IEEE PEDS 2005
Battery Energy Storage System for Power
Conditioning of Renewable Energy Sources
Ravinder Singh Bhatia, S. P. Jain Dinesh Kumar Jain
Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, C. R. State College of Engineering,
Kurukshetra- 136119, India. Murthal - 131 039, India.
Abstract- Renewable energy sources such as wind, hydro, etc.
are intermittent in nature. Generators connected to the local grid
may lead to severe power quality problems. These issues are
voltage dip while connection/ disconnection of the generator,
uncertainty of supply, unbalanced and distorted power supply. In
this paper, the power conditioning of micro hydro driven
induction generator connected to the local grid using battery
energy storage system (BESS) is simulated for voltage regulation,
load leveling, harmonics elimination and power factor
improvement.
Keywords- Power quality, induction generator, battery energy
storage system, embedded generation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently interest in the renewable sources of energy
embedded in the local network, has increased because of
reduction in gaseous emission, energy efficiency, rational use
of energy, deregulation or competitive policy, and
diversification of energy resources. However, these sources are
intermittent in nature. These generators connected to the local
grid may lead to severe power quality problems like voltage
dip while connection anld disconnection of the generator,
uncertaint of supply, unbalanced and distorted supply [1-3].
The embedded generation employs synchronous or
induction generators which are generally the least cost
electricity source where suitable sites exist. The reasons for
low cost are use of standard designs that can be locally made,
simplicity of design schemes, effective utilization of local
resources and considerable technological development in the
area of electronics and control systems which have made the
control of generator output much easier and less expensive
compared to costly mechanical govemors. The cost and
reliability of such systems can be further improved if cage
induction motors are used as generators instead of synchronous
generators because of its rugged construction, less
maintenance, no separate source of excitation is required, easy
availability, no hunting, etc [4]. The main drawbacks of the
induction generator have been to draw reactive power from the
source which acts as a reactive power burden on the source.
This leads to voltage dip at the time of connection of the
induction generator. Further, the reactive power demand of the
induction generator increases sharply with the increase in
inductive loads [5-9]. The performance of induction generator
deteriorates when it is connected to unbalanced and distorted
power supply. The machine has to be rerated depending upon
degree of unbalance of supply and voltage distortion. In case of
fixed power prime-movers like micro-hydro power plants, the
0-7803-9296-s/05/$20.00 © 2005 IEEE
Bhim Singh
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology,
New Delhi - 110016, India.
surplus energy should be absorbed to avoid over voltages and
frequency.
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) have recently
emerged as one of te most promising storage technology for
use in power system that offers solutions to many operational
problems faced by today power system. In the past BESS has
traditionally been viewed as performing relatively slow power
regulation, such as load leveling/ peak saving. There is now a
growing recognition that fast responses provided by the new
generation of fast electronic devices within BESS offer a wide
range of additional power system applications such as area
regulation, area protection, spinning reserve, power factor
correction, UPS, load management, etc. BESS may be
employed for enhancing the reliability, energy management
and improving the power quality of the distribution system [10-
18].
BESS consists of a three-phase IGBT based current
controlled voltage source inverter (CC-VSI) with an input ac
(Lt R) a n electrolytic DC capacitor (CdC) along
inductor
with a battery at its DC link. The BESS, connected at point of
common coupling (PCC)acts as asource of leading or lagging
reactive current in order to regulate PCC voltage with variation
of load. BESS has many qualities which make it suitable for
dynamic control such as: output can be varied in a fraction of
second; it has all four-quadrant operation in active and reactive
powers. It can absorb or generate active and reactive powers to
control voltage at PCC and to enhance the power quality.
In this paper power conditioning of embedded system with
BESS has been simulated for various system abnormal
conditions like connection of the induction generator/motor,
load unbalancing, load leveling and harmonics elimination.
II. DESIGN AND RATING OF BESS
BESS has three main components, namely, battery, power
conditioning system (PCS), and auxiliary components. A
battery system is made up of a set of low-voltage/power battery
modules connected in series and parallel to achieve desired
electrical characteristics. The nature of the BESS configuration
also provides the potential flexibility to increase the total
energy storage, by the addition of more batteries in parallel,
without requiring extensive modifications to overall system.
Since battery is an energy storage unit,, its energy is
represented in kWh. When a capacitor is used to model the
battery unit, the capacitance carn be detemined from:
1/ Cb2 (Vb2max2 - Vb2min 2) =kWh * 3600*103~
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 Where Cb2 represents the equivalent capacitor of the battery
and Vb2max and Vb2min are the maximum and minimum limits on
the battery voltage.
In most of battery system, the quantity of the active
material determines the stored energy, while the electrode
surface area determines the inherent power capability. High
power is needed in several energy storage applications, ranging
in size from small residential fuel cell generators to large
systems providing large spinning reserves. High power
capability requires a large plate surface area. In most
technologies this translates to use of large number of thinner
plates.
The most important function of the BESS is to provide
active power, kW to the system. The maximum kW output of
the BESS will be pnrmary factor dictating the rating of the
The storage capacity of the battery bank depends upon the
nature of compensation being provided. In case of voltage sag,
which lasts only for few cycles, higher currents may drawn for
short time, thereby a battery bank with smaller storage may be
employed. If sag persists for longer time interval leading to
interruption of supply depending on the critical load, additional
backup source may be employed. In case of harmonics
elimination and reactive power compensation suitable passive
filter may be employed, thereby reducing the rating of the
BESS. In case of unbalanced loads along with the large neutral
current, BESS may be rated accordingly.
ica q; q; q;
ecN
'c 1 iI
Csh Cj L l
a va i _derive reference source currents, which are used in PWM
vc, i LEWfollowing section.
da redS
in-phase component and a quadrature component. They are
estimated in sequence as follows:
The unit vectors in-phase with va, vb and v: are derived as:
mH)dfDw indxO ( Where, vm is the amplitude of the AC terminal voltage at the
Fig. 1 Schematic Diagram of BESS Based Supply System
IIl. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION AND CONTROL
Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of BESS based power
conditioning of supply system consisting of a micro hydro
having induction generator connected to the local grid. The
BESS is connected in shunt to exchange the power and in
addition it acts as a power conditioner at the point of common
coupling (PCC). The control scheme is shown in Fig. 2. Three
phase reference source currents have two components, in-phase
component and a quadrature component with respect to phase
voltages. The in-phase component of reference source currents
(i*sad, i*sd, i*scd), is required to charge battery of BESS and to
feed active power to the load. The amplitude of these
components of cwrents (I*srd)may be assigned constant value
comonets even
ofdcu ing.mye
to demonstrate load leveling.
assignd ionstantvau
The multiplication of this
amplitude I*smd with in-phase unit vectors (ua;, ub and uc)
estimated by dividing the instantaneous value of AC voltages
va, vb and v0 by their peak amplitude (Vm) results in in-phase
PCS.reference source cuents (i*sad i*sb iscd)
comonetno'th reference source currents(i*, ,
The quadrature component of reference coure curents (i*o,
i*sbqc i*,o) is required for AC voltage control at the point of
common coupling (PCC). A set of in-quadrature unit vectors
wa, Wb and w, are obtained from in-phase unit vectors ua, ub and
u,. The amplitude of AC voltage (Vm) is compared with the
reference voltage (Vnef). The voltage error is processed in PI
controller. The output of PI controller (I*smq) for AC voltage
control establishes the amplitude of reactive current required
by the system and to be supplied by BESS. Multiplication of
Wa, wb and w, with I*smq yields the quadrature component of
reference source currents i*,, i* sbq and i*SN The sum of in-
quadrature and in-phase components of reference currents
Vd2 X results in net reference source currents i*swa, i*sb i*c A PWM
d2 based current controller is used to control BESS currents such
that source currents follow the desired reference source
b currents.
TX Vx IV. MODELING OF THE BESS BASED SUPPLY SYSTEM
Different components of the BESS are modeled separately
and integrated together to develop its complete model.
A. Control Scheme
The control scheme shown in Fig. 2, is mainly used to
current controller of VSI of BESS. These are derived in
The reference source currents are having two components,
Ua = Va / Vm; Ub = Vb / Vm; UC = VC /vi (1)
PCC and can be computed as:
ym = 2/3 i (va2+vb2+vc2) (2)
Where, va,, Vb, and vc are the instantaneous voltages at PCC and
can be calculated as:
Va = vsan - R. sa - L i_sa (3)
502
 Vb = Vsbn - Rs isb - Ls pisb (4) Where Kp and Ki are the proportional and integral gain
=c Vs3n Rs ise Ls pisc (5) constants, respectively of the proportional integral (PI)
- -
controller and the superscript represents the reference quantity.
Where, Ls and Rs are per phase source inductance and The quadrature components of the reference source currents are
resistance respectively. estimated as:
Va Vb Vc vm-e i* saq = i*smqWa, i*sbq = i*smqWb; I* scq = i smqWc (12)

CompLAation V 1
The in-phase component of the reference source currents is
Of V_ System Vtage computed as:
L l* i*.du.;i*sbd i*SmdUb; iscd i*smdUc
i* sd = =
(13) =

U2 ur wa re of Where, I*,,d is considered fixed value corresponding to the

Temnplate u ; Current wD l* constant source current for load leveling.
FaTnation *c Reference source currents are computed as:
irSrf j* t The reference source currents are the sum of the in-phase
Cornputaion * > tu+ components of the reference source currents and the quadrature
Of -.sd sod
components ofthe reference source currents given as:
j*
sa <lb sc
i*sa i*saq + i*sad; i*bi*s,q+i*sbd; i*c= i scq+i* scd (14)
*IM n irirr . These reference source currents are compared with the
PWM4 C urrent Wla sensed actual source currents in PWM current controller. The
Controller sb current errors of all the three phases are amplified. If the
SC
_otrllr
_ amplified reference source current error signal, isa=, IS greater
than the triangular wave carrier signal, switch SI is ON and
TO the Gate o I of BESS switch S4 iS OFF, and the value of SA is 1. When the amplified
reference source current error signal is less than the triangular
wave carrier signal switch S1 is OFF and switch S4 iS ON, and
the value of SA is 0. Similar logic applies to other phases.
Fig.2 Control Scheme of BESS Based Supply System B. Modeling of BESS
v,an, v,bn, and vs,, are the three phase instantaneous input The BESS is operated in current controlled mode and
supply voltages at PCC and are expressed as: modeled by the volt- current equations (Fig. 1) are derived as:
vsan=vsmsin(cOt); vsb,n=vsmsin(cot-2n/3); vscn=vsmsin(ot+27c/3) (6) Vab = Rc ica + Lc Pica + eab - R. icb - Lc Picb (15)
Where, vSm is the peak value and co = 2irf is the angular
frequency of the supply.
vbc= Rc icb + Lc Picb + ebc - Rc icc - Lc picc (16)

The unit vectors in-quadrature with va vb and vc may be derived Further,

by taking a quadrature transformation of the in-phase unit ica + icb +icc = 0 (17)
vectors ua, ub and uc as: Equations (15) - (17) simplifies.to:
wa = - uJ,13 + uJ/<3 (7) pi. = {(vbc- ebc) + 2( vab- eab) - 3 Rcica}/ 3Lc (18)
Wb = '/3 ua/ 2 + (Ub -u0)/(2 13) (8) Picb = {(vtc - ebc) - (vabt- eab) - 3 Rclcb}/ 3L (19)
wa = 43 ua/ 2 + (ub -uc)/(2 '3) (9) icc (ica+ icb ) (20)
The quadrature component of the reference source currents is And, the dc bus voltage derivative can be expressed as:
computed as:
The voltage error Ver in terminal voltage at PCC at the n pvdc = (caSA+cb SB + icc SC -ibb)/Cdc (21)
sampling instant is as: Where, ibb is the charging/ discharging current of the battery.
SA, SB and SC are switching functions stating the ON/OFF
Ver(n) 0Vref(n
refin) Vm(n)
m(n) (10)
( ) positions of switches S 1-S6 of VSI bridge of BESS.
The output of the PI controller at the nth sampling instant is The AC output voltages of the inverter are reflected in the forn
expressed as: of the three-phase PWM AC voltages eab, eb, and eca of the
i*smq(n) = i*smq(n-1) +K p { Ver(n) - Ver(n-i) }+KiVer(n) (11) BESS. The AC line voltages of the BESS are expressed as:

503
 eab - Vdc (SA-SB) (22) V. PERFORMANCE OF BESS BASED SUPPLY SYSTEM
ebc= Vdc (SB-SC) (23) Perfonnance characteristics of the proposed BESS are
illustrated in Figs. 3-6 demonstrating its transient and steady
=c- vdc
eca (SCSA)
Vdc (SC-SA) (24)
(24)
behavior for voltage regulation, power-factor correction along
The switching function SA has the values of 0 and 1, with load leveling and load balancing.
respectively, for the ON and OFF conditions of the upper and
lower switches of the phase 'a' leg of the VSI bridge. Similar 1000oo__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
logic applies to the other phase legs. . 0 K(KE KK222K( 22 22 X
'-100
C Modeling ofBattery 50
The battery is modeled using well-known Thevenin °
equivalent circuit model [14]. The battery side current is given 20
as: : 0
ibb = (vdc-vCb2-vOC) /Rbl (25) 20
50
And, its internal voltage derivative can be expressed as: 0o
PV6b2 = (ibb- VCb2 / Rb2 ) /Cb2 (26) 700 -

Where vCb2 is the voltage across capacitor Cb2 which gives the 6 0 SOO
status of the charge ofthe battery. v,c is the battery open circuit 20
voltage and Rb, is the internal resistance of the battery and Rb2 cc 10
represents self-discharging of the battery. 0 ,
329 l_ ,_ ,_ _ _ _, _l _,
D. Supply System J328.8.
The derivatives of AC terminal line voltages at the point of 04 0.41 042 0.43 0.44 045 0.46 047 0.48 0.49 0.5
common coupling are derived for delta connected balanced T0me (Sec)
capacitor bank of Fig. 1, as:
Csh pvab (is- iLa-Lica) + Csh PVca (27)
Csh pvk = (isb- iLb icb) + Csh PVab
- (28) Fig. 3 Performance of BESS based power conditioner for connection of
Induction Generator
Further, A. Performance of BESS system while connection of
Vab + vbc + Vca 0.0 (29) induction generator to the local grid
From equations (27) and (29). Fig. 3 shows the variation of terminal voltage, supply
currents, generator currents, BESS currents, peak terminal
2CSh pvab + C,h pvbc = (isa- 1La- ca) (30) voltage, battery charging current and speed of the generator.
And, from equation (28). When the induction generator is connected at 0.4405 seconds
to the local grid the machine draws high inrush current which
- Csh pvab + Csh pvbc = (isb- iLb - icb) (31) causes voltage dip in the supply system. This dip may affect
From equations (30) and (31). the surrounding customer load and may cause sensitive loads to
malfunction. The BESS based voltage controller responds
3Csh pvab = (isa- iL- ica)- (isb- iLb - icb) (32) immediately and reduces the voltage dip transients.
3 Csh PVb= (isb- iLa ic,a)+2 (isb- iLb - icb) (33)
B. Performance of BESS systems for load balancing, and
Or, load leveling at inductive load
PVab = {(sa iLa ica) (isb- iLb- icb)} / (3Csh) (34) In Fig. 4, the behaviour of the system with unbalanced load
and load leveling is demonstrated. At 0.354 seconds the load is
pvbc = {('sa- lLa 'ca) + 2(iSb- 1Licb)} /3C,h (35) changed from three phase to two-phase to make the load
And, unbalanced. BESS compensates for the unbalanced load and
the source currents are still balanced. Further load is removed
vca - -(va+ vbc) (36) at 0.392 seconds. Then, the balanced three phase load is
Thesetof irs orerdifferential equations (18, 19, 21,
The set of first order differential equations (18, 19, 21, 26, '26, applied again in steps. BESS provides load balancing as is
evident from Fig. 4.
34, 35) and other essential expressions are dynamic equations
of the BESS. These equations are integrated using fourth order
Runga - Kutta method to simulate the transient and steady state
behaviour of the BESS.

504
C. Performance of BESS system for harmonics elimination
and load leveling ofNon-linear load
In Fig. 5, the perfornance of BESS with nonlinear load is
studied. A balanced three-phase bridge rectifier with dc bus
resistive load of 7.5 kW is connected to the BESS system at
0.55sec., and subsequently load perturbations are made. It is
observed from the figure that even though the load current is
non-sinusoidal, the source currents are sinusoidal. Thus, the
harmonics reduction in source currents is possible with BESS
D. Performance of BESS system with Induction Motor Load
Fig. 6 shows the performance of BESS when an induction
motor load is put on the supply system. An induction motor
load is a typical load on power lines. An induction motor draws
heavy inrush current leading to a voltage dip. BESS takes care
of the dynamic reactive power requirement of the system when
a 3.7 kW induction motor load (pump load, the torque is
proportional to speed2) is connected at PCC at .47 seconds

M0,i35 0.4 0.45 0.5 1ooo

-2 200 0<
20 20
Z
<- 0D 0. --
00-20
_20 00

0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 00
_'100
-20 -~800
_ -100 _ _
'20 so
44001
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~50
.10203 0405 <0 lm Sc
_ ~-50
-0 400
329 200
lodblning
-328.8 of_inductive_load.motor 0
700
0.35 0,4
32B.6
0.45 0.5
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0.45
0.55
0.5
Vl6CNCUSON 0.6
Time (Sec)
0.65 0.7 0.75
Time (Sec)

Fig.4 Performance of BESS based power conditioner for load leveling and Fig. 6 Performance of BESS based power conditioner for starting of induction
load balancing of inductive load, motor

500 I f I ~~~~~~~~~~~VI.
CONCLUSIONS
0 Custom power reliability and quality may be improved with
~ 500 U
BESS. For renewable energy applications BESS performs the
20FYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYI tasks of energy management and power conditioning at the
<0
.' -20 AAAAAAAAAJ A ~/A PCC. Simulated results in this paper demonstrate that BESS is
20 an effective option for reduction in transient voltage variations
: 0at the time of connection of the generator and motor loads, load
20
0 The perforinance of induction generator may be improved
since it is fed from sinusoidal and balanced supply system.
600
>550 VII. APPENDIX
20
< 0
-20 A. Machines specification:
327.5
327 _______________________
7.5 kW, 3-phase, 4 Pole,
machine used as SEIG.
50Hz, 41 5V, 14.A, Delta connected cage induction
326.5 R .3f;R l I=X
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 = 2.53 n; = 2.1 n; X2= 5.2n
lime (Sec) Magnetizing Characteristic ofthe machine is used as SEIG:
Fig.5 Performance of BESS based power conditioner for harmonics If I. < 1.27A, L. = 0.44
elimination, load leveling and load balancing of non-linear load If I(a> 1.27A and I. 7.2 IA,
Lm = 0.43-0.041I -.035 12 +0.00056 Im. - 0.0000281 Im'

505
 If Im >7.21 A,L,= 0.2 [14] Z. M. Salameh, M. A. Casacca and W.A. Lynch, "A mathematical
Moment of inertia of the motor Is 0.1384 Kg-inm Moment f inerta of te motoris 184 Kg-2 model for lead-acid batteries", IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol.
7, No. 1, pp. 93-97, Mar. 1992.
3.7 kW, 3-phase, 4 Pole, 50Hz, 415V, 14.A, Delta connected cage induction [15] M.S.Tsai, C.E.Lin, W.I.Tsai and C.L.Huang, "Design and
machine. implementation of a demand side multifunction battery energy storage
system", IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 42, No. 6 pp. 642-
R, = 5.2Q,; R2 5.8Q2; Xi X2= 8.2Q2 652,Dec. 1995.
Magnetizing Characteristic of the machine is as: [16] I. Papic, "Power quality improvement using distribution static
compensator with energy storage system", International Conference on
If Im < 0.77A, L,, = 0.84 Harmonics and Quality ofPower, vol. 3, pp.916 - 920 Oct. 2000.
If!,, >=0.77A and Im < 4.0 A, [17] D. Sutanto, "Power management solutions for energy management,
power quality and environment using battery energy storage systems," in
Lm'=0.890.00391 0.1071,2 + 0.0245In,, - 0.00121Im,4 Proc. of IEEE on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, vol. 1, pp.15,
July 1999.
If Im > 4.0 A, L,,= 0.43
[18] Z. Yang, C.Shen, L. Zhang, M. L. Crow and S. Atcitty, "Integration of
Moment of inertia of the machine is 0.0842 Kg-m2. StatCom and battery energy storage", IEEE Trans. on Power System,
Vol. 16, No. 2 pp. 254-259, May 2001.
B. Battery and Controller Parameters
V.. = 650 V Rb = 0. 1
Rb2 = 10000l 2 Cb2 = 1688F
The parameters of the PI controller for PCC Voltage control are.
Kp = 0.43251 Ki = 0.15
C& = 5000 gF
Current band of PWM controller, hb 0. IA,
AC inductors L, = S mH, Rc = 0.5 Q)

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