4BCh09 (More About Trigonometry 2)

Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B
9 More about Trigonometry (II)

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Activity By the sine formula,

BC AC
=
sin A sin B
Activity 9.1 (p. 202)
23 cm x cm
=
1. (a) Yes sin 53° sin 76°
(b) YP 23 sin 76°
x=
FD XY sin 53°
(c) Slope of PF = , slope of PX = ,
DP YP = 27.9 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
EC
slope of PE =
CP A + B + C = 180°
4. 48° + B + 62° = 180° (∠ sum of △)
2. PX. Since FD = XY = EC and YP is the shortest in
length among line segments between AB and DC, B = 70°
XY By the sine formula,
therefore has the greatest value.
YP a AB
=
sin A sin C
Follow-up Exercise a
=
5 cm
sin 48° sin 62°
p. 168 5 sin 48°
a= cm
sin 62°
Sides Angle Area = 4.21 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
1. a = 4 cm, b = 6 cm C = 30° 6 cm2 b AB
=
2. a = 5 cm, b = 8 cm C = 45° 14.1 cm2 sin B sin C
3. b = 7 cm, c = 9 cm A = 102° 30.8 cm2 b 5 cm
=
4. a = 7 cm, c = 9 cm B = 110° 29.6 cm2 sin 70° sin 62°
5. a = 12 cm, c = 9 cm B = 90° 54 cm2 5 sin 70°
b= cm
sin 62°
p. 175 = 5.32 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
1. By the sine formula,
AB AC
= A + B + C = 180°
sin C sin B 5. (∠ sum of △)
28° + 115° + C = 180°
x cm 8 cm
= C = 37°
sin 30° sin 43°
8 sin 30° By the sine formula,
x=
sin 43° a AB
=
= 5.87 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) sin A sin C
a 9 cm
=
A + B + C = 180° sin 28° sin 37°
2. (∠ sum of △) 9 sin 28°
70° + B + 54° = 180° a= cm
sin 37°
B = 56°
= 7.02 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
By the sine formula,
AB AC b AB
= =
sin C sin B sin B sin C
x cm 7 cm b 9 cm
= =
sin 54° sin 56 ° sin 115° sin 37°
7 sin 54° 9 sin 115°
x= b= cm
sin 56° sin 37°
= 6.83 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) = 13.6 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
A + B + C = 180° A + B + C = 180°
3. (∠ sum of △) 6. 60° + 50° + C = 180° (∠ sum of △)
A + 76° + 51° = 180°
A = 53° C = 70°
1
9 Basic Properties of CirclesMore about Trigonometry (II)
By the sine formula, 2. By the sine formula,

b BC a b
= =
sin B sin A sin A sin B
b 10 cm 10 cm 8 cm
= =
sin 50° sin 60° sin 35° sin B
10 sin 50° 8 sin 35°
b = cm sin B =
sin 60° 10
= 8.85 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) = 0.4589
c BC B = 27.3° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or 152.7° (rejected)
=
sin C sin A A + B + C = 180° (∠ sum of )
c 10 cm 35° + 27.314° + C = 180°
=
sin 70° sin 60° C = 118° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
10 sin 70°
c= cm By the sine formula,
sin 60°
c a
= 10.9 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) =
sin C sin A
c 10 cm
p. 178 =
sin 117.69° sin 35°
10 sin 117.69°
a b c= cm
= sin 35°
sin A sin B
7 cm 9 cm = 15.4 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
=
sin 43° sin B
9 sin 43° 3. By the sine formula,
sin B =
7 a b
=
= 0.8769 sin A sin B
B = 61.3° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or 6 cm 8 cm
=
sin 130° sin B
119° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 8 sin 130°
sin B =
When B = 61.3°, 6
A + B + C = 180° (∠ sum of ) = 1.02 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
43° + 61.265° + C = 180° ∵ sin B ≤ 1 for all values of B.
C = 75.7° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∴ There are no solutions for B.

c a a b
= =
sin C sin A sin A sin B
c 7 cm 6 cm 12 cm
= =
sin 75.735° sin 43° sin 30° sin B
7 sin 75.735° 12 sin 30°
c = cm sin B =
sin 43° 6
= 9.95 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) =1
When B = 119°, ∴ B = 90°
A + B + C = 180° (∠ sum of ) A + B + C = 180° ∠
( sum of △)
43° + 118.73° + C = 180° 30° + 90° + C = 180°
C = 18.3° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) C = 60°
By the sine formula, By the sine formula,
c a c a
= =
sin C sin A sin C sin A
c 7 cm c 6 cm
= =
sin 18.265° sin 43° sin 60° sin 30°
7 sin 18.265° 6 sin 60°
c= cm c = cm
sin 30°
sin 43°
2
p. 185 a 2 + c2 − b2
1. (a) By the cosine formula, cos B =
2ac
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B 40 2 + 73.410 2 − 552
=
x = 17 2 + 20 2 − 2(17)( 20) cos 125° 2( 40)( 73.410)
= 32.8 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) B = 47.5° (cor. to 1 d.p.)
(b) By the cosine formula, A = 180° − 100° − 47.547°

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C = 32.5° (cor. to 1 d.p.)
x = 252 + 22 2 − 2( 25)( 22) cos 42°

= 17.1 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) p. 189
a+b+c
1. Let s = , where a = 14 m, b = 8 m and c = 10 m.
2
2. (a) By the cosine formula, 14 + 8 + 10
s = m
a 2 + b2 − c 2 2
cos θ = ∴
2ab = 16 m
182 + 14 2 − 112 s − a = (16 − 14) m = 2 m
=
2(18)(14) s − b = (16 − 8) m = 8 m
133
= s − c = (16 − 10) m = 6 m
168
θ = 37.7° (cor. to the nearest 0.1°) = s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c )
∴ Area of △ABC = 16 × 2 × 8 × 6 m 2
(b) By the cosine formula,
a 2 + c 2 − b2 = 39.2 m 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
cos θ =
2ac
18 + 17 2 − 312
2
a +b+c
= 2. Let s = , where a = 33 m, b = 29 m and c = 24 m.
2(18)(17) 2
29 32 + 29 + 24
= −
51 ∴ s = 2
m
θ = 124.7° (cor. to the nearest 0.1°) = 43 m
s − a = ( 43 − 33) m = 10 m
3. By the cosine formula, s − b = (43 − 29) m = 14 m
b2 + c 2 − a 2 s − c = ( 43 − 24) m = 19 m
cos A =
2bc = s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c )
26 + 352 − 282
2
∴ Area of △ABC = 43 × 10 × 14 × 19 m 2
=
2( 26)(35)
= 338 m 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
1117
=
1820
A = 52° (cor. to the nearest degree) a+b+c
3. Let s = , where a = 26 m, b = 37 m and c = 21 m.
2
a 2 + c 2 − b2 26 + 37 + 21
cos B =
2ac ∴ s = 2
m
282 + 352 − 26 2 = 42 m
=
2( 28)(35) s − a = ( 42 − 26) m = 16 m
1333 s − b = (42 − 37) m = 5 m
=
1960 s − c = ( 42 − 21) m = 21 m
B = 47° (cor. to the nearest degree)
= s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c )
C = 180° − A − B ∴ Area of △ABC = 42 × 16 × 5 × 21 m 2
∴ = 180° − 52.14° − 47.15°
= 266 m 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
= 81° (cor. to the nearest degree)
a+b+c
4. By the cosine formula, 4. Let s = , where a = 17 m, b = 27 m and c = 17 m.
2
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
17 + 27 + 17
c = 402 + 552 − 2( 40)(55) cos 100° cm ∴ s = 2
m
= 73.4 cm (cor. to 1 d.p.) = 30.5 m

s − a = (30.5 − 17) m = 13.5 m
s − b = (30.5 − 27) m = 3.5 m
s − c = (30.5 − 17) m = 13.5 m
3
= s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c ) 250° − 180° = 70°

∴ Area of △ABC = ∴ The required compass bearing is S70°W.
30.5 × 13.5 × 3.5 × 13.5 m 2
(d)
= 139 m 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
p. 192
1.
360° − 330° = 30°

∴ The required compass bearing is N30°W.
With the notations in the figure, 3. (a)

∠ABD = ∠BAC + ∠ACB
(a)
= 20° + 35°
= 55°
∴ The angle of elevation of A from B is 55°.
(b) ∠EAC = ∠ACB
= 35°
∠EAB = ∠EAC + ∠BAC
= 35° + 20° ∴ The required true bearing is 048°.
= 55° (b)
∴ The angle of depression of B from A is 55°.
(c) ∠EAC = 35°
∴ The angle of depression of C from A is 35°.
2. (a)
180° − 57° = 123
°
∴ The required true
bearing is 123°.
(c)
∴ The required compass bearing is N80°E.

(b)
180° + 62° = 242°

∴ The required true bearing is 242°.
(d)
180° − 120° = 60°

∴ The required compass bearing is S60°E.
(c)
360° − 28° = 332

°
∴ The required true
bearing is 332°.
4

CB 200 m
=
sin 35° sin 30°
200 sin 35°
CB = m
sin 30°
(alt. ∠s, AD // EC)
∠CBD = ∠ECB
= 65°
In △CBD,
CD
sin ∠CBD =
CB
CD = CB sin ∠CBD
200 sin 35°
=  × sin 65°  m
With the notations in the figure,  sin 30° 
= 207.9 m (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
(a) ∠DBA = ∠BAF (alt. ∠s, DG // AF)
= 30° ∴ The height of the building is 207.9 m.
∴ The compass bearing of A from B is S30°E.
∠CBD = ∠CBA + ∠ABD p. 201
(b)
= 35° + 30° 1. (a) ∵∠HAD is the angle between planes ABGH
and ABCD.
= 65° ∴ The angle between planes ABGH and
∠GBC = 180° − ∠CBD
ABCD is 40°.
= 180° − 65° (b) ∵ ∠AHD is the angle between planes ABGH
= 115° and DCGH.
∴ The true bearing of C from B is 115°. ∠AHD + ∠HAD + ∠ADH = 180° (∠ sum of △)
(c) ∠BCH = ∠CBD (alt. ∠s, IH // DG) ∠AHD + 40° + 90° = 180°
= 65° ∠AHD = 50°
∴ The compass bearing of B from C is N65°W. ∴ The angle between planes ABGH and
(d) ∠ACI = ∠FAC (alt. ∠s, IH // AF) DCGH is 50°.
= 50° (c) ∵ ∠EAH is the angle between planes ABGH
∠HCA = 180° + ∠ACI and ABFE.
Reflex ∠EAH = ∠AHD (alt. ∠s, EA // HD)
= 180° + 50°
= 230° = 50°
∴ The true bearing of A from C is 230°. ∴ The angle between planes ABGH and
ABFE is 50°.
p. 195 (d) ∵ ∠EHA is the angle between planes ABGH
1. By the cosine formula, and EFGH.
QR 2 = PQ 2 + PR 2 − 2( PQ )( PR ) cos ∠QPR ∠EHA = ∠HAD
(alt. ∠s, EA // HD)
= 40°
QR = 202 + 152 − 2( 20)(15) cos 55° km
∴ The angle between planes ABGH and
= 17 km (cor. to the nearest km) EFGH is 40°.
∴ The distance between town Q and town R is 17 km. (e)
2.
With the notations in the figure,

∠ACB = ∠ECB − ∠ECA With the notations in the figure,
= 65° − 35° ∵ ∠EJA is the angle between planes ABGH
= 30° and EFCD.
JA = JD (property of rectangle)
∠CAB = ∠ECA (alt. ∠s, AD // EC)
∠JAD = ∠JDA (base ∠s, isos. △)
= 35°
= 40°
∠EJA = ∠JAD + ∠JDA (ext. ∠ of △)
= 40° + 40°
= 80°
5
∴ The angle between planes ABGH and Consider △BDH.

EFCD is 80°. HD
tan ∠HBD =
BD
2. (a) (i) ∵ VH is the height of the pyramid. 6
=
∴ H is the projection of V on plane 164
ABCD. ∠HBD = 25.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ HA is the projection of VA on plane ∴ The angle between HB and BD is 25.1°.
ABCD.
∴ ∠VAH is the angle between VA and
2. (a)
plane ABCD.
(ii) ∵ VH is the height of the pyramid.
∴ H is the projection of V on plane
ABCD.
∴ HM is the projection of VM on plane
ABCD.
∴ ∠VMH is the angle between VM and
plane ABCD.
(b) (i) ∵ VM ⊥ AB and HM ⊥ AB
∴ ∠VMH is the angle between planes (b)
VAB and ABCD. The angle between the planes ACFD and
(ii) ∵ DH ⊥ VH and AH ⊥ VH BCFE is ∠ACB.
Consider △ABC.
∴ ∠DHA is the angle between planes
VHA and VHD. AC 2 + BC 2 − AB 2
cos ∠ACB =
2 AC ⋅ BC
p. 208 282 + 20 2 − 14 2
=
1. (a) (i) 2(28)( 20)
247
=
280
∠ACB = 28.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between the planes ACFD and
BCFE is 28.1°.
3. (a) The angle between VA and plane ABCD is ∠

VAO.
(ii) AC = 212 + 202 cm
= 29 cm
1
∴ OA = AC = 14.5 cm (property of
2
rectangle)
Consider △VAO.
20
tan ∠VAO =
14.5
The angle between HB and plane HDCG is ∠VAO = 54.06° (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
∠BHC.
∴ The angle between VA and plane ABCD is
CH = 6 2 + 10 2 m (Pyth. theorem) 54.06°.
= 136 m (b)
Consider △BCH.
8
tan ∠BHC =
136
∠BHC = 34.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between HB and plane
HDCG is 34.4°.
(b) The angle between HB and BD is ∠HBD.
BD = 8 2 + 10 2 m (Pyth. theorem)
= 164 m
HD = GC = 6 m
Let M be the mid-point of AB.
∵ △VAB is an isosceles triangle.
∴ VM ⊥ AB
6
∵ △OAB is an isosceles triangle. (c)

∴ OM ⊥ AB
∴ AB is the line of intersection of the planes
VAB and ABCD.
∴ The angle between planes VAB and ABCD
is ∠VMO.
21
OM = cm
2
= 10.5 cm
Consider △VOM.
20 With the notations in the figure, consider
tan ∠VMO = △OAB.
10.5
∠VMO = 62.30° (cor. to 4 sig. fig.) AB
tan ∠AOB =
∴ The angle between the planes VAB and OA
ABCD is 62.30°. 300 m
=
(c) VO is the line of intersection of the planes VAO 200 m
and VDO. ∠AOB = 56.310°
∵ DO ⊥ VO and AO ⊥ VO ∠COB = ∠COA + ∠AOB
Reflex = 180° + 56.310°
∴ The angle between the planes VAO and
VDO is ∠DOA. = 236° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
Consider △DOA. ∴ The true bearing of B from O is 236°.
OD = OA (property of rectangle)
= 14.5 cm 2.
By the cosine formula,
OD 2 + OA2 − DA2
cos ∠DOA =
2OD ⋅ OA
14.52 + 14.52 − 212
=
2(14.5)(14.5)
41
= −
841
∠DOA = 92.79° (cor. to 4 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between the planes VAO and
VDO is 92.79°. Let h m be the height of the tower TO.
Consider △TAO.
p. 216
hm
1. (a) Consider △TOA. tan 50° =
OA
TO
tan 30° = h
AO OA = m
tan 50°
TO = 200 tan 30° m
Consider △TBO.
= 115 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) hm
tan 30° =
∴ The height of the tower TO is 115 m. OB
(b) Consider △OAB. h
OB = m
∵ The man walks westwards to a point B. tan 30°
∴ B is due west of A. With the notations in the figure,
∴ ∠OAB = 90° ∠AOB = 90° − ∠BOC
OB 2 = OA2 + AB 2 = 90° − 40°
(Pyth. theorem)
OB = 2002 + 3002 m = 50°
Consider △OAB.
= 360.555 m
Consider △TOB. AB 2 = OA2 + OB 2 − 2(OA)(OB ) cos ∠AOB
2 2
TO h  h  h  h 
tan ∠TBO = 350 2 =   +   − 2   cos 50°
OB  tan 50°   tan 30°   tan 50°  tan 30° 
115.470 m 1 1 2 cos 50°  2
= 122 500 =  + − h
360.555 m  tan 2 50° tan 2 30° tan 30° tan 50° 
∠TBO = 17.8° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 122 500
h =
∴ The angle of elevation of T from B is 17.8 1 1 2 cos 50°
+ −
°. tan 2 50° tan 2 30° tan 30°tan 50°
= 258 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The height of the tower TO is 258 m.
7
Exercise Area of ∆ABC =

1
× AB × AC × sin ∠BAC
2
Exercise 9A (p. 169) 1
Level 1 32 = × 7 × 11 × sin ∠BAC
2
1
=  × 16 × 12 × sin 74°  cm 2 5. sin ∠BAC =
64
1. (a) Area of △ABC 2  77
= 92.3 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∠BAC = 56.22° or 180° − 56.22°
= 56.2° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or
1
=  × 10 × 8 × sin 142°  cm 2
(b) Area of △ABC 2  124° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
2
6. (a)
(c) BC = BA = 7 cm
1
=  × 7 × 7 × sin 43°  cm 2
Area of △ABC 2 
= 16.7 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(d) ∵ △ABC is an equilateral triangle.
∴ B = 60° and BC = AC = 4 cm
1 Join BD.
=  × 4 × 4 × sin 60°  cm 2
Area of △ABC  2  1
Area of △ABD =  × 5 × 7 × sin 68°  cm
2

2 2 
∴ Area of ABCD
= 2 × area of △ABD
1
ABC = × AC × BC × sin C 1
=  2 × × 5 × 7 × sin 68°  cm
2
2
2. (a) Area of △  2 
1
7.5 = × x × 5 × sin 65° 2
2 = 32.5 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
x = 3.31 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) (b)
1
ABC = × AB × AC × sin A
2
(b) Area of △ 1
29 = × 12 × x × sin 138°
2
x = 7.22 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) Join AC.
∠ADC = ∠ABC (opp. ∠s of // gram)
1 = 132°
PQR = × PR × QR × sin R
2 1
Area of △ACD =  × 8 × 6 × sin 132°  cm
2
1 2 
3. (a) Area of △ 15 = × 8 × 5 × sin θ
2 ∴ Area of ABCD
θ = 48.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or = 2 × area of △ACD
131° (rejected) 1
=  2 × × 8 × 6 × sin 132°  cm
2
1  2 
PQR = × PQ × PR × sin P 2
2 = 35.7 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
1
(b) Area of △ 20 = × 7.4 × 12.3 × sin θ
2
7.
θ = 26.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or
154° (rejected)
1
ABC = × AB × AC × sin ∠BAC
4. Area of △ 2 Join BD.
1 AB = AD (property of rhombus)
55 = × 12 × 10 × sin ∠BAC
2
= 14 cm
11
sin ∠BAC = 1
Area of △ABD =  × 14 × 14 × sin 48°  cm
2
12
2 
∠BAC = 66.4° (rejected) or
∴ Area of rhombus ABCD
114° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
= 2 × area of △ABD
1
=  2 × × 14 × 14 × sin 48°  cm
2
 2 
2
= 146 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
8
8. Area of the shaded segment

= area of sector OAE − area of △OAE
72° 1
=  π × 82 × − × 8 × 8 × sin 72°  cm 2
 360° 2 
Join AC. = 9.78 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∠CBA + ∠DAB = 180° (int. ∠s, CB // DA)
∠CBA + 160° = 180° 12. Let AB = x cm and BC = (x + 2) cm, where x is an
∠CBA = 20° integer.
Area of parallelogram ABCD ∵ 10 cm2 < area of △ABC < 20 cm2
= 2 × area of ABC 1
10 cm 2 < × AB × AC × sin ∠ABC < 20 cm 2
1 2
= 2 × × AB × BC × sin ∠CBA 1
2 ∴ 10 < x ( x + 2) sin 30° < 20
2
1
38 cm 2 = 2 × × 14 cm × BC × sin 20° 1
2 10 < x ( x + 2) < 20
∴ 4
38
BC = cm 40 < x ( x + 2) < 80
14 sin 20°
= 7.94 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∴ x must satisfy the inequality 40 < x(x + 2) < 80.
Take x = 6,
x ( x + 2) = 6(6 + 2)
9. ∵ △ABC is an isosceles triangle.
= 48
∴ AC = AB ∴ The possible lengths of AB and BC are 6 cm and
= 6.5 cm 8 cm respectively. (or any other reasonable
∠ACB = ∠ABC △ answers)
(base ∠s, isos. )
= 28°
13. ∵ The areas of △ABC and △XYZ are the same.
∠BAC + ∠ABC + ∠ACB = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∴
∠BAC + 28° + 28° = 180°
1 1
∠BAC = 124° × AB × BC × sin ∠ABC = × XY × YZ × sin ∠XYZ
2 2
1 1 1
= × AB × AC × sin ∠BAC × 3 × 4 × sin ∠ABC = × 6 × 2 × sin ∠XYZ
2 2 2
Area of the triangle  1
=  × 6.5 × 6.5 × sin 124°  cm 2 sin ∠ABC = sin ∠XYZ
2 
∠ABC = ∠XYZ (rejected) or ∠ABC = 180° − ∠XYZ
= 17.5 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) Take ∠ABC = 30°,
30° = 180° − ∠XYZ
10. Area of quadrilateral ABCD ∠XYZ = 150°
= area of △ACD + area of △ABC ∴ The possible values of ∠ABC and ∠XYZ are 30°
1 and 150° respectively. (or any other reasonable
× AD × AC × sin ∠CAD +
= 2 answers)
1
× AC × AB × sin ∠CAB Level 2
2
1 1 ∠ADB = ∠DBC + ∠BCD
=  × 5 × 7 × sin 28° + × 7 × 10 × sin 52°  cm (ext. ∠ of △)
2
14.
2 2  = 35° + 50°
2 = 85°
Area of △ABC
= area of △BCD + area of △ABD
11. (a) Area of the shaded segment 1
= area of sector OAB − area of △OAB = × BC × BD × sin ∠DBC +
2
135° 1 1
=  π × 202 × − × 20 × 20 × sin 135°  cm 2 × AD × BD × sin ∠ADB
 360° 2  2
= 330 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)  1 × 7 × 5.38 × sin 35° + 
  2
(b) ∵ EA = AB = BC = CD = DE (given) = 2  cm
 1 × 3 × 5.38 × sin 85° 
∠EOA = ∠AOB = ∠BOC 2 
= ∠COD = ∠DOE (equal chords, equal ∠s) = 18.8 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴
360°
∠EOA =
5 15. ∵ △ABC is an isosceles triangle.
= 72° ∴ AC = BC = 9 cm
∠BAC = ∠ABC △
(base ∠s, isos. )
= 70°
9
∠ACB + ∠BAC + ∠ABC = 180° (∠ sum of △) Area of major segment BAC

∠ACB + 70° + 70° = 180° = area of sector OACB + area of △OAB
230° 1
∠ACB = 40° =  π × 12 2 × + × 12 × 12 × sin 130°  cm 2
 360° 2 
∠DAC = ∠ACB (alt. ∠s, AD // BC)
= 344 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
= 40°
Area of trapezium ABCD
= area of △ABC + area of △ACD OC = CA
1 19. 8 (given)
= × AC × BC × sin ∠ACB + = cm
2 2
1 = 4 cm
× AD × AC × sin ∠DAC
2 Area of the shaded region
1 1
=  × 9 × 9 × sin 40° + × 6 × 9 × sin 40°  cm 2 = area of sector OAB − area of △OCB
2 2  45° 1

=  π × 82 × − × 4 × 8 × sin 45°  cm 2
= 43. 4 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)  360° 2 
= 13.8 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
16. Consider △ABD.
BD 2 = AB 2 + AD 2 (Pyth. theorem) 20.
BD = 52 + 12 2 cm
= 13 cm
∵ Area of △ABD = area of △BCD
1 1
× AB × AD = × BD × BC × sin ∠DBC
2 2
1 1
× 5 × 12 = × 13 × 8 × sin ∠DBC Join OC.
2 2
15 ∵ OC = OA (radii)
sin ∠DBC = ∠ ACO = ∠ CAB △
26 ∴ (base ∠s, isos. )
∠DBC = 35.23° or 180° − 35.23° = 35°
= 35.2° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or ∠BOC = ∠ACO + ∠CAB (ext. ∠ of △)
= 35° + 35°
145° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) (rejected)
= 70°
Area of the shaded region
KC = AK
= area of sector OBC − area of △OBC
1 70° 1
= AC 
= π × 72 × − × 7 × 7 × sin 70°  cm 2
17. 2 (diags. of // gram)  360° 2 
 1 
=  × 10  cm = 6.91 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
2
2 
= 5 cm
KD = BK 21. (a) Consider △ABC and △ADE.
1 ∠BAC = ∠DAE = 70° (common angle)
= BD (diags. of // gram) ∠ABC = ∠ADE (corr. ∠s, BC // DE)
2
1 ∠ACB = ∠AED (corr. ∠s, BC // DE)
=  × 14  cm ∴ △ABC ~ △ADE (AAA)
2 
= 7 cm AB AC
= (corr. sides, ~ s)
Area of parallelogram ABCD AD AE
= 4 × area of △CDK AB AC
=
1 AB + BD AC + CE
= 4 × × KC × KD × sin ∠DKC 6 cm 4
2 =
 4 × 1 × 5 × 7 × sin 70°  cm 2 6 cm + BD 4+2
= 6 cm + BD = 9 cm
 2 
= 65.8 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) BD = 3 cm
(b) Area of BDEC
= area of △ADE − area of △ABC
18. Reflex ∠AOB = 360° − 130° (∠s at a pt.)
= 230°  1 × (6 + 3) × ( 4 + 2) × sin 70° −
  2
= 2  cm
1
 × 6 × 4 × sin 70° 
2 
= 14.1 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
10
OP = OQ 4. By the sine formula,

22. (a) = BC (radii) AC AB
=
= 10 cm sin B sin C
9 cm 10 cm
=
OD = OC (given) sin x sin 48°
1 9 sin 48°
= CD sin x =
(b) 2 10
1 x = 42.0° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or
=  × 10  cm

2  138° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) (rejected)
= 5 cm
Consider △POD. 5. By the sine formula,
OD a b
cos ∠POD = =
OP sin A sin B
5 6 cm 12 cm
= =
10 sin 60° sin B
∠POD = 60° 12 sin 60°
sin B =
(c) By similar argument, ∠ROC = 60°. 6
∠POD + ∠POR + ∠ROC = 180° (adj. ∠s on st. line) = 1.73 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
60° + ∠POR + 60° = 180° ∵ sin B ≤ 1 for all values of B.
∠POR = 60° ∴ There are no solutions for B.
Area of the shaded region
= area of sector OPR − area of △OPR 6. By the sine formula,
a b
60° 1 =
=  π × 10 2 × − × 10 × 10 × sin 60°  cm 2 sin A sin B
 360° 2 
3 cm 2 cm
= 9.06 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) =
sin 60° sin B
2 sin 60°
sin B =
Exercise 9B (p. 178) 3
Level 1 =1
1. By the sine formula, B = 90°
BC AC
=
sin A sin B
x cm 4 cm 7. By the sine formula,
= a b
sin 75° sin 44° =
4 sin 75° sin A sin B
x = 12 cm 6 cm
sin 44° =
= 5.56 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) sin 60° sin B
6 sin 60°
sin B =
12
2. By the sine formula, B = 25.7° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or
AC BC
=
sin B sin A 154° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) (rejected)
x cm 7 cm
=
sin 116° sin 28° 8. By the sine formula,
7 sin 116° a b
x = =
sin 28° sin A sin B
= 13.4 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 6 cm 6 cm
=
sin 70° sin B
6 sin 70°
3. By the sine formula, sin B =
6
AC AB
= B = 70° or 110° (rejected)
sin B sin C
14.7 cm 12 cm
=
sin 68° sin x A + B + C = 180°
12 sin 68° 9. 57° + B + 81° = 180° (∠ sum of △)
sin x =
14.7 B = 42°
x = 49.2° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or
11
By the sine formula, c b

=
a b sin C sin B
=
sin A sin B 8 cm 5.5 cm
=
a 8 cm sin C sin 36°
=
sin 57° sin 42° 8 sin 36°
sin C =
8 sin 57° 5.5
a = cm
sin 42° C = 58.8° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or 121° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
When C = 58.8°,
By the sine formula, A + B + C = 180°(∠ sum of △)
c b A + 36° + 58.755° = 180°
=
sin C sin B
A = 85.2° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
c 8 cm
=
sin 81° sin 42° By the sine formula,
8 sin 81° a b
c = cm =
= 11.8 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) a 5.5 cm
=
sin 85.245° sin 36°
5.5 sin 85.245°
A + B + C = 180° a = cm
sin 36°
10. A + 110° + 26° = 180° (∠ sum of △)
A = 44°
When C = 121°,
By the sine formula, A + B + C = 180°(∠ sum of △)
b a A + 36° + 121.245° = 180°
=
sin B sin A
A = 22.8° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
b 6 cm
=
sin 110° sin 44° By the sine formula,
6 sin 110° a b
b = cm =
= 8.12 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) a 5.5 cm
=
sin 22.755° sin 36°
By the sine formula, 5.5 sin 22.755°
c a a = cm
= sin 36°
sin C sin A
c 6 cm
=
sin 26° sin 44°
6 sin 26° 13. By the sine formula,
c = cm b c
sin 44° =
= 3.79 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) sin B sin C
b c
=
sin 45° sin 30°
A + B + C = 180° c sin 45°
b =
11. 125° + 32° + C = 180° (∠ sum of △) sin 30°
C = 23° b = 2c
By the sine formula, Take b = 2 ,
a b 2 = 2c
=
sin A sin B c =1
a 10 cm ∴ The possible values of b and c are 2 and 1
=
sin 125° sin 32° respectively. (or any other reasonable answers)
10 sin 125°
a = cm
sin 32° 14. Take B = 90°, and by the sine formula,
= 15.5 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) b a
=
By the sine formula, sin B sin A
c b b 6 cm
= =
sin C sin B sin 90° sin 30°
c 10 cm 6 sin 90°
= b = cm
sin 23° sin 32° sin 30°
10 sin 23° = 12 cm
c = cm A + B + C = 180° (∠ sum of △)
sin 32°
= 7.37 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 30° + 90° + C = 180°
C = 60°
12
By the sine formula, ∠BAM + ∠AMB + ∠ABM = 180° (∠ sum of △)

c a 30° + ∠AMB + 45° = 180°
=
sin C sin A ∠AMB = 105°
c 6 cm By the sine formula,
=
sin 60° sin 30° AB BM
6 sin 60° =
c = cm sin ∠AMB sin ∠BAM
sin 30° x cm 6 cm
= 6 3 cm =
sin 105° sin 30°
∴ The possible values for b, c, B and C are 12 cm, 6 sin 105°
x =
6 3 cm , 90° and 60° respectively. (or any other sin 30°
reasonable answers) = 11.6 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
AM BM
Level 2 =
sin ∠ABM sin ∠BAM
∠ABC + ∠BAC = ∠ACD
15. (ext. ∠ of △) y cm
=
6 cm
30° + ∠BAC = 50°
sin 45° sin 30°
∠BAC = 20° 6 sin 45°
Consider △ACD. y =
sin 30°
AD = 8.49 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
sin 50° =
AC
x ∠AMC = ∠BAM + ∠ABM (ext. ∠ of △)
AC = cm
sin 50° = 30° + 45°
By the sine formula, = 75°
AC BC In △AMC,
=
sin ∠ABC sin ∠BAC ∠MAC + ∠AMC + ∠ACM = 180° (∠ sum of △)
x 30° + 75° + ∠ACM = 180°
cm 40 cm
sin 50° =
sin 30° sin 20° ∠ACM = 75°
40 sin 30° sin 50°
x =
sin 20° ∵ ∠ACM = ∠AMC
= 44.8 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) AC = AM (sides opp.
equal ∠s)
∠ABD + ∠BAD + ∠ADB = 180° z=y
∴
16. (∠ sum of △) = 8.49 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∠ABD + 100° + 30° = 180°
∠ABD = 50°
∠DBC = ∠ADB (alt. ∠s, BC // AD) 18. In △ACD,
= 30° AC = AD (given)
∵
∠DBC + ∠BDC + ∠BCD = 180° ∠ACD = ∠ADC (base ∠s, isos. )
(∠ sum of △)
30° + 80° + ∠BCD = 180° = 65°
∠BCD = 70° ∠CAD + ∠ACD + ∠ADC = 180° (∠ sum of )
By the sine formula, ∠CAD + 65° + 65° = 180°
BD AD ∠CAD = 50°
=
sin ∠BAD sin ∠ABD By the sine formula,
BD 18 cm CD AC
= =
sin 100° sin 50° sin ∠CAD sin ∠ADC
18 sin 100° x cm 7 cm
BD = cm =
sin 50° sin 50° sin 65°
By the sine formula, 7 sin 50°
BC BD x =
= sin 65°
sin ∠BDC sin ∠BCD = 5.92 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
18 sin 100°
x cm cm In △ABC,
= sin 50°
sin 80° sin 70° ∠ABC + ∠BAC = ∠ACD (ext. ∠ of △)
18 sin 100° sin 80° 40° + ∠BAC = 65°
x =
sin 50° sin 70° ∠BAC = 25°
= 24.3 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∠ABC + ∠BAC + ∠ACB = 180° (∠ sum of △)
40° + 25° + ∠ACB = 180°
17. In △ABM, ∠ACB = 115°
13

BC AC a b
= =
sin ∠BAC sin ∠ABC sin A sin B
y cm 7 cm 12 cm 15 cm
= =
sin 25° sin 40° sin 45° sin B
7 sin 25° 15 sin 45°
y = sin B =
sin 40° 12
= 4.60 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 5 2
=
8
AB AC
= B = 62 .1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or
sin ∠ACB sin ∠ABC ∴
z cm 7 cm 118° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
=
sin 115° sin 40°
7 sin 115°
z = 23. By the sine formula,
sin 40°
b c
= 9.87 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) =
sin B sin C
6 cm 7 cm
=
19. By the sine formula, sin B sin 50°
b a 6 sin 50°
= sin B =
sin B sin A 7
12 cm 8 cm B = 41.0° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or
=
sin B sin 150°
12 sin 150°
sin B = A + B + C = 180° (∠ sum of △)
8
3 A + 41.042° + 50° = 180°
=
4 A = 89.0° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
B = 48.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) (rejected) or
131° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) (rejected) a c
∴ There are no solutions for B. =
sin A sin C
a 7 cm
20. By the sine formula, =
sin 88.958° sin 50°
b a 7 sin 88.958°
=
sin B sin A a = cm
sin 50°
6 cm 3.5 cm = 9.14 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
=
sin B sin 30°
6 sin 30°
sin B =
3.5 24. By the sine formula,
6 a b
= =
7 sin A sin B
B = 59.0° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or 14 cm 8 cm
∴ =
sin A sin 62°
121° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 14 sin 62°
sin A =
8
21. By the sine formula, = 1.55 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
b a ∵ sin A ≤ 1 for all values of A.
=
sin B sin A ∴ There are no solutions for A.
12 cm 9 cm ∴ No triangle can be formed.
=
sin B sin 70°
12 sin 70°
sin B =
9 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
= 1.25 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) sin A ?1 for all values of A.
∵ sin B ≤ 1 for all values of B. \ There are no solutions for A.
∴ There are no solutions for B. \ No triangle can be formed.
b c
=
sin B sin C
(cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 6.5 cm 9 cm
=
Q sin B ?1 for all values of B. sin B sin 55°
\ There are no solutions for B. 6.5 sin 55°
sin B =
9
14
∴ B = 36.3° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or A + B + C = 180°(∠ sum of △)

144° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) (rejected) 43° + B + 114.587° = 180°
A + B + C = 180° (∠ sum of △) B = 22.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
A + 36.271° + 55° = 180° By the sine formula,
A = 88.7° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) b a
=
sin B sin A
b 7.5 cm
=
sin 22.413° sin 43°
7.5 sin 22.413°
\ (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or b = cm
144?(cor. to 3 sig. fig.) (rejected) sin 43°
(?sum of △) = 4.19 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(cor. to 3 sig. fig.)

By the sine formula, (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
a c
=
sin A sin C ∠CAB + ∠ACB + ∠CBA = 180°(∠ sum of △)
a 9 cm 27.
= 25° + ∠ACB + 48° = 180°
sin 88.729° sin 55° (?sum of △)
9 sin 88.729° ∠ACB = 107°
a = cm
sin 55°
BC AB
=
sin ∠CAB sin ∠ACB
(cor. to 3 sig. fig.) BC 10 cm
26. By the sine formula, =
sin 25° sin 107°
c a 10 sin 25°
= BC = cm
sin C sin A sin 107°
10 cm 7.5 cm ∠BCT = ∠CAB (∠
=
sin C sin 43°
= 25°
10 sin 43°
sin C =
7.5
C = 65.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or
115° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(?in alt. segment)
∠BCT + ∠CTB = ∠CBA
25° + ∠CTB = 48°
\ (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or
∠CTB = 23°
When C = 65.4°,
A + B + C = 180° (∠ sum of △)
(ext. ∠ ?of △)
43° + B + 65.413° = 180° ?
B = 71.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∠CBA + ∠CBT = 180°
(?sum of △) 48° + ∠CBT = 180°
∠CBT = 132°
b a (adj. ∠s 苫 on
=
sin B sin A
b 7.5 cm st. line)
=
sin 71.587° sin 43°
7.5 sin 71.587°
b = cm
sin 43°
= 10.4 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) By the sine formula,
When C = 115°,
15
CT BC
=
sin ∠CBT sin ∠CTB
10 sin 25°
CT cm
= sin 107°
sin 132° sin 23°
10 sin 25° sin 132°
CT = cm
sin 23° sin 107°

28. ∵ ABGF and CDEG are two squares.
∴ ∠BGF = 90°, ∠CGE = 90°, BG = FG and
CG = EG = 2 cm
Consider △BCG.
∠CBG + ∠BGC + ∠BCG = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∠CBG + 105° + 30° = 180°
∠CBG = 45°
BG CG
=
sin ∠BCG sin ∠CBG
BG 2 cm
=
sin 30° sin 45°
2 sin 30°
BG = cm
sin 45°
= 1 cm
∠BGC + ∠BGF + ∠FGE + ∠CGE = 360° (∠s at
105° + 90° + ∠FGE + 90° = 360° a pt.)
∠FGE = 75°
Area of the hexagon ABCDEF
= area of △BCG + area of ABGF + area of △EFG +
area of CDEG
1
= × BG × CG × sin ∠BGC + BG 2 +
2
1
× FG × EG × sin ∠FGE + CG 2
2
 1 × 1 × 2 × sin 105° + 12 + 
  2
= 2  cm
1
 × 1 × 2 × sin 75° + ( 2 ) 2 
2
= 4.37 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
Exercise 9C (p. 185)

Level 1
1. By the cosine formula,
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
b = 10 2 + 8 2 − 2(10)(8) cos 40° cm
x = 10 2 + 8 2 − 2(10)(8) cos 40°

= 6.44 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
16
2. By the cosine formula, a2 + c2 − b2

cos B =
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A 2ac
a = 14 2 + 9 2 − 2(14)(9) cos 145° cm 14.106 2 + 12 2 − 17 2
∴ =
2(14.106)(12)
x = 14 + 9 − 2(14)(9) cos 145°
2 2
B = 80.8° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
= 22.0 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
A + B + C = 180° (∠ sum of △)
55° + 80.825° + C = 180°
C = 44.2° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
b2 + c2 − a2
cos A =
2bc
4.5 2 + 7 2 − 6 2
cosθ = b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
2( 4.5)(7)
θ = 58.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) b = 112 + 8 2 − 2(11)(8) cos 21° cm
b2 + c2 − a2
a2 + c2 − b2 cos A =
cos B = 2bc
2ac
4.5486 2 + 8 2 − 112
9 2 + 6 2 − 112 =
cosθ = 2( 4.5486)(8)
2(9)(6)
∴ A = 120° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
1
=− A + B + C = 180° (∠ sum of △)
27
θ = 92.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 119.93° + 21° + C = 180°
C = 39.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
5. The largest angle of △ABC is C.
By the cosine formula, 9. By the cosine formula,
a2 + b2 − c2 b2 + c2 − a2
cos C = cos A =
2ab 2bc
8 2 + 8.5 2 − 9 2 12 2 + 10 2 − 15 2
= =
2(8)(8.5) 2(12)(10)
13 19
= =
32 240
C = 66.0° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) A = 85.5° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The largest angle of △ABC is 66.0°. a2 + c2 − b2
cos B =
2ac
∠BAD + ∠ABC = 180°
6. (int. ∠s, AD // BC) 15 2 + 10 2 − 12 2
∠BAD + 60° = 180° =
2(15)(10)
∠BAD = 120° 181
AD = BC = 12 cm (opp. sides of // gram) =
300
Consider △ABC.
B = 52.9° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 − 2( AB)( BC ) cos ∠ABC
A + B + C = 180° (∠ sum of △)
AC = 8 2 + 12 2 − 2(8)(12) cos 60° cm 85.4593° + 52.8910° + C = 180°
= 10.6 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) C = 41.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
Consider △ABD.
BD 2 = AB 2 + AD 2 − 2( AB)( AD) cos ∠BAD 10. By the cosine formula,
b2 + c2 − a2
BD = 8 2 + 12 2 − 2(8)(12) cos 120° cm cos A =
2bc
10 + 5 2 − 7.5 2
2
=
2(10)(5)
11
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A =
16
a = 17 2 + 12 2 − 2(17)(12) cos 55° cm A = 46.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
17
a 2 + c2 − b2 14.
cos B =
2ac
7.5 + 52 − 10 2
2
=
2(7.5)(5)
1
=−
4
B = 104° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
A + B + C = 180° (∠ sum of △)
46.567° + 104.478° + C = 180° Join AC.
C = 29.0° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
AC 2 = BC 2 + AB 2 − 2( BC )( AB) cos ∠ABC
Level 2 AC = 12 2 + 132 − 2(12)(13) cos 75° cm

11. By the cosine formula, = 15.240 cm
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 − 2( AB)( BC ) cos ∠ABC By the cosine formula,
CD 2 + AD 2 − AC 2
AC = 4 2 + 6 2 − 2(4)(6) cos 100° cm cos ∠ADC =
2(CD )( AD )
x = 7.77 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
112 + 10 2 − 15.240 2
By the cosine formula, cos θ =
2(11)(10)
AD 2 = AC 2 + DC 2 − 2( AC )( DC ) cos ∠ACD
θ = 92.9° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
AD = 7.7676 2 + 7 2 − 2(7.7676)(7) cos 42° cm
y = 5.34 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 15. Consider △ABD.
12. By the cosine formula, BD 2 + AD 2 − AB 2
cos ∠ADB =
AD 2 = AB 2 + BD 2 − 2( AB )( BD) cos ∠ABD 2( BD)( AD)
AD = 3 2 + 6 2 − 2(3)(6) cos 48° cm (4 + 5) 2 + 82 − 6 2
=
= 4.57 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 2( 4 + 5)(8)
109
∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. =
∴ BC = AD and DC = AB = 3 cm 144
BC = AD Consider △ACD.
AC 2 = CD 2 + AD 2 − 2(CD )( AD) cos ∠ADC
BC 2 + BD 2 − DC 2  109 
cos ∠CBD = AC = 5 2 + 8 2 − 2(5)(8)  cm
2( BC )( BD)  144 
4.5729 2 + 6 2 − 32 x = 5.33 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
cos θ =
2(4.5729)(6)
θ = 29.2° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 16. Consider △ABD.
AD 2 = BD 2 + AB 2 − 2( BD)( AB) cos ∠ABD
AC 2 + BC 2 − AB 2 AD = (7 + 5) 2 + 10 2 − 2(7 + 5)(10) cos 36° cm
cos ∠ACB =
2( AC )( BC ) x = 7.06 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
4 +6 −5
2 2 2
Consider △ABC.
=
2(4)(6) By the cosine formula,
9 AC 2 = BC 2 + AB 2 − 2( BC )( AB ) cos ∠ABC
=
16 AC = 7 2 + 10 2 − 2(7)(10) cos 36° cm
∠ECD = ∠ACB
∠ = 5.9781 cm
cos ∠ECD = cos ∠ACB (vert. opp. s)
Consider △ACD.
9 By the cosine formula,
=
16 AD 2 + AC 2 − CD 2
By the cosine formula, cos ∠CAD =
2( AD)( AC )
ED 2 = CE 2 + CD 2 − 2(CE )(CD ) cos ∠ECD
7.0595 2 + 5.97812 − 5 2
cos θ =
 9 2(7.0595)(5.9781)
ED = 7 2 + 8 2 − 2(7)(8)  cm
 16  θ = 44.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
18
17. (a) Consider △ABC. 19. ∵ b : c = 3 : 2

By the cosine formula, b 3
=
BC 2 + AC 2 − AB 2 ∴ c 2
cos C =
2( BC )( AC ) 3
b= c
(5 + 6) 2 + (7 + 3) 2 − 9 2 2
= By the cosine formula,
2(5 + 6)(7 + 3)
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
7
= 2
11 3  3 
14 2 cm 2 =  c  + c 2 − 2 c (c) cos 60°
7 2
  2 
∴ cos C =
11 9 3
196 cm 2 = c 2 + c 2 − c 2
(b) Consider △CMN. 4 2
By the cosine formula, 7 2
MN 2 = NC 2 + MC 2 − 2( NC )( MC ) cos C 196 cm = c
2
4
7 784
MN = 6 2 + 3 2 − 2(6)(3)  cm c= cm
 11  7
= 4.70 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 28
= cm
7
18. (a) Consider △ABC. = 4 7 cm
3
AC 2 = BC 2 + AB 2 − 2( BC )( AB) cos ∠ABC b= c
2
AC = 8 2 + 112 − 2(8)(11) cos 70° cm 3 
=  × 4 7  cm
= 11.2 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)  2 
∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. = 6 7 cm
∴ DC = AB = 11 cm
∠BCD + ∠ABC = 180° (int. ∠s, AB // DC) 20. (a) Consider △ABC.
∠BCD + 70° = 180° By the cosine formula,
∠BCD = 110° AC 2 = BC 2 + AB 2 − 2( BC )( AB) cos ∠ABC
Consider △BCD.
= [32 + 4 2 − 2(3)(4) cos θ ] cm 2
BD 2 = DC 2 + BC 2 − 2( DC )( BC ) cos ∠BCD
= ( 25 − 24 cos θ ) cm 2
BD = 11 + 8 − 2(11)(8) cos 110° cm
2 2
Consider △ADC.
= 15.7 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180° (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.)
(b) ∵ ABCD is a parallelogram. θ + ∠ADC = 180°
BK = KD ∠ADC = 180° − θ
= BD
∴ 2 AC 2 = DC 2 + AD 2 − 2( DC )( AD) cos ∠ADC
1  = [6 2 + 5 2 − 2(6)(5) cos (180° − θ )] cm 2
=  × 15.659  cm
2  = (61 + 60 cos θ ) cm 2
= 7.830 cm 25 − 24 cos θ = 61 + 60 cos θ
CK = KA − 36 = 84 cos θ
∴
1 3
= AC cos θ = −
2 7
1 
=  ×11.172  cm  3
2  AC = 25 − 24 −  cm
 7
= 5.586 cm (b)
Consider △BCK. 247
= cm
By the cosine formula, 7
CK 2 + BK 2 − BC 2 = 5.94 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
cos ∠BKC =
2(CK )( BK )
5.586 2 + 7.830 2 − 8 2
=
2(5.586)(7.830)
∠BKC = 71.0° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The acute angle between the diagonals is
71.0°.
19
Exercise 9D (p. 189) a+b+c

5. Let s = , where a = 25 m, b = 23 m and
Level 1 2
1. a = b = c = 6 cm c = 18 m.
a+b+c 25 + 23 + 18
Let s =
2
. ∴ s= 2
m
6+6+6 = 33 m
∴ s= 2
cm
s – a = (33 – 25) m = 8 m
= 9 cm s – b = (33 – 23) m = 10 m
s – a = (9 – 6) cm = 3 cm s – c = (33 – 18) m = 15 m
s – b = (9 – 6) cm = 3 cm = s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
s – c = (9 – 6) cm = 3 cm Area of △ABC
= 33 × 8 ×10 ×15 m 2
= s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
∴ Area of △ABC = 60 11 m 2
= 9 × 3 × 3 × 3 cm 2 1
Area of △ABC = × BC × AD
= 15.6 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 2
1
60 11 m 2 = × 25 m × h
2. a = 30 cm, b = c = 19 cm 2
a +b+c 60 11 × 2
Let s = . h= m
2 25
30 + 19 + 19
∴ s= cm = 15.9 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
2
= 34 cm
s – a = (34 – 30) cm = 4 cm a+b+c
6. Let s = , where a = 10 cm, b = 14 cm and
s – b = (34 – 19) cm = 15 cm 2
s – c = (34 – 19) cm = 15 cm c = 20 cm.
= s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) 10 + 14 + 20
∴ s= 2
cm
∴ Area of △ABC
= 34 × 4 ×15 ×15 cm 2 = 22 cm
= 175 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) s – a = (22 – 10) cm = 12 cm
s – b = (22 – 14) cm = 8 cm
s – c = (22 – 20) cm = 2 cm
a+b+c
3. Let s = , where a = 14 cm, b = 15 cm and = s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
2
c = 13 cm. Area of △ABC
= 22 × 12 × 8 × 2 cm 2
14 + 15 + 13
∴ s= 2
cm = 8 66 cm 2
= 21 cm 1
s – a = (21 – 14) cm = 7 cm 2
s – b = (21 – 15) cm = 6 cm 1
8 66 cm = ×10 cm × h
2
s – c = (21 – 13) cm = 8 cm 2
= s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) 8 66 × 2
∴ Area of △ABC h= cm
= 21× 7 × 6 × 8 cm 2 10
= 84 cm 2
Level 2
a+b+c 7.
4. Let s = , where a = 9 cm, b = 12 cm and
2
c = 7 cm.
9 + 12 + 7
∴ s= 2
cm
= 14 cm
s – a = (14 – 9) cm = 5 cm
s – b = (14 – 12) cm = 2 cm
s – c = (14 – 7) cm = 7 cm
Join PR.
= s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) PR 2 = RS 2 + SP 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∴ Area of △ABC
= 14 × 5 × 2 × 7 cm 2
PR = 6 2 + 8 2 cm
= 31.3 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) = 10 cm
Consider △PQR.
20
p+q+r BC and DF ⊥ BC.

Let s = , where p = 6 cm, q = 10 cm and
2 ∵ AD // BC
r = 7 cm. ∴ AE = DF
5 + 10 + 7 1
∴ s= cm = × BC × AE
2 Area of △ABC 2
= 11 cm 1
= × BC × DF
s – p = (11 – 5) cm = 6 cm 2
s – q = (11 – 10) cm = 1 cm = area of △BCD
s – r = (11 – 7) cm = 4 cm Consider △ABC.
Area of quadrilateral PQRS
a+b+c
= area of △PQR + area of △PRS Let s = , where a = 12 cm, b = 10 cm and
2
1
= s ( s − p )( s − q )( s − r ) + × RS × PS c = 6 cm.
2 12 + 10 + 6
 1  ∴ s= 2
cm
=  11× 6 × 1× 4 + × 6 × 8  cm 2
 2  = 14 cm
= 40.2 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) s – a = (14 – 12) cm = 2 cm
s – b = (14 – 10) cm = 4 cm
s – c = (14 – 6) cm = 8 cm
8.
Area of △BCD = area of △ABC
= s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
= 14 × 2 × 4 × 8 cm 2
= 29.9 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
Join OB.
10. Consider △ACD.
Consider △OBA.
∠DAC + ∠ADC + ∠ACD = 180° (∠ sum of △)
OB = OA = 8 cm
AB + OB + OA 37° + ∠ADC + 80° = 180°
Let s1 = . ∠ADC = 63°
2
10 + 8 + 8 By the sine formula,
∴ s1 = cm AC CD
2 =
= 13 cm sin ∠ADC sin ∠DAC
s1 – AB = (13 – 10) cm = 3 cm 8 sin 63°
AC = cm
s1 – OB = (13 – 8) cm = 5 cm sin 37°
s1 – OA = (13 – 8) cm = 5 cm = 11.844 cm
Consider △OCB. BC + AC + AB
OC = OB = 8 cm Let s = .
2
BC + OC + OB 15 + 11.844 + 10
Let s 2 = .
2 ∴ s= 2
cm
5+8+8 = 18.422 cm
∴ s2 = 2
cm
s – BC = (18.422 – 15) cm = 3.422 cm
= 10.5 cm s – AC = (18.422 – 11.844) cm = 6.578 cm
s2 – BC = (10.5 – 5) cm = 5.5 cm s – AB = (18.422 – 10) cm = 8.422 cm
s2 – OC = (10.5 – 8) cm = 2.5 cm Area of △ABC
s2 – OB = (10.5 – 8) cm = 2.5 cm = s ( s − BC )( s − AC )( s − AB)
Area of quadrilateral OCBA
= area of △OBA + area of △OCB = 18.422 × 3.422 × 6.578 × 8.422 cm 2
= s1 ( s1 − AB )( s1 − OB)( s1 − OA) + = 59.1 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
s 2 ( s 2 − BC )( s 2 − OC )( s 2 − OB )
11.
= ( 13 × 3 × 5 × 5 + 10.5 × 5.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 ) cm 2
= 50.2 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
9.
Draw
AE ⊥
21
Join BE and BD. With the notations in the figure, consider △APH.
Consider △ABE. ∠PAH = 180° − 130°
By the cosine formula, = 50°
BE 2 = AE 2 + AB 2 − 2( AE )( AB ) cos ∠EAB By the cosine formula,
BE = 2 2 + 4 2 − 2( 2)(4) cos 110° km HP 2 = AH 2 + AP 2 − 2( AH )( AP) cos ∠PAH
= 5.047 km HP = 400 2 + 300 2 − 2( 400)(300) cos 50° m
Consider △BCD. = 309 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ Harry is 309 m away from the park.
BD 2 = BC 2 + CD 2 − 2( BC )(CD ) cos ∠BCD
BD = 3.5 2 + 2.8 2 − 2(3.5)(2.8) cos 130° km 3.
= 5.717 km
Consider △BDE.
DE + BE + BD
Let s = .
2
2 + 5.047 + 5.717
∴ s= 2
km
= 6.382 km
s – DE = (6.382 – 2) km = 4.382 km
s – BE = (6.382 – 5.047) km = 1.335 km
s – BD = (6.382 – 5.717) km = 0.665 km
Area of the lake
= area of △ABE + area of △BDE + area of △BCD
1 With the notations in the figure,
= × AB × EA × sin ∠EAB
2 ∠BCD = 180° − 150°
+ s ( s − DE )( s − BE )( s − BD) = 30°
1 Consider △ABC.
+ × BC × CD × sin ∠BCD BC 2 + CA 2 − AB 2
2 cos ∠ACB =
1  2( BC )(CA)
 × 4 × 2 × sin 110° + 
2  48 2 + 60 2 − 55 2
=
=  6.382 × 4.382 × 1.335 × 0.665 +  km 2 2( 48)(60)
 
1  ∠ACB = 60.011°
2 × 3. 5 × 2.8 × sin 130° 
  CA 2 + AB 2 − BC 2
cos ∠CAB =
= 12.5 km 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 2(CA)( AB)
60 2 + 55 2 − 48 2
=
2(60)(55)
Exercise 9E (p. 196)
∠CAB = 49.103°
Level 1
∠ACD = ∠ACB − ∠BCD
1. By the cosine formula, = 60.011° − 30°
AP 2 + BP 2 − AB 2 = 30.011°
cos ∠APB =
2( AP )( BP) ∠FAC = ∠ACD (alt. ∠s, FA // CD)
12 2 + 15 2 − 7.32 2 = 30.011°
= ∠FAB = ∠FAC + ∠CAB
2(12)(15)
= 30.011° + 49.103°
∠APB = 28.8° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
= 79.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
2. ∴ The true bearing of B from A is 079.1°.
∠DAB = 30° + 90°

4. = 120°
∠ABD = 90° − 48°
= 42°
In △ABD,
∠ADB = 180° − ∠DAB − ∠ABD (∠ sum of △)
= 180° − 120° − 42°
= 18°
22
By the sine formula, In △ACD,

DB AB AC
= sin ∠ADC =
sin ∠DAB sin ∠ADB AD
DB 50 m AC = AD sin ∠ADC
=
sin 120° sin 18°  200 sin 35° 
50 sin 120° = × sin 50°  m
DB = m  sin 95 ° 
sin 18° = 88.2 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
In △BDC,
∴ The height of the building is 88.2 m.
DC
sin ∠DBC =
DB 7. In △ABD,
DC = DB sin ∠DBC
AB
 50 sin 120°  sin ∠ADB =
= × sin 48°  m AD
 sin 18 °  AB
AD =
= 104 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) sin ∠ADB
∴ The height of the hill is 104 m. 40
= m
sin 25°
5. In △ABT, In △ADC,
∠TAB + ∠ATB = ∠TBH (ext. ∠ of △) ∠ADC = 90° − 25° = 65°
25° + ∠ATB = 60° ∠ACD = 90° − 35° = 55°
∠ATB = 35° ∠CAD + ∠ADC + ∠ACD = 180° (∠ sum of △)
By the sine formula, ∠CAD + 65° + 55° = 180°
TB AB ∠CAD = 60°
=
sin ∠TAB sin ∠ATB By the sine formula,
TB 200 m CD AD
= =
sin 25° sin 35° sin ∠CAD sin ∠ACD
200 sin 25° 40
TB = m m
sin 35° CD sin 25°
=
In △TBH, sin 60° sin 55°
TH  40 
sin ∠TBH =  
TB sin 25 °
CD =  × sin 60°  m
TH = TB sin ∠TBH  sin 55° 
 
 200 sin 25°   
= × sin 60°  m
 sin 35°  = 100 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
= 128 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
8.
∴ The height of the tower is 128 m.
6.
Join AC.
In △ABD, With the notations in the figure,
∠BAD + ∠ABD + ∠ADB = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∠PAB = ∠CPA (alt. ∠s, CP // AB)
∠BAD + 35° + 50° = 180°
= 50°
∠BAD = 95° In △APB,
By the sine formula, ∠APB = 110° − 50° = 60°
AD BD ∠PAB + ∠APB + ∠ABP = 180°
= (∠ sum of △)
sin ∠ABD sin ∠BAD 50° + 60° + ∠ABP = 180°
AD 200 m
= ∠ABP = 70°
sin 35° sin 95°
200 sin 35°
AD = m
sin 95°
23
By the sine formula, (b)

PA AB
=
sin ∠ABP sin ∠APB
PA 8 km
=
sin 70° sin 60°
8 sin 70°
PA = km
sin 60°
= 8.68 km (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The distance between P and A is 8.68 km.
9. ∠GDP = ∠DPF (alt. ∠s, GD // PF)
= 66°
Consider △DCP.
CP DC
=
sin ∠PDC sin ∠DPC
60 km 107.25 km
=
sin ∠PDC sin 99°
60 sin 99°
sin ∠PDC =
107.25
∠PDC = 33.544° or 146.456° (rejected)
∠GDP + ∠PDC + ∠CDH = 180° (adj. ∠s on st. line)
∠BAL = ∠ALC (alt. ∠s, DA // LC)
66° + 33.544° + ∠CDH = 180°
= 35°
∠BAL + ∠BLA = ∠DBL ∠CDH = 80.5° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(ext. ∠ of △)
35° + ∠BLA = 60° ∴ The compass bearing of C from D is S80.5
°E.
∠BLA = 25°
∠ABL + ∠BAL + ∠BLA = 180° (∠ sum of △) 11. (a)
∠ABL + 35° + 25° = 180°
∠ABL = 120°
BA AL
=
sin ∠BLA sin ∠ABL
BA 50 km
=
sin 25° sin 120°
50 sin 25°
BA = km
sin 120°
= 24.400 km
∴ The average speed of the ship With the notations in the figure,
24.400 km ∠ABF = ∠DAB (alt. ∠s, BF // DA)
= = 48°
2h
= 12.2 km/h (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∠CBG + ∠CBA + ∠ABF = 180° (adj. ∠s on st. line)
65° + ∠CBA + 48° = 180°
Level 2 ∠CBA = 67°
Consider △ABC.
10. (a) ∠DPC = 66° + 33° By the cosine formula,
= 99° AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 − 2( AB)( BC ) cos ∠CBA
DP = (40 × 2) km = 80 km
AC = 12 2 + 20 2 − 2(12)(20) cos 67° km
CP = (30 × 2) km = 60 km
By the cosine formula, = 18.9 km (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
DC 2 = DP 2 + CP 2 − 2( DP)(CP ) cos ∠DPC ∴ The distance between A and C is 18.9 km.
DC = 80 2 + 60 2 − 2(80)(60) cos 99° km (b) By the sine formula,

= 107 km (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) BC AC
=
∴ The distance between C and D is 107 km. sin ∠CAB sin ∠CBA
20 km 18.880 km
=
sin ∠CAB sin 67°
20 sin 67°
sin ∠CAB =
18.880
24
∠CAB = 77.192° or 102.808° (rejected) 1

∵ Area of △ABC = × AB × CG
∠CAD = ∠CAB − ∠DAB 2
= 77.192° − 48° 1
× 65 km × CG = 70 × 40 × 25 × 5 km 2
= 29.2° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 2
∴
∴ The compass bearing of C from A is N29.2°W. 70 × 40 × 25 × 5 × 2
CG = km
65
12. (a) = 18.2 km (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The shortest distance of the ship to island C is
18.2 km.
13. (a)

∠BCD = 180° − 130° (adj. ∠s on st. line)
= 50°
BC 2 + CA 2 − AB 2
cos ∠ACB =
2( BC )(CA)
30 2 + 45 2 − 65 2 ∠QAP = ∠AQC (alt. ∠s, PA // QC)
=
2(30)(45) = 20°
∠ACB = 118.782° ∠BAQ = ∠BAP − ∠QAP
∠ACD = ∠ACB − ∠BCD = 55° − 20°
= 118.782° − 50° = 35°
= 68.782° ∠AQB = 50° + 20°
∠FAC = ∠ACD (alt. ∠s, FA // CD) = 70°
= 68.782° ∠ABQ + ∠AQB + ∠BAQ = 180° (∠ sum of △)
By the cosine formula, ∠ABQ + 70° + 35° = 180°
CA 2 + AB 2 − BC 2 ∠ABQ = 75°
cos ∠CAB =
2(CA)( AB ) Consider △APQ.
45 2 + 65 2 − 30 2 PQ
= sin ∠QAP =
2( 45)(65) AQ
∠CAB = 23.861° 10 m
sin 20° =
∠FAB = ∠FAC + ∠CAB AQ
= 68.782° + 23.861° 10
AQ = m
= 92.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) sin 20°
∴ The true bearing of B from A is 092.6°. By the sine formula,
AB AQ
=
(b) The shortest distance of the ship to island C is sin ∠AQB sin ∠ABQ
CG, such that CG ⊥ AB. 10
a+b+c m
Let s = , where a = 30 km, b = 45 km AB sin 20°
2 =
sin 70° sin 75°
and c = 65 km.  10 
30 + 45 + 65  
∴ s= km AB =  sin 20 ° × sin 70°  m
2  sin 75° 
= 70 km  
 
s – a = (70 – 30) km = 40 km
= 28.4 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
s – b = (70 – 45) km = 25 km
s – c = (70 – 65) km = 5 km ∴ The length of the string AB is 28.4 m.
Area of △ABC = s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)

= 70 × 40 × 25 × 5 km 2
25
(b) Draw BD ⊥ AP. Difference between the two paths

In △ADB, = (5.5271 − 5.3718) km
BD = 0.155 km (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
sin ∠BAD =
AB ∴ The first path is shorter, the difference between
BD = AB sin ∠BAD the two paths is 0.155 km.
= 28.444 sin 55° m
= 23.3 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 15. ∠HAB = 40° − 15°
= 25°
∴ The height of the balloon above the road AP is
∠HBK = 55° − 15°
23.3 m.
= 40°
14. ∠HAB + ∠AHB = ∠HBK (ext. ∠ of △)
25° + ∠AHB = 40°
∠AHB = 15°
HB AB
=
sin ∠HAB sin ∠AHB
HB 10 m
=
sin 25° sin 15°
10 sin 25°
HB = m
sin 15°
Join BA.
With the notations in the figure, Consider △BKH.
∠ABC = ∠BCF (alt. ∠s, BA // FC) ∠BHK = 90° − 55°
= 35° = 35°
Consider △ABC. ∠BHK + ∠HBK + ∠BKH = 180° (∠ sum of △)
By the sine formula, 35° + 40° + ∠BKH = 180°
BC AC ∠BKH = 105°
=
sin ∠BAC sin ∠ABC By the sine formula,
BC 2.3 km HK HB
= =
sin 50° sin 35° sin ∠HBK sin ∠BKH
2.3 sin 50° 10 sin 25°
BC = km HK
m
sin 35° = sin 15°
= 3.0718 km sin 40° sin 105°
∠ABC + ∠ACB + ∠BAC = 180° (∠ sum of △)  10 sin 25° 
 
35° + ∠ACB + 50° = 180° HK =  sin 15° × sin 40°  m
∠ACB = 95°  sin 105° 
 
By the sine formula,  
AB AC = 10.9 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
=
sin ∠ACB sin ∠ABC ∴ The height of the lamppost is 10.9 m.
AB 2.3 km
= ∠PHQ + ∠HQP = ∠HPA
sin 95° sin 35°
16. (a) ∠PHQ + 42° = 65° (ext. ∠ of △)
2.3 sin 95°
AB = km
sin 35° ∠PHQ = 23°
Consider △ADB. Consider △HPQ.
By the cosine formula, By the sine formula,
BD 2 = AB 2 + AD 2 − 2( AB )( AD ) cos ∠BAD HP PQ
=
2 sin ∠HQP sin ∠PHQ
 2.3 sin 95° 
 + 2.8 −
2
 HP 80 m
 sin 35°  =
BD = km sin 42° sin 23°
 2.3 sin 95°  80 sin 42°
2 (2.8) cos 43° HP = m
 sin 35°  sin 23°
= 2.7271 km
= AC + BC
Length of path I
= (2.3 + 3.0718) km
= 5.3718 km
= AD + BD
Length of path II
= (2.8 + 2.7271) km
= 5.5271 km
26
In △HAP, With the notations in the figure,

HA HC = HA − CA
sin ∠HPA =
HP = HA − KB
HA = HP sin ∠HPA  80 sin 42° 
 × sin 65° − 
 80 sin 42°  sin 23°
= × sin 65°  m = m
 sin 23°   80 sin 35° 
 × sin 60° 
= 124 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)  sin 25° 
∠PKQ + ∠KPQ = ∠KQB = 30.135 m
∠PKQ + 35° = 60° (ext. ∠ of △) CK = AB
= 192.187 m
∠PKQ = 25°
In △HCK,
Consider △KPQ. HC
By the sine formula, tan ∠HKC =
CK
KQ PQ
= 30.135 m
sin ∠KPQ sin ∠PKQ =
192.187 m
KQ 80 m ∠HKC = 8.91° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
=
sin 35° sin 25°
∴ The angle of elevation of H from K is 8.91
80 sin 35°
KQ = m °.
sin 25°
In △KBQ, 17.
KB
sin ∠KQB =
KQ
KB = KQ sin ∠KQB
 80 sin 35° 
= × sin 60°  m
 sin 25 ° 
(b) In △HAP,
AP Join BP.
cos ∠HPA =
HP ∠ABQ + ∠BAP + ∠APQ + ∠BQP = 360°
AP = HP cos ∠HPA ∠ABQ + 70° + 90° + (90° + 38°) = 360°
 80 sin 42°  ∠ABQ = 72°
= × cos 65°  m
 sin 23°  Consider △APB.
In △KBQ, By the cosine formula,
QB BP 2 = AP 2 + AB 2 − 2( AP)( AB ) cos ∠BAP
cos ∠KQB =
KQ BP = 4 2 + 5 2 − 2(4)(5) cos 70° m
QB = KQ cos ∠KQB = 5.2268 m
 80 sin 35°  By the sine formula,
= × cos 60°  m
 sin 25°  AP BP
=
AB = AP + PQ + QB sin ∠ABP sin ∠BAP
4m 5.2268 m
 80 sin 42°  =
 × cos 65° + 80 +  sin ∠ABP sin 70°
sin 23 °
= m 4 sin 70°
 80 sin 35°  sin ∠ABP =
 × cos 60 °  5.2268
 sin 25° 
∠ABP = 45.983° or 134.017° (rejected)
∠PBQ = ∠ABQ − ∠ABP
∴ The distance between A and B is 192 m.
= 72° − 45.983°
(c) = 26.017°
Consider △BPQ.
PQ BP
=
sin ∠PBQ sin ∠BQP
PQ 5.2268 m
=
sin 26.017° sin 128°
5.2268 sin 26.017°
PQ = m
sin 128°
27
Exercise 9F (p. 209)

Level 1
BG 2 = BC 2 + CG 2 (Pyth. theorem) The angle between AG and plane ADHE is ∠
GAH.
1. (a) BG = 62 + 62 cm AH 2 = AD 2 + DH 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 72 cm AH = 62 + 52 cm
= 61 cm
BH 2 = BG 2 + HG 2 (Pyth. theorem) HG
tan ∠GAH =
AH
BH = ( 72 ) 2 + 6 2 cm
8
=
= 108 cm 61
= 10.4 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∠GAH = 45.7° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between AG and plane ADHE is
(b) The angle between BG and plane ABCD is ∠ 45.7°.
GBC.
GC 3. (a)
tan ∠GBC =
BC
6
=
6
∠GBC = 45°
∴ The angle between BG and plane ABCD is
45°.
The angle between HB and DB is ∠HBD.
(c) The angle between BH and plane BCGF is ∠ BD 2 = AB 2 + AD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
HBG.
HG BD = 7 2 + 52 cm
tan ∠HBG =
BG = 74 cm
6 HD
= tan ∠HBD =
72 BD
∠HBG = 35.3° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 4
=
∴ The angle between BH and plane BCGF is 74
35.3°. ∠HBD = 24.9° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between HB and DB is 24.9°.
2. (a)
(b)
The angle between AG and GC is ∠AGC.

AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 (Pyth. theorem) The angle between HB and plane CGHD is ∠
BHC.
AC = 8 + 6 cm
2 2
HC 2 = HG 2 + GC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
= 10 cm
AC HC = 7 2 + 42 cm
tan ∠AGC =
CG = 65 cm
10 BC
= tan ∠BHC =
5 HC
∠AGC = 63.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 5
∴ The angle between AG and GC is 63.4°. =
65
(b) ∠BHC = 31.8° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between HB and plane CGHD is
31.8°.
28
4. (a) The angle between the planes ACFD and BCFE AQ 2 = AB 2 + BQ 2 (Pyth. theorem)
is ∠ACB.
Consider △ABC. ∵ AQ = AB + BQ2 2
CA2 + BC 2 − AB 2 = AC 2 + CR 2
cos ∠ACB =
2(CA)( BC ) = AR (Pyth. theorem)
102 + 12 2 − 82 ∴ △AQR is an isosceles triangle.
=
2(10)(12) ∴ AM ⊥ QR
3 ∵ PQ = PR = 5 cm
= ∴ △PQR is an isosceles triangle.
4
∠ACB = 41.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∴ PM ⊥ QR
∴ The angle between the planes ACFD and ∴ QR is the line of intersection of the planes
AQR and PQR.
BCFE is 41.4°.
∴ The angle between the planes AQR and
(b) The angle between the planes ACFD and BCFE PQR is ∠AMP.
is ∠ACB. Consider △PQM.
Consider △ABC. PQ 2 = PM 2 + QM 2 (Pyth. theorem)
PM = 5 2 − 4 2 cm
AB BC
= = 3 cm
sin ∠ACB sin ∠BAC
AP
11 cm 9 cm tan ∠AMP =
= PM
sin ∠ACB sin 35°
10
11 sin 35° =
sin ∠ACB = 3
9
∠AMP = 73.3° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∠ACB = 44.5° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or
∴ The angle between the planes AQR and
PQR is 73.3°.
∴ The angle between the planes ACFD and
BCFE is 44.5°. 6. (a) In △CBE,
700 m
5. (a) The angle between the planes ABQP and ACRP sin 30° =
BC
is ∠BAC.
700
Consider △ABC. BC = m
sin 30°
AB 2 + AC 2 − BC 2
cos ∠BAC = Consider △DBC.
2( AB )( AC ) BC
cos 55° =
52 + 52 − 8 2 BD
=
2(5)(5) BC
BD =
7 cos 55°
=−
25 700
∠BAC = 106° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) = sin 30° m
∴ The angle between the planes ABQP and cos 55°
ACRP is 106°. = 2440 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(b) (b)
The angle between the path BD and plane ABEF

is ∠DBF.
Let M be the mid-point of QR. Consider △DBF.
1 DF
QM = QR sin ∠DBF =
2 BD
1  700 m
=  × 8  cm =
2  2440.826 m
= 4 cm ∠DBF = 16.7° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
29
∴ The angle between the path BD and plane (b)

ABEF is 16.7°.
7. (a) In △FBE,
60 cm
tan 50° =
BE
60
BE = cm
tan 50°
In △EBC,
EC Let M be the mid-point of AB.
sin 30° = ∵ △VAB is an isosceles triangle.
BE
∴ VM ⊥ AB
EC = BE sin 30°
∵ △NAB is an isosceles triangle.
 60  ∴ NM ⊥ AB
= × sin 30°  cm
 tan 50 °  ∴ AB is the line of intersection of the planes
= 25.2 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) VAB and ABCD.
∴ The angle between the planes VAB and
(b) ABCD is ∠VMN.
6
MN = cm
2
= 3 cm
Consider △VMN.
12
tan ∠VMN =
3
The angle between BF and plane ABCD is ∠ ∠VMN = 76.0° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
FBD. ∴ The angle between the planes VAB and
In △FBE, ABCD is 76.0°.
60 cm
sin 50° =
BF 9. (a) The angle between VC and plane ABCD is ∠
60 VCM.
BF = cm 1
sin 50° MB = AB
In △FBD, 2
FD 1 
sin ∠FBD = =  × 8  cm
BF 2 
EC = 4 cm
=
BF In △CMB,
 60  MC 2 = MB 2 + BC 2 ( Pyth. theorem)
 × sin 30°  cm
tan 50 °
=  MC = 4 2 + 6 2 cm
60
cm = 52 cm
sin 50°
∠FBD = 18.7° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) In △VCM,
VM
∴ The angle between BF and plane ABCD is tan ∠VCM =
18.7°. MC
10 cm
=
8. (a) The angle between VA and plane ABCD is ∠ 52 cm
VAN. ∠VCM = 54.2° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
AC = 8 2 + 6 2 cm (Pyth. theorem) ∴ The angle between VC and plane ABCD is
= 10 cm 54.2°.
1
∴ AN = AC = 5 cm (property of rectangle) (b)
2
Consider △VAN.
12
tan ∠VAN =
5
∠VAN = 67.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between VA and plane ABCD is
67.4°.
30
Let N be the mid-point of DC. BD 2 = BC 2 + CD 2 (Pyth. theorem)

The angle between the planes VDC and ABCD 11. (a)
is ∠VNM. BD = 202 + 152 m
In △VNM, = 25 m
VM 1
tan ∠VNM = BK = BD
MN 2
∴
VM 25
= = m
BC 2
10 cm = 12.5 m
=
6 cm Consider △VBK.
∠VNM = 59.0° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) VK
tan ∠VBK =
∴ The angle between the planes VDC and BK
ABCD is 59.0°. VK = BK tan ∠VBK
= 12.5 tan 15° m
10. (a) The angle between the covers ABCD and BCEF Height of the house = VK + DE
is ∠DCE. = (12.5 tan 15° + 7) m
Consider △DCE. = 10.3 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
CD 2 + CE 2 − DE 2
cos ∠DCE =
2(CD )(CE ) (b)
252 + 252 − 82
=
2( 25)(25)
593
=
625
∠DCE = 18.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between the covers ABCD and
BCEF is 18.4°.
(b)
Let M and N be the mid-points of AD and HE
respectively.
The angle between the planes VAD and ADEH is
∠VMN.
∵ △VAD is an isosceles triangle.
∴ VM ⊥ AD
∵ △KAD is an isosceles triangle.
The angle between BD and plane BCEF is ∠ ∴ KM ⊥ AD
DBE. ∴ AD is the line of intersection of the planes
BD 2 = AB 2 + AD 2 (Pyth. theorem) VAD and ABCD.
∴ The angle between planes VAD and
BD = 252 + 20 2 cm
ABCD is ∠VMK.
= 1025 cm 1
KM = FE
BE = BC 2 + CE 2
2
(Pyth. theorem) 2
1 
BE = 20 + 25 cm
2 2
=  × 15  cm
2 
= 1025 cm = 7.5 cm
Consider △BED. Consider △VMK.
By the cosine formula, VK
BD 2 + BE 2 − DE 2 tan ∠VMK =
cos ∠DBE = KM
2( BD )( BE ) 12.5 tan 15°
=
( 1025 ) 2 + ( 1025 ) 2 − 8 2 7.5
=
2( 1025 ) ( 1025 ) ∠VMK = 24.065°
∠VMN = ∠VMK + ∠KMN
993
= = 24.065° + 90°
1025
∠DBE = 14.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) = 114° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between BD and plane BCEF is ∴ The angle between the planes VAD and
14.4°. ADEH is 114°.
31
12. (a) Level 2

13. (a) Consider △BDC.
BD 2 = BC 2 + CD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
BD = 120 + 190 cm
2 2
= 50 500 cm
(b)
Consider △EFG.
EG 2 = EF 2 + FG 2 (Pyth. theorem)
EG = 10 + 18 cm
2 2
= 424 cm
Consider △AEG.
AG 2 = AE 2 + EG 2 (Pyth. theorem)
AG = 14 + 424 cm
2
= 620 cm Join CE and DF.

Consider ABGH. Distance between D and F
∵ BA = GH, AH = BG and ∠ABG = 90° = distance between C and E
∴ ABGH is a rectangle. Consider △BEC.
∴ AK = KG = BK = KH (property of rectangle) By the cosine formula,
KG = KH CE 2 = BC 2 + BE 2 − 2( BC )( BE ) cos ∠CBE
1 CE = 120 2 + 120 2 − 2(120)(120) cos 50° cm
∴ = AG
2
620
= cm ∴ The distance between D and F is 101 cm.
2
Consider △KGH. (c)
KG 2 + KH 2 − GH 2
cos ∠GKH =
2( KG )( KH )
2 2
 620   620 
  +  − 10 2
 2   2 
   
=
 620  620 
2  
 2  2 
  
21
=
31 Join BD and BF.
∠GKH = 47.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) The angle between BF and DF is ∠BFD.
BF = BD = 50 500 cm
(b) ∵ The angle between the planes KGH and Consider △BFD.
EFGH = the angle between the planes By the cosine formula,
ABGH and EFGH BF 2 + DF 2 − BD 2
∴ The angle between the planes KGH and cos ∠BFD =
2( BF )( DF )
EFGH is ∠BGF.
Consider △BFG. ( 50 500 ) 2 + 101.428 2 − ( 50 500 ) 2
=
BF 2( 50 500 ) (101.428)
tan ∠BGF =
FG = 77.0° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
14 The angle between BF and DF is 77.0°.
= ∴
18
∠BGF = 37.9° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 14. (a) The angle between the planes AFGD and ABCD
∴ The angle between the planes KGH and is ∠FAB.
EFGH is 37.9°.
32
Consider △FAB. Consider △DBM.

FB BD 2 = BM 2 + MD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
tan ∠FAB =
AB
MD = 10 − 5 cm
2 2
6
=
9 = 75 cm
∠FAB = 33.7° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) = 8.66 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between the planes AFGD and
ABCD is 33.7°. (b) The angle between AD and plane BCD is ∠
ADM.
(b) Consider △AMD.
AD 2 + MD 2 − AM 2
cos ∠ADM =
2( AD )( MD)
102 + ( 75 ) 2 − ( 75 ) 2
=
2(10)( 75 )
5
=
75
The angle between the planes ABCD and EPQH ∠ADM = 54.7° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
is ∠EPA.
∴ The angle between AD and plane BCD is
∵ P is the mid-point of AB.
54.7°.
9
∴ AP = cm
2 (c) BC is the line of intersection of the planes ABC
= 4.5 cm and BCD.
Consider △EAP. ∵ ∠AMB = 90° and ∠DMB = 90°
EA ∴ The angle between the planes ABC and
tan ∠EPA =
AP BCD is ∠AMD.
6 Consider △AMD.
=
4.5 AM 2 + MD 2 − AD 2
∠EPA = 53.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) cos ∠AMD =
2( AM )( MD)
∴ The angle between the planes ABCD and
( 75 ) 2 + ( 75 ) 2 − 10 2
EPQH is 53.1°. =
2( 75 )( 75 )
15. (a) ∵ ABCD is a regular tetrahedron. 1
=
∴ AB = AC = AD = BC = BD = CD = 10 cm 3
∵ M is the mid-point of BC. ∠AMD = 70.5° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
BM = MC ∴ The angle between the planes ABC and
1 BCD is 70.5°.
= BC
∴ 2
10 16. (a) Consider △HCA.
= cm
2 HA
tan ∠HCA =
= 5 cm CA
Consider △ABM and △ACM. 20 cm
tan 30° =
AB = AC (given) CA
BM = CM (given) 20
CA = cm
AM = AM (common side) tan 30°
∴ △ABM ≅ △ACM (SSS) = 20 3 cm
∠AMB = ∠AMC Consider △HBA.
(corr. ∠s, ≅ △s) HA
180°
= tan ∠HBA =
2 BA
= 90° 20 cm
tan 60° =
By similar argument, ∠BMD = ∠CMD = 90° BA
Consider △ABM. 20
BA = cm
AB 2 = AM 2 + BM 2 (Pyth. theorem) tan 60°
20
AM = 10 2 − 5 2 cm = cm
3
= 75 cm
33
Consider △ACB.
BA2 + BC 2 − CA2
cos ∠ABC =
2( BA)( BC )
2
 20 
 
 3  + 30 − (20 3 )
2 2
=  
 20 
2 (30)

 3
5
=−
12 3
∠ABC = 104° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(b) ∵ M is the mid-point of BC.

BM = MC
∴ 30
= cm
2
= 15 cm
Consider △AMB.
AM 2 = BA2 + BM 2 − 2( BA)( BM ) cos ∠ABC
2
 20 
 
 3  + 15 −
2
AM =   cm
 20 
 
2 (15) cos 103.920°
 3
= 21.016 cm
The angle between HM and plane ABC is ∠
HMA.
Consider △HMA.
HA
tan ∠HMA =
AM
20
=
21.016
∠HMA = 43.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between HM and plane ABC is
43.6°.
17. (a) The angle between DB and plane ABC is ∠

DBC.
Consider △DBC.
8
sin ∠DBC =
10
∠DBC = 53.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between DB and plane ABC is
53.1°.
(b)
Draw CE ⊥ BA and DE ⊥ BA.

The angle between the planes BDA and ABC is
∠DEC.
34
Consider △BCD.
BC = 10 − 8 cm
2 2
= 6 cm
By similar argument, AC = 6 cm
Consider △CBE and △CAE.
BC = AC = 6 cm (proved)
∠BEC = ∠AEC = 90° (as constructed)
CE = CE (common side)
∴ △CBE ≅ △CAE (RHS)
BE = AE (corr. sides, ≅ △s)
Consider △ACB.
AB 2 = AC 2 + CB 2 (Pyth. theorem)
AB = 62 + 6 2 cm
= 72 cm
1
BE = AB
2
72
= cm
2
Consider △BEC.
BC 2 = BE 2 + CE 2 (Pyth. theorem)
2
 72 
CE = 6 2 −   cm
 2 
 
= 18 cm
Consider △DEC.
DC
tan ∠DEC =
CE
8
=
18
∠DEC = 62.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between the planes BDA and
ABC is 62.1°.
18. (a)
Join AE.
∠BAE = 90°
Consider △ABE.
BE 2 = AB 2 + AE 2 (Pyth. theorem)
AE = 10 − 6 cm
2 2
= 8 cm
The angle between the planes ABDC and CDFE
is ∠ACE.
35
Consider △AEC. Consider △ABN.

AC 2 + CE 2 − AE 2 By the cosine formula,
cos ∠ACE =
2( AC )(CE ) AN 2 + BN 2 − AB 2
cos ∠ANB =
4 2 + 82 − 8 2 2( AN )( BN )
= 2 2
2( 4)(8)  32   32 
  +  − 42
1  2   2 
=
4 =   
 32  32 
∠ACE = 75.5° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 2  
 2  2 
∴ The angle between the planes ABDC and   
CDFE is 75.5°. =0
∠ANB = 90°
(b) ∴ The angle between the planes VAN and
VBN is 90°.
(b)
Let G be the projection of E on plane ABDC.

∴ ∠CGE = 90° and ∠BGE = 90°
Consider △CGE.
EG
sin ∠GCE = Let E be the mid-point of AB.
CE
EG ∵ △VAB is an isosceles triangle.
sin 75.522° = ∴ VE ⊥ AB
8 cm
∵ △NAB is an isosceles triangle.
EG = 8 sin 75.522° cm
∴ NE ⊥ AB
The angle between BE and plane ABDC is ∠
EBG. ∴ AB is the line of intersection of the planes
Consider △BEG. VAB and ABCD.
EG
sin ∠EBG = ABCD is ∠VEN.
BE
1
8 sin 75.522° EN = BC
= 2
10
∠EBG = 50.8° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 1 
=  × 4  cm
∴ The angle between BE and plane ABDC is 2 
50.8°. = 2 cm
Consider △VEN.
19. (a) Consider △ABC. VN
tan ∠VEN =
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 (Pyth. theorem) EN
6
AC = 4 + 4 cm
2 2 =
2
= 32 cm ∠VEN = 71.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
1 ∴ The angle between the planes VAB and
AN = AC (property of square)
2 ABCD is 71.6°.
32
= cm (c)
2
BN = AN (property of square)
32
= cm
2
VN is the line of intersection of the planes VAN
and VBN.
∵ AN ⊥ VN and BN ⊥ VN
∴ The angle between the planes VAN and
VBN is ∠ANB.
Let F be the mid-point of DC.
36
By similar argument as in (b), Consider △EMQ.

∠VFN = 71.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) QE 2 = EM 2 + MQ 2 (Pyth. theorem)
The angle between the planes VAB and VCD is
2 2
∠EVF.  3  3
EM =   −   cm
Consider △VEF.
(∠ sum of △)  2  2
∠EVF + ∠VEN + ∠VFN = 180°
3
∠EVF + 71.565° + 71.565° = 180° = cm
2
∠EVF = 36.9°(cor. to 3 sig. fig.) Consider △BCD.
VCD is 36.9°.
BD = 6 + 6 cm
2 2
20. (a) Consider △FAP and △HCQ.

= 6 2 cm
∠AFP = ∠CHQ = 90° (given)
1
AP = CQ (given) ND = BD
2
AF = CH (given)
= 3 2 cm
∴ △FAP ≅ △HCQ (RHS)
∴ FP = HQ NR = ND − RD
PE = QE = ND − EM
Consider △PQE.  3
=  3 2 −  cm
PQ 2 = PE 2 + QE 2 (Pyth. theorem)  2
32 cm 2 = 2QE 2 3(2 2 − 1)
= cm
3 2
QE = cm
2 MR = ED = 6 cm
HQ = HE − QE Consider △MNR.
MR
 3  tan ∠MNR =
=  6 −  cm NR
 2 
6 cm
Consider △HCQ. =
3(2 2 − 1)
QC 2 = HQ 2 + HC 2 (Pyth. theorem) cm
2
2
 3  ∠MNR = 65.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
QC =  6 −  + 6 2 cm
 2  ∴ The angle between the planes APQC and
= 7.14 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ABCD is 65.4°.
(b) Exercise 9G (p. 216)

Level 1
1. (a) Consider △ACB.
AB
cos ∠ABC =
BC
AB
cos 30° =
100 m
AB = 100 cos 30° m
Consider △TBA.
TA
tan ∠TBA =
Let M and N be the mid-points of PQ and AC AB
respectively. Join MN, ND and ME. Draw a TA
perpendicular PR ⊥ ND. tan 20° =
100 cos 30° m
The angle between the planes APQC and ABCD
TA = 100 cos 30° tan 20° m
is ∠MND.
∵ M is the mid-point of PQ. = 31.5 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ EM ⊥ PQ ∴ The height of the tower TA is 31.5 m.
3
MQ = cm
2
37
(b) Consider △ACB. Consider △TAB.

AC TA
sin ∠ABC = tan ∠TBA =
BC AB
AC 500 m
sin 30° = tan 60° =
100 m AB
AC = 100 sin 30° m 500
AB = m
= 50 m tan 60°
Consider △TCA. = 289 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
TA Consider △ACB.
tan ∠TCA =
AC BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
100 cos 30° tan 20°
= 2
 500   500 
2
50 BC =   +  m
∠TCA = 32.2° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)  tan 60°   tan 40° 
∴ The angle of elevation of T from C is 32.2 = 662 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
°.
(b)
2. (a) Consider △TAO.
TO
tan ∠TAO =
AO
TO
tan 40° =
50 m
TO = 50 tan 40° m
∴ The height of the tower TO is 42.0 m.
(b) Consider △OAB. With the notations in the figure, consider

OB △ACB.
tan ∠BAO =
OA AC 2 + BC 2 − AB 2
OB cos ∠ACB =
tan 50° = 2( AC )( BC )
50 m
OB = 50 tan 50° m 595.88 2 + 662.12 2 − 288.68 2
=
2(595.88)(662.12)
∠ACB = 25.849°
∴ The distance between B and O is 59.6 m.
∠BCP = 90° − ∠ACB
(c) Consider △TOB. = 90° − 25.849°
TO = 64.2° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
tan ∠TBO =
OB ∴ The compass bearing of B from C is N64.2
50 tan 40° °W.
=
50 tan 50°
∠TBO = 35.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∠ACB + ∠CAB + ∠CBA = 180°
4. (a) (∠ sum of △)
∴ The angle of elevation of T from B is 35.1 ∠ACB + 36° + 70° = 180°
°. ∠ACB = 74°
3. (a) ∠TCA = 40° AC AB
=
∠TBA = 60° sin ∠CBA sin ∠ACB
Consider △TAC. AC 200 m
=
TA sin 70° sin 74°
tan ∠TCA =
AC 200 sin 70°
AC = m
500 m sin 74°
tan 40° =
AC Consider △XAC.
500 XC
AC = m tan ∠XAC =
tan 40° AC
= 596 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 50
=
200 sin 70°
sin 74°
∠XAC = 14.3° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
38
∴ The angle of elevation of X from A is 14.3 6. (a) Consider △OAB.

°. BA
tan ∠AOB =
OA
(b) Consider △ABC. 1000 m
By the sine formula, tan 30° =
OA
BC AB
= 1000
sin ∠CAB sin ∠ACB OA = m
tan 30°
BC 200 m
= = 1000 3 m
sin 36° sin 74°
Consider △ODC.
200 sin 36°
BC = m CD
sin 74° tan ∠DOC =
Consider △XBC. OD
1000 m
XC tan 20° =
tan ∠XBC = OD
BC
1000
50 OD = m
= tan 20°
200 sin 36°
Consider △AOD.
sin 74°
∠XBC = 22.2° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) OA
cos ∠AOD =
∵ The angle of depression of B from X OD
= the angle of elevation of X from B 1000
∴ The angle of depression of B from X is tan 30°
=
22.2°. 1000
tan 20°
5. (a) Consider △ABH. ∠AOD = 50.9° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
AH
cos ∠BAH = ∴ The compass bearing of C from O is
AB N50.9°E.
AH
cos 60° =
300 m (b) Distance travelled by the helicopter
AH = 300 cos 60° m = BC
= 150 m = 20v m
Consider △LAH. Consider △AOD.
LH OD 2 = OA 2 + AD 2 (Pyth. theorem)
tan ∠LAH =
AH = OA 2 + BC 2
LH 2 2
tan 25° =  1000   1000 
150 m   =  + ( 20v) 2
 tan 20°   tan 30° 
LH = 150 tan 25° m
1000 2 1000 2
= 69.9 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 400v 2 = −
tan 20° tan 2 30°
2
∴ The height of the lighthouse LH is 69.9 m.

 1 1 
v = 2500 − 
(b) Consider △ABH.  tan 2
20 ° tan 2
30 ° 
HB = 107 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
sin ∠BAH =
AB
HB 7. (a)
sin 60° =
300 m
HB = 300 sin 60° m
(c) Consider △LHB.

LH
tan ∠LBH =
HB
150 tan 25°
=
300 sin 60°
∠LBH = 15.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) Join AB.
∴ The angle of elevation of L from B is 15.1
°.
39
Consider △TAC. 8. (a) Consider △TAO.

TC TO
tan ∠TAC = tan ∠TAO =
AC OA
50 m 20 m
tan 30° = tan 30° =
AC OA
50 20
AC = m OA = m
tan 30° tan 30°
Consider △TBC. Consider △OAC.
TC AC = AB + BC
tan ∠TBC =
BC = (30 + 15) m
50 m = 45 m
tan 20° =
BC OA
cos ∠OAC =
50 AC
BC = m
tan 20° 20
∠ACB = 120° − 90° tan 30°
=
= 30° 45
Consider △ACB. ∠OAC = 39.7° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
By the cosine formula, ∴ The true bearing of C from A is 39.7°.
AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2 − 2( AC )( BC ) cos ∠ACB
2 2 (b) Consider △OAC.
 50   50 
  +  − AC 2 = OA2 + OC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
tan 30°   tan 20° 
AB =  m 2
 50  50   20 
2   cos 30 ° OC = 452 −   m
 tan 30°  tan 20°   tan 30° 
= 75.9 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) = 825 m
∴ The distance between A and B is 75.9 m. Consider △TCO.
TO
(b) tan ∠TCO =
OC
20
=
825
∠TCO = 34.8° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle of elevation of T from C is 34.8
°.
(c) Consider △OAB.

OB 2 = OA2 + AB 2 − 2(OA)( AB ) cos ∠OAB
2
With the notations in the figure,  20 
  + 30 2 −
∠CBD = ∠ACB (alt. ∠s, DB // CA)  tan 30° 
OB = m
= 30°  20 
2 (30) cos 39.664°
Consider △ACB.  tan 30° 
AC AB = 500 m
= Consider △TBO.
sin ∠CBA sin ∠ACB
50 TO
m tan ∠TBO =
tan 30° = 75.931 m OB
sin ∠CBA sin 30° 20
=
50 sin 30° 500
sin ∠CBA = tan 30° ∠TBO = 41.8° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
75.931 ∴ The angle of elevation of T from B is 41.8
∠CBA = 34.769° °.
Reflex ∠ABF = 270° + ∠CBD + ∠CBA
= 270° + 30° + 34.769°
= 335° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The true bearing of A from B is 335°.
40
Level 2 °.
9. (a)
10. (a)
With the notations in the figure, when the man

is at A, let the length of his shadow be x cm.
∵ △GAF ~ △TOF (AAA)
AF GA
=
OF TO
∴ x 1.5
=
With the notations in the figure, 40 + x 14
∠ABC = 70° − 30° = 40° 14 x = 60 + 1.5 x
∠BAD = ∠FBA x = 4.8
= 30° ∴ The length of the shadow of the man is
∠DAC = 180° − 110° 4.8 m when he is at A.
(alt. ∠s. AD // FB)
= 70°
(b)
∠BAC = ∠BAD + ∠DAC
= 30° + 70°
= 100°
Consider △ABC.
∠ABC + ∠BAC + ∠ACB = 180° (∠ sum of △)
40° + 100° + ∠ACB = 180°
∠ACB = 40°
BA BC
= With the notations in the figure,
sin ∠ACB sin ∠BAC ∠HDC = 28°
BA 50 m
= Consider △HCD.
sin 40° sin 100° HC
50 sin 40° tan ∠HDC =
BA = m CD
sin 100° 1.5 m
= 32.6 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) tan 28° =
CD
1.5
CD = m
(b) Consider △TBA. tan 28°
TA = 2.82 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
tan ∠TBA =
BA ∴ The length of his shadow CD is 2.82 m.
TA
tan 50° =
50 sin 40° (c)
m
sin 100°
50 sin 40° tan 50°
TA = m
sin 100°
(c) Consider △ABC.

∵ ∠ACB = ∠ABC = 40°
∴ CA = BA
TA Let J be a point on AB such that OJ ⊥ BA. When
tan ∠TCA =
CA the man is at J, his shadow is the shortest.
TA With the notations in the figure,
=
BA BA 2 = OA 2 + OB 2
= tan ∠TBA (Pyth. theorem)
BA = 40 2 + 25 2 m
∴ ∠TCA = ∠TBA
= 50° = 2225 m
∵ The angle of depression of C from T = 5 89 m
= the angle of elevation of T from C Consider △OAJ and △BAO.
∴ The angle of depression of C from T is 50
41
∠OAJ = ∠BAO (common angle) HA = HJ + JA

∠OJA = ∠BOA = 90° = (120 tan 15° + 25) m
∠AOJ = 180° − ∠OAJ − ∠OJA = 57.2 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
= 180° − ∠BAO − ∠BOA
= ∠ABO
∴ △OAJ ~ △BAO (AAA)
OJ OA
=
BO BA
∴ OJ 40
=
25 m 5 89
200
OJ = m
89
Consider △LJK and △TOK.
∵ △LJK ~ △TOK (AAA)
JK LJ
=
OK TO
y 1.5
=
200
+ y 14
∴ 89
300
14 y = + 1.5 y
89
24
y=
89
= 2.54 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The shortest length of his shadow is
2.54 m during his walk from A to B.
11. (a)
Draw a perpendicular from K to HA at J.

JK = AB = 120 m
JA = KB = 25 m
∠HKJ = 15°
Consider △HKJ.
HJ
tan ∠HKJ =
JK
HJ
tan 15° =
120 m
HJ = 120 tan 15° m
42
(b) Consider △KPB.

KB
tan ∠KPB =
BP
25 m
tan 20° =
BP
25
BP = m
tan 20°
∠ABP = 90° − 50°
= 40°
Consider △APB.
AP 2 = AB 2 + BP 2 − 2( AB)( BP) cos ∠ABP
2
 25 
1202 +   −
AP =  tan 20°  m
 25 
2(120)  cos 40°
 tan 20° 
= 80.559 m
Consider △HPA.
HA
tan ∠HPA =
AP
120 tan 15° + 25
=
80.559
∠HPA = 35.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle of elevation of H from P is 35.4
°.
(c)
With the notations in the figure, consider

△APB.
AB 2 + AP 2 − BP 2
cos ∠BAP =
2( AB)( AP)
2
 25 
120 2 + 80.559 2 −  
=  tan 20° 
2(120)(80.559)
∠BAP = 33.234°
∠LAP = 90° − ∠BAP
= 90° − 33.234°
= 56.8° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The compass bearing of P from A is S56.8
°E.
43
12. (a) Consider △TAG. Consider △PBO.

TG PO
tan ∠TAG = tan ∠PBO =
AG OB
hm hm
tan 25° = tan 60° =
AG OB
h h
AG = m OB = m
tan 25° tan 60°
Consider △TBG. h  3 h 
= m  or m
TG 3  3 
tan ∠TBG =  
BG
Consider △PCO.
hm
tan 15° = PO
BG tan ∠PCO =
OC
h
BG = m hm
tan 15° tan 45° =
OC
(b) Consider △ABG. h
OC = m
AG tan 45°
tan ∠ABG = =h m
BG
h
(b) (i) Consider △OAB.
= tan 25° By the cosine formula,
h
OA 2 + AB 2 − OB 2
tan 15° cos ∠OAB =
2(OA)( AB)
tan 15°
= 2
tan 25°  h 
( 3 h) + 60 − 
2 2

∠ABG = 29.882°
 3 
=
AG 2( 3 h)(60)
sin ∠ABG =
AB
h2
h 3h 2 + 3600 −
= 3
sin 29.882° = tan 25°
450 120 3 h
h = 105 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) h + 1350  
 or 3 (h + 1350) 
2 2
=
45 3 h  135h 
 
(c)
AC = AB + BC
(ii)
= (60 + 40) m
= 100 m
Consider △OAC.
OA 2 + AC 2 − OC 2
cos ∠OAC =
2(OA)( AC )
( 3 h) 2 + 100 2 − h 2
=
2( 3 h)(100)
∠HAB = ∠ABG 3 h + 10 000 − h 2
2
=
= 29.9° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 200 3 h
∴ The compass bearing of B from A is S29.9 h + 5000 
2
3 ( h 2 + 5000) 
°E. = or
100 3 h  300h 

13. (a) Consider △PAO.
(c)
PO
tan ∠PAO =
OA
hm
tan 30° =
OA
h
OA = m
tan 30°
= 3 hm
44
(c)
∵ cos ∠OAB = cos ∠OAC
h 2 + 1350 h 2 + 5000
=
45 3 h 100 3 h
∴ 20 h 2 + 27 000 = 9 h 2 + 45 000
11 h 2 = 18 000
h = 40.5 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
OA = 3 h m ∠BAF = 90° − 85°
= 70.065 m = 5°
OC = h m ∠DCA = ∠CAF (alt. ∠s, DC // AF )
= 40.452 m = ∠CAB + ∠BAF
Consider △OAC.
= 47° + 5°
= 52°
OA 2 + OC 2 − AC 2
cos ∠AOC = Consider △CAB.
2(OA)(OC )
AC 2 + BC 2 − AB 2
70.065 2 + 40.452 2 − 100 2 cos ∠ACB =
= 2( AC )( BC )
2(70.065)(40.452)
712 + 56.2312 − 70 2
∠AOC = 127.548° =
∠DOC = 180° − ∠AOC 2(71)(56.231)
= 180° − 127.548° ∠ACB = 65.566°
∠GCB = 270° − ∠DCA − ∠ACB
= 52.5° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
= 270° − 52° − 65.566°
∴ The compass bearing of C from O is
= 152° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
N52.5°E.
∴ The true bearing of B from C is 152°.
14. (a) Consider △XAC.
XC Revision Exercise 9 (p. 221)
tan ∠XAC =
AC Level 1
XC 1 
tan 35° = =  × 30 × 24 × sin 56°  cm 2
71 m 1. (a) Area of △ABC 2 
XC = 71 tan 35° m
∴ The height of the tower XC is 49.7 m.
1 
=  × 3.7 × 6 × sin 102°  cm 2
(b) Area of △ABC  2 
(b) ∠CAB = 85° − 38°
= 47° = 10.9 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
Consider △CAB.
By the cosine formula, a+b+c
(c) Let s = , where a = 5.1 cm, b = 7.4 cm
BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 − 2( AB)( AC ) cos ∠CAB 2
and c = 4.1 cm.
BC = 70 2 + 712 − 2(70)(71) cos 47° m 5.1 + 7.4 + 4.1
= 56.231 m ∴ s= 2
cm
Consider △XBC. = 8.3 cm
XC s – a = (8.3 – 5.1) cm = 3.2 cm
tan ∠XBC =
BC s – b = (8.3 – 7.4) cm = 0.9 cm
71 tan 35° s – c = (8.3 – 4.1) cm = 4.2 cm
=
56.231 = s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
∠XBC = 41.5° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∴ Area of △ABC
= 8.3 × 3.2 × 0.9 × 4.2 cm 2
∴ The angle of elevation of X from B is 41.5
= 10.0 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
°.
a+b+c
(d) Let s = , where a = 31 cm, b = 29 cm
2
and c = 20 cm.
45
31 + 29 + 20 Consider △AGF.
∴ s= 2
cm
AG 2 = AF 2 + FG 2
(Pyth. theorem)
= 40 cm
AG = 4 2 + 6 2 cm
s – a = (40 – 31) cm = 9 cm
s – b = (40 – 29) cm = 11 cm = 52 cm
s – c = (40 – 20) cm = 20 cm = 7.21 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
= s ( s − a)( s − b)( s − c) Consider △GEH.
∴ Area of △ABC
= 40 × 9 ×11× 20 cm 2
EG 2 = EH 2 + HG 2
(Pyth. theorem)
= 281 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) EG = 6 2 + 32 cm
= 45 cm
a+b+c
2. (a) Let s = , where a = 35 cm, b = 31 cm = 6.71 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
2
and c = 24 cm.
35 + 31 + 24 AE + AG + EG
(b) Let s = .
∴ s= 2
cm 2
= 45 cm 5 + 52 + 45
s – a = (45 – 35) cm = 10 cm ∴ s= 2
cm
s – b = (45 – 31) cm = 14 cm = 9.460 cm
s – c = (45 – 24) cm = 21 cm s – AE = (9.460 – 5) cm = 4.460 cm
= s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) s – AG = (9.460 – 52 ) cm = 2.249 cm
Area of △ABC
= 45 ×10 ×14 × 21 cm 2 s – EG = (9.460 – 45 ) cm = 2.752 cm
= 210 3 cm 2 Area of △AEG
1 = s ( s − AE )( s − AG )( s − EG )
2
= 9.460 × 4.460 × 2.249 × 2.752 cm 2
1
210 3 cm = × 35 cm × h
2
= 16.2 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
2
210 3 × 2
h= cm ∠ADB + ∠ADC = 180°
35 4. (adj. ∠s on st. line)
∠ADB + 65° = 180°
∠ADB = 115°
Area of △ABC
a+b+c
(b) Let s = , where a = 42 cm, b = 50 cm = area of △ABD + area of △ADC
2
1 1
and c = 80 cm. = × AD × BD × sin ∠ADB + × AD × DC × sin ∠ADC
42 + 50 + 80 2 2
∴ s= 2
cm 1 1 
=  ×12 × 8 × sin 115° + ×12 × 5 × sin 65°  cm 2
= 86 cm 2 2 
s – a = (86 – 42) cm = 44 cm = 70.7 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
2
s – b = (86 – 50) cm = 36 cm
s – c = (86 – 80) cm = 6 cm
5. (a) BC = AD = 20 cm(opp. sides of // gram)
= s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) Consider △ABC.
Area of △ABC By the sine formula,
= 86 × 44 × 36 × 6 cm 2
BC AB
= 24 1419 cm 2 =
sin ∠BAC sin ∠ACB
1 20 cm 16 cm
Area of △ABC = × BC × AD =
2 sin ∠BAC sin 44°
1 20 sin 44°
24 1419 cm = × 42 cm × h
2
sin ∠BAC =
2 16
24 1419 × 2 ∠BAC = 60.264° or 119.736° (rejected)
h= cm
42 ∠ABC + ∠ACB + ∠BAC = 180° (∠ sum of △)
= 43.1 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∠ABC + 44° + 60.264° = 180°
∠ABC = 75.736°
3. (a) Consider △AEF.
AE 2 = AF 2 + FE 2
(Pyth. theorem)
AE = 4 2 + 32 cm
= 5 cm
46
Area of ABCD A + B + C = 180° (∠ sum of △)

= 2 × area of △ABC 120° + 25.659° + C = 180°
1 C = 34.341°
= 2 × × AB × BC × sin ∠ABC
2 By the sine formula,
 1  c a
=  2 × × 16 × 20 × sin 75.736°  cm 2 =
 2  sin C sin A
= 310 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) x cm 10 cm
=
sin 34.341° sin 120°
(b) 10 sin 34.341°
x=
sin 120°
= 6.51 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(c) By the cosine formula,

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
Join BD. x = 5 2 + 4 2 − 2(5)(4) cos 60°
DC = AB = 11 cm
Area of ABCD = 21
= 2 × area of △BCD = 4.58 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
1
= 2 × × BC × DC × sin ∠BCD a 2 + b2 − c2
2 cos C =
2ab
 1 
=  2 × ×15 ×11× sin 125°  cm 2 ( 21 ) 2 + 5 2 − 4 2
 2  cos θ =
= 135 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 2( 21 )(5)
3
=
1 21
6. Area of △ABC = × AB × BC × sin B θ = 49.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
2
1 (d) By the sine formula,
5 = × x × ( x + 1) × sin 30°
2 c a
=
x + x − 20 = 0
2 sin C sin A
( x − 4)( x + 5) = 0 2.8 cm 3.2 cm
=
x = 4 or x = −5 (rejected) sin θ sin 66°
2.8 sin 66°
sin θ =
3.2
7. (a) By the cosine formula,
a2 + c2 − b2
cos B = 127° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) (rejected)
2ac
8.9 2 + 5.2 2 − 5 2 A + B + C = 180° (∠ sum of △)
cos θ =
2(8.9)(5.2) 66° + B + 53.068° = 180°
θ = 28.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) B = 60.932°
b2 + c2 − a2 b a
cos A = =
2bc sin B sin A
5 + 5.2 2 − 8.9 2
2
x cm 3.2 cm
cos φ = =
2(5)(5.2) sin 60.932° sin 66°
φ = 122° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 3.2 sin 60.932°
x=
sin 66°
(b) By the sine formula, = 3.06 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
b a
=
sin B sin A A + B + C = 180°
5 cm
=
10 cm 8. (a) 42° + B + 68° = 180° (∠ sum of △)
sin θ sin 120° B = 70°
5 sin 120°
sin θ =
10
47
By the sine formula, (d) By the sine formula,

c a a b
= =
sin C sin A sin A sin B
c 15 cm 22 cm 26 cm
= =
sin 68° sin 42° sin A sin 120°
15 sin 68° 22 sin 120°
c= cm sin A =
sin 42° 26
= 20.8 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) A = 47.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or
b a 133° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) (rejected)
=
sin B sin A A + B + C = 180°
b 15 cm 47.121° + 120° + C = 180°
=
sin 70° sin 42° C = 12.9° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
15 sin 70°
b= cm By the sine formula,
sin 42° c b
= 21.1 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) =
sin C sin B
c 26 cm
A + B + C = 180° =
∠ △) sin 12.879° sin 120°
(b) A + 38° + 100° = 180° ( sum of 26 sin 12.879°
c= cm
A = 42° sin 120°
By the sine formula, = 6.69 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
a b
=
sin A sin B (e) By the cosine formula,
a 28 cm b2 + c2 − a2
= cos A =
sin 42° sin 38° 2bc
28 sin 42° 35 2 + 20 2 − 30 2
a= cm =
sin 38° 2(35)(20)
29
=
c b 56
=
sin C sin B A = 58.8° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
c 28 cm a2 + c2 − b2
= cos B =
sin 100° sin 38° 2ac
28 sin 100°
c= cm 30 2 + 20 2 − 35 2
sin 38° =
2(30)(20)
1
=
16
(c) By the cosine formula,
B = 86.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
A + B + C = 180° (∠ sum of △)
c = 12 2 + 18 2 − 2(12)(18) cos 54° cm
58.811° + 86.417° + C = 180°
= 14.6 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) C = 34.8° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
b2 + c2 − a 2
cos A =
2bc 9. (a) Consider △ACD.
18 + 14.6312 − 12 2
= AC 2 + CD 2 − AD 2
2(18)(14.631) cos ∠ACD =
A = 41.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 2( AC )(CD )
A + B + C = 180°(∠ sum of △) 92 + 42 − 62
=
41.569° + B + 54° = 180° 2(9)(4)
B = 84.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 61
=
72
∠ACD = 32.1° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∠ACB + ∠ACD = 180°

(b) (adj. ∠s on st. line)
∠ACB + 32.089° = 180°
∠ACB = 147.911°
48
(∠ sum of △)
Consider △ABC. Consider △AKD.

By the sine formula, ∠AKB = ∠ADK + ∠DAK
AC AB (ext. ∠ of △)
= 110° = ∠ADK + 75°
sin ∠ABD sin ∠ACB ∠ADK = 35°
9 cm 13 cm By the sine formula,
=
sin ∠ABD sin 147.911° KD AK
9 sin 147.911° =
sin ∠ABD = sin ∠DAK sin ∠ADK
13 5 sin 30°
∠ABD = 21.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or cm
KD
= sin 40°
158° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) (rejected) sin 75° sin 35°
5 sin 30° sin 75°
KD = cm
10. Consider △ABC. sin 35° sin 40°
By the cosine formula, = 6.55 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 − 2( AB )( BC ) cos ∠ABC
12.
AC = 12 2 + 18 2 − 2(12)(18) cos 60° cm
= 252 cm
∵ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∴ DC = AB = 12 cm and ∠BCD = 180° – 60° =
120°
Consider △BCD.
∠ABD = ∠CAB (alt. ∠s, DB // AC)
BD 2 = BC 2 + DC 2 − 2( BC )( DC ) cos ∠BCD
= 54°
BD = 18 2 + 12 2 − 2(18)(12) cos 120° cm ∠ABC = ∠CBD − ∠ABD
= 684 cm = 78° − 54°
= 26.2 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) = 24°
Consider △ACB.
∠CAB + ∠ACB + ∠ABC = 180°
11. (a) Consider △BCK. (∠ sum of △)
∠AKB = ∠BCK + ∠KBC (ext. ∠ of △) 54° + ∠ACB + 24° = 180°
= 30° + 80° ∠ACB = 102°
= 110°
AB AC
Consider △ABK. =
sin ∠ACB sin ∠ABC
AB 400 m
AB KB =
= sin 102° sin 24°
sin ∠AKB sin ∠KAB
400 sin 102°
AB 5 cm AB = m
= sin 24°
sin 110° sin 40°
BC AC
5 sin 110° =
AB = cm sin ∠CAB sin ∠ABC
sin 40°
BC 400 m
= 7.31 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) =
sin 54° sin 24°
400 sin 54°
(b) Consider △ABK. BC = m
sin 24°
∠KAB + ∠ABK + ∠AKB = 180°
(∠ sum of △) Total distance ran by the man
40° + ∠ABK + 110° = 180° = AB + BC
∠ABK = 30°
 400 sin 102° 400 sin 54° 
By the sine formula, = + m
AK KB  sin 24° sin 24° 
= = 1760 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
sin ∠ABK sin ∠KAB
AK 5 cm
= ∠ADB = 60° − 25°
sin 30° sin 40° 13.
5 sin 30° = 35°
AK = cm
sin 40° ∠DAB = 90° − 60°
= 30°
49
Consider △ADB. km
By the sine formula, Hence, at 2 p.m., boys X and Y reach points G
AB DB and H respectively, as shown in the figure.
= ∠GOH = 180° − 60°
sin ∠ADB sin ∠DAB
AB 9m = 120°
= OG = 10 km
sin 35° sin 30°
9 sin 35° OH = 2 km
AB = m
sin 30° Consider △OGH.
= 10.3 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) By the cosine formula,
∴ The height of the flagstaff is 10.3 m. GH 2 = OG 2 + OH 2 − 2(OG )(OH ) cos ∠GOH
GH = 10 2 + 2 2 − 2(10)(2) cos 120° km
14.
= 124 km
∴ The distance between the two boys at 2 p.m.
is 11.1 km.
With the notations in the figure, (b)

∠ACB = ∠FAC (alt. ∠s, BC // AF)
= 42°
Consider △ACB.
AB
sin ∠ACB =
AC
50 m
sin 42° =
AC
50
AC = m
sin 42°
∠DAC = ∠FAC − ∠FAD With the notations in the figure, by the cosine
= 42° − 20° formula,
= 22° OG 2 + GH 2 − OH 2
cos ∠OGH =
∠ADC = ∠FAD (alt. ∠s, AF // CD) 2(OG )(GH )
= 20° 10 2 + ( 124 ) 2 − 2 2
=
Consider △ACD. 2(10)( 124 )
By the sine formula, 11
CD AC =
= 124
sin ∠DAC sin ∠ADC
∠OGH = 8.948°
50
m ∠KGO = 90° − 60°
CD sin 42°
=
sin 22° sin 20° = 30°
50 sin 22° ∠KGH = ∠KGO + ∠OGH
CD = m
sin 20° sin 42° = 30° + 8.948°
= 81.8 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) = 38.9° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The distance between the two landmarks is ∴ The true bearing of Y from X at 2 p.m. is
81.8 m. 038.9°.
15. (a) 16. (a)
Distance travelled by boy X = (5 × 2) km = 10

km
Distance travelled by boy Y = (6 × 2) km = 12
50
With the notations in the figure, Consider △DBE.

∠ABF = ∠DAB (alt. ∠s, BF // DA) DE
sin ∠DBE =
= 60° BD
∠CBF = 180° − ∠GBC (adj. ∠s on st. line) 40 sin 10°
=
= 180° − 135° 40
= 45° cos 51.340°
∠ABC = ∠ABF + ∠CBF ∠DBE = 6.23° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
= 60° + 45° ∴ The angle between BD and plane BCEF is
= 105° 6.23°.
Consider △ACB.
18. (a)
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 − 2( AB)( BC ) cos ∠ABC
AC = 4 2 + 5 2 − 2( 4)(5) cos 105° km
AB 2 + AC 2 − BC 2
cos ∠BAC =
2( AB)( AC )
(b)
4 2 + 7.166 2 − 5 2 Join AC and BD.
= AQ is the projection of AP on plane ABCD.
2( 4)(7.166)
The angle that PA makes with the base ABCD is
∠BAC = 42.374°
∠PAQ.
∠DAB + ∠BAC + ∠HAC = 180° (adj. ∠s on st. line)
Consider △ABC.
60° + 42.374° + ∠HAC = 180°
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∠HAC = 77.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
AC = 12 2 + 16 2 cm
∴ The compass bearing of C from A is S77.6
°E. = 20 cm
1
AQ = AC
17. (a) The angle between BD and BA is ∠ABD. 2 (property of rectangle)
Consider △ABD. 1 
=  × 20  cm
AD 2 
tan ∠ABD =
AB = 10 cm
50 PQ = GA = 5 cm
=
40 Consider △PAQ.
∠ABD = 51.3° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) PQ
tan ∠PAQ =
∴ The angle between BD and BA is 51.3°. AQ
5
(b) The angle between BD and plane BCEF is ∠ =
10
DBE. ∠PAQ = 26.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
Consider △ABD.
∴ The angle that PA makes with the base
AB
cos ∠ABD = ABCD is 26.6°.
BD
40 cm (b)
cos 51.340° =
BD
40
BD = cm
cos 51.340°
Consider △DCE.
DE
sin ∠DCE =
DC
DE
sin 10° =
40 cm Join PA and PB.
DE = 40 sin 10° cm Let M and N be the mid-points of AB and GF
respectively.
The angle between the planes PAB and ABFG is
∠PMN.
51
1 20. (a) Consider △TBP.

PN = EF
2 TP
tan ∠TBP =
1  BP
=  × 16  cm
 2  45 m
tan 40° =
= 8 cm BP
Consider △PMN. 45
BP = m
PN tan 40°
tan ∠PMN = Consider △TAP.
NM
8 TP
= tan ∠TAP =
5 AP
∠PMN = 58.0° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 45 m
tan 30° =
∴ The angle between the planes PAB and AP
ABFG is 58.0°. 45
AP = m
tan 30°
19. (a) Consider △ABC. ∠BPA = 200° − 150°
∠ABC + ∠ACB + ∠BAC = 180° (∠ sum of △) = 50°
60° + 72° + ∠BAC = 180° Consider △BAP.
∠BAC = 48° By the cosine formula,
By the sine formula, AB 2 = BP 2 + AP 2 − 2( BP )( AP ) cos ∠BPA
AB BC 2 2
=  45   45 
sin ∠ACB sin ∠BAC   +  −
 tan 40°   tan 30° 
AB 14 cm AB = m
=  45  45 
sin 72° sin 48° 2   cos 50°
14 sin 72°  tan 40°  tan 30° 
AB = cm
sin 48° = 59.8 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
Consider △PBA. (b)
PA
tan ∠PBA =
AB
PA
tan 30° =
14 sin 72°
cm
sin 48°
14 sin 72° tan 30°
PA = cm
sin 48°
(b) Area of △ABC

1
= × AB × BC × sin ∠ABC With the notations in the figure,
2
∠BPQ = 200° – 180° = 20°
1 
=  ×17.917 ×14 × sin 60°  cm 2 ∠RBP = ∠BPQ (alt. ∠s, RB // PQ)
2 
= 20°
Consider △BAP.
(c) Volume of the tetrahedron PBCA BP 2 + AB 2 − AP 2
1 cos ∠PBA =
= × area of △ABC × PA 2( BP)( AB)
3 2 2
1   45   45 
=  × 108.616 ×10.344  cm 3   + 59.8112 −  
tan 40 °  tan 30° 
 3  = 
 45 
= 375 cm 3 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 2 (59.811)
 tan 40° 
∠PBA = 86.618°
∠RBA = ∠RBP + ∠PBA
= 20° + 86.618°
= 107° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The true bearing of A from B is 107°.
52
21. (a) 22. Since A is an obtuse angle, cos A < 0.

b2 + c2 − a2
cos A =
2bc
20 2 + c 2 − 30 2
=
2(20)(c )
c 2 − 500
=
40c
cos A < 0
∵
With the notations in the figure, c 2 − 500
AG = BH = 800 m <0
40c
Consider △ACG. ∵ c>0
AG
tan ∠ACG = c 2 − 500 < 0
CG ∴
800 m c 2 < 500
tan 50° =
CG 0 < c < 500
800 ∴ A possible integral value of c is 15 cm. (or any
CG = m
tan 50° other reasonable answers)
Consider △CHG.
GH 23.
tan ∠HCG =
CG
GH
tan 70° =
800
m
tan 50°
800 tan 70°
GH = m
tan 50°
∴ The speed of the aeroplane Assume the required triangle is ABC.
∵ Area of △ABC = 24 cm2
800 tan 70°
m Take C = 45°, we have
= tan 50° 1
5s ab sin C = 24 cm 2
= 369 m/s (cor to 3 sig. fig.) 2
1
ab sin 45° = 24 cm 2
(b) Consider △CHG. 2
CG 1  1 
cos ∠HCG = ab  = 24 cm 2
CH 2  2 
800 ab = 48 2 cm 2
m
cos 70° = tan 50° Take a = 8 cm, then
CH
48 2
800 b= cm
CH = m 8
tan 50° cos 70°
= 6 2 cm
Consider △BCH.
BH
tan ∠BCH = c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
CH
800 c = 8 2 + (6 2 ) 2 − 2(8)(6 2 ) cos 45° cm
=
800
= 2 10 cm
tan 50° cos 70°
∠BCH = 22.2° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) a + c = [8 2 + (2 10 ) 2 ] cm 2
2 2
∴ The angle of elevation of B from C is 22.2 = 104 cm 2

°.
b 2 = (6 2 ) 2 cm 2
= 72 cm 2
∴ a + c2 ≠ b2
2
∴ ∠B ≠ 90°
i.e. △ABC is not a right-angled triangle.
∴ The lengths of the sides of a triangle which
satisfies the required two conditions are 8 cm,
6 2 cm and 2 10 cm. (or any other
reasonable answers)
53
Level 2 Consider △ABD.

BD = (7 + 5) cm = 12 cm
24. (a) Consider △ACD. By the cosine formula,
∠CAD + ∠ACD + ∠ADC = 180° (∠ sum of △) AD 2 = AB 2 + BD 2 − 2( AB )( BD) cos ∠ABD
45° + ∠ACD + 90° = 180°  11 
AD = 8 2 + 12 2 − 2(8)(12)  cm
∠ACD = 45°  16 
Consider △ABC.
∠BAC + ∠ABC = ∠ACD x = 76
(ext. ∠ of △)
∠BAC + 30° = 45° = 8.72 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∠BAC = 15°
By the sine formula, (d) Consider △AMC.
AC BC AC = AM = 8 cm (given)
= ∠ACM = ∠AMC (base ∠s, isos. △)
sin ∠ABC sin ∠BAC
∠MAC + ∠AMC + ∠ACM = 180° (∠ sum of △)
AC 25 cm
= 40° + 2∠ACM = 180°
sin 30° sin 15°
25 sin 30° ∠ACM = 70°
AC = cm By the cosine formula,
sin 15°
Consider △ACD. MC 2 = AM 2 + AC 2 − 2( AM )( AC ) cos ∠MAC
AD MC = 8 2 + 8 2 − 2(8)(8) cos 40° cm
cos ∠CAD =
AC
= 5.472 cm
x cm
cos 45° = BM = MC = 5.472 cm
25 sin 30°
cm
sin 15° BC = BM + MC
25 sin 30° = (5.472 + 5.472) cm
x = cos 45° ×
sin 15° = 10.944 cm
= 34.2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) Consider △ABC.
(b) Consider △ACD. AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2 − 2( AC )( BC ) cos ∠ACB
∠ADC + ∠DAC + ∠ACD = 180° (∠ sum of △)
AB = 8 2 + 10.944 2 − 2(8)(10.944) cos 70° cm
∠ADC + 40° + 68° = 180°
∠ADC = 72°
AC AD 25. Consider △AOC.
= ∠OAC + ∠AOC + ∠ACO = 180° (∠ sum of △)
sin ∠ADC sin ∠ACD
AC 7 cm 30° + 50° + ∠ACO = 180°
=
sin 72° sin 68° ∠ACO = 100°
AC = cm
sin 68° OC OA
=
Consider △ABC. sin ∠OAC sin ∠ACO
By the cosine formula, OC 13 cm
BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 − 2( AB)( AC ) cos ∠BAC =
sin 30° sin 100°
 7 sin 72° 
2 13 sin 30°
82 +   − OC = cm
sin 100°
BC =  sin 68°  cm Area of the shaded region
 7 sin 72°  = area of sector OAB − area of △AOC
2(8)  cos 80°
 sin 68°   50° 1 13 sin 30° 
=  π ×13 2 × − ×13 × × sin 50°  cm 2
x = 9.78 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)  360° 2 sin 100° 
= 40.9 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(c) Consider △ABC.
26. Let OC = x cm.
AB 2 + BC 2 − AC 2
cos ∠ABC = Area of the shaded region
2( AB )( BC ) = area of sector OAB − area of △AOC
82 + 7 2 − 6 2 50° 1
=
2(8)(7) =  π × 252 × − × 25 × x × sin 50°  cm 2
 360° 2 
11 ∵ Area of the shaded region = 160 cm2
=
16 50° 1
∴ π × 25 × − × 25 × x × sin 50° = 160
2
360° 2
54
∴ OC = 11.8 cm 28. (a)
27. (a) Consider △OAC.

OA2 + OC 2 − AC 2
cos ∠AOC =
2(OA)(OC )
6 2 + 9 2 − 132
= Join AC.
2(6)( 9)
Consider △ABC.
13
= − AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 − 2( AB )( BC ) cos ∠ABC
27
∠AOC = 119° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) AC = 9 2 + 8 2 − 2(9)(8) cos 60° cm
OA 2 + AC 2 − OC 2 = 73 cm
cos ∠OAC = = 8.54 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
2(OA)( AC )
6 2 + 132 − 9 2
= (b) Consider △ABC.
2(6)(13)
AB + BC + AC
31 Let s1 = .
= 2
39
9 + 8 + 8.544
∠OAC = 37.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ∴ s1 = cm
2
= 12.772 cm
(b) s1 − AB = (12.772 − 9) cm = 3.772 cm
s1 − BC = (12.772 − 8) cm = 4.772 cm
s1 − AC = (12.772 − 8.544) cm = 4.228 cm
Consider △ACD.
AC + CD + DA
Let s2 = .
2
8.544 + 7 + 6
∴ s2 = cm
2
Join OB. = 10.772 cm
∵ AC is the tangent to the circle at B. s2 − AC = (10.772 − 8.544) cm = 2.228 cm
∴ OB ⊥ AC s2 − CD = (10.772 − 7) cm = 3.772 cm
Consider △OAB. s2 − DA = (10.772 − 6) cm = 4.772 cm
OB Area of ABCD
sin ∠OAB =
OA = area of △ABC + area of △ACD
OB
sin 37.357° = = s1 ( s1 − AB )( s1 − BC )( s1 − AC ) +
6 cm
OB = 6 sin 37.357° cm s 2 ( s 2 − AC )( s 2 − CD )( s 2 − DA)
= 3.64 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) = ( 12.772 × 3.772 × 4.772 × 4.228 +
10.772 × 2.228 × 3.772 × 4.772 ) cm 2
(c)
= 52.0 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
29. (a) ∠ABC = 35° + 25° = 60°

∠ACB = 30° + 20° = 50°
∠BAC + ∠ABC + ∠ACB = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∠BAC + 60° + 50° = 180°
∠BAC = 70°
Consider △ABC.
With the notations in the figure, By the sine formula,
total area of the shaded regions AB BC
= area of △OAC − area of sector ODE =
sin ∠ACB sin ∠BAC
1 AB 12 cm
=  × 6 × 9 × sin 118.782 20° − =
2 sin 50° sin 70°
118.782 20°  2 12 sin 50°
π × 3.640 66 2 ×  cm AB = cm
360° sin 70°

= 9.93 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
55
(b) Consider △BCD. ∵ Area of △ABC = area of △ADC

∠BDC + ∠DBC + ∠BCD = 180 (∠ sum of △) 1 1
× AB × BC × sin ∠ABC = × AD ×
∠BDC + 25° + 20° = 180° 2 2
∠BDC = 135° CD × sin ∠ADC
By the sine formula, 1 1
BD BC × 2 × 6 × sin θ = × x × 4 ×
= 2 2
sin ∠BCD sin ∠BDC sin(180° − θ )
BD 12 cm
= 6 sin θ = 2 x sin θ
sin 20° sin 135°
12 sin 20° x=3
BD = cm ∴
sin 135° AD = 3 cm
Consider △ABD.
AD 2 = AB 2 + BD 2 − 2( AB )( BD) cos ∠ABD (b) Consider △ABC.
2 2 AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 − 2( AB )( BC ) cos ∠ABC
 12 sin 50°   12 sin 20° 
  +  −
sin 70°   sin 135°  AC = 2 2 + 6 2 − 2( 2)(6) cos θ cm
AD =  cm
Consider △ACD.
 12 sin 50°  12 sin 20° 
2   cos 35 ° AC 2 = AD 2 + CD 2 − 2( AD)(CD ) cos ∠ADC
 sin 70°  sin 135° 
= 6.03 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) AC = 32 + 4 2 − 2(3)(4) cos (180° − θ ) cm
∴ 2 2 + 6 2 − 2(2)(6) cos θ
30. Consider △ABD.
By the sine formula, = 32 + 4 2 − 2(3)(4) cos (180° − θ )
BD AB 40 − 24 cos θ = 25 + 24 cos θ
=
sin ∠BAD sin ∠ADB
48 cos θ = 15
BD sin ∠ADB
sin ∠BAD = 5
AB cos θ =
Consider △ADC. 16
DC AC
= sin θ = 1 − cos 2θ
sin ∠DAC sin ∠ADC
2
DC sin ∠ADC 5
sin ∠DAC = = 1 −  
AC (c)  16 
∠ADB + ∠ADC = 180° (adj. ∠s on st. line) 231
=
∠ADB = 180° − ∠ADC 256
sin ∠ADB = sin (180° − ∠ADC ) 231
=
= sin ∠ADC 16
∵ AD is the angle bisector of ∠BAC. Area of quadrilateral ABCD
= area of △ABC + area of △ADC
∠BAD = ∠DAC
= 2 × area of △ABC
sin ∠BAD = sin ∠DAC
1
BD sin ∠ADB DC sin ∠ADC = 2 × × AB × BC × sin ∠ABC
= 2
∴ AB AC  1 231  2
BD DC =  2× × 2× 6× cm
=  2 16 
AB AC  
BD AB = 11.4 cm 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
=
DC AC
32. Consider △PBA.
31. (a) Let AD = x cm. ∠BPA = 60° − 50°
∵ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. = 10°
∴ ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180° (opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.) By the sine formula,
∠ADC = 180° − θ AP BA
=
sin ∠PBA sin ∠BPA
AP 100 m
=
sin 50° sin 10°
100 sin 50°
AP = m
sin 10°
56
Consider △AQP. 35. (a)

∠PAQ = 60° − 40°
= 20°
∠APQ = 90° − 60°
= 30°
∠PAQ + ∠AQP + ∠APQ = 180° (∠ sum of △)
20° + ∠AQP + 30° = 180°
∠AQP = 130°
PQ AP
=
sin ∠PAQ sin ∠AQP
100 sin 50°
m With the notations in the figure, consider
PQ
= sin 10° △AFB.
sin 20° sin 130° AB
 100 sin 50°  tan ∠AFB =
PQ =  × sin 20°  m FB
 sin 10° sin 130°  4m
tan 60° =
= 197 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) FB
∴ The height of the church is 197 m. 4
FB = m
tan 60°
33. (a) Consider △DCE. = 2.31 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
DE ∠GBF = 30°
sin ∠DCE =
CD
∠CBF = 90° − ∠GBF
DE
sin 20° = = 90° − 30°
CD
DE = 60°
CD =
sin 20° Consider △BFC.
(b) FC 2 = BC 2 + FB 2 − 2( BC )( FB ) cos ∠CBF
2
4  4 
10 2 +   − 2(10) 
FC =  tan 60°   tan 60°  m
cos 60°
(b) Consider △BFC.

Draw PQ ⊥ FE. Join QC. By the cosine formula,
The angle between CP and plane BCEF is ∠ FB 2 + FC 2 − BC 2
cos ∠BFC =
PCQ. 2( FB)( FC )
Consider △PCD. 2.30942 + 9.06862 − 10 2
CD =
cos ∠PCD = 2( 2.3094)(9.0686)
PC
DE ∠BFC = 107° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
cos 50° = sin 20°

PC 35. (a)
DE
PC =
sin 20° cos 50°
PQ = DE
Consider △PCQ.
PQ
sin ∠PCQ =
PC
DE
=
DE
sin 20° cos 50°
= sin 20° cos 50°
∠PCQ = 12.7° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between CP and plane BCEF is Let E be the mid-point of DC. Join AE and BE.
12.7°. The angle between the planes ACD and BCD is
∠AEB.
34. Consider △ABD and △ABC.
57
AB = AB (common side) Consider △AFN and △AEC.

∠ABD = ∠ABC = 90° ( given) ∠FAN = ∠EAC (common angles)
BD = BC (given) ∠AFN = ∠AEC = 90°
∴ △ABD ≅ △ABC (SAS) ∠ANF = 180° − ∠FAN − ∠AFN
AD = AC = 180° − ∠EAC − ∠AEC
∵ AD = AC and DE = EC = 3 cm
= ∠ACE
∴ AE ⊥ DC
∴ △AFN ~ △AEC (AAA)
∵ BD = BC and DE = EC = 3 cm
AF AN
∴ BE ⊥ DC =
AE AC
Consider △ABD.
AF 1
AD 2 = AB 2 + BD 2 =
(Pyth. theorem) AE 2
AD = 10 2 + 8 2 cm 1
AF = AE
2
= 2 41 cm
155
Consider △ADE. = cm
2
AD 2 = AE 2 + DE 2
(Pyth. theorem) 155
FE = cm
AE = (2 41 ) 2 − 3 2 cm 2
Consider △BEF.
= 155 cm
BF 2 = BE 2 + FE 2 − 2( BE )( FE ) cos ∠FEB
Consider △BDE.
2
BD 2 = BE 2 + DE 2  155 
(Pyth. theorem) ( 55 ) 2 +   −
BE = 8 2 − 32 cm  2 
BF =   cm
= 55 cm  155  11 
2( 55 )  
Consider △ABE.  2  31 
  
BE
cos ∠AEB =
AE 155
= cm
55 2
=
155 Consider △ABF.
11 AF 2 + BF 2 − AB 2
= cos ∠AFB =
31 2( AF )( BF )
∠AEB = 53.4° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)  155 
2
 155 
2
 +  − 10
2
∴ The angle between the planes ACD and 
 2   2 
BCD is 53.4°. =
 155  155 
2  
 2  2 
(b)
9
= −
31
∠AFB = 107° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between the planes ANM and
BNM is 107°.
36. (a)
Let F be the mid-point of MN.

The angle between the planes ANM and BNM is
∠AFB.
∵ M and N are the mid-points of AD and AC Draw XG ⊥ AD.
respectively. GX = AB
∴ AM = MD and AN = NC = 15 m
∵ AD = AC YG = (30 − 10 − 10) m
∴ AM = AN = 10 m
∵ AM = AN and MF = FN Consider △YGX.
∴ AF ⊥ MN XY 2 = GX 2 + YG 2
(Pyth. theorem)
XY = 152 + 10 2 m
= 5 13 m
58
The total distance travelled by the man Consider △ABD.

= CX + XY + YA AB 2 = AD 2 + BD 2
= (10 + 5 13 + 10) m AD = 7 2 − 5 2 m
= 24 m (Pyth. theorem)
(b)
AF = AP − FP
= AP − CR
= (5 − 4) m
=1m
Consider △ADF.
AF
sin ∠ADF =
AD
1m
=
With the notations in the figure, 24 m
JX = 10 m ∠ADF = 11.8° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∠JXK = 25°
∴ The angle that the sheet makes with the
Consider △JXK.
horizontal ground is 11.8°.
JK
sin ∠JXK =
JX
(b)
JK
sin 25° =
10 m
JK = 10 sin 25° m
YL = JK
= 10 sin 25° m
The angle between the path XY and the
horizontal ground is ∠YXL.
Consider △YXL.
YL
sin ∠YXL =
XY
10 sin 25°
= With the notations in the figure, consider
5 13 △ABF.
∠YXL = 13.6° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) AB 2 = AF 2 + BF 2
∴ The angle between the path XY and the (Pyth. theorem)
BF = 7 2 − 12 m
horizontal ground is 13.6°.
= 48 m
37. (a) Similarly, CF = BF = 48 m
Consider △BFC.
BF 2 + CF 2 − BC 2
cos ∠BFC =
2( BF )(CF )
( 48 ) 2 + ( 48 ) 2 − 10 2
=
2( 48 )( 48 )
1
= −
24
sin ∠BFC = 1 − cos2∠BFC
2
1
Let D be the mid-point of BC. With the = 1 −  − 
notations in the figure, the angle that the sheet  24 
makes with the horizontal ground is ∠ADF. 5 23
=
∵ AB = AC = 7 m and BD = DC = 5 m 24
∴ AD ⊥ BC
Area of the shadow of the sheet at noon
= area of △BFC
1
= × BF × CF × sin ∠BFC
2
1 5 23  2
=  × 48 × 48 × m
2 24 
= 24.0 m 2 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(c) (i)
59
(Pyth. theorem)
HZ = YZ − YH
  1 
= 10 −  + 5  m
  tan θ 
 1 
= 5 − m
 tan θ 
With the notations in the figure, consider

△ADF.
AD 2 = AF 2 + DF 2
DF = ( 24 ) 2 − 12 m
= 23 m
GP = HX (Pyth. theorem)
= DF
= 23 m
GH = PX
RP = CF
= 48 m
Consider △GPR.
RP 2 = GR 2 + GP 2
(Pyth. theorem)
GR = ( 48 ) − ( 23 ) m
2 2
=5m
Consider △CRZ.
CR
tan θ =
RZ
4
RZ = m
tan θ
RY = RZ − YZ
 4 
= − 10  m
 tan θ 
Consider △APX.
AP
tan θ =
PX
5
PX = m
tan θ
YH = GH − GR − RY
 5  4 
= −5− − 10  m
 tan θ  tan θ 
 1 
= + 5 m
 tan θ 
60
Consider △XHY.
YX 2 = YH 2 + HX 2 (b) Consider △CAE.
CE
2 sin ∠CAE =
YX =  1 + 5  + ( 23 ) 2 m AC
 tan θ  6 cm
2 sin 65.485° =
1 AC
= 23 +  + 5  m
 tan θ  AC =
6
cm
Consider △XHZ. sin 65.485°
ZX 2 = HZ 2 + HX 2 (Pyth. theorem) Consider △ACB.
2
 1  AB 2 + BC 2 − AC 2
ZX =  5 −  + ( 23 ) 2 m cos ∠CBA =
 tan θ 2( AB )( BC )
2
 1 
2
 6 
= 23 +  5 −  m 52 + 52 −  
 tan θ   sin 65.485° 
=
2(5)(5)
When YX = ZX, ∠CBA = 82.5° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
2 2
1 1 
23 +  + 5  23 +  5 −
=  39. (a)
 tan θ   tan θ 
1 1
+5 = 5−
tan θ tan θ
2
= 0
tan θ
θ = 90° or 270° (rejected)
∴ The shape of the shadow of the sheet
is not an isosceles triangle.
(ii) The area of the shadow is equal to the area
of △PQR. It is because the bases and the
heights of the two shadows are the same.
With the notations in the figure, let HQ = x m.
38. (a) The angle between AC and the horizontal Then QK = (600 − x) m.
ground is ∠CAE. Consider △HPQ.
∵ ∠ADB = ∠AEC = 90° HQ
tan ∠HPQ =
∴ BD // CE (corr. ∠s equal) PQ
∵ BD // CE and AB = BC = 5 cm xm
tan 65° =
∴ AD = DE (intercept theorem) PQ
Consider △AEC. x
PQ = m
AC 2 = AE 2 + CE 2 tan 65°
(Pyth. theorem)
AE = 10 2 − 6 2 cm Consider △KPQ.
= 8 cm QK
tan ∠KPQ =
AD = DE PQ
=
1 (600 − x ) m
AE tan 40° =
∴ 2 PQ
1
=  × 8  cm PQ =
600 − x
m
2  tan 40°
= 4 cm x 600 − x
Consider △DAE. =
tan 65° tan 40°
By the cosine formula, x tan 40° = 600 tan 65° − x tan 65°
EA2 = AD 2 + DE 2 − 2( AD )( DE ) cos ∠ADE 600 tan 65°
x =
EA = 4 2 + 4 2 − 2( 4)( 4) cos 40° cm tan 40° + tan 65°
= 2.7362 cm = 431.258
Consider △CAE. 600 − x = 168.742
CE
tan ∠CAE =
EA
6 cm
=
2.7362 cm
∠CAE = 65.5° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between AC and the horizontal
ground is 65.5°.
61
Consider △HPQ.
HQ 40. (a) Consider △DOC.
sin ∠HPQ =
PH DC
tan ∠DOC =
431.258 m OC
sin 65° =
PH hm
tan 30° =
431.258 OC
PH = m
sin 65° h
= 476 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) OC = m
tan 30°
Consider △KPQ. = 3h m
QK Consider △DAC.
sin ∠KPQ =
PK DC
168.742 m tan ∠DAC =
sin 40° = AC
PK hm
168.742 tan 60° =
PK = m AC
sin 40° h
= 263 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) AC = m
tan 60°
h
= m
(b) Consider △APH. 3
AH Consider △COA.
tan ∠APH =
PH OC 2 + OA2 − AC 2
AH cos ∠COA =
tan 44° = 2(OC )(OA)
475.841 m
h 2
AH = 475.841 tan 44° m ( 3h ) 2 + 60 2 −  
 3
= 460 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) =
2( 3h )( 60)
Consider △BPK. h2
BK 3h 2 + 3600 −
tan ∠BPK = = 3
PK 120 3h
BK
tan 33° = h 2 + 1350
262.516 m =
45 3h
BK = 262.516 tan 33° m
= 170 m (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) (b) Consider △DBC.
DC
tan ∠DBC =
(c) BC
hm
tan 45° =
BC
h
BC = m
tan 45°
=hm
Consider △COB.
OC 2 + OB 2 − BC 2
cos ∠COB =
2(OC )(OB)
( 3h) 2 + 90 2 − h 2
=
With the notations in the figure, 2( 3h)(90)
RB = HK = 600 m
AR = AH − RH 2h + 8100
2
=
= AH − BK 180 3h
= (475.841 tan 44° − 262.516 tan 33°) m h 2 + 4050
=
= 289.034 m 90 3h
Consider △ABR.
AR (c) ∵ cos ∠COA = cos ∠COB
tan ∠ABR =
RB h 2 + 1350 h 2 + 4050
=
289.034 m 45 3h 90 3h
=
600 m ∴
2h 2 + 2700 = h 2 + 4050
∠ABR = 25.7° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
h 2 = 1350
∵ The angle of depression of B from A
= the angle of elevation of A from B h = 36.7 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle of depression of B and A is 25.7
°.
62
h 2 + 1350
cos ∠COA =
45 3h
(d)
1350 + 1350
=
45 3 ( 1350 )
∠COA = 19.5° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The compass bearing of B from O is N19.5
°E.
41. (a) The angle between DF and BF is ∠DFB.

Consider △BFG.
BF 2 = BG 2 + FG 2 (Pyth. theorem)
BF = 6 2 + 8 2 cm
= 10 cm
Consider △DFE.
DF 2 = DE 2 + EF 2 (Pyth. theorem)
DF = 6 2 + 8 2 cm
= 10 cm
Consider △DAB.
DB 2 = DA2 + AB 2
(Pyth. theorem)
DB = 8 2 + 8 2 cm
= 128 cm
Consider △DFB.
BF 2 + DF 2 − DB 2
cos ∠DFB =
2( BF )( DF )
10 2 + 10 2 − ( 128 ) 2
=
2(10)(10)
9
=
25
∠DFB = 68.9° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between DF and BF is 68.9°.
(b)
Let EG and FH intersects at N. Join FM and

MN.
The angle between FM and plane EFGH is ∠
MFN.
Consider △FGH.
FH 2 = FG 2 + GH 2
(Pyth. theorem)
FH = 8 2 + 8 2 cm
= 8 2 cm
63
∵ EFGH is a square.
FN = NH 2. Answer: C
1 ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° (∠ sum of △)
= FH ∠A + 60° + 75° = 180°
∴ 2 (property of square)
 1  ∠A = 45°
=  × 8 2  cm
2  By the sine formula,
= 4 2 cm AC BC
=
MN = CH = 6 cm sin B sin A
Consider △MFN. AC BC
=
MN sin 60° sin 45°
tan ∠MFN =
FN AC sin 60°
=
6 cm BC sin 45°
=
4 2 cm 3
∠MFN = 46.7° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) = 2
1
∴ The angle between FM and plane EFGH is
46.7°. 2
6
=
(c) 2
3. Answer : C
AB 2 + BC 2 − AC 2
cos ∠ABC =
2( AB )( BC )
(3x ) 2 + x 2 − 7 2
cos 60° =
2(3x )( x )
1 10 x 2 − 49
Join CM. =
∵ DFB is an isosceles triangle. 2 6x 2
∴ FM ⊥ DB 3x = 10 x 2 − 49
2
∵ CDB is an isosceles triangle. x2 = 7

∴ CM ⊥ DB x = 7
The angle between the planes FDB and DBC is
∠FMC.
Consider △MFN. 4. Answer : D
∠FMN + ∠MFN + ∠FNM = 180° (∠ sum of △)
∠FMN + 46.686° + 90° = 180°
∠FMN = 43.314°
∠CMN = 90°
∠FMC = ∠FMN + ∠CMN
= 43.314° + 90°
= 133° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
∴ The angle between the planes FDB and
DBC is 133°. With the notations in the figure,
by the sine formula,
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 229) PR PQ
=
1. Answer: B sin ∠PQR sin ∠PRQ
DC = AB = 6 cm (opp. sides of // gram) 30 m 96 m
Consider △BCD. =
sin ∠PQR sin 100°
BC 2 + CD 2 − BD 2
cos ∠BCD = 30 sin 100°
2( BC )(CD ) sin ∠PQR =
96
8 2 + 6 2 − 12 2 ∠PQR = 17.924° or 162.076° (rejected)
=
2(8)(6)
∠RPQ + ∠PQR + ∠PRQ = 180° (∠ sum of △)
11
= − ∠RPQ + 17.924° + 100° = 180°
24
∠BCD = 117.280° ∠RPQ = 62.076°
∠ABC + ∠BCD = 180° ∠TPQ = ∠TPR + ∠RPQ
∠ABC + 117.280° = 180° = 55° + 62.076°
∠ABC = 63° (cor. to the nearest degree) = 117.1°
∴ The true bearing of Q from P is 117.1°.
64
7+4+5
5. Answer : B ∴ s = cm
2
= 8 cm
s − AB = (8 − 7) cm = 1 cm
s − AC = (8 − 4) cm = 4 cm
s − BC = (8 − 5) cm = 3 cm
Area of △ABC
= s ( s − AB )( s − AC )( s − BC )
= 8 × 1 × 4 × 3 cm 2
= 4 6 cm 2
With the notations in the figure, by the cosine 8. Answer: B

formula, Area of ABDE = area of △ACE − area of △BCD
AB 2 + AC 2 − BC 2 1
cos ∠BAC = = × AC × CE × sin ∠ACE −
2( AB )( AC ) 2
42 + 72 − 92 1
= × BC × CD × sin ∠BCD
2( 4)(7) 2
2 1
= − =  × ( 4 + 2) × (3 + 5) ×
7 2
∠BAC = 106.6° 1 
sin θ − × 4 × 3 × sin θ  m 2
∠FAC = 180° − ∠DAB − ∠BAC 2 
= 180° − 36° − 106.6° = 18 sin θ m 2
= 37° (cor. to the nearest degree) ∵ Area of ABDE = 14 m2
∴ The compass bearing of C from A is S37°W. 18 sin θ = 14
∴ 7
6. Answer : A sin θ =
9
∠ABC = 90° − 30° = 60° θ = 51° (cor. to the nearest degree)
∠BAC = 90° − 25° = 65°
Consider △ABC. 9. Answer : C
∠ACB + ∠BAC + ∠ABC = 180° (∠ sum of △) Consider △ACD.
∠ACB + 65° + 60° = 180° AD
cos ∠CAD =
∠ACB = 55° AC
By the sine formula, x
cos γ =
AC AB AC
=
sin ∠ABC sin ∠ACB AC =
x
AC 12 m cos γ
=
sin 60° sin 55° Consider △ABC.
AC = m BC AC
sin 55° =
sin ∠BAC sin ∠ABC
3
12 × x
= 2 m BC cos γ
sin 55° =
sin α sin β
6 3 x sin α
= m BC =
sin 55° sin β cos γ
7. Answer : D
10. Answer : A
Consider △BDC.
BC 2 = BD 2 + CD 2 − 2( BD )(CD ) cos ∠BDC
BC = 7 2 + (3 2 ) 2 − 2(7)(3 2 ) cos 45° cm
= 5 cm
Consider △ABC.
AB + AC + BC
Let s = .
2
Let N be the mid-point of DE.
65
Join MN and HN. Consider △HAK.

The angle between MH and plane CDEH is ∠MHN. HA2 = HK 2 + AK 2
MN = AD = 4 cm
HK = 32 − 2 2 cm (Pyth. theorem)
1
NE = DE = 5 cm
2
1 KJ = DC
=  × 10  cm
2  = 4 cm
= 5 cm The angle between the planes HBC and ABCD is ∠
Consider △NHE. HJK.
HN 2 = HE 2 + NE 2 Consider △HJK.
(Pyth. theorem)
HK
HN = 4 2 + 5 2 cm tan ∠HJK =
JK
= 41 cm 5
Consider △MHN. =
4
MN
tan ∠MHN = ∠HJK = 29° (cor. to the nearest degree)
HN
4 cm ∴ The angle between the planes HBC and ABCD
= is 29°.
41 cm
∠MHN = 32° (cor. to the nearest degree)
HKMO (p. 231)
∴ The angle between MH and plane CDEH is 32°. 1.
11. Answer : C
AD = BC = 4 cm
Consider △ACD.
AC 2 = AD 2 + CD 2
(Pyth. theorem)
CD = 6 2 − 4 2 cm
= 20 cm
The angle between CD and plane BCEF is ∠DCE.
Consider △DCE.
CE
cos ∠DCE = Join OA, OF, OB and OE.
CD
Let OA = y cm,
3 cm
= then OA = OB = OE = OF = y cm.
20 cm 360°
∠DCE = 48° (cor. to the nearest degree) ∠AOF =
6
∴ The angle between CD and plane BCEF is 48°. = 60°
Consider △AOF.
12. Answer : A 1
= × OA × OF × sin ∠AOF
2
1
Area of △AOF = y 2 sin 60° cm 2
2
3y2
= cm 2
4
Area of ABCDEF = 6 × area of △AOF
3y2
3 3 = 6×
4
Let J be the mid-point of BC.
y= 2
Joint HJ and JK.
AK = KD QP = BE
1 = 2 y cm
= AD
2 = 2 2 cm
1
=  × 4  cm Area of square PQRS = QP
2
2 
= ( 2 2 ) 2 cm 2
= 2 cm
∵ Area of square PQRS = X cm2
∴ X = (2 2 ) 2
=8
66
2. By the cosine formula, = 18

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos ∠C s1 − AD = 18 − 9 = 9
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos 60° s1 − AB = 18 − 10 = 8
c = a + b − ab
2 2 2 s1 − BD = 18 − 17 = 1
Consider △BCD.
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 + ab
BC + DC + BD
a b Let s2 = .
+ =P 2
b+c a+c
10 + 21 + 17
a ( a + c ) + b (b + c ) ∴ s2=
=P 2
( a + c)(b + c)
= 24
a 2 + ac + b 2 + bc s2 − BC = 24 − 10 = 14
=P
( a + c)(b + c) s2 − DC = 24 − 21 = 3
∵ c 2 + ab + ac + bc s2 − BD = 24 − 17 = 7
=P Area of the cyclic quadrilateral
( a + c)(b + c)
= area of △ABD + area of △BCD
b(a + c) + c(a + c )
=P = s1 ( s1 − AD)( s1 − AB)( s1 − BD) +
( a + c)(b + c)
(a + c)(b + c ) s 2 ( s 2 − BC )( s 2 − DC )( s 2 − BD)
=P
(a + c)(b + c ) = 18 × 9 × 8 ×1 + 24 ×14 × 3 × 7
P =1 = 36 + 84
= 120
3.
Consider △ABD.
BD 2 = AD 2 + AB 2 − 2( AD )( AB ) cos ∠DAB
= 9 2 + 10 2 − 2(9)(10) cos θ
= 181 − 180 cos θ
∠BAD + ∠BCD = 180° (opp. ∠s, cyclic
∠BCD = 180° − θ
quad.)
Consider △BCD.
BD 2 = BC 2 + DC 2 − 2( BC )( DC ) cos ∠BCD
= 10 2 + 212 − 2(10)( 21) cos (180° − θ )
= 541 + 420 cos θ
181 − 180 cos θ = 541 + 420 cos θ
∴ 600 cos θ = −360
3
cos θ = −
5
BD = 181 − 180 cos θ
∴ 3
= 181 − 180 − 
 5
= 17
Consider △ABD.
AD + AB + BD
Let s1 = .
2
9 + 10 + 17
∴ s1=
2
67

4BCh09 (More About Trigonometry 2)

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Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4B

9 More about Trigonometry (II)

Activity By the sine formula,

By the sine formula, 2. By the sine formula,

By the sine formula, 4. By the sine formula,

(b) By the cosine formula, A = 180° − 100° − 47.547°

x = 252 + 22 2 − 2( 25)( 22) cos 42°

= 73.4 cm (cor. to 1 d.p.) = 30.5 m

= s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c ) 250° − 180° = 70°

360° − 330° = 30°

With the notations in the figure, 3. (a)

∴ The required compass bearing is N80°E.

180° + 62° = 242°

180° − 120° = 60°

360° − 28° = 332

4. By the sine formula,

With the notations in the figure,

∴ The angle between planes ABGH and Consider △BDH.

3. (a) The angle between VA and plane ABCD is ∠

∵ △OAB is an isosceles triangle. (c)

Exercise Area of ∆ABC =

= 6.93 cm (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)

8. Area of the shaded segment

∠ACB + ∠BAC + ∠ABC = 180° (∠ sum of △) Area of major segment BAC

OP = OQ 4. By the sine formula,

By the sine formula, c b

By the sine formula, ∠BAM + ∠AMB + ∠ABM = 180° (∠ sum of △)

By the sine formula, 22. By the sine formula,

∴ B = 36.3° (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or A + B + C = 180°(∠ sum of △)

(cor. to 3 sig. fig.)

(cor. to 3 sig. fig.)

Exercise 9C (p. 185)

x = 10 2 + 8 2 − 2(10)(8) cos 40°

2. By the cosine formula, a2 + c2 − b2

Level 2 AC = 12 2 + 132 − 2(12)(13) cos 75° cm

17. (a) Consider △ABC. 19. ∵ b : c = 3 : 2

Exercise 9D (p. 189) a+b+c

p+q+r BC and DF ⊥ BC.

∠DAB = 30° + 90°

By the sine formula, In △ACD,

By the sine formula, (b)

DC = 80 2 + 60 2 − 2(80)(60) cos 99° km (b) By the sine formula,

∠CAB = 77.192° or 102.808° (rejected) 1

With the notations in the figure,

Area of △ABC = s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)

(b) Draw BD ⊥ AP. Difference between the two paths

In △HAP, With the notations in the figure,

Exercise 9F (p. 209)

The angle between AG and GC is ∠AGC.

The angle between the path BD and plane ABEF

∴ The angle between the path BD and plane (b)

Let N be the mid-point of DC. BD 2 = BC 2 + CD 2 (Pyth. theorem)

12. (a) Level 2

= 620 cm Join CE and DF.

Consider △FAB. Consider △DBM.

(b) ∵ M is the mid-point of BC.

17. (a) The angle between DB and plane ABC is ∠

Draw CE ⊥ BA and DE ⊥ BA.

Consider △AEC. Consider △ABN.

Let G be the projection of E on plane ABDC.

By similar argument as in (b), Consider △EMQ.

20. (a) Consider △FAP and △HCQ.

(b) Exercise 9G (p. 216)