FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

Public Exam Questions :

Paper II: Multiple Choices
Ch.30
1. Which of the following substances is NOT derived from petroleum?
A. bleach
B. ethanol
C. polystyrene
D. soapless detergent
(HKCEE 1996.13)

Directions: Questions 2 and 3 refer to the following diagram which shows a fractionating
column of an oil refinery.

2. Which of the following fractions is NOT cracked to produce more useful products?
A. P
B. R
C. S
D. T

3. Which of the following statements is correct?

A. Fraction P has the highest boiling point.
B. Fraction T is used for surfacing roads.
C. Fraction U is the least viscous.
D. Fraction S burns with a more sooty flame than fraction Q.
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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

(HKCEE 1994.22.23)

Ch.31
4. The structural formula of a certain compound is shown below.
H
H C H
H H
H C C C H
H H OH
The name of this compound is
A. butan-1-ol.
B. butan-2-ol.
C. 2-methylpropan-1-ol.
D. 2-methylpropan-2-ol.
(HKCEE 1995.15)

5. Which of the following are characteristics of a homologous series?

(1) Members of the series can be represented by the same general formula.
(2) Members of the series have same physical properties.
(3) Members of the series have similar chemical properties.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
(HKCEE 1995.43)

6. Consider the compounds represented by the two structures below:

O H H H H O
H C O C C H and H C C C O H
H H H H

Which of the following statements concerning these compounds is correct?

A. Both compounds can turn wet blue litmus paper red.
B. Both compounds have the same odour.
C. Both compounds have the same molecular formula.
D. Both compounds have the same boiling point.
(HKCEE 2000.13)

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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

7. Which of the following statements concerning ethanol and butan-2-ol is INCORRECT?

A. Both compounds can dissolve iodine.
B. Both compounds can be represented by the same general formula.
C. The boiling point of ethanol is higher than of butan-2-ol.
D. Each compound can be obtained by catalytic hydration of the corresponding
alkene.
(HKCEE 2001.21)
8. The formulae of three straight-chain hydrocarbons are listed below:
(1) C2H6
(2) C3H6
(3) C4H8
Which of these hydrocarbons is/are unsaturated?
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
(HKCEE 2001.32)

9. Both ethane and ethyne are gaseous hydrocarbons Their structures are shown below:
H H
C C H C C H
H H
ethene ethyne
Which of the following statement concerning ethane and ethyne are correct?
(1) Both are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
(2) Both are insoluble in water.
(3) Ethyne burns with a more sooty flame than ethane.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
(HKCEE 2002.44)

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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

10. An organic compound has the following structure:

H CH3

H C C OH

CH3 H

The systematic name of this compound is

A. 1,2-dimethylethanol.
B. 1-methylpropan-1-ol
C. 1-methylpropan-2-ol
D. butan-2-ol.
(HKCEE 2003.17)

Ch.32
11. Which of the following statements concerning alkenes is INCORRECT?
A. They can decolorize a solution of bromine in 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
B. They can decolorize red litmus solution.
C. They can decolorize acidified potassium permanganate solution.
D. They can be polymerized to form addition polymers.
(HKCEE 1995.20)

12. Which of the following products may be formed from the cracking of heavy oil fraction?
(1) CO
(2) C2H4
(3) C8H18
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
(HKCEE 1995.42)

13. Which of the following statements concerning the reaction of methane with bromine is/ are
correct?
(1) It is an addition reaction.
(2) It is a substitution reaction.
(3) A similar reaction will occur if propane is used instead of methane.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

D. (2) and (3) only

(HKCEE 1997.33)
14. Consider the following manufacturing process:

Which of the following graphs (not drawn to scale) can represent the change in relative
molecular masses of the substances involved during the manufacturing process?

(HKCEE 1998.24)

15. Which of the following statements concerning the reaction of an alkane with bromine are
correct?
(1) The reaction occurs faster under sunlight than in darkness.
(2) The reaction is a substitution reaction.
(3) The colour of the reaction mixture fades.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
(HKCEE 1999.45)

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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

16. Which of the following equations represents a cracking reaction:

A. C4H8 + H2  C4H10
B. C4H10  C3H6 + CH4
C. C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2
D. C4H9OH  C4H8 + H2O
(HKCEE 2002.9)

17. Which of the following petroleum fractions has supply that outweighs the demand in modern
society?
A. fuel gases
B. kerosene
C. petrol
D. heavy oil
(HKCEE 2002.11)

18. Upon complete combustion, gaseous hydrocarbon X gives an equal number of moles of carbon
dioxide and water. Which of the following hydrocarbons may X be?
(1) ethane
(2) ethene
(3) propene
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
(HKCEE 2002.34)

19. Propene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Which of the following reactions is/are characteristic
of the unsaturated nature of propene?
(1) It undergoes incomplete combustion to give carbon monoxide.
(2) It decolourises acidified potassium permanganate solution.
(3) It undergoes polymerization to give polypropene.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
(HKCEE 2003.31)
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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

20. Ethane reacts with bromine under suitable conditions. Which of the following statements
concerning this reaction is/are correct?
(1) The reaction occurs readily in the dark.
(2) The reaction is a substitution.
(3) The reaction gives a mixture of organic products.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
(HKCEE 2003.33)

Ch.33
21. One mole of each of the following compounds is burnt completely in oxygen. Which
compound required the greatest volume of oxygen, measured at the same temperature and
pressure, for complete combustion?
A. carbon monoxide
B. ethene
C. ethane
D. ethanol
(HKCEE 1996.21)

22. 1st statement: The cost of town gas goes up when the cost of crude oil rises.
2nd statement: Town gas is manufactured from naphtha.
(HKCEE 1996.48)

23. Which of the following substances is the main constituent of town gas?
A. hydrogen
B. methane
C. carbon monoxide
D. gaseous naphtha
(HKCEE 1998.3)

24. Which of the following processes is endothermic?

A. cracking of petroleum fractions
B. fermentation of glucose solution
C. manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process
D. oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide in the contact process
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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

(HKCEE 2000.25)

25. Which of the following reactions is/are endothermic?

(1) the fermentation of glucose
(2) the cracking of naphtha
(3) the reaction of lime with dilute hydrochloric acid
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
(HKCEE 2002.33)

Ch. 34
26. Which of the following substances can causes acid rain?
A. lead compounds from the burning of leaded petrol in motor cars
B. carbon dioxide from the complete combustion of town gas
C. carbon soots from the incomplete combustion of coal
D. nitrogen dioxide from the burning of fuels in power stations
(HKCEE 1995.23)

27. Which of the following methods can be used to minimize the air pollutant mentioned?
A. increasing the air supply to remove nitrogen dioxide produced by burning heavy oil
B. using catalytic converters to remove lead compounds produced by burning leaded
petrol
C. using scrubbers to remove carbon monoxide produced by the incomplete combustion
of diesel
D. using electrostatic precipitators to remove particulates produced by burning coal
(HKCEE 1996.20)

28. Which of the following environmental problems is NOT caused by excessive burning of fossil
fuels?
A. the corrosion of marble statues
B. the formation of smog
C. a higher incidence of liver diseases
D. global warming
(HKCEE 1998.7)

29. 1st statement: The use of leaded petrol has been banned in Hong Kong.
2nd statement: Lead compounds in car exhaust can cause damage to human brains.
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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

(HKCEE 1998.47)

30. The diagram below shows a catalytic converter fitted to the exhaust system of a car.

Which of the following pollutants from the car engine undergo reactions in the catalytic
converter to produce less harmful products?
(1) carbon monoxide
(2) hydrocarbons
(3) nitrogen monoxide
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
(HKCEE 1998.39)

31. Which of the following changes occurs in a catalytic converter installed in a motor car?
A. Nitrogen monoxide changes to nitrogen dioxide.
B. Carbon monoxide changes to carbon dioxide.
C. Unburnt hydrocarbons change to carbon particles.
D. Sulphur changes to sulphur dioxide.
(HKCEE 2000.27)

32. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

Pollutant Effect
A. carbon monoxide global warming
B. sulphur dioxide darkening of building walls
C. lead compounds liver disease
D. unburnt hydrocarbons lung cancer
(HKCEE 2001.14)

33. Which of the following gases can cause global warming?

(1) methane
(2) carbon dioxide
(3) chlorofluorocarbons
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

D. (1), (2) and (3)

(HKCEE 2002.40)
34. In which of the following processes will carbon dioxide be produced?
(1) the fermentation of glucose solution
(2) the biodegradation of animal faeces
(3) the treatment of car exhaust in a catalytic converter
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
(HKCEE 2002.43)

35. Which of the following processes is/are physical change(s)?

(1) rusting of iron
(2) formation of dry ice from carbon dioxide gas
(3) removal of particulates in an incinerator using an electrostatic precipitator
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only
(HKCEE 2003.32)

Ch. 35
Directions: Q.36 and Q.37 refer to the following experiment.
A reaction mixture containing acidified potassium dichromate solution and ethanol is heated using
the set-up shown below:

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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

36. In this experiment, the reaction mixture is undergoing

A. reflux.
B. distillation.
C. emulsification.
D. fractional distillation.
(HKCEE 1996.23)

37. Which of the following statements concerning this experiment is correct?

A. The acidified potassium dichromate solution acts as a catalyst.
B. The reaction mixture gradually becomes brown.
C. Ethanol is reduced during the experiment.
D. Ethanoic acid is formed during the experiment.
(HKCEE 1996.24)

38. Which of the following substances, if taken in excess, would affect the correct judgement of a
car driver?
(1) ethanol
(2) codeine
(3) morphine
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
(HKCEE 1996.40)

39. Which of the following statements concerning propan-1-ol are correct?

(1) Propan-1-ol can be used as a solvent.
(2) Propan-1-ol can undergo polymerization.
(3) Propan-1-ol can undergo esterification with ethanoic acid in the presence of concentrated
sulphuric acid.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
(HKCEE 1996.41)

40. Which of the following compounds CANNOT be produced directly from ethene?
A. carbon dioxide
B. ethanol
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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

C. ethyl ethanoate
D. 1,2-dibromoethane
(HKCEE 1997.19)
41. Which of the following statements about using ethanol as a car fuel is correct?
(1) Ethanol is a cleaner fuel than petrol.
(2) Using ethanol as a car fuel is economical in agricultural countries with sugar cane as the
main crop.
(3) A car engine has to be suitably modified when using ethanol as a fuel.
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)
(HKCEE 1997.41)

42. Which of the following processes requires catalyst?

A. preparation of ethyl ethanoate from ethanoic acid and ethanol
B. conversion of sulphur trioxide to concentrated sulphuric acid
C. manufacture of chlorine bleach from brine
D. reduction of iron(III) oxide to iron
(HKCEE 2000.21)

43. 1st statement: The reaction of ethanoic acid with ethanol is a neutralization.
2nd statement: Water is one of the products formed in the reaction of Ethanoic
acid with ethanol.
(HKCEE 2001.50)

44. Which of the following reactions does NOT require the use of a catalyst?
A. conversion of ammonia to nitrogen monoxide.
B. hydration of ethene to give ethanol
C. oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid
D. fermentation of glucose to give ethanol
(HKCEE 2002.12)

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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

Suggested Answers :

1. A 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. D 9. D 10 D
.
11. B 12 C 13 D 14 D 15 D 16 B 17 D 18 D 19 D 20 D
. . . . . . . . .
21 B 22 A 23 A 24 A 25 B 26 D 27 D 28 C 29 C 30 D
. . . . . . . . . .
31 B 32 D 33 D 34 D 35 D 36 A 37 D 38 D 39 B 40 C
. . . . . . . . . .
41 D 42 A 43 C 44 C
. . . .

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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

Explanation of M.C. answers:

1. A
Bleach contains sodium hypochlorite as active ingredient. It is an inorganic compound which
could not be derived from petroleum which is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

2. A
In the fractioning column, the lighter fraction is collected at the upper compartments. So, P,
which is collected at the uppermost compartment, contains small carbon molecules and can be
used directly as fuel.

3. D
A: incorrect. Fraction P contains smaller carbon molecules. The intermolecular forces between
smaller molecules are weaker, so it should have the lower boiling point.
B: incorrect. Fraction U, not fraction T, is bitumen which is used for surfacing roads.
C: incorrect. Fraction U contains larger carbon molecules. The intermolecular forces between
the larger molecules are stronger, so it should be more viscous.
D: Correct. The heavier oil fraction, the larger hydrocarbons it contains, the more sooty flame
it produced when burning. Since fraction S is collected at lower compartment than Q, it is
heavier and contains larger hydrocarbon molecules than Q. For larger hydrocarbons, more
oxygen is need for complete combustion, in the other words; .incomplete combustion is more
likely to occur due to insufficient oxygen, so it burns with a more sooty flame than Q.

4. C substituent : 2-methyl
H
H C H The longest C chain with
1H 2 3 H functional group, propan-
1-ol
H C C C H
H H OH

5. B
Choice (2): incorrect. Higher members of a homologous series have higher boiling point than
the lower ones.
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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

Choice (3): correct. Chemical properties of the member depend on their functional group. The
members have the same functional group in a series.

6. C
O H H H H O
H C O C C H and H C C C O H
H H H H

Ester Propanoic acid

A: incorrect. Ester is not acidic.
B: incorrect. Only ester has characteristic of fruitful odour.
C: correct. Both have the molecular formula of C3H6O2
D: incorrect. Different substances must have different boiling points. Propanoic acid has higher
boiling point.

7. C
A: correct. Like dissolves like. Iodine is non-polar and hence can dissolve in organic solvent
which is also non-polar, such as ethanol and butan-2-ol.
B: correct. They belong to the same homologous series, alkanol, with the general formula of
CnH2n+1OH.
C: incorrect. In a homologous series, the boiling point of the members increases as the number
of carbon atoms increases. There are 4 carbons in butan-2-ol and 2 carbons in ethanol, so the
boiling point of butan-2-ol should be higher.
D: correct. (Out of syllabus)
Ethanol can be obtained by catalytic hydration of ethane while butan-2-ol can be obtained by
catalytic hydration of either but-1-ene or but-2-ene.

8. D
Choice (1): incorrect. CH3CH3
Choice (2): correct. CH3CH=CH2
Choice (3): correct. CH3CH2CH=CH2 or CH3CH=CHCH3
Unsaturated hydrocarbons mean that the hydrocarbons contain one or more carbon-carbon
multiple bonds (double bond or triple bond).

9. D
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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

Choice (1): correct. Unsaturated hydrocarbons mean that the hydrocarbons contain one or
more carbon-carbon multiple bonds (double bond or triple bond).
Choice (2): correct. Like dissolves like. The organic compounds are non-polar in nature but
water molecules are polar.
Choice (3): correct. Ethyne contains a higher percentage by mass of carbon content than
ethane. It is more likely to undergo incomplete combustion, so more carbon atoms are found in
the flame and leads to a sootier flame.
10. D
1 H CH3

3 H2 C C OH

CH3 H
4

First, choose the longest carbon chain with functional group (-OH).  butanol
Second, give a smaller number to the carbon atom attached to the functional group.

11. B
A: correct. Alkene can react with bromine under addition reaction.
B: incorrect. Alkene cannot oxidize red litmus like hypochlorous acid does.
C: correct. Alkene can be oxidized with acidified potassium permanganate solution to form
diol and the purple MnO4- ion is reduced to Mn2+ ion which is colourless.
D: correct. Alkene contains C=C bond, so it can undergo addition polymerization.

12. C
Choice (1): incorrect. Condition of cracking is absence of air, so no product containing oxygen
is formed.
Choice (2) and (3): correct. C2H4 is alkene and C8H18 is alkane. Cracking is a process in which
heavy oil fraction are broken down into smaller alkanes and alkenes.

13. Amendment to this question. The question should be as follow:

Which of the following statements concerning the reaction of methane with bromine is/ are
correct?
(1) It is an addition reaction.
(2) It is a substitution reaction.
(3) A similar reaction will occur if propane is used instead of methane.
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only

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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

13. D
Choice (1): incorrect. Methane does not contain C=C bond, it cannot undergo addition
reaction.
Choice (2): correct. CH4 + Br4  CH3Br + HBr
One hydrogen atom in methane is substituted by a bromine atom.
Choice (3): correct. Methane and propane belong to the same homologous series, alkane, so
they have similar chemical properties.
14. D
Cracking involves breaking down of alkanes with more carbon atoms to smaller fragments
(alkanes with less carbon atoms and alkenes), so the relative molecular mass first drops.
Polymerization involves building up of larger organic molecules from small monomers, so the
relative molecular mass increases finally.

15. D (Amendment: The answer should be D, not C.)

Choice (1): correct. Since the reaction in darkness is very slow, sunlight is needed to provide
energy for the reaction to start.
Choice (2): correct. Hydrogen in alkane is substituted by bromine.
Choice (3): correct. As bromoalkanes are colourless, the brown colour of bromine gas will
eventually fade. CxH2x+2 + Br2  CxH2x+1 + HBr

16. B
A: incorrect. It is an addition reaction.
B: correct. It is cracking because two hydrocarbons with smaller relative molecular masses are
produced.
C: correct. It is fermentation. It is not a cracking reaction because carbon dioxide is not a
hydrocarbon.
D: It is dehydration. It is not a cracking reaction because water produced is not a hydrocarbon.

17. D
For the more volatile fractions like fuel gases, petrol and kerosene, demand is greater. As so
many people drive cars, fuels we need is more than that we can actually get from the fractional
distillation of petroleum. On the other hand, for the less volatile fractions like heavy oils,
supply is greater than demand.

18. D
Choice (1): incorrect. 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
Choice (2): correct. C2H4(g) +3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Choice (3): correct. 2C3H6(g) + 9O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)

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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

19. D
Choice (1): incorrect. Incomplete combustion occurs because there is not enough oxygen or
because the hydrocarbon chain is too long. This does not show the unsaturated nature of
propene.
Choice (2): correct. Acidified potassium permanganate can oxidize propene and break its C=C
double bond. CH3CH=CH2 + [O] + H2O  CH3CHOHCH2OH
Choice (3): correct. Propene has a double bond and can act as a monomer for addition
polymerization.

20. D
Choice (1): incorrect. Energy from diffused sunlight is needed to start the substitution reaction.
The reaction does not start spontaneously in darkness. For alkenes (not alkanes), addition
reaction occurs readily in the dark.
Choice (2): correct. Hydrogen atom in the ethane is substituted by a bromine atom one by one.
Choice (3): correct. A mixture of products is formed in the reaction. It is difficult to stop the
chain reaction in a particular stage.
CH4(g) + Br2(g)  CH3Br(g) + HBr(g)
CH3Br(g) + Br2(g)  CH2Br2(l) + HBr(g)
CH2Br2(l) + Br2(g)  CHBr3(l) + HBr(g)
CHBr3 (l) + Br2(g)  CBr4(l) + HBr(g)

21. B (Amendment: the answer should be B, not C.)

A: incorrect. 2CO + O2  2CO2.
Mole ratio of CO to oxygen = 2 : 1, so 1 mole of CO required 0.5 mole of oxygen.
B: correct. 2C2H6 + 7O2  6H2O + 4CO2
Mole ratio of ethane to oxygen = 2 : 7, so 1 mole of ethane required 3.5 moles of oxygen.
C: incorrect. C2H4 + 3O2  2H2O + 2CO2
Mole ratio of ethene to oxygen = 1 : 3, so 1 mole of ethene required 3 moles of oxygen.
D: incorrect. C2H5OH + 3O2  3H2O + 2CO2
Mole ratio of ethanol to oxygen = 1 : 3, so 1 mole of ethanol required 3 moles of oxygen.

22. A
Town gas is manufactured from naphtha. Naphtha is a fraction of petroleum. When the cost of
crude oil rises, cost of naphtha and hence town gas rise.

23. A
Constituent of town gas Percentage in town gas
A : hydrogen 49.0 %
B : methane 28.5 %

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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

C : carbon monoxide 3.0 %

D : gaseous naphtha 7%

24. A
A: correct. In cracking, energy is need to break C-C bonds to form smaller molecules.
B and C: incorrect. (Fermentation and Haber process are out of syllabus)

25. B
Choice (1): correct. In cracking, energy is need to break C-C bonds to form smaller molecules.
Choice (2): out of syllabus
Choice (3): Neutralization always releases heat.

26. D
Nitrogen dioxide dissolves in rain water to form nitrous and nitric acids – the acid rain.
Even though carbon dioxide dissolves in rain water to form carbonic acid, it is only a weak
acid and is not the main cause of acid rain.

27. D
A: incorrect. Increasing the air supply can only minimize the occurrence of incomplete
combustion, hence the formation of carbon monoxide, not nitrogen dioxide.
B: incorrect. Catalytic converter cannot be used with leaded petrol because lead compound will
poison the catalyst used in catalytic converter.
C: incorrect. Scrubbers can remove acidic gases such as sulphur dioxide by reacting with
limewater, i.e. neutralization. CO is not an acidic gas.
D: correct. Electrostatic precipitators remove particulates by applying a strong electric field.

28. C
Burning of fossil fuels will produce sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and carbon
dioxide.
A: incorrect. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are responsible for the formation of acid rain
and this leads to the corrosion of marble statues.
B: incorrect. Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons are causes of smog.
C: correct. Liver diseases are usually caused by alcoholism and virus.
D: incorrect. Excess amount of carbon dioxide is responsible for global warming due to the
excessive greenhouse effect.

29. C
1st statement: incorrect at that time (1998). The use of leaded petrol had not been banned in
Hong Kong before 1999. However, since 1999, only unleaded petrol is allowed for motor
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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

vehicles.
2nd statement: correct. If lead compounds get into the human body, they damage our central
nervous system, especially in children.

30. D
2CO + 2NO  N2 + 2CO2
2CO + O2  2CO2
2C8H18 + 25O2  16CO2 + 18H2O
Choice (1): carbon monoxide is changed to carbon dioxide.
Choice (2): Unburnt hydrocarbons undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and
water.
Choice (3): nitrogen monoxide is changed to nitrogen.

31. B
2CO + 2NO  N2 + 2CO2
2CO + O2  2CO2
2C8H18 + 25O2  16CO2 + 18H2O
A: incorrect. Nitrogen monoxide is changed to nitrogen.
B: correct. Carbon monoxide is changed to carbon dioxide.
C: incorrect. Unburnt hydrocarbons undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and
water.
D: incorrect. Catalytic converter has no effect on sulphur dioxide and sulphur will poison the
catalysts inside the converter.

32. D
A: incorrect. Carbon monoxide has the poisonous effect to form carboxyhaemoglobin with
haemoglobin and cause dizziness and headache. It is carbon dioxide that causes global
warming, but not carbon monoxide.
B: incorrect. Sulphur dioxide is a colourless gas that cannot darken building walls.
C: incorrect. Lead compounds would damage to nervous system, but not liver disease.
D: correct. Unburnt hydrocarbons are carcinogenic.

33. D
All of them are greenhouse gases that can trap heat energy from sun rays and cause global
warming.

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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

34. D
Choice (1): correct. (out of syllabus) C6H12O6  2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Choice (2): correct. Since animal faeces contain some organic compounds, when they are
decomposed by bacteria, carbon dioxide will be produced.
Choice (3): correct. In catalytic converter, the following reactions would occur to produce
carbon dioxide.
2CO + 2NO  N2 + 2CO2
2CO + O2  2CO2
2C8H18 + 25O2  16CO2 + 18H2O

35. D
Physical changes do not involve the changes in the chemical composition of the objects. There
is no new substances formed. Only choice (1), rusting of iron, involves the redox reaction in
which iron is oxidized.

36. A
Reflux is a process during which a reaction mixture is heated without the loss of volatile
substances. In this set-up, it is achieved by a condenser which provide a cool surface for
condensation of the ascending hot vapour, thus prevent the loss of reactants.

37. D
A and C are incorrect while D is correct. Potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizing agent
which oxidizes ethanol to ethanoic acid.
B: incorrect. The solution turns from orange to green because orange dichromate ion is
reduced to form the green Cr3+ ion in the reaction.

38. D
All of them can interfere with human central nervous system, thus would affect the correct
judgement of a car driver.

39. B
Choice (2): Incorrect. Propan-1-ol does not contain C=C double bond to undergo
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FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON COMPOUNDS Textbook (Book 3)

polymerization.
Choice (3): correct. Propyl ethanoate is formed.
O O
+ 
H3C CH2 CH2 OH HO C CH3 H3C CH2 CH2 O C CH3

40. C (Amendent to the question: ethene, not ethane)

A: can. By combustion, C2H4 + 3O2  2CO2 + 2H2O
B: can. (Out of syllabus) By hydration. C2H4 + H2O  C2H5OH
C: cannot. Ethyl ethanoate is an ester. It has to be produced by esterification between an
alkanoic acid and an alcohol, not from alkene.
D: can. By addition reaction. C2H4 + Br2  CH2BrCH2Br

41. D
Choice (1): correct. The molecular weight of ethanol is smaller than that of petrol. Thus it is
easier to ignite, produces less smoke and is a cleaner fuel.
Choice (2) and (3): correct. (Out of syllabus) Ethanol can be produced from fermentation of
sugar cane.

42. A
Conc. H2SO4 is used as the catalyst in esterification.

43. C
1st statement: false. The reaction is not neutralization because no salt is produced. It is
esterification because ester is produced.
2nd statement: true.

44. C
A: incorrect. (Out of syllabus) Platinum is used as a catalyst.
B: incorrect. (Out of syllabus) (Amendment to choice B: hydration of ethene to give ethanol)
C: correct. No catalyst is used but an oxidizing agent is needed.
D: incorrect. (Out of syllabus) Enzyme form yeast is used as a catalyst.

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