(i) Arc length AB = r q Area of circular sector = (12) r2 q (ii) For a regular polygon of side a and number of sides

n (a) Internal angle of polygon = (n-2) (pn) (b) Sum of all internal angles = (n-2) p (c) Radius of incircle of this polygon r = (a2)cos (pn) (d) Radius of circumcircle of this polygon R = (a2) cosec (pn) (e) Area of the polygon = 14 na2cot (pn) (f) Area of triangle = (14) a2 cos (p4) (g) Area of incircle = p{(a2)cot(pn)}2 (h) Area of circumcircle = p {(a2)cosec(pn)}2 2 Relation between system of measurement of angles and p radian = 180 3 Trigonometric identities (i) sin2 q + cos2 q = 1 (ii) cosec2 q - cot2 q = 1 (iii) sec2 q -tan2 q =1 4 Sign Convention 5 T-ratios of allied angles the signs of trigonometrical ration in different quadrant. allied of T-rations (- q) 90 q 180 q 270 q sin q -sin q cos q sin q -cos q sin q cos q cos q sin q -cos q sin q cos q tan q -tan q cot q tan q cot q tan q cot q -cot q tan q cot q tan q cot q sec q sec q cosec q -sec q cosec q sec q cosec q -cosec q sec q cosec q -sec q cosec q 6 Sum & differences of angles of t-ratios (i) sin (AB) = sinA cosB cosA sinB (ii) cos(AB) = cosA cosB sinA sinB (iii) tan (AB) (iv) cot (AB) cos2A (v) sin(A+B) sin(A-B) = sin2A sin2B = cos2B (vi) cos(A+B) cos(A-B) = cos2A sin2 B = cos2B sin2A (vii) tan(A+B+C) Generalized tan (A+B+C+ . )

360 q

Where S1 = tan A S2 = tan A tan B, S3 = tan A tan B tan C and so on (viii) sin (A+B+C) = sin A cos B cos C sin A = cos A (Numerator of tan (A+B+C)) (ix) cos (A+B+C) = sin A cos B cos C - sin A = cos A (Denominator of tan (A+B+C) ) For a triangle A+B+C =p tan A = tan A sin A = sin A cos B cos C 1+ cos A = sin A sin B cos C (viii) sin75 = = cos15 (ix) cos75 = sin15 (x) tan75 = 2 + 3 = cot15 (xi) cot75 = 2 - 3 = tan15 7 Formulaes for product into sum or difference and viceversa (i) 2sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin (A-B) (ii) 2cosA sinB = sin(A+B) sin (A-B) (iii) 2cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(A+B) (iv) 2sinA sinB = cos(A-B) cos (A+B) (v) sinC + sinD = 2sin

(vi)sinC sinD = 2cos (vii) cosC cosD = 2cos (viii) cosC cosD = 2sin (ix) tanA + tanB = 8 T-ratios of multiple and submultiple angles (i) sin2A = 2sinA cosA = = (sinA + cos A)2 - 1 = 1 (sin A cos A)2 sinA = 2sinA2 cosA2 = (ii) cos2A = cos2A - sin2A = 2cos2A 1 = 1- 2sin2A = (iv) sin3q = 3sinq - 4sin3q = 4sin(60 -q ) sin(60 + q) sinq = sinq (2 cos q -1 ) ( 2 cos q + 1) (v) cos3q = 4cos3q - 3cosq =4cos(60 - q) cos (60 + q)cosq =cos q (1-2 sin q) (1+2 sin q) (vi) tan3A = = yan (60 - A ) tan(60 + A) tanA 9 Maximum and minimum value of the expression acosq + bsinq maximum (greatest) value = (a2+b2) minimum (least) value = - (a2+b2) 10 Conditional trigonometric identities If A,B,C are angles of triangle i.e. A+B+C = p, then (i) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC i.e. sin 2A = 4 (sinA) (ii) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = -1 4cos A cosB cosC (iii) sinA + sinB + sinC = 4cos A2 cosB2 cosC2 (iv) cosA + cosB + cosC = 1+ 4 sinA2 sinB2 sinC2 (v) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 1-2sinA sin B sinC (vi) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 -2cosA cosB cosC (vii) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC (viii) cotB cotC + cotC cotA + cotA cotB = 1 (ix) tan A2 tan B2 = 1 (x) cot A cot B =1 (xi) cot A2 = cot A2 11 Some useful series (i) sina + sin(a + b) + sin(a + 2b) + .. + to nterms (ii) cosa + cos (a + 2b) + cos (a + 2b) + + to nterms

(iii) cosa. Cos2a. Cos22a .. cos(2n-1 a) = , a np = 1, a = 2kp = - 1, a = (2k+1)p 1. Binomial Theorem for any + ve integral index: (x+a)n = nC0 xn + nC1 xn-1 + nC2 xn-1 C2 xn-2 a2 +

. + nCr xn-r ar + .. + nCn an

(i) General term Tr+1 = nCr xn-r is the (r+1) term form beginning. (ii) (m+1)th term from the end = (n-m+1)th from beginning = Tn=m+1 (iii) middle term (a) If n is even then middle term = {(n/2) +1}th term (b) If n is odd then middle term = {(n+1)/2}th and {(n+3)/2}th term Binomial coe fficient of middle of middle term is the greatest binomial coefficient. 2. To determine a particular term in the given expasion: Let the given expansion be {xa (1/xb)}n , if xn occurs in Tr+1 (r+1)th term then r is given by n a - r (a + b) = m and for x0, n a - r (a + b) = 0 3. Properties of Binomial coefficients: For the sake of convenience the coefficient nC0, nC1, nC2 .. nCr nCn are usually d enoted by C0, C1 , .. Cr . Cn respectively. * C0 + C1 + C2 + .. + Cn = 2n * C0 - C1 + C2 - C3 + + Cn = 0

* C0 + C2 + C

1.(a + b)(a

b) = a2

b2

2.(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)

3.(a b)2 = a2 + b2 2ab

4.(a + b + c + d)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + 2(ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd)

5.(a b)3 = a3 b3 3ab(a b)

6.(a b)(a2 + b2 m ab) = a3 b3

7.(a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 -ab

bc

ca) = a3 + b3 + c3

3abc =

1/2 (a + b + c)[(a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2]

8.when a + b + c = 0, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

9.(x + a)(x + b) (x + c) = x3 + (a + b + c) x2 + (ab + bc + ac)x + abc

10.(x

a)(x

b) (x

c) = x3

(a + b + c) x2 + (ab + bc + ac)x

abc

11.a4 + a2b2 + b4 = (a2 + ab + b2)( a2

ab + b2)

12.a4 + b4 = (a2

v2ab + b2)( a2 + v2ab + b2)

13.an + bn = (a + b) (a n-1

a n-2 b + a n-3 b2

a n-4 b3 +

.. + b n-1) + b n-1)

(valid only if n is odd) 14.an bn = (a b) (a n-1 + a n-2 b + a n-3 b2 + a n-4 b3 +

{where n ? N) 15.(a b)2n is always positive while -(a b)2n is always negative, for any real va lues of a and b

16.(a

b)2n = (b

a)2

and (a

b)2n+1 =

(b

a)2n+1

17.if a and are the roots of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, roots of cx + bx + a = 0 are 1/a and 1/. if a and are the roots of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, roots of ax2 bx + c = 0 ar e -a and -.

18.?n(n + l)(2n + 1) is always divisible by 6.

?32n leaves remainder = 1 when divided by 8

?n3 + (n + 1 )3 + (n + 2 )3 is always divisible by 9

?102n + 1 + 1 is always divisible by 11

?n(n2- 1) is always divisible by 6

?n2+ n is always even

?23n-1 is always divisible by 7

?152n-1 +l is always divisible by 16

?n3 + 2n is always divisible by 3

?34n

4 3n is always divisible by 17

?n! + 1 is not divisible by any number between 2 and n (where n! = n (n l)(n 2)(n 3) .3.2.1) for eg 5! = 5.4.3.2.1 = 120 and similarly 10! = 10.9.8

.2.1= 3628800

19.Product of n consecutive numbers is always divisible by n!.

20.If n is a positive integer and p is a prime, then np

n is divisible by p.

21. x = x if x = 0 and x =

x if x = 0.

22.Minimum value of a2.sec2O + b2.cosec2O is (a + b)2; (0 < O < 90)

for eg. minimum value of 49 sec2O + 64.cosec2O is (7 + 8)2 = 225. 23.among all shapes with the same perimeter a circle has the largest area.

24.if one diagonal of a quadrilateral bisects the other, then it also bisects th e quadrilateral.

25.sum of all the angles of a convex quadrilateral = (n

2)180

26.number of diagonals in a convex quadrilateral = 0.5n(n

3)

27.let P, Q are the midpoints of the nonparallel sides BC and AD of a trapezium ABCD.Then, ?APD = ?CQB.