Acl\ lncecl Dytramonreter'. Torcluc.

ancl Power Serlrinar

Surface ilnd Pump C ard Reference Loads

Analysis of Dynamometer Measurements w/ Dyno Cards, Valve Test and Analysis Plots
I,ols
H*lF,

Need Pumping Unit lnformation: Typ, Unit Geometry, Direction of Rotation, Prime Mover Information
l,&,lt

-4 I

Pr.,rer D:.t

""' " ""-""--

--'-'--'-----'

f.on,-lurnpti'-rn

l5 iil

,.1't[',,r/H
t,tl.".'t/

,rnind

Surface Purnp Card Referellce

l-4

Ad\,'anced Dynarnolneter, Torque, ancl Pou'er Senlnar

Well Bore Tab Need!

Rod rypes, Rod Lengths, Rod Diameters, Pump Plunger Diameter, Pump lntake Depth, Polished Rod Diameter, Tubing Size

;i .r,lri,iEill

Conditions Tab Need!

File f,'lode ptian
Tools

Producins & static BHP, Fluids' gravties, and Producton rates, Tubing Head Pressure rrrr Tubing Fluid Gradient
Hr=lt'

iil

,,r'quirr

lrl,rd*

Ferllhlde

5tti'-: EHF

Statir E HP I'leth,J
5t,rti EHF re

ot

...............t

>riln l ll r"'
':"
i:

Frodr.r':ing EHF'

s'?lcli

:':''..:'I ..._'-*.''
Test

l.:..'i:IrI

Froducrrrg

EH

F h,lrtlod
T

rrnc,r.:tr.lre [,g.lt'41

I I

d*g
Tubirrg Flr.id Grdierrt pti,:nr.

r::'

Ul:E \rralu* [.1,:l-late,J Frr,nr Flu,lr-1,:,h'irr ',-'lrrrrr

.l'li'

da'l
pr:::rrrlt

i-'

Ur:e Eltrr.,1

y'lr-re

f***

prrrtfl

dr.r.AFl

l.I
f--harrlre

'rr--_l -- ..,1

5p.t-ir.Hl0

ln Fre:+ure

it1.bl

rr - tlliarr,le lri Time

.:F-**_*

c:.f ......,.-..,..-.;.....,.....,,-,,,,.

iE

I
J

Surf-ace Pulnp Card Refereltce

| -42

Ad\/anced Dynanrometer,, Torclue. ancl Power Seminar

Measured & Comruted Valve Loads

El
!tu,h,u.4n,:|rste

Wrf = Wra - VVra*0.128G

I T ra'o'e&r'rg..ruj

iltari,Jirig Vaf',r Lrr,rd,t ittr.'I vs Trr,e leecJ

i
,
i-"w

**r

S,:r;ry,x Ft,J

r#*!,
}f

+ FiwJ

r*u***

lrte{vs

*axured Lo"o

:
:

l5

fiffifTT6- Lro!:ase l."1-*

t-o.,:

{
lbtl

sslrn

f,ats,JEt*d ftrd Lpad

F[il-

tL{

,o.oo

to*,f

Buoyancy Force, Fb
Steel Rods

3:;#:"J"r"#i^:"J
pressure

- Fb = Wra*0 .128*G

Wrf-Wra-Fb
Surf-ace Punrp Card Reference

Buoyant force is due the density of the fluid displaced by each rod.
l-43

Aclvaltcecl Dynantol-neter. Trlrquc.

urcl

Potver Selnlltar

Symptoms of Well Flowing up Tubing and/or Casingl Measured TV and SV loads Approximately Equal
(,atve.qnaty$ts

1J+

Ell'-'-i.':.lI llt.EL:iltr.L. f 'rl ll:-:l:,

I
..'
I

'f'!
r_r
'r'5.r_r

5 t.:r'dirr

g'i/'

l'.e .,il

r,rii::

:
L

t_.r|,:. f,srr.rr Fi,:,d i,i.r'gt

illl:f,

lh,i

eah.e1,le I rrt,=r'"'l
:i E:l-:

f.'leai'ur*d Lod :irl+l

lt'i

t',i*.sr-red Lc'.d iE

t.ll

tht

t! i-r
t-

--.:,1

I,':

--

.; -*-^*-;l

i.

1.,:

--

--:,1

l-.],=-rlted Fluid

Lad i+:l+u
I

lh'f

Used Normal Gradient 0.445 ps/ft

If PRT Used for Valve Checks

l.
Verify
Correct SV Check Load is Selected
2. I
rial'.,,o.nal'ri'r
I

Tr..elintlnd 5trdirrll ,jal'ie Ludr: [';-Lt','l ,i:. Tinie l.rerl

PRT5..q1

Click

Applv
button to Adjust SV to Buoyant Rod Wgt.
l:rLl i.T'rrti

trji .5u

:1.75

i'"'""
i

'
Eourl.,arrf

Tla''elirrgVal'eA.rr;llleir:
FILi,l

5t;nding Vlue
lh,t

Anall,rsir: " tt't

i
I

f,un.

F,:,J'wgt. *

Lou

lililEf--

[':lc.

Ear.,,:rrt F,1 r,uUt.

l*,lear:r-re'J

{ljEffi

i L"ultug*
i-

i i
I

lu

lrrtervl ::EC
it

l"lea'iure'J t-ou't Leakase

.[6Tf.rJ:

tbi

Lou

ti

BEL,t[]
I r tr r I r rr r I

Iit IlI
1..*...............

+I?'r

I lti{,,+l *\rui

:---..

,;

---Leit

I 1

no't---

-:--.--.1
:

:
rlalcr-rlate,l Flui,l

Adiur:t

5u To

E,-rr-t1'etit

Had Wgt.

Lna,l +n

'

'qooto

n*'"t

,l

jJ FPt'jrl

js

rran

>

Surface Pump Carcl Reference

| -44

Advancecl Dyrramonreter. Tr)l'que' altcl Power Seminar

If PRT Used for Valve Checks

l.
Aff er
E',rt|.,,*,u.nul.,r,r,
I

Tra'eltr'g A.rrd 5trrdin't 'y'l'e Ld,s i.-Lb:;j v',' Tinre [:'ecJ

FFTSIJ1

Clicking

Applv
button to Adjust SV to Buoyant Rod Wgt.
2.

The
Selected

SV Check Load is adjusted to exactly rnatch the Calc. Buoyant Rod Wgt.

f.alcultr,l

Flui,J

L,J

FtJZl

lt,i

_l

q r'q uF,

I Prt D,/+n,

PRT Load Cell

HT Load Cell

Surf-ace Purnp Card Reference

| -45

Advaltcecl Dynalnolreter, Torque, artd Poll'er Selttlllilr

Standing Valve Check Procedure

Standing valve check load is taken during the down stroke by gently using the brake to bring the pLrlnping unit to a stop about t/o fr om the bottotn of the stroke.

Standing Valve Load Gheck Test

Perform Two Standing Valve Checks

Iil"'Hlll'tii File t'lnde pti:n Tocls
Help

-ldlx

",,,,,.,",1 ffil ll ]tul'n[trih -ll,""l,i ry11,"'lfl ffi11,"'lfl ffit n,,ltlllfll llll lil lllr ri il
O.-*l"iliiJ

[.[ r_;tF wllq"]li lll ll lr lr ffiI1,*ll rll l{ 1

ryql,,11

WrH*l

ll "l oo,oo r.a.ouijltl I I

|
oo'u'

tr

f/

ri

Hr
lr

Ir
I

o3:oo

I I

ffii l lq,': ffil lffi, m m

lr*# ll**: l*-------tI

ecordins sr'P ryry |}| "to*o''o ryryfi I'i::il"'l".esssr0Pbuttntoltcpecordins Measu,edLmdr66i-,

buttn to ltcp ''ess

*fl;#' .

l,

i I

l "' I

"easu'edLmdt'Gi-';
I

l<equFr.*l l,enuplFspwn:l Jrrl

Surface Punrp Card Reference

| -46

Ad\;altcecl Dyrtantonteter. Torclue. ancl Pow'er Senrinar

On Downstroke: Check Standing Valve Load

1)

Pumping cycle was interrupted on the Downstroke when the TV 2tB\ was open and SV was closed for a standing valve Pdis load check.

2)

Static pressures across the

sfnllxt rEilsTH
Pb

plunger are equal

Load Check(shown).

for

SV

2l89 psi
AFTER SV CLOSE; Af{D TV OPENS:
Pb = Pdis Pb > Pintk

3)

the weight of the rods buoyed in the tubing fluid.

SV load measures

Pintk

sv:rv,,,
1.1.06

Ltrr,,,t 0.

I 2g* .\'G,

14

12.50
1?,

10.9{ 9.38
7.81 6.25
.1.69

10

3.13 1.56
0

Standng Valve Test

Standing Valve Load Test (above right) is a representative and correctly taken standing valve test load. The load trace is located at the standing (SV) load line and is sometimes called Wrf. The rod string load is measured, not the load on the "standing valve". This test records the load on the sucker rod string when it is immersed in wellfluid and the standing valve is not leaking. SV load trace will usually be a flat line showing no weight gain unless the standing valve is leaking, or there is leakage from the pump or tubing.
Surface Pulnp Card Ref-erence
t

-47

Ad\/ancecl Dynalnorneter, Trtrclue" ancl Pc-ru'ct' Senrinar

Traveling Valve Check Procedure

The traveling valve check load test is taken during the Llpstroke by gently using the brake to bri ng the plunping r-rnit to a stop about t/o froln the top of the stroke.

Perform Two Traveling Valve Checks

-lojJ
f 1
re

:; ' :

':

.:i..:

:"

....,..,............,.....,...............,......,-..

i!:.tirI$!\NN:\$NN\t\Sl

tsN\t\\\\t\lN,\Brt\N\i-\Et

i\\\\\\\t$\\\tl.\\\V,N\Sl

s\\\s\\\\\N$\\ts i.\r\s^\Wi.Nr\.N

I I

ll1-

.NsNW$*QNl
!1.5 r ...,.11 -;r \Nia\:{i:i \\\\i\S i\\\\.:* I

ti,ii..\r.\-l$ l
I :{.:fi}!i\r:{t I :l\\r.+-:Ns:lb:\t t:t:.:a\:t!:s ' :

llltiitr\$\llltiNr\.\ls\\t\\l

ll'\"\R' l
l:lBi.:.\tN$U$ii\\lUNNr*N\el tr :tji:tri+;NiilNsi\$iilru.ff *+ | tirliil\LN\ii:'.':... :.r:.. :. . I I : .i:: tI :ij:-{tNii'!l:.qv-*4\.: ..: :-' :- !t I

l ,J-

N*r

.'........:.. : i :...1'.:.:1 :. (t*

l |

R.1-

l 00 03:00

NI -Ni

I'leirre,l Lou,
---J

lijEil-

nt

:i

:*+llrttil.:ll,'l

Surface Pump Card Ref-erence

l-48

Acl\'urcccl Dynanronreter, TorqLrc. ancl Polver Seminar

On tlpstroke: Check Traveling Valve Load

1) Pumping cycle was interrupted on the Upstroke when the TV was closed and SV was open for a traveling valve load
check.
2189 psi

tEIIGf

2l Pressure inside
3)

the pump are equal to the pump intake pressure.

Pintk

500 psi
AFTER TV CLOSES AND SV OPENS:
Pdis > Pb
Pb = Pintk

When stopped on upstroke TV Check

500 psi

weighs=Wrf+Fo.
14
12 -50

L p p: P

,r-

P,,rk F

u- A P p* A,

SV

12 10,9.t 1
I I I 7

9.38
.81

6.25
.l -69

3.13
1.56
0

75.00

100.00

125.0C

Traveling Valve Test

90.7
100.0

Traveling Valve Load Test (above right) is a representative and correctly

taken traveling valve load test. This load trace is located at the traveling (TV) load line and is sometimes called Wrf + Fluid Load. The test records the load on the rod string immersed in well fluid, plus the fluid load applied to the rod string by the pump plunger. When the traveling valve is not leaking, the load trace will usually be a flat line showing very little weight loss of the fluid load. Normally, the TV load leaks between the pump plunger and barrel clearances.
Surf-ace Plrnlp Card Refbrence
I

-4e

Advanced Dynarnoureter, Torquc, ancl Power Seminar

SV
20.00
f

TV.

17.50

_t*_

15.00

12.50

10.00

7.50

5.00

2.50

25,00 50.00 7$,00 Traveling Valve Test

Traveling Valve Load Test showing load loss during the traveling
valve check. The weight loss is usually associated with a leaky traveling valve or slippage of fluid due to the diametric clearances (0.008" above) between the pump plunger and the pump barrel. This load must be taken while the pumping unit is stopped on the upstroke. After the pumping unit stops, the TV load should be aooroximatelv eoual to the Wrf + Fo from the Fluid Level.

TV Leaks
1.

Possible problems: worn plunger or barrel, pitted ball, cut seat, tubing leak, or well flowing off.
STATIC CONDITIONS
,ir=:iT

2.

Leakage rate indicated by changes in the polished rod load due to changes in the difference in pressure across the plunger Liqud leaking past traveling valve and/or plunger enters pump barrel and increasing
press u re.

rij
Pb

srno

t tEt tTlt

700 psi
AFTER TV CLOSE$ AND SV OPENS;
Pdis > Pb
Pb = Pintk

3.

4.

Differential pressure decreases across plunger. Pump load on the rods decreases, resulting in a decreasing polished rod
load.

Surt-ace Pump Card Reference

-50

Advanced Dynanrometer. Torclue. ancl Por,l,er Serninar

TV Check Shows Leaks

El
t"t1,,+ri.:111,-,ii,
I

Tra'.,elirr!.lp.rrd Starrdirrg \1''= Lu,r,J; fli.-Lb'.:l r''r Tinre Isec'l

HT 5IJ9

I
i

i f-un. Et,uj,,nt Flo,J ,,Jgt. + Flui,l Lua,J f4lrl 'i Leh.age lrrtetr,l=r l,4e'sure,J L.d l4rEE :!Br: :h Leal,;,ae lltr;i t: I :@
I

lbf

lbi

EBL'D
t r rr I r r rr l
l

lrital.;.e

Fressure

lfir:t

pei

[-qJ

;t

I --:'l l.l--I l.:-- --il

s "- Left

Frisht

"-i

I -J-

SV Leaks
1.

Possible problems: pitted ball, cut seat, hole in pump barrel, or damaged pump parts.

Liqud leaking past standing valve leaves pump barrel and decreasing pressure.

2189 psi

P32.

The leak causes i ncreas i ng d ifferentia pressure across plunger, and results in the plunger applying fl uid load to rods.
I

AFTR SV CLOSE: AhID TV PENS:

Pintk

3.

Both pump rod load and polished rod load increases.

500 psi

Pb > Pintk

P[ = Pdis

Surface Pump Card Reference

r-5 r

Aclvaltced Dynamometer" Torclue. ancl Polvcr Sclnntar

SV Check Shows Leak

El
',1,i,=

Anall'l,is

Tra'''eling.qnd iit,rriding Ul'e Lo'Ji [','Lt':,1 ''', Tinle

[,='e'-J

FFITHUS

1:l:.75

T i.,i

ll;'t,.'i

1f

.5r-l

'1r-i.:5
15.r:il_r

t_
I

li
tl
{

1::t.i5
I !.5t_l

11 15
1IJ,U
r-r Tr :, . ,. :_r

l*
I

T - .{ .- .r 1,. l .j

r_-:j:.i5

r:rrl.:jE:

I i
l

fun.

Eiou1,'attt

F,:,J

wgt.

i t-*ul..uge ii
:

lnter,l
s:EE

f E'ltl , r:l,lea:'rre'J Loa,J 5i,X

+ Flui,J Lo,J

ltf
lt'f
EEL.,J[

'1 |

15

f Lealr.a,e -

i i
i)

:i :l

uut*. Bnr-ryarrt F,-rd

:r
i:

:: :.

Jit ,,learure,Jloa,l ljffi

w-ut

rr,i u

pum

p ca rd Refe re nce : :';,:ff,:il";fl;ll,i'l?,1."n"

Nornral Punrp Card Loacls:

SV Open Upstroke:
20.00 17.50

lWrr* f

Fo Max = (Pdis

O).Ap

Fo=(Pdis-Pintk).Ap
TV Open Downstroke:

15.00 12.50

Fo=S
Reference Lnes: L Fa Max.- assumgs
Flu id

10.00 7.50

fq-tYIlI---

pump..intake

pressure is sero, where well provides no lrelp in lifting tlre fluid to the surface.

2.
5.00 2.50

Fo - Heiglrt of Pump Card Fluid Load Liftecl by Rods

pump intake pressure deternrined fronr huid'leve I shbt. wlrere we ll's F lP provides help in lifting the fluid.

Fa From Fluid Level - assumes

3.

Zero Load Line - assumes pre$sure above and below the plunger are equal: no friction due to fluid displacing through SV on down stroke

Surface Pump Card Reference

l-52

Aclvancecl Dynamometer'' Torque, ancl Polver Semlrlar

Zero Load Line

Down Stroke

Load Reference Line + Down Stroke

Steps in the
Purnp Operation
$$
;,1, .

*l'..
*1.t'

Plurnger Stroke Lengtlr

SANDIA
&&
&

After SV Close and TV Opens: Pb = Pdis

Pb

D)

D - A, the fluid in tlre pump is displacecl

Purnp discharge pressure lPdisi equals the static tubing pressure 1Pb), ancl the traveling 'alve opens. Pdis now carriecl l:y tubing.

througlr the traveling valve into the tubing and ZERO fluicl load is on rocls.

Fo From Fluid Level

Load Reference Lrne on Up Stroke
Up Fo=

Stroke

(Pdis f i ntlt)*Are a Punrp

Steps in the Pump Operation

Plurnger Stroke Length

After TV Closes and SV Opens:

Pintk

Pdis > Pb Pb = Pintk

Bl
C)

Standing Valve opens, wlren rods stretch to pick urp f luri d loa d, Fo. fronr tubin g. Standing valve closes.

Plunger applies Fluid load. Fo. to the rods as well fluricls are clravn into the pump.

&C

Surface Purnp Carcl Reference

l-53

Aclvanced Dynarnolneter, Torque, and Porver Senrnar

Reference Loads for the Downhole Purnp Card

U

nclersta ncling the pump carcl ba sic loa cls a re critica I to ana lyzi ng a ncl trouL.leslrooti rrg ciotvn1role problems:

10

Fo

I
6

Fo Frorn Fluid Lev+l

4
2 0

-2

156.0

Buoyancy Force
Acting on a sucker rod was defi ned long ago.
Archi medes' Pri nci ple: Defi nes the buoyancy force to be equal to the weight of the volume of fruid displace uv an object.
lmpaCt Of the bUoyanCy forCe:

ffiffiil
wra wrf
=

A
Wlf

wra -o''t29 x wra x sG

Wtf - Weightof Rods in Fluid Wra - Weight of Rods in Air SG -Tubins Fluid Specific Gravity

. . .

Rods suspended in a fluid appears to weigh Iess, Wrf. Wrf = Wra, minus the buoyant force, 0.128xSGxWra. Buoyant force does not depend on the depth (pressure) at which the object is submerged, but the specific gravity, SG, of the fluid displaced.
| -54

Surtace Pump Card Referellce

Ad\'ulcecl Dynllnronteter' Torcue. ancl Poll'er Sellrinar

True Load - f)ynamic Load - Buoyancy Force

2500 r

I
/

-+000 -

Solved Wave Eq. without gravity term

---4500

I
0

20

40

60 80

1oo-l

120

J/
140

No Buoyancy Effective on Dynamic Pump Loads

t226 Lb Buoyancy Force

I
tqd/r'ataaaaaaLaa.aat

160

BoI Pump Card

loads sh ifted down below the zero load
line.

i
I

.f 500

-l

Predicting Behavior Sucker Rod SysteffiS, S. Gibbs, SPE5 88' Jul' 1963

LoAd(true)- Load(effl r PoAo

2500

:
i

1.

,--*sss:

Ao is the outside
CTOSS

sectional
area

2.
)/
I

!0

20

40

60

Bo rool lzo

140

rPoAo ,tY
.1500 I

F
i

ruo

Po is the hydrostatic pressure @ Ao

lt80

lnterpretation of Calculated Forces on Sucker Rods, J.F.Lea, SPE254l6, Feb 1995

Surtbce Pump Carcl Ref-erence

r-55

Advalrcecl Dynamometer, Torque. ancl Por,r,cr Senlnar

Where does toPoAott come from?

irjl f

' S Fi--;utl'y': Wra - l.ll L,ensit i; xaI j' I ;ja' +i,' .i: -'.ia'lurn i F,c,ci j -'ir a' -l FhoLty : VolLltne(Rotl) 'r' (rl.-+ 'r' SC t.,.,1ulfi.l :- Lertr.ll,f- ; ll:--:1 t[}r*,U]' : Letlq.:: ' -.,.!'(-:.:
l:,

l{crd

I enuth

tsuoyanc-\,'

For.e

ca-Lcu-l-et-:..: J:,',

!ressure Eguilibriurrr POAO

+ i,,ength*GraCient
'{-

7l i-l

w-..-. r Il

-. 1l

AoPo

= 0.8566 sq in (True DiErmeter)

Buoyancy
20.00 17.50

Tubing Fluid Gradient=

- Tubing Fluid Gradient

0.432 Tubing Fluid Gradient = 0.0
20.00 17.50

TV (m
15.00 12.50

Wra = 11942
rf

15.00
12.50

10424
10.00 7.50 s.00

10.00

Fo Max
7.50 5.00

Wrf=WrarFbuoy
2.50
0

2.50
0

Fbuoy = 1518
0

1s5.6
0

-2.50

168.0

-2. s0

Surt-ace Pump Carcl Referelrce

l-56

Advancecl Dynarnometer., Torque,, ancl Polver Semlltar

Missing Buoyancy - Hole in Tubing

22.50 5.63 5.00 4.33 20.00

17.50

w-r-f

H>

Rod Loads Heavier than Wrf

3.7s 3.13 2.50

4 r.i t.ocl

15.00

12.50

10.00

7.50

Rods Lighter than Wra because Rods Above Hole in Air and Rods Below Hole Rods in Fluid

1.25 5.00 0.63 0

2.50

issin

{.63

Missing Buoyancy

Tubing Fluid Gradient- Wrf & Pdisp

1

7.50

l-.,:rirrg Fr*r.rure

El

eHF

rouur*

l-.;iirig Fle*r-rre t-:::-:*-

't ell -tlttr:

lilt.r]
ii hU
i

r,*i [sJ
Ei

,Fi,"l*ioi
,
, :
,4tltr-rlr
Lia"r Flor,r
.......

---

15.00

Ca,rirrg Pret'.stre

uildup
F,,,i rfin'r

|lT1
12.50
[i a.:/Liquid I rrterf

,i:rnfl
: .l
Fre'::.
::@ffir , ii '..1' : lgl- 'l

.....

l,,lr,ul/[L

ce

Li,rui,J

ill?.tl
i

psi [']J

10.00

Liquid Le,,'el Depth

hrD 7.50

,irre
"'

Liquid Belr'+ Tubirrg

rt

r--lit
Furnp lntke [leplh

* F *- :r
iri:rrl
:;i

'#ter
it

l,,'tii
5.00
TUD
i,4tu:r4'l

;il Liquid Eelt'', TUL'inrr

.-"'

l,tilfi:{l l:ll'l
"
ff:"=**.
PEIHF

:;1

Fo From Fluid
2.s0

F'lrmtiorr [epth

I*j':

r,'rn iE'i'+11*

Furnp I rrtah.e Fres,lrire

ItHr.I
0

psi [qJ

"lrruFl

psi [s]

eser'oir Pre,t,iure [t

BH

P]

-2.50

144.0

ii:rit f

pr:i[qJ

Surface Pump Carcl Refbrence

t -57