Solutions Homework 1 Wednesday, October 7 2009

Math 215A

Grading Scheme: In this homework questions 1,4,6,9,10,11 were graded. The mapping from questions to points worth is as follows : p(1) = 2, p(4) = 2, p(6) = 2, p(9) = 1, p(10) = 1 and p(11) = 2, for a total of 10 points. 1. Solution: Since this whole question was to prove that you can divide by linear terms in C[z], 1 point was taken o when only stating things like division algorithm or Euclidean domain. A nice solution a lot of people came across is the following if p(z) = an z n + + a1 z + a0 then
n

p(z) p(z0 ) =
i=1

i ai (z i z0 ) n

= (z z0 )
i=1

i2 i1 ai (z i1 + z i2 z0 + + zz0 + z0 )

= (z z0 )h(z) 2. Solution: For the rst part notice that w = tan(z) = sin(z) cos(z)
eiz eiz 2i eiz +eiz 2

= i implies

1 e2iz 1 + e2iz

1 + iw 1 iw and therefore as a multi-valued function we have e2iz = tan1 (z) = 1 1 + iz log 2i 1 iz

In order to study the image of the vertical strip under the principal branch T an1 , we proceed as follows: If we let T (z) = 1 + iz 1 iz

then T () = 1, T (i) = 0, T (i) = , T (0) = 1, T (1) = i, T (1) = i. This implies that T maps the unit disk onto the right half plane, the upper half plane onto the unit disk and the imaginary axis onto the real axis. (Check orientations) Let lj = {(1)j /2 + iy : y R}. By the relations of perpendicularity between lj and the real axis, and the fact that it is parallel to the imaginary axis, we 1

Solutions Homework 1 Wednesday, October 7 2009 Math 215A conclude that T (l1 ) and T (l2 ) are circles on the complex plane, which are tangent at 1 and so that T (lj ) is perpendicular to the unit circle at a point on the arc joining -1 and (1)j i. If we denote by D1 and D2 the closed disks bounded by T (l1 ) and T (l2 ) respectively, then it follows that the image of the vertical strip through T is C (D1 D2 ). Using the fact that Log sends rays from the origin to horizontal lines, then it is easy to determine Log(Img(T )). 3. Solution: Recall that a C 1 function f (x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), is analytic if and only if the Cauchy-Riemann equations v u = x y v u = x y are satised. Since in the case f (x + iy) = x iy we have ux = vy = 1 then the equalities above are not satised and the function is nowhere analytic. 4. Solution: The idea here is to prove that the integral of f around any rectangle R in D is zero. In this case, Moreras theorem would imply that f is analytic on D. For R D such that R C = , Goursats theorem implies that R f dz = 0. Let us now consider the case in which R C = . In this part, most people did not mention the impossibility of C crossing R innitely many times nor how to handle the case in which it happens. One point was taken o because of this. In any case, one can always divide the region bounded by R in a sequence of smaller rectangles R1 , R2 , . . . so that if Bi is the region bounded by Ri , either Bi C = or Bi C has no self intersections. This way C divides Bi into two parts, say Bi+ and Bi . If for > 0 small enough we let
Bi, = {z Bi : d(z, C) } By uniform continuity of f on the closure of Bi and its analyticity on Bi, , one has that 0 = lim f (z)dz + f (z)dz = f (z)dz 0
+ Bi, Bi,

Ri

where the line integrals are taken with the right orientation. Thus 0=
i Ri

f (z)dz =
R

f (z)dz

and f is analytic on D. 5. Solution: Let v and v be harmonic conjugates of a harmonic map u. By the Riemann equations we have that vx = uy = vx and vy = ux = vy . Since the only functions with zero derivatives are the ones that are constant on each connected component of their domain of denition, we conclude that v = v + c , where c R is a constant depending on each connected component of the domain of denition of u. 2

Solutions Homework 1 Wednesday, October 7 2009 Math 215A 6. Solution: A nice solution due to Elizabeth Goodman is the following: If z = rei , then Re(z) = r cos() and Arg(ez ) = Im(z) = r sin() = |z| sin(Arg(z)). Now, if w = g(z)ez is so that arg(z) + |z| sin(Arg(z)) = Arg(w) = arg(g(z)) + |z| sin(Arg(z)) then by letting g(z) = z we get the result. Notice that functions of the form Azez , A C, have the property we are looking for if and only if A R+ . 7. Solution: If f (rei ) = u(r, ) + iv(r, ), then the Cauchy-Riemann equations are given by rur = v u = rvr and the Laplace equation takes the form r2 2u u 2 u r 2 =0 r2 r

8. Solution: Let us nd all analytic functions f (x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) so that uy = 0. In this case, the Cauchy-Riemann equations imply that 0 = uy = vx and therefore u = u(x), v = v(y). On the other hand, in the equality ux = vy the right hand side is a function depending only on y, the left hand sides depends only on x and therefore we must have c = ux = vy for some c R. This way u(x, y) = cx + d1 , v(x, y) = cy + d2 with di R and therefore f (x + iy) = (cx + d1 ) + i(cy + d2 ) = c(x + iy) + d where c R and d C. Notice that Im(f ) is constant along vertical lines if and only if Re(if ) is constant along vertical lines. Therefore if (z) = cz + d, which implies f (z) = icz + d for c R and d C. Let us now consider functions so that |f | is constant along vertical lines. In this case, g(z) = log(f (z)) = log|f (z)| + iArg(f (z)) is an analytic function so that Re(g) is constant along vertical lines. This implies that log(f (z)) = cz + d and therefore f (z) = Decz where c R and D C. Constant argument means that g(z) = icz + d and therefore f (z) = Deicz . Finally, notice that any statement about vertical lines can be translated into one about horizontal lines by switching between f (z) and f (iz). 3

Solutions Homework 1 Wednesday, October 7 2009 Math 215A z 9. Solution: For this question notice that the exponential map e sends vertical lines into circles, thus using question 8: If Re(f ) is constant along circles, f (ez ) = cz + d and f (z) = c log(z) + d. If Im(f ) is constant along circles, f (ez ) = icz + d and f (z) = ic log(z) + d. If |f | is constant along circles, f (ez ) = decz and f (z) = dz c . If Arg(z) is constant along circles, f (ez ) = deicz and f (z) = dz ic . 10. Solution: In this question a lot of people used that the exponential map sends vertical liens to circles (in the Riemann sphere) to argue that e2iz sends the half-strip to the unit disk. The problem with this is that the map does not have in its domain and you will miss zero. That is Img(e2iz |S ) = D {0}. The idea here is to use functions like sin or cos that send half-strips to half planes (vertical or horizontal). After this, it is pretty easy to come up with fractional linear transformations that send this half planes onto the interior of the unit disk. 11. Solution: Assume by contradiction that p(z) has degree n 1 and nevertheless 1 it has no zeros. Thus p is entire and therefore 0= 2i = p(0) 1 dz zp(z)

Br (0)

Let zp(z) = z n+1 + q(z) since we can assume p to be monic. Given that lim q(z) +1 =1 z n+1

we can choose R > 0 so that |z| R implies 1 q(z) n+1 + 1 2 z This way, for r R we have 1 2 1 dz zp(z) = 1 2 1 2 z n+1 1 |z|n+1 1 |dz| + q(z) 1
q(z) z n+1

Br (0)

Br (0)

|dz| +1

Br (0)

Br (0)

1 2 |dz| = n n+1 |z| r

Since this is true for any r R, letting r go to innity we conclude that 1/p(0) = 0 which is a contradiction.