Synchronous Motors

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Electrical Machines 2
Synchronous Motor
3 phase AC supply is given to the stator and
mechanical energy is obtained from the rotor
Reverse of alternator operation
However, field poles are given electrical
supply to excite the poles (electromagnets !)
S.B.Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
ConstructionaI detaiIs
Stator
Rotor
ConstructionaI detaiIs - Stator
Same as Alternator's stator
Cast-iron frame, cylindrical laminated and
uniformly slotted stator core.
Stator - continued
Rotor
Operating PrincipIe
orks on the principle of magnetic locking
(will be elaborated later)
asics - Rotating Magnetic FieId
hen 3 phase supply is given to the stator
winding, 3 phase current flows which
produces 3 phase flux
The MMF wave of the stator will have
rotating effect on the rotor
The effect of the field will be equal to that
produced by a rotating pole
Rotating Magnetic FieId (R.M.F) -
contd.
RMF - contd.
RMF - contd.

sin sin .......................( )
sin 120 sin 120 ...................( )
sin 240 sin 240 ...................( )
R m m
Y m m
B m m
t a
t b
t c
o o o
o o o
o o o
= =
= =
= =
RMF - contd.
ooking back at the waveform again, we see
that at any instant, one waveform has zero
magnitude and one has a positive value and
the other, negative value
et us consider at the following instances
0, 60, 120, 180 degrees
RMF - contd.
Case (i) o = 0 (look at the waveform)
RMF - contd.
Simply substitute o = 0 in equations a, b, c

sin sin 0 0
3
sin 120 sin 0 120
2
3
sin 240 sin 0 240
2
R m m
Y m m m
B m m m
o o o
o o o o
o o o o
= = =
= = =
= = = +
RMF - contd.
Case (i) - Phasor diagram
RMF - contd.
RMF - contd.
Case (ii) o = 60 (look at the waveform)
RMF - contd.

3
sin sin 60
2
3
sin 120 sin 60 120
2
sin 240 sin 60 240 0
R m m m
Y m m m
B m m
o o o o
o o o o
o o o
= = =
= = =
= = =
RMF - contd.
RMF - contd.
RMF - contd.
Case (iii) o = 120 (look at the waveform)
RMF - contd.

3
sin sin120
2
sin 120 sin 120 120 0
3
sin 240 sin 120 240
2
R m m m
Y m m
R m m m
o o o o
o o o
o o o o
= = =
= = =
= = =
RMF - contd.
RMF - contd.
Case (iv) o = 180 (look at the waveform)
RMF - contd.

sin sin180 0
3
sin 120 sin 180 120
2
3
sin 240 sin 180 240
2
R m m
Y m m m
B m m m
o o o
o o o o
o o o o
= = =
= = =
= = =
RMF - contd.
RMF - contd.
t is found that the resultant flux line is
rotating at constant magnitude
This we refer as rotating field or revolving
field
The speed at which it rotates will be at
synchronous speed N
s
= (120 f / P )
Direction of rotation will be in the clockwise
direction as shown in the previous slide
Operation
e have a rotating field at the stator
Rotor is another magnet
f properly aligned (?!) these two magnets will
attract each other
Since the stator field is rotating at
synchronous speed, it will carry the rotor
magnet along with it due to attraction
(magnetic locking)
Magnetic Locking - IIIustration
Operation - contd.
hy - ?
t is true that magnetic locking will make the
rotor run at synchronous speed
ocking cannot happen instantly in a
machine (?)
This makes synchronous motors not self
starting
Not seIf starting
Due to inertia
How to make Syn. Motor seIf
starting
f the rotor is moved by external means (to
overcome inertial force acting on it) then
there is a chance for the motor to get started
Procedure to make SM seIf start
3 ph supply is given to the stator
Motor is driven by external means
Rotor is excited
At an instant rotor poles will be locked with
the stator field and motor will run at syn.
speed
Methods of making SM seIf
starting
&sing small induction motor (pony motor)
&sing DC motor
&sing Damper winding
SM - making it seIf start - Using
Pony motor
&sing an induction motor (M), rotor is driven
at a speed close to synchronous speed
(remember, M never runs at synchronous
speed)
Then, as said earlier, rotor is excited
Rotor locks with stator field and runs at
synchronous speed
DC motor
&sing a DC motor, rotor is driven at a speed
close to synchronous speed
Then, as said earlier, rotor is excited
Rotor locks with stator field and runs at
synchronous speed
Damper winding
TOURING SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
&nit II - Synchronous
Motor
MF generation in a motor ? !
e call it as back emf
Similar to generated emf in an alternator
Rotor rotating at synchronous speed will
induce emf in the stationary armature
conductors
The ac voltage applied has to overcome this
back emf to circulate current through the
armature winding
August 2010 &nit S.B.Sivasubramaniyan MSEC, Chennai
ack emf
As given, emf is proportional to flux
4.44
b C d
E K K fT o =
ack emf
SIight deviation from the topic (?)
Coming back to ack emf
Increase in Load.
n a Synchronous motor with increase in load
0 increases
Increase in Load, o.k - hat about
the speed ?
The speed of the Synchronous motor speed
stays constant at synchronous speed even
when the load is increased
Magnetic locking between the stator and
rotor (stiffness of coupling) keeps the rotor
run at synchronous speed
But when the angle of separation (0) is 90,
then stiffness (locking) is lost and the motor
ceases to run
t constant Ioad, varying the
excitation.
indIy see to it that
n all the cases discussed above, magnitude
of current vector changes
Power factor changes
But the product coso would be constant so
that active power drawn by the machine
remains constant
hat actuaIIy happens ?
The resultant air gap flux is due to ac
armature winding and dc field winding
f the field is sufficient enough to set up the
constant air gap flux then the magnetizing
armature current required from the ac source
is zero hence the machine operates at
unity power factor this field current is the
normal field current or normal excitation
f the field current is less than the normal
excitation then the machine is under
excited
This deficiency in flux must be made by the
armature mmf so the armature winding
draws magnetizing current or lagging
reactive MVA leaving the machine to
operate at lagging power factor
n case the field current is made more than
its normal operation then the machine is
over excited
This excess flux must be neutralized by the
armature mmf so the machine draws
demagnetizing current or leading reactive
MVA leaving the machine to operate at
leading power factor
etter iIIustration
etter IIIustration
Similarly,
Synchronous motor in pf
improvement
This feature of synchronous motor makes it
suitable for improving the power factor of the
system
Motors are overexcited so that it draws
leading current from the supply
The motor here is referred to as synchronous
condenser
' - curves
Inverted ' - curves
STDY STT H'IOUR -
raphical Solution
&nit II - Synchronous
Motor
CircIe Diagrams
This offers a quick graphical solution to many
problems
CircIe Diagrams - contd.
Excitation Circle diagram
t gives the locus of armature current, as the
excitation voltage and load angle are varied
xcitation CircIe Diagram
t is based on the voltage equation of a motor
given by
t can be expressed as
t f a s
J E I Z = +
f
t
a
s s
E
J
I
Z Z
=
xcitation CircIe Diagram - contd.
Each component in the above expression is
a current component
t can be taken in such a way that they lag
from their corresponding voltage component
by power factor angle
f
t
a
s s
E
J
I
Z Z
=
Same result can be obtained mathematically
as follows
ith Vt as reference
f
t
a
s s
E
J
I
Z Z
=
0
f
t
a
s s
E
J
I
Z Z
0
o o
.
.
=
. .
f
t
a
s s
E
J
I
Z Z
o 0 o = . .

.4s sin .4s sin
f
t
a
s s
E
J
I f f
Z Z
o o 0 o 0 o

= + +

|

#0
.4s .4s sin sin
f f
t t
a
s s s s
arranging
E E
J J
I f
Z Z Z Z
o 0 o o 0 o

= + + + +

| |

2 2
2
.4s .4s sin sin
f f
t t
a
s s s s
Magnitude
E E
J J
I
Z Z Z Z
o 0 o o 0 o

= + + + +

| |

2 2
2
2 .4s .4s sin sin
f f
t t
a
s s s s
E E
J J
I
Z Z Z Z
0 o o 0 o o
+ +
= + + + +

|
' ' ' '

2 2
2
2 .4s .4s sin sin .4s sin .4s .4s sin sin
f f
t t
a
s s s s
E E
J J
I
Z Z Z Z
0 o 0 o o 0 o 0 o o
+ +
= + + +

|
' ' ' '

2 2
2
2 .4s .4s sin sin .4s sin .4s .4s sin sin
f f
t t
a
s s s s
E E
J J
I
Z Z Z Z
0 o 0 o o 0 o 0 o o
+ +
= + + +

|
' ' ' '
2 2
2 2 2
2 .4s .4s sin sin .4s sin .4s sin .4s sin
f f
t t
a
s s s s
E E
J J
I
Z Z Z Z
0 o 0 o o 0 o o 0 o
+ +
= + + +

|
' ' ' '
2 2
2 2 2
2 .4s .4s .4s sin
f f
t t
a
s s s s
E E
J J
I
Z Z Z Z
0 o 0 o
+ +
= + +

|
' ' ' '
2 2
2
2 .4s
f f
t t
a
s s s s
E E
J J
I
Z Z Z Z
0
+ +
= +

' ' ' '
The above equation says that Vt / Zs is one
side of a triangle, whose other side is given
by Ef / Zs
The third side is given by a
2 2
2
2 .4s
f f
t t
a
s s s s
E E
J J
I
Z Z Z Z
0
+ +
= +

' ' ' '
Coming back to our diagram (kindly verify the
sides)
n the diagram, if Vt is assumed constant,
then Vt / Zs is a constant
Now, if Ef (the excitation) is fixed, Ef / Zs
vector and a vector follow the path of a circle
as load is changed on the motor
This locus is referred to as Excitation circle
Excitation circle defines the magnitude and
power factor of a and the load angle 0, for
different shaft loads
Same old diagram
Power CircIe Diagram
This again gives the locus of armature
current, as the mechanical power developed
and power factor is varied
Power output per phase is given as
P is the mechanical power developed
including iron and mechanical losses
2
.4s
t a a a
P J I I r o =
The equation can be written as,
Dividing the whole equation by ra and
rearranging it, we get
2
.4s 0
t
a a
a a
J P
I I
r r
o + =
2 2 2 2
.4s sin .4s 0
t
a a a
a a
J P
I I I
r r
o o o + + =
Subsitituting x = a sino and y = a coso, the equation
becomes
This is equation of circle with
2 2 2 2
.4s sin .4s 0
t
a a a
a a
J P
I I I
r r
o o o + + =
2 2
0
t
a a
J P
x y y
r r
+ + =
2
0, &
2 2
t t
a a a
J J P
centre radius
r r r
+ +
= =

' ' ' '
Alternatively,
e know,
Adding Vt / 2 ra on either side we get,
2
.4s 0
t
a a
a a
J P
I I
r r
o + =
2 2
2
.4s
2 2
t t t
a a
a a a a
J J J P
I I
r r r r
o
+ +
+ + =

' ' ' '
Slight Modification, yields
2 2
2
#0 ,
.4s
2 2
t t t
a a
a a a a
arranging
J J J P
I I
r r r r
o
+ +
+ =

' ' ' '
2 2
2
2 .4s
2 2 2
t t t
a a
a a a a
J J J P
I I
r r r r
o
+ +
+ =

' ' ' '
The above expression shows that
is one side of a triangle whose other two
sides are a and Vt / 2ra seperated by o
2 2
2
2 .4s
2 2 2
t t t
a a
a a a a
J J J P
I I
r r r r
o
+ +
+ =

' ' ' '
2
2
t
a a
J P
r r
+

' '
oing back to the power circle diagram
Power CircIe Diagram - Inference
At Pmax, armature current is in phase with
Vt/2ra, hence the power factor is unity
Magnitude of armature current is given by
Vt/2ra
Power CircIe Diagram - Inference
At Pmax, we know, radius of the power circle
is zero
Substituting, radius = 0, we get
2
max
0
2
t
a a
J P
r r
+
=

' '
2
max
4
t
a
J
P
r
=
Power CircIe Diagram- Inference
Maximum power input,
Efficiency is given by
2
,max
.4s .1
2 2
t t
in t a t
a a
J J
P J I J
r r
o
+
= = =

' '

2
max
2
,max
/ 4
50
/ 2
t a
in
t a
J r
P
P
J r
= = =
As we see, 50 % efficiency is too low a value
for synchronous motor
At this efficiency, since the losses are about
half of that of the input, temperature rise
reaches the permissible limit
As such, maximum power output presented
earlier cannot be met in practice
' - curves (again?!)
e know, excitation circle diagram shows
locus of armature current as a function of
excitation voltage
Power circle diagram shows locus of
armature current as a function of power
hen these two circles are super imposed.
' - curves - contd.
POR D'LOPD
Electrical Machines 2
Power DeveIoped by Synchronous
Motor
Consider the phasor diagram
Motor
n a motor power developed can be given as
ooking at the phasor diagram again
.4s
m b a
P E I =
Motor
e need to manipulate the vector diagram to
arrive at the expression
Motor
Torque DeveIoped by Synchronous
Motor
e know(e), T (26 Ns) = P if Ns is in rps
So, T = P / (26 Ns)
or T = P / (26 Ns) if Ns is in rpm
Maximum power deveIoped
Condition for maximum power developed can
be found by differentiating the power
expression by 0 and equating it to zero (as
usual)

2
.4s .4s
b b
m
s s
E J E
P
Z Z
0 =

,
sin 0
m b
s
Differentiating
dP E J
d Z
0
0
= =
Maximum power deveIoped -
condition

sin 0
b
s
E J
Z
0 =

sin 0 0 =
0 0 =
0 =
Substituting = 0, in the power expression,
we get,
2
,max
.4s
b b
m
s s
E J E
P
Z Z
0 =
2
,max
.4s
b b
m
s s
or
E J E
P
Z Z
=
f
Substituting, cos = Ra / Zs
,max
0
a
b
m
s
R
E J
P
Z
=
2
,max
b b a
m
s s s
E J E R
P
Z Z Z
+
=

' '
2
,max
b b a
m
s s s
E J E R
P
Z Z Z
+
=

' '

2
,max
,
4
2
s
b a m
a
Solving
Z
E J J R P
R

=

|
condition
As the equation says, Power developed
depends on excitation
Differentiating with respect to Eb

2
.4s .4s
b b
m
s s
E J E
P
Z Z
0 =

2
.4s .4s 0
m b b
b b s s
dP E J E d
dE dE Z Z
0

= =

|
condition

2
.4s .4s 0
m b b
b b s s
dP E J E d
dE dE Z Z
0

= =

|
2
s
b
a
JZ
E
R
=
condition
This is the value of Eb which will make
developed power to be maximum
The maximum power is given by substituting
the condition (Eb) in Pm expression
2
s
b
a
JZ
E
R
=
2 2
,max
2 4
m
a a
J J
P
R R
=
ack MF expression
Assignment
Synchronous Motors connected to
Infinite bus bars
Assignment

Synchronous Motors

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