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\
|
=
GMR
GMD
ln 10 2 L
4
(5.3)
Where GMD : is the geometric mean distance between centeres of core conductors.
GMR : is the geometric mean radius (GMR = 0.7788 r, r is the outer conductor radius for
solid round conductor).
5.6.3 Capacitance of single-core type cable
The capacitance of core to grounded metallic sheath for single core (or H-type, SL and
SA three-core cables), see Fig.5.13, is calculated from
km / F
r
R
ln
005 . 0
C
r
N
|
.
|
\
|
= (5.4)
Conductor
Insulation
Fig.5.13 Capacitance of Shielded Single-core Cable
Conductor Shield
MetallicInsulation Shield
r
R
5.6.4 Capacitance of Three-core Belted type Cables
Three-core belted-type cables are old technology for cable manufacturing. Each
core is insulated with multi layers of the OIP insulated material. An insulation belt is
wound over the three cores for increasing dielectric strength of the cable As these
types of three-core cables has no separate screening (like SL or SA cables), then non-
uniform distributed electric field flux with capacitance between cores and core-to-
sheath capcitances are existed (see Fig.5.14).
Chapter 5: Underground Power Cables
176
C
s
C
c
C
s
C
c
C
s
C
c
Fig. 5.14 Capacitances of three-belted core cables
As the core conductor is always not round in shape and insulation layers are non-
uniform, it can not be easily to derive a mathematical expression for the core
conductor-to- neutral capacitance (C
N
) in terms of capacitances between cores (C
c
) and
core-to-sheath capcitances (C
s
). Instead the value of C
N
is detemined experimentally as
follows:
Using delta-to-star transformation of C
c
capacitive reactances, as shown in Fig.5.14,
the value of C
N
can be represented as
c s
cables belted core 3
N
C 3 C C + =
(5.5)
A measurement for determining the value of C
N
is illustrated in Fig.5.15.
C
s
C
s
C
c
C
c
C
c
One core is
connected to sheath
T
o
a
c
b
r
i
d
g
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
C
c
C
c
C
c
C
c
C
c
A
B
A
B
Fig.5.15 AC bridge measurement circuit for capaitance-to-neutral capacitance
of three-core Belted type Cable
als min ter AB between measured ce tan Capaci 2 C
C ) C 3 C (
C ) C C ( C
N
N
2
1
c s
2
1
c c s
2
1
AB
=
= + =
+ + =
(5.6)
5.7 Dielectric Stress in a Single Core Cable
177
5.7 DIELECTRIC STRESS IN A SINGLE CORE CABLE
The potential gradient E
x
at the different insulation layers distant radial length x (refer
to Fig.16a) is defined as the dielectric stress and equals to
x 2
dx
dV
E
r o
x
x
= =
Where : is the electric line charge in C/m.
Integration of the above equation through insulation thickness yields
r
R
ln
2
x
dx
2
V
r o
R
r
r o
ph
= =
}
Now, by substitution of
r o
2
+
(
(
Thus if the overall diameter of the cable is kept fixed, then R/r = e is the condition for
minimum
max
E . This value of radius of conductor will generally be larger than would
be required for current carrying capacity.
Since e
r
R
= , the minimum value of
max
E is given by
Chapter 5: Underground Power Cables
178
{ }
r
V
E min
ph
max
= (5.10)
Since the radius of the conductor that would be given from the above expression is
larger than is necessary for current carrying capacity, this value of radius may be
achieved by using Aluminum or hollow conductors.
Generally, the insulation thickness is designed such that the maximum allowable electric stress
at conductor surface is
5
1
of the dielectric breakdown strength of cable insulation.
Fig.5.16 Electric Stress Distribution
Example 5.1:
An XLPE single-core, 3 km long UGC is used as a single-phase in a three phase 220
kV, 50 Hz power system, has the following data:
Copper core: 600 mm
2
(127 strands/2.25 mm).
Dielectric constant of XLPE insulation = 2.25.
Maximum working electric stress = 15 kV/mm.
Calculate:
(i) Insulation thickness.
(ii) Electric stress at conductor surface when a surge voltage of 1000-kV peak is
applied and energy dissipation if the insulation breaks down at that voltage.
Solution 5.1:
The stranded core conductor is arranged in six layers with outer radius r as 6.52.25 =
14.625 mm.
5.7 Dielectric Stress in a Single Core Cable
179
784 . 1 e
r
R
579 . 0 ln
ln 625 . 14
3
220
15
ln r
V
E
579 . 0
r
R
r
R
r
R
ph
max
= =
=
=
=
Insulation thickness (t) = mm 47 . 11 r R =
peak kV 09 . 118
579 . 0 625 . 14
1000
ln r
V
E
r
R
ph
max
=
= =
F 10 0583 . 0 km 3
579 . 0 l
25 . 2 005 . 0
km / F
r
R
ln
005 . 0
C
6 r
N
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
Dissipated energy at breakdown voltage surge
= ( ) s . W 10 029145 . 0 10 1000 10 0583 . 0 V C
6
2
3 6
2
1 2
N
2
1
= =
Example 5.2:
Calculate the insulation thickness in Example 5.1 for minimum electric stress at conductor
surface.
Solution 5.2:
mm 75 . 39 R 718 . 2
625 . 14
R yields
= =
Insulation thickness (t) = mm 126 . 25 r R =
Chapter 5: Underground Power Cables
180
5.8 POWER LOSS IN HIGH VOLTAGE CABLES
High voltage cables are generally single cored, and hence have their separate
insulation and mechanical protection by sheaths. The presence of sheath increases
cable power loss. This is due to the fact that sheaths of the conductors cross the
magnetic field set up by the conductor currents. At all points along the cable, the
magnetic field is not the same. Hence, different voltages are induced at different points
on the sheath.
Power loss in the cable can occur due to a variety of reasons (Figure 5.17). They
may be caused by the conductor current passing through the resistance of the
conductor - conductor loss (also sometimes called the copper loss on account of the
fact that conductors were mainly made out of copper), dielectric losses caused by the
voltage across the insulation, sheath losses caused by the induced currents in the
sheath, and intersheath losses caused by circulating currents in loops formed between
sheaths of different phases. The dielectric loss is voltage dependant, while the rest is
current dependant.
Fig. 5.17 - Heat Transfer in a Cable due to Losses
5.8.1 Dielectric Losses of Metallic-sheathed Power Cables
The path for leakage current (I
l
) in metallic-sheathed cables is radial through
insulation layers (as shown in Fig.5.18).
R
r
x
c
dx
(a) Incremental cylindrical
shell for calculation dR
in
ph
V
R
in
C
N
l
I
c
I
ph
V
l
I
c
I
o
(b) No-load equivlent circuit
and phasor diagram
o
o
I
o
I
Fig. 5.18 Calculation of Insulation Resistance for metallic-sheathed cable
5.8 Power Loss in High Voltage Cables
181
The incremental insulation resistance can be calculated as
L x 2
dx
dR
in
in
=
Where
in
: is the specific resistance of the insulating material (in ohm.m)
L : is the cable length (in m)
Integration of the above equation through insulation thickness yields
r
R
ln
L 2
R
in
in
= (5.11)
Dielectric power loss P
dis
is then equals:
o N
2
ph
o o ph in
2
l
dis
tan C V cos I V R I P o e | = = (5.12)
Where
o
tan o is defined as the dissipation factor
Values for the permittivity and dissipation factor are given in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2 Nominal Values for Permittivity and Loss Factor
Cable Type Permittivity ( )
r
c
o
tan o
Solid type OIP 4 0.01
Fluid-filled OIP
Up to V
o
= 36 kV 3.6 0.0035
Up to V
o
= 87 kV 3.6 0.0033
Up to V
o
= 160 kV 3.5 0.0030
Up to V
o
= 36 kV 3.5 0.0028
High Pressure OIP
Fluid-pressure, pipe type OIP 3.7 0.0045
External gas pressure OIP 3.6 0.0040
Internal gas pressure OIP 3.4 0.0045
Butyl rubber 4 0.05
Polymeric-
Insulated Cables
EPR Up to 18/30 (36) kV 3 0.02
Above 18/30 (36) kV 3 0.005
PVC 8 0.1
PE (HD and LD) 2.3 0.001
XLPE
s 18/30 (36) kV (unfilled) 2.5 0.004
> 18/30 (36) kV (unfilled) 2.5 0.001
> 18/30 (36) kV (filled) 3 0.005
V
o
/V (V
m
) V
o
is the rated power frequency voltage between conductor and
earth or metallic screen
V is the rated power frequency voltage between conductors
V
m
Is the maximum continuously operating voltage of a cable at
time or in any part of the network
Chapter 5: Underground Power Cables
182
It can be concluded that the dielectric power losses are directly proportional to the
square of the operating voltage and the loss angle. Therefore, in high-voltage cables
the dielectric loss angle must be kept very small. Generally, high quality of high-
voltage cables is measured in terms of a small loss angle less than 2
o
.
The no-load power factor of high-voltage cable is
in N N ph
in
ph
o
l
o
load no
R C
1
C V
R
V
I
I
cos F . P = = = =
(5.13)
5.8.2 Conductor Loss
The conductor power loss is given by
ac
2
c
R I P = (5.14)
Where
ac
R is the resistance of the conductor and I is the current in the cable.
5.8.3 Sheath Loss
The losses occurring in the sheath of a cable is usually obtained by the empirical
formula of Arnold. Arnold's formula for the sheath loss
sh
P is given by
watt
d
r
R
I
10 7 . 7 P
2
m
sh
2
3
sh
|
.
|
\
|
=
(5.15)
Where
r
m
= mean radius of sheath
d = distance between cables (centre to centre)
R
sh
= resistance of full length of cable sheath
I = current in cable
The sheath loss is usually about 2 to 5 % of the conductor loss.
5.8.4 Intersheath Loss
Intersheath losses are caused by the induced emf between the sheaths causing a
circulating current. This loss is thus present only when the sheaths of adjacent cables
are connected together. The sheaths need to be connected together in practice, as
otherwise sparking could occur causing damage to the sheaths. The intersheath loss
ish
P can be calculated as follows.
The mutual inductance
sh
M between a core of one cable and the sheath of an adjacent
cable is given by
5.8 Power Loss in High Voltage Cables
183
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
d
ln
2
M
sh
t
(5.16)
The voltage induced
ish
E is given by
sh ish
M I E e = (5.17)
And the induced current
ish
I is given by
2
sh
2 2
sh
ish
ish
M R
E
I
e +
= (5.18)
Therefore the intersheah loss
ish
P is given by
2
sh
2 2
sh
sh
2
sh
2 2
sh
2
ish
ish
M R
R M I
R I P
e
e
+
= =
Generally, the sheath resistance
sh sh
M R e >> so that
sh
2
sh
2 2
ish
R
M I
P
e
= (5.19)
The intersheath loss is larger than the sheath loss and may range from 10% to 50% of
the copper loss. Thus the total power loss (exclusive of the dielectric loss) is given as
ish sh c total
P P P P + + = (5.20)
Since the whole expression is dependant on
2
I , we may express the loss in terms of an
effective resistance
eff
R . This gives the total power loss in terms of the effective
resistance as
eff
2
total
R I P = (5.21)
sh
2
sh
2 2
m
sh
3
c eff
R
M
d
r
R
10 7 . 7
R R
e
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ =
Since the sheath loss is usually very small, the effective conductor resistance can be
written as
sh
2
sh
2
c eff
R
M
R R
e
+ = (5.22)
Chapter 5: Underground Power Cables
184
5.8.5 Cross-bonding of Cables
When three single phase cables are used in power transmission, currents are
induced in the sheaths and lead to sheath circulating currents and power loss. These
may be substantially reduced, and the current rating of the cable increased by cross
bonding of the cables (Fig.5.19). Cross bonding of cables are done except for very
short lengths of cable.
Fig.5.19 Cross Bonding of Sheaths
The continuity of each cable sheath is broken at regular intervals; the cables
between two adjacent discontinuities being a minor section. 3 minor sections make up
a major section, where the sheaths are solidly bonded together and to earth. A residual
sheath voltage exists, and the desired balance, giving negligible sheath voltage
between the solid grounded positions is achieved by transposing the cables at each
cross bonded section.
To prevent excessive voltage build up at the cross bonded points, especially during
faults, these points are earthed through non-linear resistors (i.e. surge arrestor) which
limit voltage build up. The cable is also transposed (Fig.5.20).
Fig.5.20 Nonlinear Resistor Earthing
5.9 Thermal Characteristics and Current Rating of Power Cables
185
5.9 THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CURRENT RATING OF POWER
CABLES
The power losses in cable resistance produced by cable current (
ac
2
R I ) in addition
to dielectric losses
dis
P and the eddy current losses in metallic sheath and steel
armouring layers increases the cable operating temperature. Now, if the heat generated
by power losses balances the heat dissipation from core conductor to air via the
different cable layers and ground, then the cable temperature becomes steady at the
recommended insulation value (for example as 70
o
C for PVC insulation).
Figure 5.19 shows paths of the heat dissipation from conductor surface to air
via the different cable layers and ground.
Cable of outer diameter d
Burried
depth l
s
Ground Surface
Air medium
Fig.5.19 Radial paths of heat power flow from conductor
surface to air invironment
An analogy of the Ohms law in electric circuit and law of heat flow in thermodynamics yields
= = A S R I n S H T
ac
2
(5.13)
Where T A : is the temperature rise of core conductor over soil temperature.
H : is the rate of heat flow in
o
C/m
n : is the number of core conductors
R
ac
: is the ac resistance of 1-m cable length
I : is the cable current rating
S : is the sum of thermal resistances of the different cable layers and ground
The thermal resistances of the different cable layers (refer to Fig.5.20) are derived as follows:
Chapter 5: Underground Power Cables
186
d
c
d
is
d
m
d
External Jacket
Metallic Sheath
Insulation layers
Conductor core
Fig. 5.20 Calculation of thermal resistivity for different cable layers
If g
is
: is the thermal resistivity of the insulation material, then the thermal resistance of the
insulation layer for one-meter length of the single-core cable (Fig.18) is
W / m C
d
d
ln
2
g
0 . 1 x 2
dx g
S
o
c
is is
R
r x
is
is
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
}
=
(5.14)
Similarly, the thermal resistance of the insulation screen, metallic sheath, armouring, textile
servicing layers and outer jacket (Fig.5.20) will be
W / m C
d
d
ln
2
g
S
o
m
m
m
|
|
.
|
\
|
= (5.15)
If it is assumed that the surface of the ground is an isothermal and the ground is homogeneous, the
thermal resistance of soil layers can be given by the imperical formula
W / m C
d
l 4
ln
2
g
S
o s e
e
|
.
|
\
|
= (5.16)
Finally, the total thermal resistance of the different cable layers and ground is obtained as
+ + =
e m is
S S S S (5.17)
Table 5.2 shows the thermal resitivity of typical materials that are used in cable manufacturing and
installation, while Table 5.3 shows the thermal resitivity of soil under different weathering
conditions.
5.9 Thermal Characteristics and Current Rating of Power Cables
187
Table 5.2 Thermal Resistivity of the Different Materials
that are used in Cable Manufacturing and Installation
Material
Thermal Resitivity
in
o
C m/W
Insulation
OIP 5.5 ~ 6.5
PVC
s 3-kV 5.0
> 3-kV 6.0
EPR
s 3-kV 3.5
> 3-kV 5.0
PE & XLPE 3.5
Natural rubber 5.0
External
Covering
Jute and Textile Materials 6.0
PVC
s 35-kV 5.0
> 35-kV 6.0
Ducts
Armoured concrete 1.0
Fiber 4.8
PVC 7.0
Table 5.3 Thermal Resistivity of Soil
Thermal Resitivity g
e
in
o
C m/W
Soil Condition Weathering
Conditions
0.7 Very wet Always humid
1.0 Wet Rains fall regularly
2.0 Dry Rains fall very rare
3.0 Very Dry No rains normally
Example 5.3:
A 10-km long single-core cable has a core made of stranded copper wires specified as
150 mm
2
(37 strands with 2.25 mm diam/strand). The cable is insulated with OIP
insulation (c
r
= 3.5) to a radial thickness of 25 mm. The cable has the following
specifications:
Core resistivity = 2.9810
-8
Ohm.m with skin factor as 7% and sheath effect
with armour as 13%.
Insulation resistivity = 510
9
Ohm.m
Thermal resitivity of insulation = 5.5 m
o
C/W
Thermal resitivity of ground = 2.5 m
o
C/W
Soil temperature = 15
o
C
Recommended cable temperature = 85
o
C
Chapter 5: Underground Power Cables
188
Determine:
i) The cable rated current if the cable is burried directly in ground to a depth of
0.75 m.
ii) The no-load power factor and the dielectric losses if the cable is used in three-
phase 66-kV subtransmission system.
Solution 5.3:
DC resistance of cable m / 10 987 . 1
10 150
10 98 . 2
A
0 . 1
R
4
6
8
cu
dc
O =
AC resistance of cable m / 10 384 . 2 2 . 1 R R
4
dc ac
O = =
The stranded core conductor is arranged in three layers (1 + 6 + 12 + 18) with outer
diameter d
c
as 7 2.25 = 15.75 mm
Diameter over insulation layers d
is
= 15.75 + 225 = 65.75 mm
Overall diameter of cable d ~ d
is
(by neglecting outer servicing layer thickness)
Sum of thermal resistances |
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= + =
d
l 4
ln
2
g
d
d
ln
2
g
S S S
s e
c
is is
e is
W / C m 77 . 2
75 . 65
750 4
ln
2
5 . 2
75 . 15
75 . 65
ln
2
5 . 5
S S S
o
e is
= |
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
= + =
A 6 . 325 I : current rated Cable
77 . 2 10 384 . 2 I 1 15 85
S R I n T
4 2
ac
2
=
=
=
A
Dielectric resistance
O =
|
.
|
\
|
= =
5
9
in
in
10 137 . 1
75 . 15
75 . 65
ln
10000 2
10 5
r
R
ln
L 2
R
Capacitance of conductor core-to-neutral
) F ( 10 362 . 1 10 10
2 / 75 . 15
2 / 75 . 65
ln
5 . 3 055 . 0
km / F
r
R
ln
005 . 0
C
6 6 r
N
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
Loss angle
o
5 6
1
in N
1
18 . 1
10 137 . 1 10 362 . 1 50 2
1
tan
R C
1
tan =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
e
o
No-load power factor %) 2 or ( 02 . 0 ) 18 . 1 90 cos( cos
o
= =
Dielectric power losses = ) W ( 10 3 . 38
10 137 . 1
10 3
R
V 3
3
5
2
3
3
66
in
2
ph
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
5.9 Thermal Characteristics and Current Rating of Power Cables
189
5.9.1 Cable Ampacity
Cable ampacity (or current carrying capacity) is defined as the continuous
maximum current the cable can carry at its maximum operating temperature. The
calculation of cable ampacity is a complicated problem and always provided by cable
manufacturers as data in the technical information tables. The given data of cable
ampacities are based on specified installation conditions. If the installation conditions
are not specified, then designer engineer has to follow the standard installations
conditions in cable ampacities calculations.
5.9.2 Standard Cable Installation Conditions
Standard installation conditions for cables that are installed in free air includes:
i) Ambient air temperature is 25
o
C for transmission and distribution cables, 30
o
C
for indoor wiring and 35
o
C for wiring installations in ships. .
ii) Minimum distance between cable and wall is 20 mm.
iii) Minimum distance between the cable and neighbouring one is 150 cm.
iv) Cable is isolated from direct sun rays.
While the standard installation conditions for cables that are directly burried in ground
includes:
a) Soil temperature is 15
o
C.
b) Thermal resistivity of soil is 1.2
o
C m/W.
c) Minimum distance between the cable and neighbouring one is 1.8 m.
d) Burried depth is 0.5 m for 1-kV cables and 0.8 m for cables higher than 1-kV.
5.9.3 Cable Ampacity and Derating Factors
In the technical information tables that are prepared by cable manufacturers the
cable conductor current carrying capacity (or cable ampacity) is calculated either under
specified installation conditions or it follows the standard ones mentioned in section
5.9.1. In Tables 5.4 through 5.9 the following installation conditions that fit Alexandria
Mediterranean weathering conditions are:
a) Ambient temperature = 40
o
C.
b) Ground temperature = 35
o
C.
c) Ground thermal resitivity = 120
o
C m/W.
Chapter 5: Underground Power Cables
190
Table 5.4- Ground temperature derating factor
Ground temperature
o
C 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
PVC cables rated 70
o
C 1.13 1.07 1.00 0.93 0.85 0.76 0.65
XLPE cables rated 90
o
C 1.09 1.04 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80
Table 5.5- Air temperature derating factor
Air temperature
o
C 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
PVC cables rated 70
o
C 1.22 1.15 1.08 1.00 0.95 0.82 0.71
XLPE cables rated 90
o
C 1.09 1.04 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.89 0.84
Table 5.6- Burial depth derating factor
Depth laying (m) Cable cross-section
Up to 70mm
2
95 Up to 240mm
2
300mm
2
& above
0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.60 0.99 0.98 0.97
0.80 0.97 0.96 0.94
1.00 0.95 0.93 0.92
1.25 0.94 0.92 0.89
1.50 0.93 0.90 0.87
1.75 0.92 0.89 0.86
2.00 0.91 0.88 0.85
Table 5.7- Trefoil or flat formation derating factor for three single core cables
laid direct in ground
Number of
Circuits
Touching Spacing = 0.15 m Spacing = 0.30 m
Trefoil Flat Trefoil Flat Trefoil Flat
2 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.91
3 0.66 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.83
4 0.60 0.63 0.68 0.71 0.74 0.77
5 0.56 0.59 0.64 0.67 0.72 0.75
6 0.53 0.57 0.61 0.64 0.70 0.73
5.9 Thermal Characteristics and Current Rating of Power Cables
191
Table 5.8- Trefoil or flat formation derating factor for multi-core cables
laid direct in ground
Number of
Circuits
Touching Spacing = 0.15 m Spacing = 0.30 m
Trefoil Flat Trefoil Flat Trefoil Flat
2 0.81 0.81 0.87 0.87 0.91 0.91
3 0.69 0.70 0.76 0.78 0.82 0.84
4 0.62 0.63 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.81
5 0.58 0.60 0.66 0.70 0.73 0.78
6 0.54 0.56 0.63 0.67 0.70 0.76
Table 5.9- Soil resistivity derating factor
Soil thermal resistivity in
o
C.cm/W
80 90 100 120 150 200 250
Derating factor 1.17 1.12 1.07 1.00 0.91 0.80 0.73
Example 5.4:
Wiring design and installation for an industrial plant requires the use of four 0.6/1
(1.2) kV multi-core cables with stranded copper conductors, XLPE insulated, steel
wire armoured and PVC sheathed to feed a total load of 800-A . Installations
conditions are
Cables are laid directly in ground at depth of 1.25-m.
Cables are laid in trenches with flat configurations of spacing 30 cm.
Soil temperature = 40
o
C.
Soil type condition is very dry with rarely falling rains.
Using the technical information tables 5.4 through 5.9 to calculate:
i) The augmented derating factor under practical installation conditions of cable
circuits.
ii) Cable ampacity and corresponding nominal cross-sectional area under practical
installation conditions of cable circuits.
Solution 5.4:
Nominal copper conductor cross-sectional area for a current ampacity of 200-A per
cable circuit under specified installation conditions by the manufacturer =
370+35mm
2
.
Derating factor (K
1
) @ soil temperature of 40
o
C for XLPE cable using Table 5.4 =
0.95.
Chapter 5: Underground Power Cables
192
Derating factor (K
2
) for 1.25 mm depth of burial and nominal cross-sectiona area up to
70 mm
2
using Table 5.6 = 0.94.
Derating factor (K
3
) for thermal resistivity of 200
o
C cm/W (very dry soil with rarely
falling rains) using Table 5.9 = 0.8.
Derating factor (K
4
) for multi-core cable grouping in four circuits using flat formation
with 0.3 m spacing as indicated in Table-7 = 0.81.
Augmented derating factor is then equals:
5787 . 0 81 . 0 8 . 0 94 . 0 95 . 0 K K K K K
4 3 2 1
= = =
Cable Ampacity = A 6 . 345
5787 . 0
200
=
Nominal cross-sectional area under practical installation conditions of cable circuits is
3 185 + 95 mm
2
.
5.9.4 Cable Short Circuit Capacity
The wiring design and installation of cable circuits requires an adequate selction of
the nominal cross-sectional area based on:
i) Continuous current loading under practical installation conditions of cable
circuits.
ii) Cable short-circuit capacity at duration starts from short-circuit instant until
complete interruption by automatic circuit-breakers.
Cable insulations among other cable layers that are affected much with heat dissipation
during short-circuit, where the maximum recommended temperature u
max
not to exceed
160
o
C for PVC-insulation, 250
o
C for XLPE-insulation and 250
o
C for OIP insulation.
The maximum short-circuit current period (T) in seconds changes in an inverse
relationship to the cable r.m.s short circuit capacity (I
sc
) in amperes as shown in the
following imperical formula:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
ln
T
S
I
o
max
2 2
2
sc
(5.18)
S is the nominal cross-sectional area of core conductor in mm
2
u
o
is the recommended cable temperature for continuous operation (70
o
C for PVC-
insulation, 90
o
C for XLPE-insulation and 60
o
C for solid-type OIP insulation
o & | are constants depending upon materials of core conductor and metallic sheath layer
(as indicated in Table 5.10 below)
5.9 Thermal Characteristics and Current Rating of Power Cables
193
Table 5.10 Values for o and | constants in eq.5.18
Material o |
Copper 226 234.5
Aluminum 148 228
Lead 32 230
Steel 78 202
It is recommended to select an adequate nominal cross-sectional area of core
conductor to carry short-circuit current less than short-circuit current capacity during 1
or 3 seconds standard interrupting duration to release the short-circuited cable length.
Example 5.5:
If the selected cable of Example 5.4 is installed as main feeder in an industrial
distribution power system network. The cable is susceptible to maximum three phase-
to-ground short circuit of 30 kA. Check that the selected cable size (3 185 + 95 mm
2
)
can withstand the short circuit current. Comment on result.
Solution 5.4:
For 1 sec interrupting time, the cable short circuit capacity is calculated as
kA 47 . 26 I
5 . 234 90
5 . 234 250
ln
1
185 226
ln
T
S
I
sc
2 2
o
max
2 2
2
sc
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
| u
| u o
The cable size cannot withstand the maximum short circuit current of 30 kA.
The short-circuit capacity of the cable can be increased by increasing the cable size.
Selecting higher cable size 3 240 + 120 mm
2
of then the cable short circuit capacity is
kA 34 . 34 I
185
240
47 . 26
I
kA I
5 . 234 90
5 . 234 250
ln
1
185 226
ln
T
S
I
sc
yields
sc
sc
2 2
o
max
2 2
2
sc
= =
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
| u
| u o
This can withstand the maximum short circuit current of 30 kA.
Chapter 5: Underground Power Cables
194
5.10 ASSIGNMENT OF CHAPTER-5
P5.1 What is the main difference between non-shielded and shielded type cables?
Draw a schematic cross-section in a shielded type cable and state the functional
operation of each layer. What are the functional operations of metallic armoring
and non-metallic jacket layers in power cables?
P5.2 Why the non-shielded type cables are limited in use for low-voltage networks?
P5.3 State the different types of polymeric type insulations that are used in power
cables. Make a comparison between these types of power cables. The
comparison should include recommended continuous working temperature,
dielectric strength, mechanical and electrical properties at high temperatures
during short-circuit faults, flexibility for installations, and fields of practical use.
P5.4 An XLPE single-core, 3 km long UGC is used as a single-phase in a three phase
220 kV, 50 Hz power system, has the following data:
- Copper core: 600 mm
2
(127 strands/2.25 mm).
- Dielectric constant of XLPE insulation = 2.25.
- Maximum working electric stress = 15 kV/mm.
Calculate:
(iii) Insulation thickness.
(iv) Electric stress at conductor surface when a surge voltage of 1000-kV peak is
applied and energy dissipation if the insulation breaks down at that voltage.
P5.5 Give reasons for the followings:
(i) Use of separate lead screening layers for three-core high-voltage OIP power cables.
(ii) Use of steel armoring layers for power cables that are directly buried in ground.
(iii) Use of conductor and insulation shield layers beddings under and above
XLPE or EPR insulation layers.
P5.6 An XLPE single-core, 11 km long UGC is used as a single-phase in a three
phase 400 kV, 50 Hz power system, has the following data:
- Copper core: 600 mm
2
(127 strands (6-layers)/2.25 mm per strand).
- Dielectric constant of XLPE insulation = 2.25.
Calculate:
(i) The insulation thickness for maximum working electric stress of 15 kV/mm.
(ii) The dielectric power loss for no-load power factor of 2%.
P5.7 Show how to decrease the sheath and intersheath power loss for high-voltage
three-phase single core cables?
5.10 Assignment of Chapter-5
195
P5.8 A 66 kV, 50 Hz, and 50 km long lead-sheathed SL-cable is insulated with oil-
impregnated paper (c
r
= 3.5) to a radial thickness of 10 mm and the cable is
armored with steel band. The lead sheath over electrical insulation is 3-mm
thickness, the outer jacket over the sheath is 3-mm thick and the armour is 2-
mm thick.
The cable has the following specifications:
- Aluminum conductor: 400 mm
2
(61 strands/2.89 mm).
- Overall diameter = 55 mm.
- DC-aluminum resistivity as 0.030310
-6
O.mm
2
/m with skin effect factor
as 7% and the sheath effect with armor as 13%.
- Insulation resistivity = 1.3410
10
O.m.
- Thermal resistivitie of impregnated-paper insulation is 5.5
o
C.m/W and that
of outer insulation, armouring and PVC jacket is 6
o
C m/W and that of
ground is 1.3
o
C.m/W.
- Ground temperature = 15
o
C.
- Recommended cable temperature = 65
o
C.
- The cable is directly buried at a depth of 1 m with derating factor as 0.92
and laid side by side with a similar one at group derating factor of 0.8.
Determine the following:
(i) The cable rated current.
(ii) The no-load power factor and the dielectric losses.
(iii) Charging kVAR of the cable.
(iv) Electric stresses at in kV/mm.
(v) Electric stress at conductor surface when a surge voltage of 1000-kV peak
is applied and energy dissipation if the insulation breaks down at that
voltage.
P5.9 A 11 kV, 3-core, 5 km long copper 240 mm
2
(61/2.24 mm) power cable. The
PVC insulation has a thickness of 7 mm and the aluminum sheath over
electrical insulation is 3 mm in thickness and having a relative permittivity of
2.26. The outer jacket over the sheath is 3 mm thick and the armor is 2 mm
thick. Determine:
(i) The AC core resistance at recommended cable temperature of 70
o
C if the DC-
aluminum resistivity at 20
o
C as 0.030310
-6
O.mm
2
/m with skin and armor effect
factor as 20%. Temperature coefficient of electric resistance for aluminum is
o.00403 per
o
C.
(ii) The electric sress at conductor surface and at outer shell of the insulation.