Dust Explosion Hazards

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Dust Explosion Hazard Assessment and Control & Managing Legal Liability Associated with Combustible Dust
VAHIDEBADAT,PH.D. ChilworthTechnology,Inc. Plainsboro,NewJersey08536 Plainsboro New Jersey 08536 Email:vebadat@chilworth.com WILLIAMH.HAAK AssociateGeneralCounsel Associate General Counsel EH&S Hexion SpecialtyChemicals,Inc. Columbus,Ohio
18th AnnualBusinessandIndustrysEnvironmentalHealth&SafetySymposium DukeEnergyCenter,Cincinnati,OH March25th,2009
ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory
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DUST EXPLOSION HAZARD ASSESSMENT

To Protect People & Facilities
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Conditions for a Dust Explosion Dust Explosion Incidents Reported by CSB OSAH Combustible D t N ti C b tibl Dust National E h i P l Emphasis Program (NEP) FLAMMABILITY OF DUSTS Sensitivity to Ignition Explosion Severity Factors Affecting Flammability ESTABLISHING A BASIS OF SAFETY AN OVERVIEW Elimination of Ignition Sources Avoidance of Flammable Atmospheres Explosion Protection
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Fire Triangle
FUEL - Liquid (vapor or mist), gas, or solid capable of being oxidized. Combustion always occurs in the vapor phase; liquids are volatized and solids are decomposed into vapor prior to combustion OXIDANT - A substance which supports combustion Usually oxygen in air IGNITION SOURCE - An energy source capable of initiating a combustion reaction ti
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IGNITION SOURCE
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Conditions for a Dust Cloud Explosion
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Conditions for a Dust Explosion
Dust D t must b explosible (flammable, combustible) t be l ibl (fl bl b tibl ) Dust must be airborne Concentration must be within explosible range Particle size distribution capable of propagating flame The atmosphere must support combustion An ignition source must be present
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Is Dust Cloud Explosible? Use a Hartmann Bomb 20L sphere or 1m3 sphere test vessel to Bomb, determine whether the dust cloud is explosible at the dust handling/processing conditions
Dusts which ignite and propagate away from the source of ignition are considered explosible (Group A) explosible Dusts which do not propagate flame away from the ignition source are considered non-explosible (Group B) Group B powders are known to present a fire hazard and may b explosible at fi h d d be l ibl t elevated temperatures (e.g. in dryers)
Modified H t M difi d Hartmann Apparatus A t
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Dust must be explosible Dust must be airborne Concentration must be within explosible range Particle size distribution capable of propagating flame p p p g g The atmosphere must support combustion An ignition source must be present
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Is Dust Cloud Concentration Within the Explosible Range?

When concentration of dispersed dust cloud in air is below a certain value, Minimum Explosible Concentration, an explosion can not propagate Explosion violence of the cloud increases as the dust concentration increases until an optimum concentration is reached giving the highest explosion violence At higher concentrations explosion violence decreases or stays roughly constant Maximum Explosible Concentration - the concentration above which an explosion can not propagate - is not always clearly defined d fi d
Ref: (Geoff Lunn, 1984)
Explosible Dust Cloud Concentration

Explosion Vi iolence
10 5 0 0 2 0 250 500 00 750 0 1000

8 Dust Concentration (g/m3)
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Range of Explosible Dust Cloud Concentration

Range of explosible dust concentrations in air at normal temperature and atmospheric pressure for a typical natural organic dust (maize starch), compared with typical range of maximum permissible dust concentrations in the context of industrial hygiene, and a typical density of deposits of natural organic d i dusts (Eckhoff)
Industrial Hygiene Explosible Range
Dust Deposits
10-3
10-2
10-1
10
102
103
104
105
106
9
Mass of Powder/Dust per Unit Volume (g/m3)

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Appearance of an Explosible Dust Cloud

A cloud of 40g/m3 of coal dust in air is so dense that a glowing 25W light bulb g g g g can hardly be seen through a dust cloud of 2m thickness (Eckhoff)
2m
?
40g/m3 Coal Dust
25W
Glass
Glass
10
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Formation of Explosible Dust Cloud

Illustration of the potential hazard of even thin dust layers. A 1mm layer of a dust f b lk density 500K / 3 will generate a cloud of average concentration d t of bulk d it 500Kg/m ill t l d f t ti 100g/m3 if dispersed in a room of 5m height. Partial dispersion up to only 1m gives 500g/m3 (Eckhoff)
(a)
1mm layer of dust of bulk density 500k / 3 d i 500kg/m
(b)
(c)
5m
100
g/m g 3
1m
500 g/m3
C = Pbulk
C Pbulk h H
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* h/H
is dust cloud concentration is powder bulk density is dust layer thickness is dust cloud height in the room
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Illustration of how the blast wave from a primary explosion entrains and disperses a dust layer, which is subsequently ignited by the primary dust flame (Eckhoff)
PRIMARY EXPLOSION
DUST LAYER
BLAST WAVE
DUST CLOUD FORMED
EXTENSIVE SECONDARY EXPLOSION RESULTS
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Dust must be explosible Dust must be airborne Concentration must be within explosible range Particle size distribution capable of propagating flame The atmosphere must support combustion p pp An ignition source must be present
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Is Particle Size Distribution Capable of Propagating Flame?

Powders include pellets, granules, and dust particles Pellets have diameters greater than 2mm, granules have diameters between 0.42mm and 2mm, and dusts have diameters of 0.42mm (420m) or less The finer the particles the greater the surface area and thus the more explosible a given dust is likely to be When dust is made up of a series of particle sizes ranging from fine to coarse, the fines may play a more prominent part in the ignition and the explosion propagation Presence of dusts should be anticipated in the process stream, regardless of the starting particle size of the material
Size Reduction
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Dust must be explosible Dust must be airborne Concentration must be within explosible range Particle size distribution capable of propagating flame The atmosphere must support combustion An ignition source must be present
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Atmosphere Must Support Combustion To produce combustion, sufficient amount of oxidant must be available p , Oxidants are materials that are capable of burning metals, and organic compounds, by reacting with them to form more stable compounds Typical oxidants include fluorine, oxygen, chlorine, bromine In I general, combustible organic compounds are unlikely t propagate l b tibl i d lik l to t flame if oxygen content is below 8 % v/v using nitrogen or carbon dioxide as inert gas The concentration of oxidant below which a deflagration cannot occur in a specified mixture is referred to as the Limiting Oxidant Concentration (LOC)
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Dust must be explosible Dust must be airborne Concentration must be within explosible range Particle size distribution capable of propagating flame The atmosphere must support combustion An ignition source must be present
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Typical Ignition Sources
Hot work Open flames Mechanical friction and sparks Hot surfaces and equipment Thermal d Th l decomposition ii Electrical arcs (sparks) Electrostatic discharges
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Flammability of Dust Clouds
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Assessing Explosion and Flammability Characteristics

How easily will it ignite? y g Minimum Ignition Energy (dust clouds and dust layers) Minimum Ignition Temperature (dust clouds and dust layers) Thermal Instability Impact and Friction Sensitivity p y What will happen if it does ignite? (Consequences of Ignition) Maximum Explosion Pressure Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise Layer Burning Rate Gas Generation Ensuring Safety by Avoiding/Controlling Flammable Atmospheres? g y y g g p Minimum Explosible Concentration Limiting Oxygen Concentration Electrostatic Properties p Electrostatic Chargeability Resistivity / Conductivity
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Dust Cloud Ignition Sensitivity and Explosion Severity Characteristics
Specific powder testing Prior material testing Manufacturer MSDS Generic MSDS Literature sources NFPA Bureau of Mines Internet sites Other
Increasing Level of Confidence in Data
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Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE), (ASTM E 2019) MIE of a flammable material is the minimum spark energy needed to ignite an optimum concentration of the material using a capacitive spark under ideal conditions
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MIE and the effect of particle size (Eckhoff)

106 105 104 103 102 10 1 0.1 5
Polyethylene Theory MIE d3
Minimum Ign nition Ener (mJ) rgy
Optical Brightener
+ ++ +
10 25 50
Aluminum
100
250
500
23
Median Particle Size by Mass (m)

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MIE and the effect of moisture content (Eckhoff)
Min nimum Ignition Energ (mJ) gy
104 Tapioca 103 Maize Starch
102
+
10 0 5
+
10
Flour
15
20
Moisture Content in Dust (wt. %) (wt

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Minimum Ignition Temperature (Dust Cloud), (ASTM E 1491) Minimum Ignition Temperature of a dust cloud is a measure of its sensitivity to ignition by hot surfaces Minimum Ignition Temperature test provides information on: Sensitivity to ignition by hot surfaces that may exist in dryers y g y y y Sensitivity to ignition by hot surfaces caused by overheating of bearings and other mechanical parts Sensitivity to ignition by frictional sparks A maximum exposure temperature for electrical equipment Ignition temperature is NOT a fundamental property but depends on particle size, moisture content, test apparatus etc.
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Godbert Greenwald (GG) Furnace

Air Sample
Temperature
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Explosion Severity of Dust Cloud, Kst (ASTM E 1226)

An indication of the severity of dust cloud explosion Used for the design of deflagration protection (Venting, Suppression, Containment) Determined experimentally in a 20-Liter test sphere per ASTM E1226 Data produced: Maximum developed pressure, Pmax Maximum rate of pressure rise, (dP/dt)max Deflagration index (explosion severity) Kst calculated from: Kst = (dP/dtmax) . V1/3 (
Where V is the volume of the test vessel (m3)
27 Tel: 609 799 4449 Fax: 609 799 5559 Email: safety@chilworth.com 20-Liter Sphere Apparatus
[ [bar.m/s] ]
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Explosion Severity
Maximum Pressure, Pmax [barg] Pressure Maximum Rate of pressure Rise, (dP/dt)max [bar/s] Deflagration Index, KSt [bar m/s]
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Explosion Prevention Tests
Minimum Explosible Concentration

ASTM E 1515
Limiting Oxygen Concentration

ISO 6184/1 (Dust Clouds) ASTM E 2079 (Vapors & Gases)
20-Liter Sphere Apparatus

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Dust Cloud Explosions History
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Recent US Dust Explosion Fatalities

Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI: 2/1/99 , , (6 killed, 14 injured) Coal dust Rouse Polymerics International Inc., Vicksburg, MS: 5/16/02 (5 killed,7 injured) Rubber dust killed 7 West Pharmaceutical Services, Kinston, NC: 1/29/03 (6 killed, 38 injured) Polyethylene dust CTA Acoustics Inc, Corbin, KY: 2/20/03 (7 killed, 42 injured) Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin dust Hayes Lemmerz International Inc, Huntington, IN:10/29/03 (1 killed, 2 injured) Aluminum dust Imperial Sugar, Savannah, GA: 2/07/08 (14 fatalities and more than 60 injuries) sugar dust
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Notes from CSB Report US Dust Incidents 1980 to 2005*

Overall awareness and understanding of dust explosion hazards is lacking; training is needed, Secondary explosions are most often responsible for damage and injuries, Existing Codes and Standards are good but not understood nor applied consistently, consistently MSDS do not provide enough information to adequately assess dust explosion hazards. * CSB Investigation Report: Combustible Dust Hazard Study Nov 9, 2006 (Database excluded grain, coal transportation and nongrain coal, manufacturing)
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OSHA Combustible Dust National Emphasis Program (NEP) CPL 03-00-008, March 11th, 2008 03-00-008
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OSHA National Emphasis Program (NEP)

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA, has issued a directive (CPL 03-00-008) effective 3/11/2008 revising the Combustible Dust National Emphasis Program (NEP) established on 10/18/2007 The NEP will require OSHA offices to begin inspections of sites that handle combustible dusts specifically targeting dust explosion hazards OSHA will be creating an all inclusive listing of facilities that handle combustible dusts from its facility classification lists including: Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), and North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes Many types of industries (64) are listed including: chemicals pharmaceuticals chemicals, pharmaceuticals, textiles, agriculture, forest and furniture products, metal processing, tire and rubber manufacturing, coal dust and recycling operations
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You are a target of the OSHA National Emphasis Program (NEP) if: You are covered by OSHA Site history You handle/process combustible dusts and powders including (but not limited to): Metal dust such as aluminum and magnesium Wood dust Coal and other carbon dust Plastic dust and additives Biosolids Other organic dusts such as sugar, paper, soap and dried blood Certain textile materials
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OSHA Combustible Dusts NEP Inspection and Citation Procedures Include: Assessment of the combustible dust threat to employees Are the dust and management practices hazardous? What is the site history of fires involving dust? Does the MSDS indicate a dust explosion hazard? Are dust accumulations hazardous? Collection of samples of combustible dusts for laboratory analysis From high places From floors and equipment surfaces From within ductwork Audit of dust management practices and equipment including dust collectors, ductwork, and other dust containers. Audit of room safeguards Audit of ignition source management
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Fire & Explosion Hazards Codes & Standards

DUST EXPLOSION HAZARD MANAGEMENT STEP ONE: COMPLIANCE WITH CODES AND STANDARDS, A Minimum Standard of Good Practice
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Codes Standards Combustible Solids C d & St d d - C b tibl S lid
EPA Risk Management Rule OSHA PSM Regulation
ACC Responsible Care C OSHA General Duty Clause Building Codes IBC, NFPA 5000
Facility Design
Life Safety Code NFPA 101
State Fire Protection Codes IFC, NFPA 1
NFPA 68 NFPA 69 NFPA 77
National Electric Code NFPA 70
Combustible Dusts
NFPA 499
NFPA 654
Special Dusts NFPA 61 NFPA 484 NFPA 655 NFPA 664
Best Industry Practice

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Codes and Standards - Combustible Solids

NFPA 1, Uniform Fire Code 2006 edition NFPA 61, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agricultural and Food Products Facilities 2008 edition NFPA 68, Guide for Venting of Deflagrations 2007 edition NFPA 69 Standard on E plosion Pre ention S stems 2008 edition 69, Explosion Prevention Systems NFPA 70, National Electric Code 2008 edition NFPA 77, Recommended Practice on Static Electricity 2007 edition NFPA 101, Life safety Code 2006 edition Life Code NFPA 484, Standard for Combustible Metals, Metal Powders, and Metal Dusts 2006 edition NFPA 499, Recommended Practice for the Classification of Combustible Dusts and of Hazardous (Classified) Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Areas 2008 edition NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids 2006 edition NFPA 655, Standard for Prevention of Sulfur Fires and Explosions 2007 edition NFPA 664, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Wood Processing and Woodworking Facilities 2007 edition 39
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Explosion Prevention and Protection Techniques
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Explosion Prevention and Protection Techniques Basis of Safety Elimination of ignition sources Avoidance of flammable atmospheres Explosion Protection
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Explosion Prevention Techniques Elimination of Ignition Sources Involves: Control of Heat Sources - NFPA 654 Control of Friction - NFPA 654 Mechanical f i ti M h i l friction Friction sparks Control of Electrical Sparks - NFPA 497, NEC Control of Static Electricity - NFPA 77
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Explosion Prevention Techniques - Control of Heat Sources

If the material is subjected to heat as p of the normal p j part process ( g during (e.g. g drying), the temperature should be maintained below the self heating temperature (for solids) Preventing the overloading of p g g processing p g plant (g (grinders, conveyors, etc.). , y , ) Internal buildup will BOTH reduce heat loss from material AND increase operating temperature above normal. Consider the installation of overload protection devices on drive motors Isolation or shielding of hot surfaces Prevention/removal of dust accumulations on hot surfaces Use of approved electrical equipment (correct temperature rating)
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Explosion Prevention Techniques - Control of Friction

Prevent overheating due to misalignment, loose objects, belt-slip/rubbing etc. by regular inspection and maintenance of plant i ti d i t f l t Prevent foreign material from entering the system when such foreign material presents an ignition hazard. Consider use of screens, electromagnets, pneumatic separators, etc. Floor sweepings should not be returned to any machine Hot work operations should be controlled by a hot work permit system in accordance with NFPA 51B Standard for Fire Prevention During Cutting Welding and Other Hot Work 51B, Cutting, Welding, Formation of dust clouds should be prevented, and dust deposits should be removed A gas/vapor detector may be used to ensure flammable vapors/gases are not present
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Explosion Prevention Techniques Electrical Equipment Incorrectly specified electrical equipment is a potent ignition source for flammable gases, vapors and dusts
Sparks Hot surfaces
In facilities handling flammable materials the electrical equipment used must be suitable for the environment in which it is to be used In order to determine the type of equipment it is necessary to define ( ) hazardous (classified) locations
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Electrical Area Classification

Electrical area classifications defined under Article 500 of the National Electrical Code (NFPA 70) The intent of Article 500 is to prevent electrical equipment from providing a means of ignition f an i it bl atmosphere f i iti for ignitable t h Two classes of hazardous locations:
Class I Class II Flammable gases or vapors (NFPA 497) Combustible dusts (NFPA 499)
Two divisions of hazardous locations:

Division 1 Normally or frequently present Division 2 Not normally present, but possible present
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Explosion Prevention Techniques Static Electricity

Electrostatic charges are usually g g y generated when any two materials make and then y break contact The build up of the charge on electrically isolated conductors and/or on insulating materials, can give rise to electrostatic discharges Depending on the incendivity (energy) of the discharge a flammable atmosphere discharge, can be ignited.
Movement
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
----------Interface with No Net Charge

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----------Charges fixed on Material

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Control of Electrostatic Hazards Conductive (Metal) Objects Isolated Metal Plant Resistance to ground should be checked. If R>10 ohm, direct ground connection is required Ground connections should b checked regularly G d ti h ld be h k d l l
Ground Connection Point on Reactor
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Control of Electrostatic Hazards - Operators Personnel During normal activity, the potential of the human body can reach 10kV to 15kV, and the energy of a possible spark can reach 20 J t 30 J ibl k h 20mJ to 30mJ Personnel should be grounded so that their resistance-to-ground resistance to ground <1x108 ohm Static dissipative footwear may be used Resistance of the floor/surface on which the operator is standing should also be <1x108 1x10 ohm Where risk of exposure to mains electricity exists, resistance to ground should be: g 5x104 ohm < R < 1x108 ohm
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Control of Electrostatic Hazards Insulating Materials Non-Conductive (Insulating) Materials Examples include plastic hoses, bags, liners, drums Non-conductive Non conductive materials can cause: Build up of static charge Insulation of conductive items Charge retention on liquids and powders in non-conductive containers Grounding of non-conductive materials would not facilitate the relaxation of electrostatic charges to ground Consider conductive or static dissipative materials
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Control of Electrostatic Hazards - Powders Bulk Powder Static charge can build up on powders with Volume Resistivity >109 ohm.m or if powder is in insulating or ungrounded conductive Vessels. Depending on Minimum Ignition Energy of the powder cloud consider: Grounded conductive vessels Electrostatic charge eliminators Inert gas blanketing Explosion protection
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Explosion Prevention and Protection Techniques Basis of Safety y Elimination of ignition sources Avoidance of flammable atmospheres Avoid flammable/explosible concentrations
Exclusion of oxygen by adding inert gas
IGNITION SOURCE Explosion Protection
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Explosion Prevention and Protection Techniques Basis of Safety y Elimination of ignition sources Avoidance of flammable/explosible atmospheres Explosion Protection Preventative measures alone may not ensure adequate level of safety. P t ti l t d t l l f f t Protective measure should be taken as well. These measures are: Containment by explosion resistant construction, Design based on ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division I Explosion suppression by injecting a suppressant, NFPA 69 Explosion venting to a safe place, NFPA 68
Managing Legal Liability Associated With Combustible Dust

William H. Haak, Associate General Counsel -- EH&S
Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Inc. Columbus, Columbus Ohio March 25, 2009
54
Overview
Protecting y g your own p p and facilities from a combustible people dust explosion may be just one piece of the puzzle What if your company also produces products that can create a comb stible d st ha ard for your c stomers? combustible dust hazard o r customers? Following are practical approaches to managing the risks that your p y powdered p products p pose to y your customers -- and the product liability risk that creates for YOU
55
Broad Categories of Legal Risk Associated with Combustible Dust
Your own liability in your own facility(ies) Your retained liability associated with retained your combustible dust product(s) being used or misused in someone elses (e.g., ( g, customers) facility(ies)
g1
56
Slide 56 g1 being "misused" or "mishandled"?

gruenwaldm, 2/25/2009
g2
Managing the First Category of Risk g g g y
Follow industry best practices (e.g., NFPA) and Chilworths recommendations

Proper characterization of product combustibility Housekeeping Elimination of ignition sources Suppression technologies
Aggressively train your employees Aggressively manage your contractors

57
Slide 57 g2 Under the first bullet, might want to start with "characterization" Do you want to mention here NFPA as best practice?
How Do You Manage the Second Category of Risk?
Retained liability associated with your combustible dust products once they reach a customers site
g3 The courts, the Chemical Safety Board and OSHA courts Board, seem to say (or imply) that simple MSDS warnings are not enough
In fact, HAZCOM arguably doesnt require combustible dust warnings If your MSDS alone doesnt cut it, whats next?
58
Slide 58 g3 Do you need to point out the "gap" in OSHA Haz Com program regarding warnings for combustible dusts - essentially not really covered as written today according to some - CSB?
Approaches to Managing Customer Risk Beyond Your MSDS
Detailed (beyond compliance) packaging/labeling ( beyond compliance ) Safe handling brochures

g4
Audits of customer facilities By your own experts yy p By a third party expert such as Chilworth A FIRM commitment to NOT sell to customers who it tt ll t t h dont properly address the hazards!
59
Slide 59 g4 in liue of audits, perhaps push the idea of seeking outside assessment expertise/service such as what Chilworth offers.
Approaches to Managing Customer Risk Beyond Your MSDS
Detailed (beyond compliance) packaging/labeling ( beyond compliance ) Safe handling brochures

g5
Audits of customer facilities By your own experts yy p By a third party expert such as Chilworth A FIRM commitment to NOT sell to customers who it tt ll t t h dont properly address the hazards!
60
Slide 60 g5 in liue of audits, perhaps push the idea of seeking outside assessment expertise/service such as what Chilworth offers.
Packaging/Labeling g g g
Consider going beyond regulatory requirements Be detailed in the limited space available Be accurate As appropriate, point to other available external resources
61
The Customer Warning Letter g
What it does: Amplifies the MSDS warnings p g Provides additional information on hazards
g6
Points to additional resources (OSHA website, NFPA, etc.) Serves as a periodic (annual?) reminder
62
Slide 62 g6 an effective communication vehicle

Some Final Notes on the Customer Warning Letter
In isolation, better than just an MSDS and a warning label In actuality, just part of a risk management system (in conjunction with safe handling brochures and, possibly, audits) For maximum effectiveness, must be sent frequently Take steps to ensure receipt p p Multiple recipients at multiple levels Proof of delivery (e.g., return receipts)
63
Safe Handling Brochures g
Augment MSDS warnings and p g g provide specific g p guidance Should be designed in such a way that recipients are encouraged to thoroughly review (attractive and engaging) Should be updated with state-of-the-art information as it becomes available
g7
Should be sent periodically (ship along with customer letters) Sending a copy to a sales contact isnt sufficient -- try and ensure the warning reaches a responsible official and responsible official someone with line-of-sight to the plant floor
64
Slide 64 g7 augment MSDS warnings; more focused and use specific guidance
Customer Site Visits/Audits
Vehicle for determining whether customers are heeding y g g your warnings MUST be coupled with an absolute commitment to take appropriate steps if c stomer ha ards are identified customer hazards If you identify hazards and do nothing, youve increased y your liability y Do your business people have the stomach to stop sales? Consider using commercial/sales personnel (properly trained)g8 as an extra set of eyes
65
Slide 65 g8 Again, might want to farm this piece out to the experts.
Final Thoughts g
Doing something may (or may not) be better than doing nothing (beyond bare compliance) The more you do and the more discipline you do, have around process, the better your risk is managed No program no matter how developed can eliminate all risk
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QUESTIONS?
a
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About Chil Ab t Chilworth T h l th Technology
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Chilworth Technology, Inc.

Our History
Chilworth Technology was first established in the UK in 1986 p p gp y Since then we have expanded and are now providing process safety and flammability services through our facilities in: United Kingdom Chilworth Technology Ltd United States of America: Chilworth Technology, Inc New Jersey Safety Consulting Engineers - Chicago Chilworth Pacific Fire Laboratories Kelso Washington Kelso,
Italy Chilworth Vassallo Srl France Chilworth SARL India Chilworth Safety and Risk Management Ltd Spain Chilworth Amalthea SL
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Our Business
We provide services to business and industry to help identify, characterize, prevent, and mitigate potential fire, explosion, and thermal instability (runaway reaction) hazards in their processes We achieve this by providing the following services: Process safety consulting and Incident Investigation Laboratory testing Training courses
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Our Expertise
Gas & Vapor Flammability Dust Explosion Hazards Chemical Reaction Hazards Chemical Process Optimization Spontaneous Combustion and Thermal Instability Electrostatic Hazards, Problems, & Applications Hazardous (El t i l) A H d (Electrical) Area Cl Classification ifi ti Transportation of Dangerous Goods Process Safety Management y g Flammability of Materials
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Our Clients
Chilworth Technology serves clients in a wide variety of industries, including: , g

Basic and Specialty Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Paints and Coatings Petrochemicals Agrochemicals Agricultural and Food Products
Oil and Gas Metals Soaps and Detergents Fragrance and Flavors Plastics and Resins
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Our Services Consulting
Hazard Assessment Incident Investigation Process Safety Engineering
In-Company Training Courses

Gas/Vapor Explosion Hazards p p Dust Explosion Prevention & Protection Understanding & Controlling Static Electricity Understanding Thermal Instability Hazards
Laboratory Testing (ISO 17025 Certified Tests)

Gas/Vapor Flammability Dust Fire/Explosion Electrostatic Characteristics Reaction hazards and Thermal Runaway
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DUST EXPLOSION HAZARD ASSESSMENT

To Protect People & Facilities
VAHID EBADAT, PH.D. Chilworth Technology, Inc. 250 Plainsboro Road, Building #7 , g Plainsboro, NJ 08536 Email: vebadat@chilworth.com
18th Annual Business and Industrys Environmental Health & Safety Symposium Duke Energy Center, Cincinnati, OH March 25th, 2009

Dust Explosion Hazards

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Chilworth

18th AnnualBusinessandIndustrysEnvironmentalHealth&SafetySymposium DukeEnergyCenter,Cincinnati,OH March25th,2009

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

DUST EXPLOSION HAZARD ASSESSMENT

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Conditions for a Dust Cloud Explosion

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Conditions for a Dust Explosion

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Modified H t M difi d Hartmann Apparatus A t

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Conditions for a Dust Explosion

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Is Dust Cloud Concentration Within the Explosible Range?

Explosible Dust Cloud Concentration

10 5 0 0 2 0 250 500 00 750 0 1000

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Range of Explosible Dust Cloud Concentration

Mass of Powder/Dust per Unit Volume (g/m3)

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Appearance of an Explosible Dust Cloud

Tel: 609 799 4449

Fax: 609 799 5559

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Formation of Explosible Dust Cloud

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

DUST CLOUD FORMED

EXTENSIVE SECONDARY EXPLOSION RESULTS

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Conditions for a Dust Explosion

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Is Particle Size Distribution Capable of Propagating Flame?

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Conditions for a Dust Explosion

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Conditions for a Dust Explosion

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Typical Ignition Sources

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Flammability of Dust Clouds

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Assessing Explosion and Flammability Characteristics

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Dust Cloud Ignition Sensitivity and Explosion Severity Characteristics

Increasing Level of Confidence in Data

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

MIE and the effect of particle size (Eckhoff)

Minimum Ign nition Ener (mJ) rgy

Median Particle Size by Mass (m)

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

MIE and the effect of moisture content (Eckhoff)

Min nimum Ignition Energ (mJ) gy

104 Tapioca 103 Maize Starch

Moisture Content in Dust (wt. %) (wt

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Godbert Greenwald (GG) Furnace

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory

Explosion Severity of Dust Cloud, Kst (ASTM E 1226)

ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory