Traditional and Multi valued Logic : An Introduction to Fuzzy Logic

Ms. Priyata Singhal, Prof. Harish Kundra

Rayat Institute of Engineering & Information Technology Railmajra, Near Ropar , Distt. S.B.S Nagar, Punjab

ABSTRACT
This paper gives basics and reviews some classical as well as new applications of fuzzy logic. The main emphasis of the paper is on fuzzy decision making under a linguistic view of fuzzy sets.

INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy Logic was initiated in 1965 by Lotfi A. Zadeh , professor for computer science at the University of California in Berkeley. Basically, Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a multivalued logic that allows intermediate values to be defined between conventional evaluations like true/false, yes/no, high/low, etc. Notions like rather tall or very fast can be formulated mathematically and processed by computers, in order to apply a more human-like way of thinking in the programming of computers. Fuzzy Logic has emerged as a a profitable tool for the controlling and steering of systems and complex industrial processes, as well as for household and entertainment electronics, as well as for other expert systems and applications like the classification of satellite data.

This concept is sufficient for many areas of applications, but it can easily be seen, that it lacks in flexibility for some applications like classification of remotely sensed data analysis. The world we live in is full of ambiguities. "The temperature is pretty warm" cannot be evaluated as strictly true or false rather we accept that this statement has certain ambiguities. Thus, the mathematical theory of fuzzy logic was developed. The theory of fuzzy logic basically states that rather than a statement being true or false, each statement has a certain confidence level. For example lets say a confidence value of 0.000 meant false and a confidence value 1.000 meant true, then the statement "this room is warm" might have a confidence value of .700 at 80 degrees. A Linguistic Variable has a name, a definition domain, a set of values and an interpretation. The name of the variable can be freely chosen, but it is wise to name it after the real variable it will represent. The definition domain has to be consistent with the universe where it will be used. The definition domain contains a set of Linguistic Terms, which represent the values that may take the Linguistic Variable at different states of intensity. Linguistic Terms are labelled fuzzy sets, usually with a trapezoidal or bellshaped structure. Example Temp: {Freezing, Cool, Warm, Hot}

FUZZY SETS AND CRISP SETS

The very basic notion of fuzzy systems is a fuzzy (sub)set. In classical mathematics we are familiar with what we call crisp sets. Crisp variables represent precise quantities:
1 Freezing Cool Warm Hot

x = 3.1415296 A {0,1}
0 10 30 50 70 90 110 Temp. (F)

How cool is 36 F ?

Freezing

Cool

Warm

Hot

0
1

10

30 Freezing

70 50 Cool Warm Temp. (F)

90 Hot

110

7 3
0 10 30 50 70 90 110 Temp. (F)

But if the kind of distinction shown above is unworkable, then what is the right way to define the set of tall people? Much as with our plot of weekend days, the figure below shows a smoothly varying curve that passes from not-tall to tall. The output-axis is a number known as the membership value between 0 and 1. The curve is known as a membership function and is often given the designation of . This curve defines the transition from not tall to tall. Both people are tall to some degree, but one is significantly less tall than the other.

It is 30% Cool and 70% Freezing

MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS
A membership function (MF) is a curve that defines how each point in the input space is mapped to a membership value (or degree of membership) between 0 and 1. The input space is sometimes referred to as the universe of discourse, a fancy name for a simple concept. One of the most commonly used examples of a fuzzy set is the set of tall people. In this case the universe of discourse is all potential heights, say from 3 feet to 9 feet, and the word tall would correspond to a curve that defines the degree to which any person is tall. If the set of tall people is given the well-defined (crisp) boundary of a classical set, we might say all people taller than six feet are officially considered tall. But such a distinction is clearly absurd. It may make sense to consider the set of all real numbers greater than six because numbers belong on an abstract plane, but when we want to talk about real people, it is unreasonable to call one person short and another one tall when they differ in height by the width of a hair.

OPERATIONS OF FUZZY LOGIC

1. Union The membership function of the Union of two fuzzy sets A and B with membership functions and

respectively is defined as the maximum of the two individual membership functions. This is called the maximum criterion.

FUZZY LOGIC RULES

Fuzzy sets and fuzzy operators are the subjects and verbs of fuzzy logic. These if-then rule statements are used to formulate the conditional statements that comprise fuzzy logic. A single fuzzy if-then rule assumes the form if x is A then y is B where A and B are linguistic values defined by fuzzy sets on the ranges (universes of discourse) X and Y, respectively. The if-part of the rule x is A is called the antecedent or premise, while the then-part of the rule y is B is called the consequent or conclusion. An example of such a rule might be

The Union operation in Fuzzy set theory is the equivalent of the OR operation in Boolean algebra. 2. Intersection The membership function of the Intersection of two fuzzy sets A and B with membership functions and respectively is defined as the minimum of the two individual membership functions. This is called the minimum criterion. The Intersection operation in Fuzzy set theory is the equivalent of the AND operation in Boolean algebra.

if temp is cold AND humid is low then fan-speed is low Note that cold is represented as a number between 0 and 1, and so the antecedent is an interpretation that returns a single number between 0 and 1. On the other hand, fan-speed low is represented as a fuzzy set, and so the consequent is an assignment that assigns the entire fuzzy set B to the output variable y. In the ifthen rule, the word is gets used in two entirely different ways depending on whether it appears in the antecedent or the consequent.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Advantages: fuzzy logic allows for the modeling and inclusion of contradiction in a knowledge base. It also increases the system autonomy (the rules in the knowledge base function independent of each other). Disadvantages: In a highly complex system, use of fuzzy logic may become an obstacle to the verification of system reliability. Also, fuzzy reasoning mechanisms cannot learn from their mistakes.

3. Complement The membership function of the complement of a Fuzzy set A with membership function is defined as the negation of the specified membership function. This is caleed the negation criterion.

CONCLUSION
Fuzzy Logic provides a different way to approach a control or classification problem. This method focuses on what the system should do rather than trying to model how it works. One can concentrate on solving the problem rather than trying to model the system mathematically, if that is even possible. On the other

hand the fuzzy approach requires a sufficient expert knowledge for the formulation of the rule base, the combination of the sets and the defuzzification. In General, the employment of fuzzy logic might be helpful, for very complex processes, when there is no simple mathematical model for highly nonlinear processes or if the processing of (linguistically formulated) expert knowledge is to be performed. According to literature the employment of fuzzy logic is not recommendable, if the conventional approach yields a satisfying result, an easily solvable and adequate mathematical model already exists , or the problem is not solvable.

REFERENCES [1] L.A. Zadeh, Fuzzy Sets, Information and Control,

1965 [2] L.A. Zadeh, Outline of A New Approach to the Analysis of of Complex Systems and Decision Processes, 1973 [3] K. Tanaka, An Introduction to Fuzzy Logic for Practical Applications. N.Y.: Springer, 1997.