Women empowerment through NGO sector: A CASE STUDY OF KHWENDO KOR IN DISTRICT PESHAWAR

I. INTRODUCTION
1.2 Background
All over the world women play a great role in social, economic, political and all other spheres of life beyond their traditionally accepted household activities. Women are the primary caretakers in all developing countries including Pakistan. Helping them to gain additional daily income, improves the condition of their entire household. To improve their living conditions they must be drawn into the economic stream. They should be educated, equipped with the new skills and given productive employment. Sharing over best practices in extending micro credit to women is essential. This will help to increase womens options to raise their status in society. Micro enterprise development has contributed positively to womens empowerment. It has helped the poor women to survive in economic crises. Targeting women has also proven to be a successful and efficient economic development tool. Like other countries, women in Pakistan are one of the most useful potential resources for the countrys development and in this way our socio-economic uplift can be doubled if women join hand in the process of development and is one of the greatest challenges facing the world. Poverty is hunger, lack of basic needs of life, shelter and sanitation. It is unacceptable fact that at the start of the 21st century almost 1.2 billion people are living in extreme poverty, trying to survive on less than two dollars a day. These people lack food, shelter and water (Government of Pakistan, 2003). Even modest levels of poverty can prevent people from realizing many of their desires. The extreme poverty threatens peoples health or lives. It crushes human spirit. It traps future generation in a vicious cycle without hope or opportunity. Most of

the worlds poor are self-employed. All they earn goes towards basic survival. Poverty is widespread in Pakistan, and is predominantly phenomenon. Focusing on income producing solutions for the poor working women is a powerful way to alleviate the pain of poverty for an entire family. In many developing nations women have low social status and are restricted in their access to both education and income generating works. 22.39% people in cities and 38.65% in rural areas are living below poverty line. Based on the poverty line of 2350 calories per adult equivalence per day, the incidence of poverty in Pakistan has increased from 30.6% in 1998-99 to 32.1% in 2000-01 (Government of Pakistan, 2004) Microcredit is a very small loan given to unemployed people to help them so that they become self-employed. It is an important anti-poverty tool and is also known as micro lending. It plays an important role in overall income of the beneficiaries. Currently Grameeen Bank is the largest rural credit institution in Bangladesh with approximately 2.3 million borrowers, 94% of whom are women. Poor, lower income people have difficulties in obtaining finance from formal financial institutions such as commercial banks, due to barriers like high collateral requirements and complicated application procedures (Yunus, 2001). Microfinance is significant source of finance for poor, lower income people in the developing countries. The world summit for social development held in Copenhagen in March 1995 also underlined the importance of improving access to credit for poor women. The poor, particularly women are traditionally denied to have access to financial institutions because of the perception that they are not credit worthy. At present many lenders target women as borrowers because they are seen to devote more of their income to family welfare and childrens education

rather than personal expenses. There is strong demand for small-scale commercial financial services (For both credit and savings) among the economically active poor in developing countries. These and other financial services help low-income people to improve household and enterprise management, increase productivity, smooth income flows, enlarge and diversify their micro enterprises, and increase their incomes (Robinson, 2001). Followings are the potential benefits of the microcredit to women: Expand role in household decision-making. Increase self-confidence and self-esteem. Improve status and gender relations at home including, decreased domestic violence. Increase civic and political participation. Enlarge access to information about health, education etc. Khwendo Kor is a non-profit, non-governmental and non-partisan organization, established in 1993. Khwendo Kor is a Pushto word meaning Sisters Home reflecting collaborative efforts of women for development. It is drawing its strength from its partner communities and their active involvement is need driven participatory for developmental process. It is working for women and children development in the remote areas of Pakistan. The community has given recognition to women as they can also play an important role in income generation for the family unit.. The Women Micro Enterprise development (WMED) of Khwendo Kor supports village women in enhancing their skills and entrepreneurship potential. The main

objective of WMED programme is to enhance economic status of women within the family. Major objectives of WMED are as under: To enhance the economic status of women within family. To provide credit for the development of small enterprises. To provide different skill trainings in livestock, poultry, grocery shops,

mazari products, tailoring and embroidery. To provide linkages with market to sell these products. To encourage savings among the women.

The purpose of this study is to find out socio economic effects of microcredit on rural women in district Peshawar.

1.2 Objective of the Study

The main objectives of the study will be as follows: 1) To investigate the kinds of credit extended by the Khwendo Kor to the rural women in alleviating poverty. 2) To study the role of microcredit on the monthly income, saving and livelihood of the beneficiaries. 3) To probe into the problems faced by the sample respondents in getting microcredit from Khwendo Kor. 4) To suggest recommendations for the improvement in microcredit scheme of the Khwendo Kor for the welfare of the study area.

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Research conducted inside Pakistan Abid (2001) evaluated the effect of micro credit on the rural communities in Shakardara of Lachi Tehsil and district Kohat. Majority of the respondents availed credit for enterprise business while (33.61%) in livestock trading. He said that 62% of the loan invested by loanees in the intended sector of investment while 38% utilized for household consumption. The recommended that there should be regular monitoring and follow up of the loans to avoid using the loans for consumption than production. He suggested that credits should be disbursed to the Male Community Organization (MCOs) as they have more experience in enterprise where as credit for livestock production due to exogenous factors is not successful. If proper vaccination program has been initiated than it might help the communities to be successful in livestock production. Arif (2001) examined the effects of micro credit disbursement by ADBP on agricultural production in three selected villages in District Attock. He studied the effect of micro credit on cropping intensity, wheat and vegetable production and the factors that make obstacles in obtaining credit from ADBP. He found that all respondents utilized the credit to get inputs, which increased cropping intensity. The most notable increase was observed in the wheat production. Whereas change in vegetable production was found in one village. He concluded that due to proper utilization of credit, the income of the sampled respondent increased, however two third of total sampled respondents were not satisfied from security procedure due to its time consumption and unnecessarily delay in

loan disbursement process. The credit has made a positive impact on both the crop and vegetable production. Ihsan Ullah (2001) conducted the study to access the role of micro credit in poverty alleviation advanced by Sarhad Rural Support Programme (SRSP). He found that there is positive impact of micro credit on poverty alleviation. His study was confined to five selected villages of Behola union council of district Charsadda. He said that most of the respondents utilized credit for agricultural inputs. Micro credit brought an average increase in the monthly income and saving of households. The saving behavior of the respondents also improved. Good changes in household intake were seen in the sample respondents. He concluded that 70% of the respondents reported a positive change in their livestock production and development. Micro credit also brought a positive change in the cropping pattern of half of the respondents. He recommended that the short comings in the SRSP credit programme should be removed which were the unnecessarily delay in obtaining credit, lack of training facility to the farmers and no verification of loan utilization. Jabeen (2002) studied the contribution of rural women in their households income to identify various socio-economic problems faced by rural women while engaged in their income generating activities. The main income generating activities found in the research area were sewing embroidery, livestock rearing for milk production poultry keeping for egg production, making squashes and jams and nursery raising. She found that people of the research area were quite rigid and traditionally bound and women were not allowed to work outside their homes, yet women are contributing sufficiently in their households income besides performing their households chores. She

also found that in most cases decision-making was done by males rather than females. There was no women organization or training center in the sample villages. Moreover the lack of marketing facilities forced women to sell their products at cheaper rates. They were of the view that their financial contribution was a key factor in strengthening their economic status, social contact, saving and decision making power. She recommended that more educational facilities in general be provided to allow women to start income generating activities. Women organizations should be formed and training facilities is provided to rural women so that they could be involved in a better way in income generating activities. She also suggested that credit facilities should be provided to rural women. There is also a dire need for providing marketing facilities to women so that they could sell their product at reasonable prices to improve their socio economic conditions. Shahid (2002) studied the impact of micro credit intervention for enterprise development by National Rural Support Programme (NRSP) in district Sialkot. He observed that respondents showed satisfaction about the micro credit scheme by NRSP and this scheme had a positive impact on the monthly income of the sample respondents, which in turn had improved their living standards. He recommended that loan amounts should be increased so that respondents may be able to expand their business. He recommended that the size of the credit should be increased from Rs.15, 000/- to Rs. 30,000 so that their income should be enhanced further. He also suggested that the scheme should be extended to other parts of the province so that other people could also benefit form such types of schemes. Waqar (2002) reported that due to proper utilization of credit, the monthly income and monthly savings of all the respondents has increased. He observed that 73 percent of

increase was observed in monthly income of the respondents. Employment opportunities have also shown an upward trend in the target area and the micro credit programme has also brought a positive effect in the living standards of the beneficiaries. non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Bangladesh. The provision of services to the poor is by definition always difficult and even NGOs have problems. NGOs in Bangladesh define the poor in different ways when creating their target groups. He explored the opinions on micro credit of selected field workers as how the problem of micro credit might be solved. Problems of micro credit programmes include nonaccessibility to the poorest, low return, misuse and over emphases on repayment. He concluded that NGOs are overemphasizing micro credit, which leaves little time and few resources for other problems of the poor. He also concluded that many micro enterprises are not sustainable in many cases and clients remain dependent on the NGOs for credit. Khan (2003) conducted a research on 70 respondents, all of whom were beneficiaries of Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL) credit Programme. He highlighted the impact of the credit and constraints faced by the beneficiaries during obtaining credit. Credit brought an average increase of 35% in the monthly income of the respondents. An increase in crop production and cultivated land was also brought by the proper utilization of credit. Similarly an increase in livestock units was also observed. He concluded that credit can raise agricultural productivity. It must be accompanied with other measures such as more simplified procedures for credit disbursement, one window operation, supplies of credit in adequate quantity as the increase cost of production, low interest rate along with technical assistance and training programmes.

Mazari (2003) reported that the SRSPs micro enterprise development programme is playing an effective role in income generation and employment creation in the project area. Suhail (2003) examined the effect of credit advanced by Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL) on the socio-economic conditions of farmers in Mardan District. He found that all the respondents utilized the loan properly to purchase agricultural inputs, which enhanced their production. Due to proper utilization of credit the average income of the households was also increased. The sample respondents in getting credit also reported a number of problems. This included high interest rate and delay in credit disbursement. He recommended that the process of getting loan be simplified so that each and every needy farmer may have an easy access to the credit. It also recommended that the Bank staff should regularly visit the farmers field and check the proper utilization of loan, so that credit is not misutilized. Ali (2004) studied the availability and utilization of the microcredit programme of Northern Areas Development Project (NADP) and effects on the income and living conditions of the people. He observed that NADP gave credit to those persons who were young, educated and interested in enterprise development. Medium and short-term loans in the range from 5,000 to 30,000 rupees were disbursed to develop main enterprise. While in some cases loan were given for agricultural and livestock development. People mainly utilized the loans properly. Except in some cases, respondents were found satisfied from rate of interests and also called enterprise development as the major source of income in place like Chilas. The micro credit had increased the income of the people where. The increase was mainly between Rs.1000 to 2000/- per month. In some cases it

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was more than Rs.3000/-. The increase in monthly income has enabled the people to get better health and education facilities and spent money on other needing areas. However, it was also realized that despite these positive trends, a lot is still need to be done. The amount and the number of credit borrowers have to be enhanced to benefit the people at a large extent. Credit should also be extended for another potential area, the livestock while more measures are needed to make the credit availability and utilization in a proper way. Shah (2004) studied the impact of different intervention of Area Development Project South Azad Jammu and Kashmir (ADPSAJK) on the socio economic condition of farmers of the target groups. The main focus was to study the role of micro finance advance to the local community for agriculture, livestock and enterprise development. He found that among other factors one of the major factors was the provision of credit due to which the productivity of wheat, barley and rice increased. In addition to this the number of livestock also increased. Enterprise sector was also developed by the finance assistance of the said programme. All these developments resulted in an increased income of the sampled respondents. Some deficiencies were also reported by the

respondents including low upper ceiling of the loan, especially for enterprise and livestock sectors, non-availability of credit for marketing and lack of veterinary centers for the treatment of the livestock in the project area. He recommended that this programme may be extended to other area of similar characteristics and the deficiencies mentioned above be considered for achieving better results from this programme so that more people be benefited. Shah (2004) studied the role of Khushali Banks micro credit programme in the development of micro enterprises and its effect on income, employment and quality of

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the life. He found that due to proper utilization of credit, monthly income and monthly savings of all the respondents had increased by 73%. Employment opportunities have also shown an upward trend in the target area and the programme has brought a positive change in the living standards of the beneficiaries. He concluded that overall the programme was successful and made micro credit more effective. Khushali Bank should emphasize on providing its borrowers with proper training and counseling facilities so that they are able to get technical knowledge about enterprise development and benefit from the bank to the fullest. Khan (2005) found in his research that provision of animal vaccination and treatment, NRM trainings and micro credit interventions in the project area have contributed in livestock development. He concluded that due to more production of agriculture and the development of livestock and enterprise sectors have increased the average monthly income of the sample respondents. He also concluded that old methods of agriculture and livestock enterprise are the main hurdles in the way of development of Pakistan. Mahboob -ul- Lateef, (2005) studied the impact of SRSPs micro credit programme on livestock Enterprise Development in six villages in district Abbottabad. He found that main source of income in the project areas were government jobs, daily wage earning and farming. Unfortunately the situation remained unchanged after the credit programme due to misutilization of the credit by the people and lack on monitoring and only small number of people utilized the credit for the due purpose and improved their incomes. Majority of the respondents urged the need of live stock enterprise training workshops to be conducted on priority basis. He recommended several measures such as

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proper monitoring of credit utilization, provision of credit according to the requirements of loanees and training the people in the establishment and development of livestock enterprises. Qaisar (2005) studied the role of Khwendo Kor (an NGO) micro credit programme in socio-economic development of the females in rural areas in Tarkha Koi of district Karak. She found that the Khwendo Kors micro credit programme has positive effect on the socio economic conditions of the sample households. Due to proper utilization of credit the average monthly income investment capabilities and the number of livestock of sample respondents increased. Improvement was also noted in respondents access towards basic services of life. The micro credit programme also helped in creating awareness in the project area in terms of positive attitudes towards the involvement of the females in micro credit program and loanee in various incomegenerating activities in the project area. Some deficiencies were also reported by the respondents including low upper ceiling of the loan, especially for livestock sector, high interest rate duration and grace period of the loan and sudden changes in micro credit policy and field staff of Khwendo Kor. If these constraints are removed the credit programme will further enhance the income of the people through participation of greater number of respondents in the programme. She recommended that this programme should be extended to the other remote areas where people have skills but lack financial resources and these constraints should be removed for achieving better results. Research conducted outside Pakistan Bhatta (2001) found that with the recent introduction of the Grameen Bank methodology in micro credit programs in Nepal, it is hoped that rural development will finally alleviate

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poverty. However extreme poverty, hostile topography and lack of markets make it very difficult for any micro credit program to have much impact. He argued that the government should continue to place heavy emphases on two key issues in any future program expansion into the hills and mountain regions and specifically targeting poor women. Without these two elements no micro credit program will have much impact on poverty reduction. Douglas and Buss (2001) explained that micro credit is a concept that has gained widespread acceptance by international development agencies and major donors. It is viewed as a way to correct both governmental and market failure in Sub-Saharan Africa. Many view micro credit as a method for linking the formal and informal sectors of African economies to increase the reach of the formal sector extending the reach of the formal economy through micro credit is possible and desirable. It depends on macroeconomic reforms, respect for traditional financing relationships and local control of institutions. However very little has been done to determine the extent to which micro credit programs actually increase economic well being. The model program, Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, has been studied and evaluated but replications may not be inherently successful. They concluded that program design issue cannot be resolved until economic well being is measured and associated with specific designs. Gary and Woodworth (2001) observed that the failure of top-down development policies in the third world has given rise to a variety of grass roots or bottom up development strategies to combat the poverty that continues to plague developing countries. Among these grass-root approaches, micro credit has grown rapidly in popularity, scope and impact over the last two decades. Micro credit provides financial

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capital for poor entrepreneurs who toil in the informal poverty sectors in developed countries economies. In addition to the thousands of predominantly non-governmental organizations that offer micro credit programs, many national governments in the third world are now seeking to integrate micro credit strategies into their development policy and planning. Haris (2001) identified changes in funding for rural business activities at the local level and the resulting need for cultural change in the farming community. He argued that farmers and the organizations need to strengthen relationship with new partners if they are to reap the full benefits of the Rural Enterprise Scheme and Regional Development Agencies. He concluded that the period 2000-2007 will be one in which farming will begin to experience a change in funding support from commodities to support for environmental work and for projects to change the direction of farm business and develop the broader rural economy and communities. Bhatt and Tang (2002) observed that many micro credit programs have been created in the United States in the past decade that replicate design features of their counterparts in the third world. They said that yet few systematic studies have been carried out to examine what determines these programs loan repayment performance. They attempted to fill this gap by studying the determinants of loan repayment for four of the oldest group-based micro credit programs in the US. Their findings suggested that these programs are faced with a set of social and institutional environments that are both similar to one another and different from those faced by their third world counterparts. They further concluded that higher levels of education and proximity the lending agency increase the chances of loan repayment. Low transaction costs for accessing loans and

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high borrower-costs in the event of default also enhance loan repayment performance and variables such as gender and homogeneity of borrowers are not significantly related to loan repayment. Ramachandran and Swaminathan (2002) said that financial liberalization is a key component of programmes of orthodox structural adjustment. Financial reforms include the removal of controls on interest rates and the abolition of programmes of direct credit. They studied the effect of financial sector reform on rural banking and rural credit transactions in India with particular reference to landless labour households. They argued that the exploitation of landless labour households in the credit market has intensified with the introduction of financial reforms. Simeen (2003) evaluated the effect of micro credit programme participation on womens empowerment. He found that micro credit programme participation has only a limited direct effect in increasing womens access to choice-enhancing resources but has a much stronger effect in increasing womens ability to exercise agency in intra household processes. He concluded that micro credit programme participation is able to increase womens welfare and possibly to reduce male bias in welfare outcomes particularly in poor household. Hongbin et al. (2004) evaluated the effects of micro credit projects on the poor. He investigated whether micro credit projects have targeted the poor and whether participation in the micro credit project increases the likelihood of migration and switching to off-farm jobs. He found that although the micro credit programs did not help increase assets of the participants, it did help to move one or more of their members

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into an off-farm job. He concluded that there was a great deal of benefit in supporting micro credit programs. Robyn (2004) questioned that if entrepreneurs are societys innovators, what is the role of business people in poor countries, and in particular what is the role of women micro entrepreneurs, whose incomes contribute a great deal to the well being of poor households? According to Bolivia, in Sucre many women are the owners of independent micro enterprises and control a range of micro enterprises in the commerce, production and service sectors. They women are recognized as business people by their spouses, families and people in their community. The study explored the business experiences of women entrepreneurs, their priorities entrepreneurial abilities and the obstacles they face. He concluded that while women in Sucre (Bolivia) can control resources and take advantage of opportunities as businesswomen, other constraints mean that most womens business has only a limited ability to decrease poverty. Micro enterprise Development alone is insufficient to address the complex relationships affecting how these women and their households to access resources. Santiso (2005) noted that the politics of ethical correctness responds on occasion or often as its detractors would claim only to enlightened self-interest. To set up an ethical fund, or to commit to a micro-finance programme, may be a mere concession to the indirect enhancement of self-esteem. Nonetheless, the homage to virtue raises contemporary question and issues. He said that in USA, every tenth dollar is invested in "ethical" financial instruments and they are rapidly developing in Europe. He concluded that micro credit experiments from Bangladesh to Bolivia, to bring widely spread benefits to all. The experience of ethical funds and micro credit does not fill the gap between past and future.

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It gives a time horizon in which what has come to be known as international civil society participates. Gutirrez (2006) observed that micro credit programmes have been recently started in Spain, sparked by successful experiences in developing countries and shows the outstanding features of these micro credit programmes and their differences with developing countries models. He concluded that the impact of evaluation on unemployment and finds the subsidy dependence of Spanish micro credit institutions is accurate because of the good results obtained by impact measures. Nair (2001) explained the issues that are of strategic significance in the move to institutionalize micro finance in India. He also explained three areas: (1) measurement of success of micro finance interventions (2) incorporation of gender dimension in the approach (3) in the financial landscape. He argued that current efforts are to mainstream micro finance operations in the non-financial sector of India. He concluded that failure of state-owned credit institutions, should also take into account the success of several intermediary developmental institutions like the small savings and credit groups that have proved not only profitable but also an effective poverty alleviation measure. Hunt et al. (2001) studied the strengths and weaknesses of approaches taken by three non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Bangladesh one NGO based in Bilhar in India. They said that all these NGOs considered the provision of micro finance to women to be a major strategy for empowering women. They recommended that to ensure micro finance programmes to fulfill their promise to support womens empowerment, development of workers and researchers need to focus much more on strategies that support the transformation of gender relations.

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The above literature review shows that although enough research has been conducted in Pakistan as well as other countries of the world, however, no such study has been conducted in the study area. The present study is also an updated study. This study therefore constitutes an important addition to the existing literature on the said topic.

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Universe of the study The universe of the study will be the District of Peshawar. It is the provincial capital of the Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa. Khwendo Kor, an NGO has started its activities including women microcredit programme in some of the villages of Peshawar in order to aware the communities about the significance of females economic condition. This NGO carries its developmental activities in five villages of the district.

Selection of sample village From the concern section of Khwendo Kor a list of all the villages will be obtained. The village selection will be made on the basis of starting Khwendo Kors microcredit programme. The villages to be selected will be those where the programme had started from six years. On this criterion the following 5 villages will be purposively selected for this study as shown in Table 1. Table -1 S.No. 1 2 Number of respondents in sampled villages. No. of sample respondents 15 6 19

Name of village Chamkani Wadpaga

3 4 5

Chowa Gujar Nazeerabad Hinko Killi Total Source: Khwendo Kor

13 7 14 55

Data collection Data was collected through face to face interview schedule from the respondents through a well-structured questionnaire annexed at the end. To win the confidence of the respondents for obtaining accurate information, the objective of the study was explained to them. For the convenience of the respondents, the questions were asked in local dialect.

Data analysis After the collection of data it was transferred on tally sheets for the tabulation and the statistical software for social sciences (SPSS) was used for the analysis of data.

LITERATURE CITED
Abid, M. 2001. Microcredit and rural development effect evaluation in Union Council Shakardara. Thesis of M.Sc., Institute of Development Studies Faculty of Rural Social Sciences, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Ahmad, M.M. 2003. Distant voices: the views of the field workers of NGOs in Bangladesh on microcredit. The Geo. J. 169 (1): 65. Ali. L. 2004. Availability and utilization of microcredit advanced by northern area development project for income generating activities. Thesis of M.Sc., Institute of

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Development Studies Faculty of Rural Social Sciences, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Arif, 2001. Effect of micro credit disbursed by ADBP on agricultural production in District Attock. Thesis of M.Sc., Institute of Development Studies Faculty of Rural Social Sciences, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Bhatt, N. and S.Y. Tang. 2002. Determinants of Repayment in Microcredit: Evidence from Programs in the United States Inter. J. of Urban and Regional Res. 26 (2):360. Bhatta. G. 2001. Small Is Indeed Beautiful but": The Context of Microcredit

Strategies in Nepal. Policy Studies J. 29 (2): 283. Douglas R.S and T. F. Buss 2001. Development and the Role of Microcredit. Policy Studies J. 29 (1-2): 296. Gary M. W. and W. Woodworth 2001. Microcredit as a Grass-Roots Policy for

International Development. Policy Studies J. 29 (2): 267 . Gutirrez, B. 2006. Microcredit in the North: An Institutional, Impact and Dependence Analysis Applied to the Spanish Case Annals of Public & Cooperative Economics. Policy Studies J. 77 (3): 21 Haris, A.G. 2001. Farm management. 10 (12): 773-782. Hongbin, L., S. Rozelle and L. Zhang. 2004. Microcredit programs and off-farm migration in China. The Geo. J. 9(3): 209.

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Ihsan, U. 2001. Assessing the role of microcredit poverty alleviation. M.Sc. Thesis IDS, NWFP Agric. Univ. Peshawar. Jabeen, S. 2000. Participation of rual women in various income generating activities in NWFP. Thesis of M.Sc., Institute of Development Studies Faculty of Rural Social Sciences, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Khan, A.Q. 2003 The role of credit disbursed by Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited in raising agricultural productivity in District Kohat. IDS, NWFP Agric. Univ. Peshawar. Khan, M. 2005. The impact of various interventions introduced by National Rural Support Programme (NRSP) on agriculture, livestock and enterprise development in Tehsil Takhtbhai. Thesis of M.Sc., Institute of Development Studies Faculty of Rural Social Sciences, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Lateef, M. 2005. The impact of Sarhad Rural Support Programmes micro credit on livestock enterprise development in district Abbottabad. M.Sc. Thesis IDS, NWFP Agric. Univ. Peshawar. Mahboob -ul- Lateef: 2005. The impact of Sarhad Rural Support Programmes micro credit on livestock enterprise development in district Abbottabad. Mazari, M.I. 2003. The role of SRSP in micro enterprise development. Thesis of M.Sc., Institute of Development Studies Faculty of Rural Social Sciences, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Qaisar, S. 2005. Role of microcredit advanced by Khwendo Kor in the socio economic development of rural women in district Karak. IDS, NWFP Agri. Univ. Peshawar.

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Ramachandran, V.K. and M. Swaminathan . 2002. Rural Banking and Landless Labour Households: Institutional Reform and Rural Credit Markets in India. J. of Agrarian Change. 2(4): 502-503 Robyn, E. 2004. Change Makers? Women's Microenterprises in a Bolivian City. Gender Work and Organization. 11(2): 123. Santiso, J. 2005. Markets in virtue: the promise of ethical funds and microcredit. Intern. Social Sci. J. 57 (185): 493 Shah, I.H. 2004. Effect of micro finance advanced by Area Development Project South AJK on socio-economic condition of the rural masses in district Mirpur AJK. IDS, NWFP Agri. Univ. Peshawar. Shah, P.M.R. 2004. Role of Khushali Bak in the development of mciro enterprises in District Mardan. IDS, NWFP Agri. Univ. Peshawar. Simeen, M. 2003. Actually how Empowering is Microcredit? Development and Change. Policy Studies J. 34 (4): 577-578. Suhail, M. 2003. Effect of credit advanced by Zarai Taraqiati Bak Limited on socio economic condition of farmers in Mardan District. IDS, NWFP Agri. Univ. Peshawar. Waqar, M. 2002. Effect s of SRSPs micro enterprise development program on income and employment. M.Sc. Thesis IDS, NWFP Agric. Univ. Peshawar.

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