflnlLe
e) known as flulds because of lLs flowlng properLy

3 ArrangemenL of parLlcles ln a gas
a) 1he parLlcles of a gas are far aparL and are noL arranged ln a regular paLLern
b) oes noL have deflne shape or volume
c) Large spaces
d) volumes of a gas lncreases when Lhe parLlcles move aparL
e) Can be compressed
f) known as flulds because of Lhelr flowlng properLy

4 ree moLlon or 8rownlan moLlon ls Lhe movemenL of parLlcles ln all dlrecLlons aL hlgh
speeds

1he concept of dens|ty
Dens|ty and buoyancy
enslLy of a subsLance ls Lhe mass per unlL volume
ormula
ns c =
mass (g)
volume (cm
3
)

2 1he Sl unlL for denslLy ls kg/m or kg m
3 1he denslLy of a subsLance depends on Lwo facLors
a) Mass
1he blgger lLs mass Lhe blgger ls lLs denslLy
b) volume
1he blgger lLs volume Lhe smaller ls lLs denslLy
4 8uoyancy of a maLLer refers Lo wheLher Lhe maLLer floaLs on or slnks ln anoLher maLLer
3 A solld LhaL has a lower denslLy Lhan Lhe denslLy of a llquld wlll floaL on Lhe surface of
Lhe llquld
6 A solld LhaL has a hlgher denslLy Lhan Lhe denslLy of a llquld wlll slnk ln Lhe llquld
1he var|ety of resources on earth
JaLer alr soll mlneral fossll fuels and llvlng Lhlngs are Lhe mosL lmporLanL Lhlngs
L|ements Compounds and M|xtures
lemenLs
An elemenL ls Lhe slmplesL subsLance
2 All elemenLs made up of only one Lype of aLom
3 amples of elemenLs
a) Cold
b) Zlnc
c) lron
d) Cygen
e) Carbon
f) -lLrogen
g) ydrogen
h) Alumlnlum
4 lemenLs can be grouped lnLo meLals and nonmeLals

MeLals
amples of meLals
a) 9oLasslum
b) Calclum
c) Magneslum
d) Mercury
e) Lead
f) Sodlum
g) Sllver
h) Copper
l) 9laLlnum
[) Cold
2 1he properLles of meLals
Surface appearance meLals have shlny surfaces and can be pollshed
eaL conducLlvlLy meLals are good conducLors
lecLrlcal conducLlvlLy meLals are good conducLors of elecLrlclLy
enslLy meLals have hlgh denslLles
MalleablllLy meLals are elasLlc
MelLlng polnL meLal have hlgh melLlng polnLs
SLaLe of maLLer meLal ls solld aL room LemperaLure ecepL mercury
-onmeLals
ample of nonmeLals
a) ydrogen
b) luorlne
c) Carbon
d) 8romlne
e) -lLrogen
f) Cygen
g) Chlorlne
h) 9hosphorus
l) lodlne
[) Sulphur
CondlLlon aL room LemperaLure amples of nonmeLals
Solld Carbon sulphur lodlne selenlum phosphorus
Llquld 8romlne mercury
Cas ydrogen hellum oygen fluorlne neon chlorlne argon
krypLon enon radon

2 1he properLles of nonmeLals

Surface appearance non meLals have dull surfaces
eaL conducLlvlLy non meLals are poor heaL conducLors
lecLrlcal conducLlvlLy non meLals are poor elecLrlcal conducLors
enslLy non meLals have low denslLles
MalleablllLy non meLals cannoL be beaLen lnLo oLher shapes and are brlLLle
MelLlng polnL non meLals have low melLlng polnLs
SLaLe of maLLer non meLals can elsL as sollds llqulds or gases aL room LemperaLure
Compounds
A compound ls formed when Lwo or more Lypes of elemenLs comblne chemlcally
2 1he smallesL parLlcle ln a compound ls Lhe molecule
3 Several Lypes of compounds and Lhelr componenLs
a) Carbon dlolde one carbon aLom Lwo oygen aLoms
b) Sodlum chlorlde one sodlum aLom one chlorlne aLom
c) 8enzene sl carbon aLoms sl hydrogen aLoms
d) MeLhane one carbon aLom four hydrogen aLoms
e) Ammonla one nlLrogen aLoms Lhree hydrogen aLoms
f) JaLer one oygen aLom Lwo hydrogen aLoms
4 1he componenLs of a compound cannoL be separaLed physlcally
3 1he componenLs of a compound can only be separaLed chemlcally
ample by uslng hlgh heaL or uslng elecLrolysls
MlLure
A mlLure ls made up of Lwo or more subsLances comblned physlcally for eample by
sLlrrlng
2 MlLures are dlvlded lnLo Lwo Lypes of homogeneous mlLure and heLerogeneous
mlLure
3 A homogeneous mlLure ls formed when lLs subsLances are mled evenly and Lhe
ldenLlLy of each subsLance cannoL be ldenLlfled so easlly ample common salL soluLlon
and sofL drlnks
4 A heLerogeneous mlLure ls formed when lLs subsLances can be ldenLlfled easlly
ample alr


3 SubsLances ln a mlLure can be separaLed physlcally as follows
a) MlLure of sand and waLer llLraLlon
b) MlLure of flour and sand SlfLlng
c) MlLure of common salL and waLer vaporaLlon
d) MlLure of alcohol and waLer lsLlllaLlon
e) MlLure of chlorophyll plgmenLs ChromaLography
f) MlLure of waLer and oll LracLlon
g) MlLure of lron fllllngs and sulphur uslng a magneL
h) MlLure of soll and waLer 9reclplLaLlon

6 A mlLure can be converLed Lo a compound by heaLlng
or eample lron flllngs and sulphur form a compound called lron (ll) sulphlde or ferrum
(ll) sulphlde when Lhey are heaLed


lron + 5u/phur heot lron {ll) su/phide

1he compos|t|on of a|r
Alr ls a mlLure of varlous subsLances LhaL ls odourless colourless or LasLeless
2 JaLer vapour ln Lhe alr depends on Lhe humldlLy ln Lhe alr 1he more humld Lhe alr Lhe
more Lhe waLer vapour ln Lhe alr





3 amples of lnerL gases are
a) usL
b) JaLer vapour
c) Mlcroorganlsms

-lLrogen 78
Cygen 2
Carbon dlolde 3
lnerL gas and oLhers 7
1he propert|es of oxygen and carbon d|ox|de
Alr ls made up of Lhree maln gases oygen carbon dlolde and nlLrogen
2 ach gas has lLs own chemlcal properLles
3 1he properLles of Lhe gases can be observed by
a) SolublllLy ln Lhe waLer
b) eacLlon wlLh sodlum hydrolde
c) ffecLs on
Clowlng wooden spllnLer
8urnlng wooden spllnLer
LlLmus paper
Llme waLer
ydrogen carbonaLe lndlcaLor
4 -lLrogen ls a gas LhaL does noL reacL chemlcally
9roperLles CbservaLlon and concluslon
Cygen Carbon dlolde
Colour -one -one
Smell -one -one
SolublllLy ln
waLer
1he level of waLer ln Lhe LesL Lube
rlses sllghLly Cygen ls sllghLly
soluble ln waLer
1he level of waLer ln Lhe LesL Lube rlse
a loL Carbon dlolde ls soluble ln
waLer
eacLlon wlLh
sodlum
hydrolde
1he level of waLer does noL rlse
Cygen ls noL soluble ln sodlum
hydrolde
1he level of waLer ln Lhe LesL Lube
rlses a loL Carbon dlolde ls very
soluble sodlum hydrolde
1he effecL on
glowlng wooden
spllnLer
1he glowlng wooden spllnLer bursLs
lnLo flame Cygen supporLs
combusLlon
1he glowlng wooden spllnLer
eLlngulshes Carbon dlolde does noL
supporL combusLlon
1he effecL on
burnlng wooden
spllnLer
1he burnlng wooden spllnLer burns
even brlghLer 1he gas ls non
flammable Cygen supporLs
combusLlon buL ls noL self
combusLlble
1he burnlng wooden spllnLer
eLlngulshes 1he gas ls non
flammable Carbon dlolde does noL
supporL combusLlon and ls noL self
combusLlble
1he effecL on
molsL llLmus
paper
1he llLmus papers do noL change
colour Cygen ls neuLral
1he blue llLmus paper Lurns red
Carbon dlolde ls sllghLly acldlc

1he effecL on
llme waLer
1he llme waLer does noL change
colour
Carbon dlolde Lurns Lhe llme waLer
cloudy
1he effecL on
hydrogen
carbonaLe
lndlcaLor
1he red lndlcaLor does noL change
colour
Cygen ls neuLral
1he red lndlcaLor Lurns yellow
Carbon dlolde ls sllghLly acldlc

Cxygen |s needed for resp|rat|on
Alr LhaL ls breaLhed lnLo Lhe body ls called lnhaled alr
2 Alr LhaL ls breaLhed ouL of Lhe body ls called ehaled alr
3 Cygen ls needed for resplraLlon
lnhaled oygen wlll be dlssolved aL Lhe surface of Lhe molsL alveolus
Cygen wlll be absorbed lnLo Lhe blood caplllary Lhrough Lhe Lhln alveolus wall
Cygen ls Lhen LransporLed by red blood cells Lo Lhe oLher blood cells for Lhe
process of resplraLlon
AL Lhe same Llme carbon dlolde and waLer from blood caplllarles wlll be absorbed
alveolus
Carbon dlolde and waLer wlll be epelled body when alr ls ehaled
Cxygen |s needed for combust|on
CombusLlon ls a process LhaL Lakes place when a subsLance unlLes wlLh oygen
chemlcally and Lhls produces energy and llghL
2 JlLhouL oygen CombusLlon cannoL occur because chemlcal process does noL Lake
place
3 Carbon ls a chemlcal compound LhaL ls made up of Lhe carbon elemenL only
4 CombusLlon of carbon releases carbon dlolde heaL energy and llghL energy
3 amples of carbon are wood cloLh charcoal and paper

Carbon + Cygen Carbon dlolde + eaL energy + LlghL energy

6 ydrocarbon ls a chemlcal compound whlch ls formed from only hydrogen and carbon
7 CombusLlon of hydrocarbon produces carbon dlolde waLer heaL energy and llghL
energy
8 JaLer ls formed when hydrogen from hydrocarbon comblnes wlLh oygen durlng
combusLlon

ydrocarbon + Carbon Carbon lolde + JaLer + eaL energy + LlghL energy

CombusLlon produces llghL energy and heaL energy
Carbon dlolde produced ls absorbed by green planLs Lo conducL phoLosynLhesls


Source of energy
nergy ls deflned as Lhe ablllLy Lo do work
2 nergy ls measured ln [oules (!)
3 nergy can be found ln many forms
a) klneLlc energy
b) 9oLenLlal energy
c) LlghL energy
d) lecLrlcal energy
e) Sound energy
f) -uclear energy
g) eaL energy
h) Chemlcal energy
4 klneLlc energy
ls Lhe energy possessed by a movlng ob[ecL
epends on mass and veloclLy
Jlll lncrease lf
a) 1he mass of Lhe ob[ecL lncreases
b) 1he veloclLy of Lhe ob[ecL lncreases
3 9oLenLlal energy
ls Lhe energy sLored ln a body due Lo lLs poslLlon or lLs physlcal condlLlon
epends on
a) 1he mass of Lhe ob[ecL
b) 1he dlsLance of Lhe ob[ecL from Lhe arLh's surface
c) 1he power of Lhe gravlLaLlonal pull on Lhe ob[ecL
Jlll lncreases
a) 1he mass of Lhe ob[ecL lncreases
b) 1he hlgher Lhe ob[ecL ls ralsed from Lhe ground
c) 1he gravlLaLlonal pull on Lhe ob[ecL lncreases
A falllng ob[ecL can galn klneLlc energy buL loses poLenLlal energy
lasLlc poLenLlal energy can only elasLlc subsLances such as a sprlng or a rubber
6 eaL energy
ls Lhe energy LhaL ls sLored ln a hoL ob[ecL
epends on lLs LemperaLure and volume
lows from a hoL area Lo a cold area by conducLlon convecLlon and radlaLlon
7 LlghL energy
ls Lhe energy produced by an ob[ecL LhaL emlLs llghL
Can be deLecLed by Lhe eye
Can Lravel ln a vacuum and ln a sLralghL llne ln Lhe form of waves
A lumlnous ob[ecL ls an ob[ecL LhaL glves ouL lLs own llghL energy or eample sun
and sLars
A non lumlnous ob[ecL ls an ob[ecL LhaL does noL glve ouL lLs own llghL energy buL
can only reflecL llghL or eample mlrror and meLal
8 Sound energy
ls Lhe energy produced by a vlbraLlng ob[ecL
An ob[ecL whlch vlbraLes produces a recurrlng movemenL
1he vlbraLlng alr forms sound waves
Can be Lransferred Lhrough a medlum buL cannoL Lravel ln a vacuum
Chemlcal energy
ls Lhe energy sLored ln a chemlcal subsLance
ls found ln fuels
lecLrlcal energy
ls Lhe energy produced by Lhe flow of elecLrlc charges
-uclear energy
ls Lhe energy sLored ln Lhe nucleus of an aLom
known as aLomlc energy
2 Mechanlcal energy
ls produced when a machlne or ob[ecL changes lLs poslLlon
known as energy of moLlon
ls composed of klneLlc energy and poLenLlal energy
3 Solar energy
ls produced durlng Lhe process of nuclear fuslon ln Lhe sun's core
Source of energy
1ypes of energy sources on arLh
a) ossll fuels
b) 8lomass fuels
c) adloacLlve subsLances
d) Mechanlcal sources
e) CeoLhermal sources
f) Solar energy
nergy sources eLalls
ossll fuel O ormed from remalns of planL and
anlmals burled ln Lhe ground and
whlch had decomposed mllllon of
years ago
O amples
Coals
9eLroleum
-aLural gas
ormaLlon of peLroleum and naLural gas O ormed from remalns of anlmals and
planLs LhaL had sank Lo Lhe boLLom of
Lhe sea and was burled Lhere for
mllllons of years 1he decomposed
anlmals and planLs comblne wlLh sand
and earLh ln Lhe sea bed form shale
whlle Lhe remalns Lurn lnLo peLroleum
and naLural gas -ormally peLroleum ls
found below Lhe layer of naLural gas
because peLroleum ls denser Lhan
naLural gas
8lomass fuels O Are obLalned from decomposed
organlsms such as planLs and anlmals
ecomposed planLs and anlmals
produce meLhane gas and alcohol
whlch Lhen become fuel sources
adloacLlve subsLances O uranlum ls a common energy source
used ln nuclear power sLaLlons
uranlum ls spllL lnLo Lwo llghLer
elemenLs ln Lhe process of nuclear
flsslon
Mechanlcal sources O Are naLural sources of energy such as
wlnd waLer and wave
O Are renewable energy source
CeoLhermal sources O Comes from heaL ln Lhe lnslde of Lhe
arLh
Sun (solar energy) O ls Lhe prlmary source of energy on
arLh
O Can be harnessed and used Lo
generaLe elecLrlcal energy

eat
eaL ls a form of energy whlch flows from a reglon of hlgh LemperaLure Lo anoLher
reglon of lower LemperaLure
2 eaL can Lravel Lhrough sollds llqulds gas and even vacuum
3 Sl unlL for heaL ls [oule (!)
4 1emperaLure ls a physlcal quanLlLy whlch refers Lo Lhe degree of hoLness or coldness of
a maLLer
3 Sl unlL for LemperaLure ls kelvln (k)
6 1he hoLLer a body Lhe hlgher ls lLs LemperaLure 1he colder a body Lhe lower ls lLs
LemperaLure
7 1he more Lhe energy conLalned ln an ob[ecL Lhe hlgher Lhe LemperaLure of Lhe ob[ecL
8 eaL capaclLy ls Lhe quanLlLy of heaL energy conLalned ln a maLLer ls properLles are
ependenL on Lhe Lype of volume mass of volume and Lhe LemperaLure of maLLer
AL Lhe same LemperaLure a larger maLLer has more heaL conLenL
JlLh Lhe same volume a hoLLer maLLer has hlgher heaL conLenL
Lxpans|on and contract|on of matter
MaLLer absorbs heaL when heaLed and epels heaL when cooled
2 Jhen heaLed
a) 9arLlcles of maLLer absorb heaL energy and change lL lnLo klneLlc energy klneLlc
energy causes parLlcles Lo vlbraLe fasLer
b) 1hls vlbraLlon causes Lhe parLlcles Lo move furLher aparL 1herefore Lhe slze and
volume of maLLer wlll lncrease
3 Jhen cooled
a) 9arLlcles of maLLer vlbraLe less and Lhelr speed also decreases
b) lsLance beLween Lhe parLlcles reduces 1hls means LhaL Lhe slze and volume of
maLLer also decreases
eat f|ow and conduct|on
eaL ls a form of energy possessed by a maLLer
2 eaL flow ln Lhree ways
a) ConducLlon
ls Lhe flow of heaL Lhrough a solld due Lo a dlfference ln LemperaLure LhroughouL
Lhe solld
b) ConvecLlon
ls Lhe process of flow of heaL ln a fluld
c) adlaLlon
ls known as radlanL heaL
ls a process of energy flow Lhrough lnfrared waves whlch move ln sLralghL llne

Lffect of heat on matter
MelLlng
MelLlng ls a process by whlch a solld changes lnLo a llquld
2 A solld melLs lnLo a llquld when heaLed
3 Jhen a solld ls heaLed Lhe parLlcles absorb heaL energy
4 AL Lhe melLlng polnL parLlcles vlbraLe mosL forcefully unLll Lhey break away from Lhelr
fled poslLlons
reezlng
reezlng ls a process by whlch a llquld changes lnLo a solld
2 AL freezlng polnL Lhe parLlcles no longer move freely
8olllng
8olllng ls a process of a llquld changes lnLo a gas
2 AL Lhe bolllng polnL Lhe llquld move speedlly and freely
CondensaLlon
CondensaLlon ls Lhe process of a gas changlng lnLo a llquld
2 As gas parLlcles move slower and closer LogeLher Lhe llquld wlll be formed
vaporaLlon
vaporaLlon ls a process of changes of a llquld lnLo gas aL any LemperaLure
2 acLors whlch lnfluence Lhe raLe of evaporaLlon
a) 1emperaLure of llquld
1he hlgher Lhe LemperaLure of Lhe llquld Lhe fasLer Lhe llquld evaporaLes
b) Alr molsLure ln Lhe surroundlng of Lhe llquld
1he lower Lhe humldlLy Lhe fasLer Lhe llquld evaporaLes
c) posed area of Lhe llquld surface
1he wlder Lhe llquld surface area Lhe fasLer Lhe llquld evaporaLes
SubllmaLlon
SubllmaLlon ls Lhe converslon process of a solld dlrecLly Lo gas wlLhouL melLlng
2 ln Lhls process Lhe parLlcles of a solld absorb heaL energy Jhen enough energy ls
absorbed Lhe parLlcles separaLe Lo form gas
bsorb|ng and g|v|ng out heat
1he ablllLy of an ob[ecL Lo absorb or radlaLe heaL depends on Lhe surface naLure and Lhe
surroundlng LemperaLure of Lhe ob[ecL
2 Cb[ecLs wlLh opaque (black) and rough surface are good heaL absorbers and radlaLors
3 Cb[ecLs wlLh burnlshed (shlny) and smooLh surfaces are poor heaL absorbers and
radlaLors
4 oLLer ob[ecLs are beLLer heaL radlaLors Lhan cold ob[ecLs