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National Training Course on "Remote Sensing based Monitoring and Assessment of Cryosphere - Snow and Glaciers ICIMOD, Nepal 17 October, 2011
Outline
1. 2. Introduction MODIS
1. 2. MODIS Spectral Band MODIS Snow Products Snow Cover Monitoring System at ICIMOD Combining MODIS snow products Cloud Removal by Temporal Filtering Cloud Removal by Spatial Filtering Cloud Removal by Temporal Analysis Estimating Snow Cover Area Trend Analysis Decadal Change Analysis Seasonal variation, Monthly variation, Inter-annual variation, Intra-annual variation Altitude-wise, slope-wise, aspect-wise snow cover variation
3.
4.
5. 6.
Introduction
The term kryos after which cryosphere is used to collectively describe the portions of the Earths surface where water is in a solid form (sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets, and permafrost). Snow cover has the largest areal extent of any component of the cryosphere (mean maximum areal extent of approximately 47 million km2). Most of the Earths snow covered area (SCA) is located in the Northern Hemisphere and temporal variability is dominated by the seasonal cycle; 46.5 million km2 in January to 3.8 million km2 in August It is an integral part of the global climate system with important linkages and feedbacks generated through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, clouds, precipitation, hydrology, and atmospheric and oceanic circulation.
Introduction (continued)
The cryosphere plays a significant role in global climate and in climate model response to global change. It is also a major source for river system in mountain and water for people. The recent changes in hydrological regimes in major river system due to alteration of SCA as a result of global warming have become a serious concern. This is expected to have direct consequences on water availability situation which will have influence across different eco-system services. In the backdrop of climate change, it is vital to have an accurate and longterm database established on snow-extent variability to understand through modeling, the influence of climate change on water availability scenario.
Introduction
- Cryosphere work in ICIMOD
There was a need in monitoring of cryosphere with use of EO and RS tool in a regional framework. ICIMOD has taken up the role and to function as the regional cryosphere data hub. 2009-2010, Too much too little water - project (funded by the Sida Swedish International Development Agency). April-2009, Regional Consultative Workshop on Remote Sensing of Cryosphere. A customized methodology has been developed to for snow & glacier mapping & monitoring. A regional snow & glacier database covering 10 major river basins has been established in ICIMOD. A capacity building training has been conducted (in ICIMOD, Youth Forum, October 2010, in Pakistan April 2011). 2011- current, Cryosphere studies and Capacity Building project (funded by Norwegian government).
Temporal Resolution: Views the entire surface of the Earth every one to two days. Its high temporal resolution enables to monitor the dynamic of snow cover in both regional and global scale.
8-36
1 km
0.8
Fine snow Conifer Green grass Inceptisol soil Basalt Thick cloud
Reflectance
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
Wavelength
(m)
b4 b6 NDSI = b4 + b6
There are many different standard products (cryoshpere, land, atmosphere, etc.) for MODIS. NSIDC (National Snow & Ice Data Center) has been producing snow products in different levels.
MOD10A2 (500m)
8-day composite snow product
Maximum Snow Extent Coded Integer Values Sample Explanation Value 0 1 11 25 37 39 50 100 200 data missing no decision night no snow lake ocean cloud lake ice snow detector saturated fill
Sample Tile no. h25v06 Layer 1. Maximum Snow Extent Layer 2. 8-day Snow cover
254 255
Combined Snow Product Temporal Filtering MODIS Snow Tool Spatial Filtering Temporal Analysis Improved Snow Product Extracting Snow Cover Area Analysis
Cloud is always a major problem in the remote sensing images which uses visible wavelength regions.
L Land
Snow
C Cloud
It can remove scattered cloud pixels and the edge of the big cloud
Product Improvement
Most of the cloud can be removed by combination of two satellite and temporal filtering. Example for the whole HKH area,
A systematic distortion occurs while transforming into Geographic Coordinate System. The area is exaggerated in the higher latitude and is greater than its original values. For area calculation, the image is has to be reprojected into a projection that preserve area.
Snow Cover Area In this method, the area of each and every pixel for different latitudes is reprojected into the ideal sphere (using the WGS_1984) and the total snow cover area is estimated by summation of all snow pixel area.
dx dy
= Area of a pixel (square meter) = longitudinal distance of pixel in East-West direction (meter) = latitudinal distance of pixel in North-South direction (meter)
The longitudinal and latitudinal distances of a pixel at different latitudes can be calculated by
= latitude in radian (lat * / 180) (positive for northern hemisphere) (radian) C() = Circumference of parallel at latitude (meter) Polar Circumference = 39,940,653 (meter) dx = Spatial resolution/cell size in East-West direction given by image (in degree for GCS) dy = Spatial resolution/cell size in North-South direction given by image (in degree for GCS)
Where;
Analysis
1. Trend Analysis
21 20 19 18 17 16 15 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Analysis
2. Decadal Snow Cover Change 2000-2010 (Terra Only)
-16
-12
-8
-4
12
16
Percent
Analysis
2. Decadal Snow Cover Change 2002-2010 (Terra+Aqua)
-16
-12
-8
-4
12
16
Percent
Analysis
3. snow cover trend for the eastern, central, and western parts of HKH region
Analysis
4. Monthly variation of snow cover for HKH region
40
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
35
30
25
20
15
10
0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Months
Analysis
5. Seasonal variation of SCA in the HKH region
Analysis
6. Altitude zone-wise snow cover variation for HKH region
100
<1000 1000-1500 1500-2000
90
80
2000-2500 2500-3000
70
3000-3500
60
3500-4000 4000-4500
50
4500-5000 5000-5500 5500-6000
40
30
20
10
7500-8000 >8000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006 Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Analysis
7. Interannual variation in snow cover area for the10 major river basins
260
Amu Darya Brahmaputra Salween Ganges Tarim Indus Yangtze Irrawaddy Yellow River
240
Mekong
220 Snow cover area x 1000 (sq.km) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006 Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Analysis
8. Monthly variation of snow cover for Brahmaputra basin
Analysis
9. Altitude zone-wise snow cover distribution
(%)
Meter
Analysis
10. Slope zone-wise snow cover area distribution
Degree
Analysis
11. Aspect zone-wise snow cover area
Output - Report 1
coming soon
Output - Paper 1
http://www.the-cryosphere.net/home.html
Output - Paper 2
Output - Paper 3
ACCEPTED IN
CURRENT SCIENCE
http://cs-test.ias.ac.in/cs/index.php
Cryosphere Portal
As a cryoshpere data hub, an online snow cover database has been established in ICIMOD. Online Snow Cover Database is currently made accessible to public at http://118.91.160.238/snow/# Later, this cryosphere portal will be incorporated into SERVIR science application. Demo for browsing Cryosphere portal will be done during the hands on section.
Conclusion
Remote sensing is an essential tool for snow cover monitoring and assessment in both regional and global scale. The high temporal resolution of MODIS enables us to monitor the dynamic snow cover in every one or two days. MODIS snow product is the only standard product which is available free of cost. In addition to MODIS snow products, it is highly suggested to construct long term historical snow cover data from other satellite for assessment of snow cover area changes for climate change analysis.
Thank you