Field study report on Wajaale Hargeisa and Berbera

By Mohamed Said Abdulla Student Reg. NO: 00113 A report submitted at the end of year Two and representing Exam II in the second semester

Sheikh Technical Veterinary School Sheikh, Somaliland June/2011

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Dedication

Dedicated to my mother who is my best friend kept me honest and enthused and makes it all worthwhile.

Acknowledgment

I am overwhelmed with pleasure and proud to express my deep sense of gratitude to my field supervisors; Dr. Hassan Isak, Dr Yusuf Adam Jama and Ahmed Ismail ,Veterinary doctors in Wajaale , Hargiesa and Berbera respectively for their guidance, constructive criticism, valuable suggestions and continuous encouragement during my field work. Especial thanks to Mr. Saeed Aw Abdi and Mr.Martinde Thomas for their support and encouragement, their comments and insights greatly assisted in the development of this report. I record my cordial thanks to Dr.Nuh Hajji Abdi, STVS head of department of basic veterinary science, for encouragement and input into my Report preparation.

I express my heartily thanks to all veterinary doctors in Wajaale district, Wajaale cattle owners and all community in Wajaale district for their cooperation and assistance during vaccinating and medicating animals.

TABLE OF CONTENTS NO Title /sub title /sub-sub title SECTION I

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Page

Introduction Background information Objectives Methodologies Field outputs SECTION II: presentation and Discussion of Field activities

1 1

2.0 2.1. 2.1.1.1 2.1.1.2 2.1.4 2.2 2.21 2.2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4.1

Introduction Wajaale livestock market Main features in Wajaale Livestock Market Price of animals in Wajaale livestock market Livestock demand and supply Challenges facing Wajaale livestock market FMD vaccination Program in Somaliland Vaccinating cattle from FMD in Wajaale livestock market Animal certification in Wajaale Treatment of animals in Wajaale Hargiesa Livestock Market
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2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.5.6 2.5.7 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5 2.6.6 2.6.7 2.7

Price of different animals and factor determine Market infrastructure Price of different animals and factor determine Inspection of animals ) Market actors and Market structure Milk handling in the market Hargiesa milk Market (Gobanimo Sources of milk in Hargiesa milk Market (Gobanimo Hargiesa milk market actors Milk supply and price Role of women In Hargiesa milk market Opportunities of milk and milk marketing Challenges facing by Hargiesa milk market Maandeeq Hargiesa Slaughter House Set up of the Slaughter House Slaughter House Capacity Slaughtering Process Transportation and meat distribution Hygiene and Sanitation of the Slaughter House Inspection Procedures in the Maandeeq Hargiesa Slaughter House Animal welfare concern Berbera Livestock Quarantine and Inspection Centre

2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7.2.1 2.7.2.2

Infrastructure of Berbera Livestock Quarantine Facility Laboratory Department of Serology Department of Bacteriology SECTION III: Conclusions ,Recommendations and Lessons learnt

2.8 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3

Introduction Conclusions Recommendations Lessons learnt References Annexes

List of Tables and Figures TABLE 1 2 3 4 5 TITLE Price of Cattle in Wajaale Livestock market Vaccination of animals in Wajaale Animals treated in Wajaale Price of Camels in Hargiesa Livestock market Types of Milk and their Price PAGE 6 8 10 12 15

FIGURE 1 2 3 4 5 6

TITLE Map of the study areas Price of sheep and goat in Hargiesa livestock market Price of cattle in Hargiesa Livestock market Hargiesa Livestock market structures Hargiesa Milk market Structure Slaughtering prices in Maandeeq Slaughter House

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List of Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclature

GDP NGOs STVS LEISOM AU-IBAR EU Sh/SL FMD SAHSP Kg Elisa PPR

Gross Domestic product Non Governmental organizations Sheikh Technical Veterinary School Livestock Emergency Intervention to Mitigate Food Crisis in Somalia African Union Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources European Union Shilling Somaliland Foot and Mouth Disease Somali Animal Health Service Program Kilogram Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Peste des Petits Ruminants

SECTION I 1.0 Introduction

This section entails the background of the study by giving a brief history about status of livestock in Somaliland generally, background to the study areas, objectives of the study and the methodologies used.

1.1 Background information

Background to the study The livestock sector is the backbone of the Somali economy and provides the main source of livelihoods, engaging about 55 per cent of the population of Somaliland in livestock production as; source of food, cash income and capital asset. Livestock exports contribute greatly to family cash income, create employment, reduce, enhance national GDP and increased foreign currency earnings. Livestock production is closely linked to commercial and export-oriented processing marketing structures without which, the full potential of livestock trade in contributing to increased incomes and greater food security cannot be realized. As, currently, Somalia/Somaliland lacks comprehensive frameworks for disease control, natural resource rehabilitation and drought/disaster management. Despite these constraints, several millions of animals are exported from Somaliland each year. Livestock accounts for about 60% of employment opportunities and also generates about 40% of the GDP and 80% of the foreign currency earnings. To bolster food security and national economy, there is a need to engage in concerted efforts to mitigate the constraints affecting livestock production.

Somaliland government with the collaboration of international livestock NGOs and organizations has put an effort to solve some of these problems so as to promote livestock production and encourage investment on sector. Some of important areas or tasks in which government with the collaboration of international donors and NGOs has done a successful work include rehabilitation of Somaliland veterinary board , building
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new slaughter houses at urban areas , Berbera quarantine station and certification procedure , vaccination campaigns, rehabilitation Hargiesa and Tog-Wajaale livestock markets . of big livestock markets like

A regional training veterinary school, Sheikh Technical Veterinary School and Reference Centre (STVS), was established in the year 2005. It is the only medical or veterinary training institution in the region. The aim is to train a new generation of veterinary personnel on a curriculum that is well-suited to address the specific livestock production issues of the arid and semi-arid lands of the Horn of Africa and support the sustainable development of the livestock industry in the region. STVS is an institution based on learning by doing and practical activities therefore at the end of each academic year, second year students are assigned to a field work after finishing two years of clinical studies to apply the learned skills as well as to improve skills in collecting and processing data in livestock sector as well as reporting. On 29/05/2011 STVS second year students composed of thirty one members have entertained the fulfillment of this accumulated activity, the learners were equipped with protective aprons, long boots, gloves, disinfectants, first aid and post mortem kits and drugs like Albendazole and antibiotic injections. The attached areas were Hargiesa, Berbera and Wajaale. The activities were concluded on 13/06/2011 by operating about a week in each study area. Background of the study areas The three areas of study have a strong livestock resource base consisting thousands of animals as well as different facilities on operation.
Berbera

Hargiesa Wajaale

Fig 1: Map of the study areas (www wordlplaces.net)

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Wajaale district
Tog Wajaale (also known as Tog-Wajaale) is a hub city situated on the border between Ethiopia and Somaliland. The district is not so large it has an area of 4km2 with population above 20,000 persons. It lies in the valley of Oogo high land which receives large amount of rain and characterized by cold and windy climate, the temperature ranges between 11and 300C. It is very busy city that links the two countries. All imports destined to Ethiopia from major port of Berbera go through this strategic border city. The custom offices located here collect tax revenue for the National government through the central bank of the district in Gabiley, which is now becoming the largest source of revenue for the Somaliland government.

The district has a suitable soil for the agriculture; several types of food are produced like maize, sorghum, beans, onion and watermelon. Although there is available electricity unfortunately there is no suitable water supply, the water is taken from large pools and shallows which are uncovered and exposed for contamination. In Wajaale the most species reared are cattle but it is subsistence for families lives instead of commercial purpose. The exporting cattle from the region (Gebilay) and its neighbors are inspected and vaccinated in wajaale district.

Hargiesa
Is a city in the northwestern region of Somaliland and it is the capital city of Somaliland. Hargiesa is the largest city in the Somaliland region and the second largest city in Somalia after Mogadishu. Hargiesa is located in a valley in the western section of the country; the city is in a mountain area because it is situated in an enclosed valley of the Galgodan (OGO) highlands at the elevation of 1,334 meter (4377 ft) above the sea level.
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This attitude gave Hargiesa and the surrounding area a milder climate than the Gulf of Aden costal area (one of the hottest areas on the earth) .the Hargiesa region has a fairly equable climate. The temperature ranges between 13 and 32 degree Celsius (55 and 89 Fahrenheit).

Berbera:
Berbera is the main port of Somaliland and the center of Sahil region, it is situated the northern direction of the country and it is along the red sea of Gulf of Aden. The coastal belt is usually cold between the months of October and January while may to September is normally hot and windy weather condition, in the summertime (June - September) temperature rises up ward 45oC which causes residents to move during that season. The coastal belt around Berbera (Guban) is desert or semi-desert which receives rain ones or twice in the year. The economic sources of Berbera depend on the port activities which is the largest which is the largest income generation for the whole of the country. Thousands of livestock are exported every week from Berbera port to the Arabian countries like SaudiArabia, Qatar, Kuweit, Bahrein and Egypt.

1.2 Specific Objectives:

I. To identify the various livestock and livestock product facilities found in the attached areas , examine the structure and analyze the challenges faced by these facilities II. Identify the presence of sick animals through clinical examination ,treat sick animals and vaccinate animals for export III. Examine the procedures used in livestock inspection and certification in the areas visited. IV. Examine and explain the challenges faced by livestock stakeholders in all three areas of the study.

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1.3 Methodologies
1. Key informants interview: information was gathered from key informants including livestock producers, livestock traders, inspector personals, regional veterinary doctors and other pertinent persons who have deep knowledge about livestock sector. II. Observation /Examination: observation over different livestock facilities in the attached areas. III. Document Review and Secondary Data Collection: this includes reviewing of relevant materials such as reports available at ministry of livestock and other non-governmental organizations. Information and data pertinent to the objectives of the study will be collated from Published and unpublished sources

1.4 Field outputs

Field report including photos Activities carried out in the attached areas Lessons learnt

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SECTION II 2.0 Introduction

This section entails presentation and discussion of field activities. The section discusses activities performed in attached areas; namely Wajaale, Hargiesa and Berbera.

2.1 Activities carried out in Wajaale

Wajaale is an important source of Cattle exported from the region (Gebiley) and its neighbors. Veterinary activities including inspection, vaccination and treatment are common in Wajaale district. During four days visit in Wajaale, activities carried out include analyzing Wajaale livestock market, Vaccination of Cattle bulls for export, clinical examination and treatment of animals that were on question.

2.1.1 Wajaale Livestock Market

The market is located in the eastern side of Wajaale district. It is one of the largest livestock markets in Somaliland. The majority of cattle exported through Berbera port originates from this market. Wajaale is an important reference market for the key pastoral live hoods of the Somaliland- Ethiopian border. More than 75% of animals in the market are mainly cattle from different palaces in Ethiopia such as Babili, Jilacsani and Jigjiga. Allay-baday, Geed-baladh and Kalabaydh are also important sources of animals in the market. The animals in Wajaale livestock market are generally two categories: Animals for export those are mainly male cattle and they are taken by Livestock exporting companies to Arabian countries such as Yemen, Saudi Arabia and Oman. The other category is Slaughter stock those include both male and female and they are taken by individuals or butchers and slaughtered in the slaughter house for meat.

2.1.1.1 Main features in the Wajaale livestock market

Veterinary doctors and assistants in Wajaale livestock market there is one doctor and four assistants. They vaccinate animals for export, treat sick animals and perform antemortem inspection. Loading ramps and crush (refer to annexes): in the market there are two loading ramps and one cattle crush, for vaccinating bulls before export. Both the loading ramps and
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cattle crush are constructed under LEISOM project, implemented by Terra nova and funded by AU-IBAR with the collaboration with EU. Metallic shades: in the market there are two shades or cottages for keeping animals before they are vaccinated. The municipality provides sanitary and security to the market. It also carries out taxation of animals. It takes 5000 sh/sl for each cattle and 2000 sh/sl for small ruminants.

2.1.1.2 Prices of animals in Wajaale Livestock Market

Price of cattle; predominant animals in the market, varies according to age and body weight of the animals. In Wajaale livestock market animals are graded into four grades with different prices. The following table is illustrating the grades and the prices of the cattle in the Wajaale livestock market Table1: price of cattle in Wajaale livestock market. Grade Grade One Grade Two Grade Three Grade Four (Cajuul) Price in USD 756-800 480- 485 344-360 240 (Source: own data)

2.1.1.3 Livestock Demand and Supply

The supply of cattle in the market is high during the holly months of Ramadan and Arafo and the reason is that there is high livestock demand in Yemen and Saudi Arabia to which the animals are exported. The supply of small ruminants and camel in the Wajaale Livestock market in considerably very low compared to that of cattle because of less demand. The other reason is that livestock producers in this region mainly rear cattle and this explains why Wajaale livestock market is the leading market for cattle. Natural disasters such as droughts influence badly on supply of animals in the market as body

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condition of animals during droughts is not generally good and the susceptibility of diseases is high.

2.1.1.4 Challenges facing Wajaale Livestock Market

The shading facilities are not sufficient to host thousands of animals in the market Producers are likely to be some distance away from consumers they may also be highly depressed. Both conditions affect nature of the marketing and distribution process in the market Lack of properly organized livestock marketing channel and poor facilities Market uncertainty and vulnerability to external market shocks: crisis in Yemen in this year greatly reduced the demand of cattle in Yemen hence the supply in the market.

2.1.2 FMD vaccination program in Somaliland

FMD is an acute infectious viral disease which causes severe disease in animals. It spreads rapidly if uncontrolled. Vaccination is one of the procedures to control and prevent the disease. In Somaliland FMD is not common but there is FMD vaccination program in Wajaale. The numbers of animals vaccinated for the last four to five months are not same as previous months or years because of crisis in Yemen which greatly reduces the demand of cattle in Yemen. In Wajaale only exporting bulls are vaccinated from FMD due to request from Export Arabian countries especially Yemen. The vaccine is brought by the ministry of livestock with the help from SAHSP. The vaccine is an inactivated vaccine from Kenya and it is commercially known as FOTVIX (refer to annexes)

2.1.2.1 Vaccinating cattle from FMD in Wajaale

Before vaccination, inspection was carried out to identify if there is sick animals. Fortunately all cattle bulls were normal and this make sure they can be vaccinated. Animals are lined in the crush and they are performed on vaccination and ear tagging. Ear tagging is used to classify the vaccinated and UN vaccinated animals. More than 80

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bulls of cattle were vaccinated during two days visit t in Wajaale Livestock market. The recommended dose was 3ml for each cattle.
Table 2: Vaccination of animals in Wajaale

Date

Species

Sex

No animals

of Dosage rate

Route administration

of

30/05/2011 31/06/2011

Cattle Cattle

Male Male

45 55

3ml/animal 3ml/animal

Subcutaneous Subcutaneous

(Source: own data)

2.1.2.2 Animal certification in Wajaale

After inspection and vaccination activities, it is mandatory to clarify the animals were inspected. In Wajaale the vaccinated animals are attached with inspection form which declares that the animals are examined according to the veterinary laws and regulations of the republic of Somaliland, the certificate is confirmed that the animal did not show any signs of infectious disease and there were no reports of notified diseases in the area of origin of the animal, the statements of the certificate is signed by Gebilay region veterinary coordinator. After the attachment of the inspection form the animals are transported to Berbera port through Hargiesa city where is taken from the movement permit which is described that the animals were inspected and they can be moved from one region to another.

2.1.3 Treatment of animals in Wajaale

After clinical examination (refer to annexes) including case history it was concluded that most of animals are common in helmenthiasis because of poor body condition and diarrhea showed by some cattle. The environment in which animals where and the fresh grass in which animals feed all give strong support to suspect helmenthiasis. Most of animals were administered with Albendazole orally in a dosage rate of 14ml/50kg since it is very effective anti-helmenthic drug recommended for the treatment of different worms.
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Apart from Albendazole, ox tetracycline injections were used with animals that show nasal discharge, emaciation and coughing. Ox tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic and its recommended dosage is 1ml/10kg of body weight.
Table (3): Animals treated in Wajaale
Date Species Number animals 2/06/2011 Cattle 10 of Drug used Rate(ml/kg) Route

Albendazole

14ml/50kg

Oral and Oral and

Cattle

Albendazole & Ox 14ml/50kg tetracycline 1ml/10kg

intramuscular Respectively

Cattle

Ox tetracycline

14ml/50kg 1ml/25kg

and

Intramuscular

(Source: Own data)

2.2 Activities carried out in Hargiesa

In Hargiesa, rapid growth of population has led to high demand of livestock products and facilities. Investment on livestock sector based on Public Private Partnership is increasing in the city. The city has full operational Slaughter House, Livestock and Milk markets and Food processing industries. During field study in Hargiesa, activities carried out include analyzes on Hargiesa Livestock Market, Hargiesa Milk Market and Hargiesa Maandeeq Slaughter House. The structure, operational capacity, product marketing system and Challenges facing each facility was studied 2.2.1 Hargiesa Livestock Market Hargiesa livestock market is located in the south east of city. It is the second largest livestock market in Somaliland after Burao. Animals in the market include all types reared by Somali communities including Sheep, goats, Camels and Cattle. These
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animals are mainly two categories: animals for local consumption, locally known as DABAAX. The other category is animals for export, locally known as AHMI. Marketing each of the above specie occurs at specific site in the market. Animals in the market originate from different places including Gabiley, Sallaxlay, Balligubadle, Allaybaday and certain places in Ethiopia like Babili. 2.2.1.1 Market Infrastructure More than one thousand seven hundred animals are brought to the market every day which is too many to be accommodated by the market. The livestock marketing activities start from 6:00am and end around 5:00pm. Hargiesa livestock market has number of facilities including: Twelve shades made up of metallic roof. They are used for assembling animals, act as livestock selling points and provide shade for people in the market as well. Two loading rumps used for loading and unloading animals for trucks especially cattle. Veterinary office this office belongs to ministry of livestock. There are veterinary doctors and assistants in the office. The doctors inspect animals in the market. Through inspection they determine whether animals are fit for human consumption. They also determine whether animals for export are fit to be transported to the outside the country Veterinary officers also give warnings to livestock producers in the market for not to bring pregnant animals in the market. Municipality office the market has one municipal office which performs different activities including taxation of animals, collection of rubbish and security guard. In sheep and goats are taxed with 1000 sh/sl, the cattle are taxed with 4000 sh/sl per animal and the camel are taxed with5000 sh/sl.

2.2.1.2 Price of different Animals and factors determine

Different animal species in the market have different prices. According to body condition animals are divided into three grades, grade one being the most expensive.
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The price of animals is determined by many factors including body condition, demand and the season. When the demand is high like during Holly Ramadan and Hajj seasons, the price will increase
Fig 2: Price of Sheep and Goat Fig 3: Price of Cattle

(Source: own data)

Grades Grade 1. Grade 2. Grade 3, Price in dollars 800 $ 600 $ 450-500 $ Price of female ; Slaughter stock 615 $ 461 $ 300 $

Table 4: Price of Camel in Hargiesa Livestock Market (Source: Own data)

2.2.1.3 Inspection of animals in the market

During two days visit in Hargiesa livestock market, animals in the market especially those intended for local consumption were inspected. The procedures used for inspection include visual appraisal and palpation. Through inspection 90% of the animals were good in terms of body condition. The remaining ten percent were fair. Fortunately no diseased and emaciated animals were seen.

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2.2.1.4 Market actors and Market structure

There are different market actors or players in the Hargiesa Livestock Market. Different market actors have different roles. All these actors provide organized livestock marketing channel. As the distribution channel increase, the marketing cost increases hence the price of animals or animal products. The following are main actors in Hargiesa livestock Market: Producers they are mainly pastoralists , they bring animals to the market each day in search of opportunities to sell products Market place Brokers do offer the services including seeking a buyer, negotiating a price, providing sellers with reasonable guarantees for a fair price as well as providing buyers with a guarantee that the animal is healthy and not stolen. Interregional traders: these are people who buy either certain classes or certain age groups of animals on the order of exporters. These livestock collectors buy animals and bring them to the market. Traders: they are the final link of the chain between the producers and consumers. Consumers these are the final users of the product

Producers

Brokers

Local consumption

Interregional traders

Exporter traders

Butchers

Individual

Carcass

Live animals

Fig 4: Hargiesa Livestock Market structure

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2.2.2 Hargiesa Main Milk Market (Gobanimo)

In Somalia milk is one of the most important food- it is major source of protein and vitamins for the population. Apart from this, livestock farmers can achieve daily income -by selling milk, this in turn enables them to pay school fees for their children or to buy food. In many Somali regions it is too hot and dry, that only little fruits and vegetables can be grown. This makes the nutrient gained from milk even more important hence milk trade. In urban areas like Hargiesa milk demand is high which encourages milk business to become an important source of economic in many families in the city.

Hargiesa has many milk markets but the most important and largest market is GBONIMO milk market. GOBONIMO milk market is located on the northern side of the city. The market is highly crowded where hundreds of buyers and sellers meet each day. The main milk sold in the market is Camel and Cattle milk.

2.2.2.1 Milk Handling in the Market

Milk is sold in large halls with sufficient shades, this protects milk from sunlight. However, selling milk is stored in uncovered containers (refer to annexes) which are exposed for any kind of biological and physical hazards.

2.2.2.2 Sources of Milk

The Vehicles transport milk to the market from different areas including Qudhacaaburiin, Faraweyne, Gabilley, Baligudable, Allaybaday and Balligacas. The fresh milk traded in Hargiesa Milk market originates from these sources through two main supply routes, Fresh milk traded by producers (15-25%) and Fresh milk bought by wholesalers from rural producers (60-75%).

2.2.2.3 Hargiesa Milk Market Actors

Cattle and camel are the main sources of milk in Hargiesa and the surrounding rural areas. Milk producers include nomadic pastoralists as well as livestock farmers those keep some animals mainly Cattle outside the city. These farmers bring their products to the Hargiesa Milk market in search of opportunities to sell their products. There are also
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Wholesaler Milk vendors those buy and collect milk from producers at trading points than transport milk to Market. Depending on the involvement of the market intermediaries in the marketing of milk from producer to the consumer, the following channels were observed in the GOBONIMO Milk Market

Poducers

Small Milk traders

Retailers

Consumers

Fig5: the structure of Hargiesa main milk market 2.2.2.4 Milk Supply and Prices
The supply of milk in the market is influenced by certain factors such season and cultural beliefs. During summer time, an average of 700 liters of milk is sold by each seller in Hargiesa milk market. The quantity sold can increase seasons like spring where there are rains and animals are lactating. Traditionally Somalis didnt mainly consume milk from Sheep and this explains why it is less traded in the Main Hargiesa Milk Market. In Hargiesa Milk Market, milk is priced according to the demand of the consumers and supply of milk in the market. Cattle and Camel are highly consumed in Hargiesa and this makes their prices to be higher than others.

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Table 5: types of milk and their price

Milk type( fresh milk)

Price/milk cup(each cup is Price/liter 7500ml)

Camel milk Cattle milk Goat milk

3000 S/L shillings 3000 S/L shillings 1500 S/L shillings

4000 S/L shillings 4000 S/L shillings 2000 S/L shillings

(Source: own data)

2.2.2.5 Role of Women in Hargiesa Milk Market

The role of women in pastoral societies like Somalis becomes highly significant and vital to local economy. In Somalis milk is traditionally sold by women, they have control over milking, processing and marketing of milk. In Hargiesa Milk Market, Women are active players; they market milk products and manage incomes from milk marketing.

2.2.2.6 Opportunities of milk and milk marketing

The economic importance of livestock and livestock product has increasingly valuable development opportunities for the area, if the current situations possibly shifted to commercializing milk production while at the same time retaining the complementary role of sustaining soil fertility for sustainable livestock production. Given the considerable potential for smallholder income and employment generation from high value dairy products of pastoral Community in general and Hargiesa in particular, development of the dairy sector can have strong potential to contribute significantly to poverty alleviation and nutrition in the country. Besides it can provide income-earning opportunities for the poor milk collectors, milk processors and transporters in a sustainable manner.

2.2.2.7 Challenges Facing by Hargiesa Milk Market

The milk arrives at market in a poor condition as it is transported from distant areas by Lorries which are not well designed to carry this perishable product. Farmers use traditional methods of milking including Hand-Milking ,therefore, milk contamination is possible at all times
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Milk is transported with plastic cans which are difficult to sterilize .after milk arrives at market it is stored in uncovered vessels; exposing milk to environmental contaminants.

2.2.3 Maandeeq Hargiesa Slaughter House

Maandeeq Hargiesa slaughter house is located in the east ward of the city. It operates from 1:00pm up to 9:00pm. It is a semi modern slaughter house with all necessary facilities including sanitary facilities, slaughtering facilities, water and energy supplies. Hygiene, transportation and distribution of meat are sponsored by Mandeeq enterprise which is based on the principles of public private partnership (PPP). The enterprise takes incentives for the services it provides including Hygiene and transportation of carcass.

2.2.3.1 Set Up of the Slaughter House

Site of building for Slaughter House The Maandeeq Hargiesa Slaughter House is situated away from residential areas. It is located in an area where flooding is possible because a small river in near the Slaughter House. Size The slaughter House has an area of about 2km2. The area is sufficient according to slaughter facilities and number of animals killed in the Maandeeq Hargiesa Slaughter House Fencing To prevent access of unauthorized persons, dogs and other animals, fencing is erected around Slaughter House area. The fencing has contact with the ground at the lower edge and high enough to prevent access to the ground. Building /Facilities The floor is hard, smooth and impervious, sloping sufficiently towards a drain thus allowing cleaning with water. It is made up of concrete. Walls are made up of concrete. The concrete can be cleaned by water.

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Roofs are made of corrugated iron. The roofs protect and allow the slaughter process to be independent of the weather. It also provides shade and keeps down the internal temperature. Sanitary Facilities The Slaughter House has a number of sanitary facilities including Water Points (one tank), hoses, sterilizers for hand tools and other processing facilities. There are 10 toilets and one room for clothing exchange in the Slaughter house. Processing Tables and Hooks Only department of Sheep and Goats have thirty tables and Hooks. The tables are made of concrete while Hooks are made of iron. Camel and Cattle departments are open and they havent necessary facilities.

2.2.3.2 Slaughter House Capacity One thousand ant two hundred of Sheep, Goats, Cattle and Camels are splayed in the Slaughter House for only local consumption. The total number of permanent
personnel for the slaughterhouse is 95 and the other non-permanent personnel including Inspectors from ministry of livestock and officers from Hargiesa Municipality is 350, all these workers have different roles.

2.2.3.3 Slaughtering Process

Since majority of Somalis are Muslims, animal slaughter is controlled by religious laws which requires that the animal being slaughtered should be conscious at the point of death and as such animal cannot be stunned prior to killing. The sheep and goats are hung upside down by both of their legs on the processing line. The slayers use sharpened knifes for skinning and to remove internal organs. During camel Slaughtering slayers beat the animal with huge stalk so that it can lie down. Under these harsh conditions animals lose weight when stressed and meat loses taste quality.

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Fig 6. Flow-diagram showing the principles in a slaughtering process in Maandeeq Hargiesa Slaughter House. The sub processes are divided in dirty and clean operations.

2.2.3.4 Transportation and Meat distribution

The transport facilities are the only means that enabled the company to distribute meat to market places and Major Hotels of the city. Maandeeq enterprise uses more than 12 vehicles which fully operate in the slaughter House and 18 local Markets are supplied and distributed to well protect fresh meat with covered van and meat cases.

2.2.3.5 Hygiene and Sanitation of the Slaughter House

The hygiene and sanitation of the Slaughter House was generally good. Maandeeq enterprise has Improved Hygiene and Sanitation of the House sine handover of newly constructed Hargiesa Slaughter House. The enterprise improved Hygiene through the following measures
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Sterilization of slaying equipments Maintaining a conductive environment of bathrooms, dry washing and dressing rooms for workers.

Removing and transportation of both liquids and solid wastages such as blood,
dirty used water , animal fluids, animal abdominal remainders and bones to a designated dump site an bores with special Trucks of both liquid and solid wastages. These dump site are dug for every three months where the full ones are covered. The carcass is carried on plastic containers which have especial symbols for their owners. The fresh meat is transported with covered van vehicles to protect it from dirty and environmental Hazards. Improved training and awareness on animal Hygiene and Sanitation and safety of meat to animal operators such as slaughtering techniques and meat distribution By the end of all activities the slaughter house is cleaned with water and detergents.

2.2.3.6 Inspection procedures in the Maandeeq Slaughter House

There are only three meat inspectors in the Slaughter House. They perform ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection. At afternoon, inspectors perform ante mortem inspection in which they determine the overall condition of the animals including the degree of the alertness, body condition and manifestation of any symptoms of abnormalities. Suspected animals are marked and isolated for further examination. Postmortem inspection on the other hand involves examination of animals after slaughtering. Through post mortem examination, inspectors examine the overall

condition of the carcass. They observe the condition of all visceral organs including lungs, liver, kidney, stomachs and intestines.

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2.2.3.7 Animal Welfare Concern

Slayers in the Slaughter House are unskilled; they lack healthy and secured Slaying techniques. Camels are clubbed with huge Stick before slaughter to fall down while small ruminants are drugged on the floor till they are brought to the slaughtering point.

2.3 Activities carried out in Berbera

Berbera is a port city. Thousands of animals are exported through this port each year. Over 60% of Somalilands revenue is generated from this port. During field study in Berbera Livestock marketing facilities including Quarantine station, holding ground and facilities including water and feed and loading ramps were analyzed

2.3.1 Berbera Livestock quarantine and Inspection Center

Saudi Arabia relaxed an eleven year ban on Somaliland livestock and Somaliland animals have been steady on high demand in the Saudi Kingdom ever since. Suleiman Al-Jabiri, a Saudi tycoon and Livestock investor has constructed Berbera Livestock Quarantine Facility (2007-2009) to provide rest, feed and inspection point for animals before they are transported to Arabian Peninsula. The establishment of this Livestock Quarantine and Inspection Centre by a Saudi businessman at Berbera has been instrumental in the lifting of the livestock export ban to Saudi Arabia. The facility boosted Somalilands livestock export that is disease free to neighboring countries and Middle East, which accounts for over 90% of its trade. The Quarantine is located on the outskirts of the Berbera city and can hold 1.5-2 million animals (refer to annexes) The facility consist two main areas, one section is for keeping healthy animals which are ready for export after undergoing inspection and clinical examination and it is verified that these animals are free from diseases and other abnormalities. The other area or section hosts suspected animals which are removed from other animals.

2.3.1.1 Infrastructure of the Berbera Livestock Quarantine Facility

The facility has shades or livestock houses for keeping animals, loading rumps, water and feeding facilities, toilets, Laboratory and Offices.
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2.3.1.2 Laboratory
The laboratory located inside the quarantine station. It is composed of two main departments, Serology and Bacteriology department, which carry out different tests. The type of test performed depends on the disease conditions of animals in the region and the request from livestock importing countries. The laboratory is well equipped and has ten permanent workers; six laboratory technicians and four assistants. 2.3.1.2.1 Department of Serology This department works with Serum and detects presence of antibodies against microorganisms. The common diseases diagnosed in this department, FMD using Direct ELISA and PPR and Rinderpest using Competitive ELISA. In Berbera laboratory FMD is mainly diagnosed for animals which are exported to Yemen, because Yemen requested this test. 2.3.1.2.2 Department of Bacteriology This is the busiest department in the laboratory and it involves identification, classification and characterization of the bacterial species. The most common and routinely diagnosed disease in this department is Brucellosis. It is diagnosed by using two simple techniques namely Rose Bengal Test (refer to annexes) and Milk Ring Test. In Rose Bengal Test also called agglutination test blood is used to detect the presence of infection while in Milk Ringer Test as name implies Milk is used for the identification of disease presence.

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SECTION III
3.0 Introduction This section entails Conclusions, recommendations and Lessons learnt during field study.

3.1. Conclusions
In all three attached areas livestock is an important source of food and income to all people. Wajaale and Hargiesa are important sources of animals especially cattle which are exported to Arabian countries through Berbera port. Somaliland government with collaboration of International Communities has fulfilled number of developing projects for livestock sector. For example, a new loading ramps and Cattle crushes were built in both Hargiesa and Wajaale livestock markets. Privatization in livestock sector is increasing in Somaliland, for example, Maandeeq enterprise has sponsored Hargiesa main Slaughter House and it has improved health status in the Hargiesa Slaughter House. Berbera is the centre of veterinary activities in Somaliland; thousands of animals are diagnosed and transported every week from Berbera port to Arabian Peninsula. Sanitary standards in export livestock trade in Somaliland are based on a three point certification process. This involves an initial clinical inspection and individual animal identification at the point of livestock origin. A second clinical inspection and screening of communication diseases in 14 days time at Berbera livestock quarantine and inspection centre, and final inspection and certification is conducted at the port of Berbera. In all three attached areas number of skilled workers are limited this is because skilled personnel get old or they are reluctant to work in the existing veterinary institutions because of low seller.

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3.2 Recommendations
For future development of livestock sector and existing veterinary infrastructures in the studied areas and as far as livestock stakeholders are concerned, the following are recommended: both Wajaale and Hargiesa livestock Markets need new Shading facilities and Cattle crushes because already existing facilities are not sufficient. both Governments and NGOs have to play active role in supporting and promoting milk marketing as well as providing necessary facilities including Aluminum milk cans (easier to keep clean and can even be sterilized in the sun) and cleaning detergents to Hargiesa Milk Market .Hargiesa Milk Market vendors need Training programs on milk hygiene and milk processing in which milk vendors are educated in issues of milk hygiene, milk processing, and marketing and basic business skills. Maandeeq enterprise and other involved government institutions have to provide training programs on meat hygiene and animal welfare to Hargiesa Slaughter House slayers. Government has to develop acts in which marketing and slaughtering pregnant and lactating animals are prohibited.

3.3 Lessons Learnt

During the field study in Wajaale, Hargeisa and Berbera, the following lessons and experiences were gained: a. Administration of vaccines and ear tagging for the first time b .Both skilled and unskilled personnel in the field are doing hard work. c. Applying skills learnt during lectures are not easy to apply at field levels d. Privatization of livestock sector is much more performing better than public sector e. There is a growing development and understanding involved by both public and private institutions of livestock marketing infrastructure (quarantine station, holding grounds and provision of water along stock route, loading ramps and livestock marketing information and market intelligence

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REFERENCES http://somalilandpress.com/somaliland-foundation-stone-laid-for-new-livestockquarantine-station-10765 FSAU, Market data, 2007 www:/fsausomalia.org FSAU (Berbera port livestock exports, 1994 current) Somaliland times, Issue 283 / 23rd June 2007 World Bank (Jan 2006), Somalia, from resilience towards recovery and development http://www.au-ibar.org/ http://www.scribd.com/doc/28356275/Abdurrahman-Saed-Abdurrahman http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6557e/x6557e00.htm

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ANNEXES

FOTIVAX (FMD vaccine)

Loading ramps in Wajaale Livestock Market

Berbera Livestock Quarantine Facility

Milk stored in uncovered cans

Rose Bangle Test ( Brucellosis Test

Students performing Clinical examination

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