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Water Supply Design

CE/ENE 483 Fall 2011

Lecture 2 Outline

Water Demand Water Source Evaluation Objectives of Water Treatment Water Quality Evaluation of Process Options Plant Sizing and Layout Plant Location

Water Demand

Determined by

Selection of design period Estimation of population, commercial and industrial growth Estimation of unit water use Estimation of variability of the demand

Design period (life) life expectancy Unit water use

Climate Industrial activity Meterage

System management Standard of living

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Water Demand

Variability of Demand

Max daily = 2.2 x Average daily flow

Design basis for water treatment facilities is max daily flow at the design year. Flow for fire protection is satisfied by providing storage.

Sources of Drinking Water

Groundwater

shallow wells deep wells rivers lakes reservoirs

Surface water

Water Source Evaluation

Surface vs. groundwater

Fluctuations in quality and quality Natural storage Protection Allowable yield determined from regulatory constraints (Riparian vs Appropriation Law) With groundwater want to avoid overpumping

Considerations

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Ground- vs. Surface Water

Groundwater constant composition high mineral content low turbidity low color low or no D.O. CO2, H2S may be present high hardness high Fe, Mn

Surface water variable composition low mineral content high turbidity colored D.O. present low hardness taste and odor Clay, silt, NOM

Objectives of water treatment

Produce water

That is palatable
esthetically pleasing presence of chemicals does not pose a threat to human health includes chloride, color, corrosivity, iron, manganese, taste and odor

That is potable

Safe to drink protective of human health Not necessarily esthetically pleasing

That meets regulatory criteria/standards Without interruption At reasonable cost.

Water Quality

Physical

Color, taste and odor, temperature, turbidity Metals, incl. iron, lead, zinc Inorganics, incl. fluoride, sulfate, chloride Organics, including trihalomethanes, vinyl chloride, atrazine, anthracene Viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths Radium, uranium, plutonium

Chemical

Microbials

Radionuclides

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Water Quality Standards

Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) and subsequent amendments

Shifted responsibility from local and state governments to federal government Gave US EPA the authority to
Determine health-based Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG) Set Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL)

Standards affect
Selection of raw water sources Choice of treatment processes and design criteria Range of alternatives for upgrading plants

Water Quality Standards

Based on

Occurrence of the contaminant Analytical methodology and costs Treatment technologies and costs

Water Quality Standards

Disinfection by-products

Formed from the reaction of naturally occurring organic matter with the disinfectant or from the reaction of bromide with ozone THMs: trihalomethanes

Known or potential carcinogens Chloroform is usually found in the highest concentration

Others
Haloacetic acids (HAAs) Haloketones Bromate

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Water Quality Standards

Best available technology (BAT)

SDWA requires EPA to list a technology, treatment technique, or other means for achieving a MCL Public water supply
Is not required to install the BAT to comply with a MCL Must first install the BAT before a variance is issued.

Water Quality Standards

Treatment Technology (TT)

SDWA allows EPA to establish a treatment technology instead of a MCL if it is not economically or technically feasible to monitor the contaminant

Surface Water Treatment Rule Lead and Copper Rule

Water Quality Standards

Primary

are legally enforceable standards that apply to public water systems protect public health by limiting the levels of contaminants in drinking water. non-enforceable guidelines regulating contaminants that may cause cosmetic effects (such as skin or tooth discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) in drinking water. EPA recommends secondary standards to water systems but does not require systems to comply. States may choose to adopt them as enforceable standards.

Secondary

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Water Quality Standards

Other acronyms you should know

SDWA NIPDWR NPDWR NSDWR SWTR ICR D/DBP Rule FBRR LT1ESWTR LT2ESWTR

Evaluation of Process Options

Type of water to be treated Regulations Goals for example removal of hardness minerals vs. reduction in NOM for control of DBPs Convention

(Granular media) filtration plant

Coagulant

Solids to disposal Backwash water

Goal: Removal of turbidity and color from surface water

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Softening plant

Chemicals for Softening Incl. Lime, Soda Ash

CO2

Backwash water

Goal: Removal of hardness mineral

Groundwater plant
Air Well CO2 H S 2

Aeration

Storage

Disinfectant

Purpose: Oxidation of iron and manganese, removal of sulfide, used for groundwaters not under the influence of surface water

Direct filtration plant

Filter Aid

Solids to disposal

Backwash water

Goal: Removal of turbidity and color from high quality waters (TOC < 4 mg/L)

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Membrane filtration plant

Screen

Microscreens of selfbackwashing cartridge filters

Membrane filtration

Solids to disposal

Plant sizing and layout

Once preliminary selection of water treatment train is made

Rough calculations to determine sizes of units to examine feasibility within site location and costs Consider

Number and size of process units Number and size of ancillary structures

Layout

Provision for expansion Connection to transportation net Connection to water distribution system Residuals handling system

Plant sizing and layout

Number and size of process units

Two for redundancy If only two, must be able to meet demand with one in operation Need to consider efficiency at low flow (start-up years) Administration building and laboratory Storage tanks Mechanical building for pumping Roads and parking Space for residual treatment and storage

Number and size of ancillary units

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Site location

Should allow for expansion Weigh location relative to transportation net, raw water supply, and service area Physical characteristics: potential for flooding, foundation stability, groundwater intrusion, depth to groundwater or bedrock, wetlands, proximity to potentially hazardous sites or situations

Outcomes
Based on this lecture and Chapter 1, you should be able to

Explain the influence of environmental regulations on the design of treatment facilities and related decision making List and describe the factors that influence water demand Compare surface and groundwaters as source water for drinking water Draw schematic diagrams of typical water and wastewater treatment facilities, identifying the unit processes and marking the flows of water, chemicals, and residuals. (A)