2002-CE HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY

CHEM
HONG KONG CERTIFICATE OF EDUCATION EXAMINATION 2002
PA P E R 1

CHEMISTRY PAPER 1

8.30 am – 10.00 am (1½ hours)

This paper must be answered in English

1. There are TWO sections in this paper, Section A and Section B.

2. Answer ALL questions in Section A and any THREE questions in

Section B.

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2002-CE-CHEM 1–1
Section A (Answer ALL questions.)

1. Both ammonium dihydrogenphosphate and ammonium sulphate are

nitrogenous fertilizers.

(a) Why is nitrogen essential for plant growth ?

(b) List all the elements in ammonium dihydrogenphosphate.

(c) (i) Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in

ammonium sulphate.

(ii) The use of ammonium sulphate as a fertilizer adds acidity

to the soil. If the soil is too acidic, it is not suitable for
plant growth. Suggest ONE substance that is commonly
used by farmers to reduce soil acidity. Explain your
answer.

(Relative atomic masses : H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0, S = 32.0)

(6 marks)

2. For each of the following experiments, state an expected observation and

write a chemical equation for the reaction involved.

(a) A magnesium ribbon is placed in a Bunsen flame.

(b) Excess iron(II) sulphate solution is added to an acidified potassium

permanganate solution.

(c) Chlorine gas is bubbled into a sodium bromide solution.

(6 marks)

2002-CE-CHEM 1-2 –1–

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3. Consider the substances listed below:

ammonia, manganese(IV) oxide, potassium hydroxide,

sodium benzoate, sodium dichromate, sodium nitrite

(a) Which substance is used to preserve bacon ? State how it works.

(b) Which substance is used in zinc-carbon cells ? State its function.

(c) Which substance is used in breathalysers to detect the presence of

ethanol in the breath of suspected drunk drivers ? State the
expected observation in the breathalyser if a positive result is
obtained.
(6 marks)

For questions 4 and 5, candidates are required to give paragraph-

length answers. For each of these two questions, 3 of the marks
will be awarded for effective communication of knowledge in
chemistry.

4. Using the electrolysis of copper(II) chloride solution as an example, briefly

discuss the factors affecting the discharge of ions in electrolysis.
(9 marks)

5. Using alkenes as an example, describe the characteristics of members of a

homologous series.
(9 marks)

End of Section A

2002-CE-CHEM 1-3 –2– Go on to the next page

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Section B (Answer any THREE questions.)

6. (a) Magnesium can be extracted from sea water which contains

magnesium ions. The extraction of magnesium from sea water
involves three stages:

Stage 1 : Add slaked lime to sea water to precipitate magnesium

ions as magnesium hydroxide.

Stage 2 : Heat the magnesium hydroxide obtained in a stream of

hydrogen chloride gas to give magnesium chloride.

Stage 3 : Extract magnesium by electrolysis of the molten

magnesium chloride.

(i) What substance is mainly present in slaked lime ?

(ii) Write a chemical equation, with state symbols, for the

reaction in Stage 2.

(iii) Explain why molten magnesium chloride can conduct

electricity.

(iv) One major use of magnesium is to make aluminium

alloys. Name ONE such alloy which is used to make
aircraft.
(5 marks)

(b) Magnesium occurs naturally in three isotopic forms. The relative

abundance of each isotope is shown in the table below:

24 25 26
Isotope Mg Mg Mg

Relative abundance (%) 78.6 10.1 11.3

(i) State the meaning of the term ‘isotopes of an element’.

(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of magnesium.

(iii) Is it possible to separate the isotopes of magnesium by

chemical means ? Explain your answer.
(4 marks)

2002-CE-CHEM 1-4 –3–

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6. (c) Ethyl ethanoate is an ester. It can be prepared by heating a mixture
of ethanoic acid and ethanol under reflux in the presence of a
catalyst.

(i) What is the catalyst used in the preparation ?

(ii) Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up used for heating the
mixture under reflux.

(iii) Ethyl ethanoate is commonly used as a solvent. Explain

why ethyl ethanoate can dissolve iodine but cannot
dissolve sodium iodide.

(iv) Which ONE of following hazard warning labels should be

displayed on a bottle of ethyl ethanoate ?

A B C D

(v) Draw the structure of another ester which has the same
molecular formula as ethyl ethanoate, and give its
systematic name.
(9 marks)

2002-CE-CHEM 1-5 –4– Go on to the next page

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7. (a) Calcite is a mineral which contains mainly calcium carbonate. An
experiment, consisting of the following five stages, was conducted
to determine the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in a
sample of calcite.

Stage 1 : Weigh the sample. Add dilute nitric acid to it until the
acid is in excess.
Stage 2 : Filter the mixture obtained in Stage 1 to remove any
undissolved solid.
Stage 3 : Add excess sodium sulphate solution to the filtrate to
precipitate out calcium sulphate.
Stage 4 : Collect the calcium sulphate precipitate and wash it with
distilled water.
Stage 5 : Allow the calcium sulphate to dry and weigh it.

(i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction of calcium

carbonate with dilute nitric acid. Suggest how one can
know that excess acid has been added in Stage 1.

(ii) Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up used in the filtration

process in Stage 2.

(iii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in Stage 3.

(iv) Explain why it is necessary to wash the precipitate with

distilled water in Stage 4.

(v) The results obtained in the experiment are listed below:

mass of the calcite sample = 7.98 g

mass of the calcium sulphate obtained = 10.52 g

(1) Calculate the percentage by mass of calcium

carbonate in the sample of calcite.

(2) State ONE assumption in the calculation.

(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, S = 32.0, Ca = 40.0)

(10 marks)

2002-CE-CHEM 1-6 –5–

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7. (b) Chlorine bleach can be made by reacting chlorine with sodium
hydroxide solution.

(i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction.

(ii) The reaction is known to be a redox. State whether

chlorine acts as an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent or
both. Explain your answer in terms of the change in
oxidation number.

(iii) Apart from being used as a bleach, suggest ONE other use
of chlorine.
(5 marks)

(c) Ammonia was once used to detect the leakage of chlorine in

chemical plants. If there was a leakage, white fumes would be
observed. The word equation below represents the reaction of
chlorine with ammonia :

chlorine + ammonia → ammonium chloride + nitrogen

(i) Transcribe the word equation into a chemical equation.

(ii) Suggest what the white fumes might have been.

(3 marks)

2002-CE-CHEM 1-7 –6– Go on to the next page

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8. (a) Sulphur dioxide is formed when coal is burnt in a power station.

(i) The coal used in the power station contains 1.5% of

sulphur by mass. Calculate the volume of sulphur dioxide
released, measured at room temperature and pressure,
when 1.0 kg of the coal is burnt.

(You may assume that all the sulphur in coal is converted

to sulphur dioxide upon burning.)

(ii) State ONE environmental problem associated with the

emission of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere.

(iii) Suggest ONE measure to reduce the emission of sulphur

dioxide from the power station.

(iv) Particulates are also present in the flue gas generated in

the power station.

(1) State ONE environmental problem associated

with the discharge of particulates into the
atmosphere.

(2) Suggest ONE way to remove particulates from

the flue gas.

(Relative atomic masses : O = 16.0, S = 32.0;

molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24 dm3)
(7 marks)

2002-CE-CHEM 1-8 –7–

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8. (b) Both carbon and silicon are Group IV elements in the Periodic
Table.

(i) Draw the electronic diagram of a carbon dioxide

molecule, showing electrons in the outermost shells only.

(ii) Explain why carbon dioxide can be used in fire fighting.

(iii) Explain why carbon dioxide is a gas, whereas silicon

dioxide is a solid at room temperature and pressure.

(iv) Silicon can be obtained by heating silicon dioxide with

carbon strongly.

(1) Write a chemical equation for the reaction

involved.

(2) Suggest ONE use of silicon.

(8 marks)

(c) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a polymer which is commonly

used in making plastic bottles for fizzy drinks. PET has the
following repeating unit :

O O
C C OCH2CH2O

(i) PET is formed by condensation polymerization. What is

meant by the term ‘condensation polymerization’ ?

(ii) PET is a polyester formed from two monomers. Draw the

structures of the monomers.
(3 marks)

2002-CE-CHEM 1-9 –8– Go on to the next page

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 9. (a) Ammonia is a weak alkali. It is used as an active ingredient in
domestic glass cleaners.

(i) (1) Write a chemical equation to represent the

ionization of ammonia in water.

(2) Explain why an alkaline solution can help

remove oily dirt on glass.

(ii) Suggest, with explanation, a precaution necessary when

using such glass cleaners.
(4 marks)

(b) In an experiment to determine the concentration of ammonia in a

sample of glass cleaner, 25.0 cm3 of the sample was diluted to
250.0 cm3 in a volumetric flask. 25.0 cm3 of the diluted sample
was transferred to a conical flask and was then titrated against
0.23 M hydrochloric acid. 28.7 cm3 of the acid was required to
reach the end-point.

(i) State the liquid that should be used to rinse the following
pieces of apparatus used in this experiment.

(1) volumetric flask

(2) conical flask

(ii) Name the apparatus that should be used to transfer

25.0 cm3 of the diluted sample to the conical flask.

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of ammonia in

the sample of glass cleaner.

(You may assume that ammonia is the only substance in

the sample that reacts with hydrochloric acid.)
(6 marks)

2002-CE-CHEM 1-10 –9–

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9. (c) A student used the set-up shown below to conduct a microscale
experiment on electrolysis.

d.c. supply
– +

carbon rod A carbon rod B

microscope
slide a drop of aqueous sodium
sulphate solution with
some universal indicator

(i) (1) The initial colour of the drop shown above was
green. State the colour change of the liquid
around carbon rod A after a current was passed
through the circuit for some time. Explain your
answer with the help of a half equation.

(2) A gas was liberated at carbon rod B. What was

the gas ? Explain its formation.

(ii) Some objects readily available in daily life contain carbon

rods which can be used in this experiment. Suggest ONE
such object.

(iii) The use of microscale experiments in studying chemistry

is becoming more popular nowadays. Suggest TWO
advantages of carrying out experiments in microscale.
(8 marks)

END OF PAPER

2002-CE-CHEM 1-11 – 10 –
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2002

Chemistry 1

Section A

1. (c) (i) 21.2

Section B

6. (b) (ii) 24.3

7. (a) (v) (1) 97.0

8. (a) (i) 11.25 dm3

9. (b) (iii) 2.64

2002-CE-CHEM 1-12 – 11 –
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