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Che Guevara
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ernesto Guevara de la Serna
Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (June 14,[1] 1928 – October
9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara, El Che or
just Che was an Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary,
political figure, and leader of Cuban and internationalist
guerrillas.

As a young man studying medicine, Guevara travelled


throughout South America, bringing him into direct contact
with the impoverished conditions in which many people
lived. His experiences and observations during these trips
led him to the conclusion that the region's socio-economic
inequalities could only be remedied by socialism through
revolution, prompting him to intensify his study of Marxism
and travel to Guatemala to learn about the reforms being
implemented there by President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán.

While in Mexico in 1956, Guevara joined Fidel Castro's


revolutionary 26th of July Movement, which seized power
from the regime of the dictator[2] General Fulgencio Batista Che Guevara in 1963
in Cuba in 1959. In the months after the success of the Alternate name(s): Che
revolution, Guevara was assigned the role of "supreme Date of birth: June 14, 1928[1]
prosecutor", overseeing the public show trials and
Place of birth: Rosario, Argentina
executions of hundreds of military and civilian leaders
Date of death: October 9, 1967 (aged 39)
associated with the previous regime.[3][4] After serving in
Place of death: La Higuera, Bolivia
various important posts in the new government and writing
Major organizations: 26th of July Movement
a number of articles and books on the theory and practice
of guerrilla warfare, Guevara left Cuba in 1965 with the
intention of fomenting revolutions first in Congo-Kinshasa, and then in Bolivia, where he was captured in a military
operation supported by the CIA and the U.S. Army Special Forces.[5] Guevara was summarily executed by the
Bolivian Army in the town of La Higuera near Vallegrande on October 9, 1967.[6]

After his death, Guevara became an icon of socialist revolutionary movements and a cultural icon worldwide. An
Alberto Korda photo of him has received wide distribution and modification, appearing on t-shirts, protest banners,
and in many other formats. The Maryland Institute College of Art called this picture "the most famous photograph in
the world and a symbol of the 20th century."[7]

Contents

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1 Family heritage and early life


2 Guatemala
3 Cuba
4 Disappearance from Cuba
5 Congo
5.1 Expedition
5.2 Interlude
6 Bolivia
6.1 Insurgent
6.2 Capture and execution
6.3 The Bolivian Diary
7 Legacy
7.1 Legacy in Cuba
7.2 Legacy in Cuban-American Community
7.3 Legacy elsewhere in Latin America
7.4 The "Cult of Che"
8 Timeline
9 Guevara's published works
10 See also
11 Source notes
12 Content notes
13 References
13.1 Printed matter
13.2 Websites
14 Further reading
15 External links

Family heritage and early life


Ernesto Guevara de la Serna was born in Rosario, Argentina, the eldest of five
children in a family of Spanish and Irish descent; both his father and mother
were of Basque ancestry.Basque[›] One of Guevara's forebears, Patrick Lynch, was
born in Galway, Ireland, in 1715.Galway[›] He left for Bilbao, Spain, and traveled
from there to Argentina. Francisco Lynch (Guevara's great-grandfather) was
born in 1817, and Ana Lynch (his grandmother) in 1868. Her son, Ernesto
Guevara Lynch (Guevara's father) was born in 1900. Guevara Lynch married
Guevara (center) with friends as a Celia de la Serna y Llosa in 1927 (one of her non-lineal ancestors was José de la
young child. Serna e Hinojosa, Spanish viceroy of Peru), and they had three sons and two
daughters.

Growing up in this leftist-leaning déclassé family of aristocratic lineage, Ernesto


Guevara became known for his dynamic personality and radical perspective even
as a boy. He idolized Francisco Pizarro and yearned to have been one of his
soldiers.[8] Though suffering from the crippling bouts of asthma that were to
afflict him throughout his life, he excelled as an athlete. He was an avid rugby

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union player despite his handicap and earned himself the nickname "Fuser" — a
contraction of "El Furibundo" ("The Raging") and his mother's surname,
"Serna" — for his aggressive style of play. Ernesto was nicknamed "Chancho"
("pig") by his schoolmates because he rarely bathed, something he was rather
proud of.[9]

Guevara learned chess from his father and


began participating in local tournaments by
Birthplace of Ernesto "Che"
the age of 12.[10] During his adolescence,
Guevara in Rosario. The building
he became passionate about poetry, was erected by Enrique Ferrarese
especially that of Pablo Neruda. Guevara, and designed by Arq. Bustillo.
as is common practice among Latin Another view.
Americans of his class, also wrote poems
throughout his life. He was an enthusiastic and eclectic reader, with interests
ranging from adventure classics by Jack London, Emilio Salgari and Jules Verne
Guevara on a burro at the age of 3
to essays on sexuality by Sigmund Freud and treatises on social philosophy by
Bertrand Russell. In his late teens, he developed a keen interest in photography
and spent many hours photographing people, places and, during later travels, archaeological sites.

In 1948 Guevara entered the University of Buenos Aires to study medicine. As a student, he spent long periods
traveling around Latin America. In 1951 his older friend, Alberto Granado, a biochemist, suggested that Guevara
take a year off from his medical studies to embark on a trip they had talked of making for years, traversing South
America. Guevara and the 29-year-old Granado soon set off from their hometown of Alta Gracia astride a 1939
Norton 500 cc motorcycle they named La Poderosa II ("The Mighty One, the Second") with the idea of spending a
few weeks volunteering at the San Pablo Leper colony in Peru on the banks of the Amazon River. Guevara narrated
this journey in The Motorcycle Diaries, which was translated into English in 1996 and used in 2004 as the basis for a
motion picture of the same name, directed by Walter Salles.

Witnessing the widespread poverty, oppression and disenfranchisement throughout Latin America, and influenced by
his readings of Marxist literature, Guevara decided that the only solution for the region’s inequalities was armed
revolution. His travels and readings also led him to view Latin America not as a group of separate nations but as a
single entity requiring a continent-wide strategy for liberation. His conception of a borderless, united Ibero-America
sharing a common 'mestizo' cultureIbero-America[›] was a theme that would prominently recur during his later
revolutionary activities. Upon returning to Argentina, he expedited the completion of his medical studies, completed
his education as a medic in order to resume his travels in Central and South America and received his diploma on 12
June 1953.Diploma[›]

Guatemala
On 7 July 1953, Guevara set out on a trip through Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua,
Honduras, and El Salvador. During the final days of December 1953 he arrived in Guatemala where President Jacobo
Arbenz Guzmán headed the second fully democratic and modern government in the whole Latin-American region
that, through land reform and other initiatives, was attempting to bring an end to the U.S.-dominated latifundia
system. In a contemporaneous letter to his Aunt Beatriz, Guevara explained his motivation for settling down for a

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time in Guatemala: "In Guatemala", he wrote, "I will perfect myself and accomplish whatever may be necessary in
order to become a true revolutionary."[11]

Shortly after reaching Guatemala City, Guevara acted upon the


suggestion of a mutual friend that he seek out Hilda Gadea Acosta, a
Peruvian economist who was living and working there. Gadea, whom he
would later marry, was well-connected politically as a result of her
membership in the socialist American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
(APRA) led by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, and she introduced
Guevara to a number of high-level officials in the Arbenz government.
He also re-established contact with a group of Cuban exiles linked to
Fidel Castro whom he had initially met in Costa Rica; among them was
Antonio "Ñico" López, associated with the attack on the "Carlos
Manuel de Céspedes" barracks in Bayamo in the Cuban province of
Oriente,[12] and who would die at Ojo del Toro bridge soon after the
Granma landed in Cuba.[13] Guevara joined these "moncadistas" in the
sale of religious objects related to the Black Christ of Esquipulas, and he
also assisted two Venezuelan malaria specialists at a local hospital. It
was during this period that he acquired his famous nickname, "Che", due
to his frequent use of the Argentine interjection Che (pronounced [tȓe]),
which is used in much the same way as "hey", "pal", "eh", or "mate" are
employed colloquially in various English-speaking countries. Argentina, A map showing Che Guevara's movements
Uruguay, Paraguay, and southern Brazil (where the interjection is between 1953 and 1956; including his trip
rendered 'tchê' in written Portuguese) are the only areas where this north to Guatemala, his stay in Mexico and
his journey east by boat to Cuba with Fidel
expression is used, making it a trademark of the Rioplatense region. Castro and other revolutionaries.
Guevara's attempts to obtain a medical internship were unsuccessful and
his economic situation was often precarious, leading him to pawn some of Hilda's jewelry.[14] He maintained a
distance from any political organization, even though his political thinking at that time manifested a clear sympathy
towards communism. Despite Guevara’s financial woes, he rejected an offer to work as a state medic when it
transpired that he would have to affiliate himself with the Communist Party of Guatemala.[14] Political events in the
country began to move quickly after May 15, 1954 when a shipment of Škoda infantry and light artillery weapons
sent from Communist Czechoslovakia for the Arbenz Government arrived in Puerto Barrios aboard the Swedish ship
Alfhem. The amount of Czechoslovak weaponry was estimated to be 2000 tons by the CIA[15] though only 2 tons by
Jon Lee Anderson.[16]

Guevara briefly left Guatemala for El Salvador to pick up a new visa, then returned to Guatemala only a few days
before the CIA-sponsored coup attempt led by Carlos Castillo Armas began.[17] The anti-Arbenz forces tried, but
failed, to stop the trans-shipment of the Czechoslovak weapons by train. However, after pausing to regroup and
recover energy, Castillo Armas' column seized the initiative and, apparently with the assistance of US air support,
started to gain ground.[18] Guevara was eager to fight on behalf of Arbenz and joined an armed militia organized by
the Communist Youth for that purpose; but, frustrated with the group's inaction, he soon returned to medical duties.
Following the coup, he again volunteered to fight but his efforts were thwarted when Arbenz took refuge in the
Mexican Embassy and told his foreign supporters to leave the country. After Gadea was arrested, Guevara sought
protection inside the Argentine consulate where he remained until he received a safe-conduct pass some weeks later.

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At that point, he turned down a free seat on a flight back to Argentina that was offered to him by the embassy,
preferring instead to make his way to Mexico.

The overthrow of the Arbenz regime by a coup d'état backed by the Central Intelligence Agency cemented Guevara's
view of the United States as an imperialist power that would implacably oppose and attempt to destroy any
government that sought to redress the socioeconomic inequality endemic to Latin America and other developing
countries. This strengthened his conviction that socialism achieved through armed struggle and defended by an armed
populace was the only way to rectify such conditions.

Cuba
Further information: Che Guevara's involvement in the Cuban Revolution

Guevara arrived in Mexico City in early


September 1954, and shortly thereafter renewed
his friendship with Ñico López and the other
Cuban exiles whom he had known in Guatemala.
In June 1955, López introduced him to Raúl
Castro. Several weeks later, Fidel Castro arrived
in Mexico City after having been amnestied from
Che in Cuba. prison in Cuba, and on the evening of 8 July 1955,
After the battle of Santa Clara. Raúl introduced Guevara to the older Castro
The tank is a Sherman brother. During a fervid overnight conversation,
"Firefly" model with a 76 mm Guevara became convinced that Fidel was the
[19]
cannon. inspirational revolutionary leader for whom he
(1 January 1959) had been searching, and he immediately joined the
"26th of July Movement" that intended to
overthrow the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. Although it was planned that he would be the group's medic,
Guevara participated in the military training alongside the other members of the 26J Movement, and at the end of the
course, was singled out by their instructor, Col. Alberto Bayo, as his most outstanding student.[20] Meanwhile, Hilda
Gadea had arrived from Guatemala and she and Guevara resumed their relationship. In the summer of 1955, she
informed him that she was pregnant, and he immediately suggested that they marry. The wedding took place on
August 18, 1955, and their daughter, whom they named Hilda Beatríz, was born on February 15, 1956.[21]

When the cabin cruiser Granma set out from Tuxpan, Veracruz for Cuba on November 25, 1956, Guevara was one
of only four non-Cubans aboard.non-Cubans[›] Attacked by Batista's military soon after landing, about half of the
expeditionaries were killed or executed upon capture. Guevara wrote that it was during this confrontation that he
laid down his knapsack containing medical supplies in order to pick up a box of ammunition dropped by a fleeing
comrade, a moment which he later recalled as marking his transition from physician to combatant.Knapsack[›] Only 15–
20 rebels survived as a battered fighting force; they re-grouped and fled into the mountains of the Sierra Maestra to
wage guerrilla warfare against the Batista regime.

Guevara became a leader among the rebels, a Comandante (English


translation: Major), respected by his comrades in arms for his courage and
military prowess,[22] he gained a reputation for bravery and military prowess
second only to Fidel Castro himself." During the guerrilla campaign, Guevara

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was also feared for his ruthlessness, and was responsible for the execution of a
number of men accused of being informers, deserters or spies.[23] In March
1958, Guevara was tasked with directing a training camp for new volunteers
high in the Sierra Maestra at Minas del Frío, one of a number of military
schools set up by the 26th of July Movement. Though wishing to push the
battlefront forward and frustrated by his more stationary role, Guevara spent
the period developing contacts with sympathetic locals.[24] He also conducted
a brief relationship with eighteen-year-old Zoila Rodríguez, the daughter of a
local guajiro.[25]

As the war extended throughout eastern Cuba, Guevara and a new column of
fighters were dispatched west for the final push towards Havana. In the final
days of December 1958, he directed his "suicide squad" (which undertook the
most dangerous tasks in the rebel army)[26] in the attack on Santa Clara that
turned out to be one of the decisive events of the revolution (although the A Remembrance of attack on Santa
series of ambushes first during la ofensiva in the heights of the Sierra Maestra, Clara
then at Guisa—and the whole Cauto Plains campaign that followed—probably
had more military significance).[27][28] Batista, upon learning that his generals — especially General Cantillo, who
had visited Castro at the inactive sugar mill, Central Oriente — were negotiating a separate peace with the rebel
leader, fled to the Dominican Republic on January 1, 1959.

On February 7, 1959, the government proclaimed Guevara "a Cuban citizen by birth" in recognition of his role in the
triumph of the revolutionary forces. Shortly thereafter, he initiated divorce proceedings to put a formal end to his
marriage with Gadea, from whom he had been separated since before leaving Mexico on the Granma. On June 2,
1959, he married Aleida March,Children[›] a Cuban-born member of the 26th of July movement with whom he had been
living since late 1958.

He was appointed commander of the La Cabaña Fortress prison, and during his
five-month tenure in that post (January 2 through June 12, 1959),[29] he oversaw
the trial and execution of many people, among whom were former Batista regime
officials and members of the "Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities"
(a unit of the secret police known by its Spanish acronym BRAC). José Vilasuso,
an attorney who worked under Guevara at La Cabaña preparing indictments, said
that these were lawless proceedings where "the facts were judged without any
consideration to general juridical principles" and the findings were pre-determined
by Guevara.[30][31] It is estimated that between 156 and 550 people were executed
on Guevara's extra-judicial orders during this time.[32]

Later, Guevara became an official at the National Institute of Agrarian Reform,INRA


[›]
TIME magazine, August 8, and President of the National Bank of Cuba.BNC[›] He signed all Cuban banknotes
1960 (http://www.banknotes.com/CU88.JPG) issued during his fourteen-month
presidency with his nickname, "Che".Signature[›] Throughout his time in the Cuban

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government, Guevara refused his due salaries of office, insisting on drawing only his meager wages as army
commandante in order to set a "revolutionary example".[33]

During this time his fondness for chess was rekindled, and he attended and participated in most national and
international tournaments held in Cuba.[34][35] He was particularly eager to encourage young Cubans to take up the
game, and organized various activities designed to stimulate their interest in it.

Even as early as 1959, Guevara helped organize revolutionary expeditions overseas, all of which failed. The first
attempt was made in Panama; another in the Dominican Republic (led by Henry Fuerte,[36] also known as "El
Argelino", and Enrique Jiménez Moya)[37] took place on 14 June of that same year.

In 1960 Guevara provided first aid to victims when the freighter La Coubre, a French vessel carrying munitions from
the port of Antwerp, exploded while it was being unloaded in Havana harbor. A rescue operation immediately
ensued but went awry when a second explosion occurred, resulting in well over a hundred dead.[38] It was at the
memorial service for the victims of this explosion that Alberto Korda took the most famous photograph of him.

Guevara later served as Minister of Industries,MININD[›] in which post he helped formulate Cuban socialism, and
became one of the country's most prominent figures. In his book Guerrilla Warfare, he advocated replicating the
Cuban model of revolution initiated by a small group (foco) of guerrillas without the need for broad organizations to
precede armed insurrection. His essay El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba (1965) (Man and Socialism in Cuba)
advocates the need to shape a "new man" (hombre nuevo) in conjunction with a socialist state. Some saw Guevara as
the simultaneously glamorous and austere model of that "new man."

During the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion, Guevara did not participate in the fighting, having been ordered by Castro to
a command post in Cuba's westernmost Pinar del Río province where he was involved in fending off a decoy force.
He did, however, suffer a bullet wound to the face during this deployment, which he said had been caused by the
accidental discharge of his own gun.[39]

Guevara played a key role in bringing to Cuba the Soviet nuclear-armed ballistic missiles that precipitated the Cuban
Missile Crisis in October 1962. During an interview with the British newspaper Daily Worker some weeks later, he
stated that, if the missiles had been under Cuban control, they would have fired them against major U.S. cities.[40]

Disappearance from Cuba


In December 1964 Guevara traveled to New York City as the head of the Cuban
delegation to speak at the UN (listen (http://www.bbc.co.uk/spanish/audio/
seriemilenio02a.ram) , requires RealPlayer; or read (http://www.rcgfrfi.easynet.co.uk/
ww/guevara/1964-cid.htm) ). He also appeared on the CBS Sunday news program
Face the Nation, met with a gamut of individuals and groups including U.S.
Senator Eugene McCarthy, several associates of Malcolm X, and Canadian radical
Michelle Duclos,[42] and dined at the home of the Rockefellers.[43] On 17
December, he flew to Paris and from there embarked on a three-month international
tour during which he visited the People's Republic of China, the United Arab
Republic (Egypt), Algeria, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Dahomey, Congo-Brazzaville and
Tanzania, with stops in Ireland, Paris and Prague. He also visited Pyongyang and

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told the press that North Korea was a model to which revolutionary Cuba should
aspire.[44] In Algiers on 24 February 1965, he made what turned out to be his last
public appearance on the international stage when he delivered a speech to the
"Second Economic Seminar on Afro-Asian Solidarity" in which he declared, "There
are no frontiers in this struggle to the death. We cannot remain indifferent in the
face of what occurs in any part of the world. A victory for any country against
imperialism is our victory, just as any country's defeat is our defeat."[45] He went
on to say that "The socialist countries have the moral duty of liquidating their tacit
complicity with the exploiting countries of the West." He proceeded to outline a
number of measures which he said the communist-bloc countries should implement
in order to accomplish this objective.[46][47] He returned to Cuba on 14 March to a
solemn reception by Fidel and Raúl Castro, Osvaldo Dorticós and Carlos Rafael
Che Guevara addressing the
Rodríguez at the Havana airport. UN General Assembly
(New York City - 11 December
Two weeks later, Guevara dropped out of public life and then vanished altogether. 1964)
[41]

His whereabouts were the great mystery of 1965 in Cuba, as he was generally
regarded as second in power to Castro himself. His disappearance was variously
attributed to the relative failure of the industrialization scheme he had advocated while minister of industry, to
pressure exerted on Castro by Soviet officials disapproving of Guevara's pro-Chinese Communist bent as the Sino-
Soviet split grew more pronounced, and to serious differences between Guevara and the Cuban leadership regarding
Cuba's economic development and ideological line.[48] Following the Cuban Missile Crisis and what he perceived as
a Soviet betrayal of Cuba when Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles from Cuban territory without consulting
Castro, Guevara had grown increasingly skeptical of the Soviet Union. As revealed in his last speech in Algiers, he
had come to view the Northern Hemisphere, led by the U.S. in the West and the Soviet Union in the East, as the
exploiter of the Southern Hemisphere. He strongly supported Communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong in the
Vietnam War, and urged the peoples of other developing countries to take up arms and create "100 Vietnams".[49]

Pressed by international speculation regarding Guevara's fate, Castro


stated on 16 June 1965, that the people would be informed about
Guevara when Guevara himself wished to let them know. Numerous
rumors about his disappearance spread both inside and outside Cuba. On
3 October of that year, Castro revealed a hand written undated letter[50]
purportedly written to him by Guevara some months earlier in which
Guevara reaffirmed his enduring solidarity with the Cuban Revolution but
declared his intention to leave Cuba to fight abroad for the cause of the
Guevara with members of his "reception revolution. He explained that "Other nations of the world summon my
committee" at Havana airport modest efforts," and that he had therefore decided to go and fight as a
(Havana - 14 March 1965) guerrilla "on new battlefields". In the letter Guevara announced his
resignation from all his positions in the government, in the party, and in
the Army, and renounced his Cuban citizenship, which had been granted to him in 1959 in recognition of his efforts
on behalf of the revolution.

During an interview with four foreign correspondents on 1 November, Castro remarked that he knew where Guevara
was but would not disclose his location, and added, denying reports that his former comrade-in-arms was dead, that

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"he is in the best of health." Despite Castro's assurances, Guevara's fate remained a mystery at the end of 1965 and
his movements and whereabouts continued to be a closely held secret for the next two years.

Congo
Expedition

During their all-night meeting on March 14–March 15, 1965, Guevara and
Castro had agreed that the former would personally lead Cuba's first military
action in Sub-Saharan Africa.Algeria[›] Some sources state that Guevara persuaded
Castro to back him in this effort, while other sources maintain that Castro
convinced Guevara to undertake the mission, arguing that conditions in the
various Latin American countries that had been under consideration for the
possible establishment of guerrilla focos were not yet optimal.[51] Castro himself
has said the latter is true.[52] According to Ahmed Ben Bella, who was president
of Algeria at the time and had recently held extended conversations with
Guevara, "The situation prevailing in Africa, which seemed to have enormous
revolutionary potential, led Che to the conclusion that Africa was imperialism’s
weak link. It was to Africa that he now decided to devote his efforts."[53]

The Cuban operation was to be carried out in support of the pro-Patrice


Lumumba Marxist Simba movement in the Congo-Kinshasa (formerly Belgian Che in the Congo.
Congo, later Zaire and currently the Democratic Republic of the Congo).
Guevara, his second-in-command Victor Dreke, and twelve of the Cuban
expeditionaries arrived in the Congo on 24 April 1965; a contingent of
approximately 100 Afro-Cubans joined them soon afterwards.[54][55] They
collaborated for a time with guerrilla leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila,Kabila[›] who
helped Lumumba supporters lead a revolt that was suppressed in November of
that same year by the Congolese army. Guevara dismissed Kabila as
insignificant. "Nothing leads me to believe he is the man of the hour," Guevara
wrote.[56] Listening to a Zenith Trans-
Oceanic shortwave receiver are
Although Guevara was thirty-seven at the (seated from the left) Rogelio
time and had no formal military training, he Oliva, José María Martínez
had the experiences of the Cuban Tamayo (known as "Mbili" in the
Congo and "Ricardo" in Bolivia),
revolution, including his successful march and Guevara. Standing behind
on Santa Clara, which was central to them is Roberto Sánchez
Batista finally being overthrown by Castro's ("Lawton" in Cuba and "Changa"
forces. His asthma had prevented him from in the Congo).
being drafted into military service in
Argentina, a fact of which he was proud given his opposition to Perón's
Guevara teaching guerrilla tactics government.
to Congolese forces. His plan was
to use the liberated zone on the South African mercenaries including Mike Hoare and Cuban exiles worked with
western shores of Lake the Congolese army to thwart Guevara. They were able to monitor his
Tanganyika as a training ground

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for the Congolese and fighters communications, arrange to ambush the rebels and the Cubans whenever they
from other liberation movements.
To his left is Santiago Terry attempted to attack, and interdict his supply lines.[57][58] Despite the fact that
(codename: "Aly"), to his right,Guevara sought to conceal his presence in the Congo, the U.S. government was
Angel Felipe Hernández fully aware of his location and activities: The National Security Agency (NSA)
("Sitaini"). was intercepting all of his incoming and outgoing transmissions via equipment
aboard the USNS Valdez, a floating listening post which continuously cruised
the Indian Ocean off Dar-es-Salaam for that purpose.NSA[›]

Guevara's aim was to export the Cuban Revolution by instructing local Simba fighters in communist ideology and
foco strategies of guerrilla warfare. In his Congo Diary, he cites the incompetence, intransigence, and infighting of
the local Congolese forces as the key reasons for the revolt's failure.[59] Later that same year, ill with dysentery,
suffering from his asthma, and disheartened after seven months of frustrations, Guevara left the Congo with the
Cuban survivors (six members of his column had died). At one point Guevara had considered sending the wounded
back to Cuba, then standing alone and fighting until the end in the Congo as a revolutionary example; however, after
being urged by his comrades in arms and pressured by two emissaries sent by Castro, at the last moment he
reluctantly agreed to leave the Congo. A few weeks later, when writing the preface to the diary he had kept during
the Congo venture, he began it with the words: "This is the history of a failure."[60]

Interlude

Because Castro had made public Guevara's "farewell letter"[61] to him — a letter Guevara had intended should only
be revealed in case of his death — wherein he had written that he was severing all ties to Cuba in order to devote
himself to revolutionary activities in other parts of the world, he felt that he could not return to Cuba with the other
surviving combatants for moral reasons, and he spent the next six months living clandestinely in Dar-es-Salaam, and
Prague. During this time he compiled his memoirs of the Congo experience, and wrote the drafts of two more books,
one on philosophy[62] and the other on economics.[63] He also visited several countries in Western Europe in order
to "test" a new false identity and the corresponding documentation (passport, etc.) created for him by Cuban
Intelligence that he planned to use to travel to South America. Throughout this period Castro continued to importune
him to return to Cuba, but Guevara only agreed to do so when it was understood that he would be there on a strictly
temporary basis for the few months needed to prepare a new revolutionary effort somewhere in Latin America, and
that his presence on the island would be cloaked in the tightest secrecy.

Bolivia
Insurgent

Speculation on Guevara's whereabouts continued throughout


1966 and into 1967. Representatives of the Mozambican
independence movement FRELIMO reported meeting with
Guevara in late 1966 or early 1967 in Dar es Salaam, at which
point they rejected his offer of aid in their revolutionary
project.[64] In a speech at the 1967 May Day rally in Havana,
the Acting Minister of the armed forces, Major Juan Almeida,
announced that Guevara was "serving the revolution
somewhere in Latin America". The persistent reports that he

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was leading the guerrillas in Bolivia were eventually shown to


be true.

At Castro's behest, a
3,700 acre parcel of
jungle land in the remote
Ñancahuazú region had
been purchased by native
Bolivian Communists for
Guevara to use as a
training area and base
Che in Bolivia.
camp.Camp[›] The evidence
suggests that the training
at this camp in the Ñancahuazú valley was more hazardous than combat to
Guevara and the Cubans accompanying him. Little was accomplished in the
Map of Bolivia showing location of
way of building a guerrilla army. Former Stasi operative Haydée Tamara
Vallegrande. Bunke Bider, better known by her nom de guerre "Tania", who had been
installed as his primary agent in La Paz, was reportedly also working for the
KGB and is widely inferred to have unwittingly served Soviet interests by
leading Bolivian authorities to Guevara's trail.[65] The numerous photographs taken by and of Guevara and other
members of his guerrilla group that they left behind at their base camp after the initial clash with the Bolivian army in
March 1967 provided President René Barrientos with the first proof of his presence in Bolivia; after viewing them,
Barrientos allegedly stated that he wanted Guevara's head displayed on a pike in downtown La Paz. He thereupon
ordered the Bolivian Army to hunt Guevara and his followers down.

Guevara's guerrilla force, numbering about 50 and operating as the ELN (Ejército de Liberación Nacional de
Bolivia; English: "National Liberation Army of Bolivia"), was well equipped and scored a number of early successes
against Bolivian regulars in the difficult terrain of the mountainous Camiri region. In September, however, the Army
managed to eliminate two guerrilla groups, reportedly killing one of the leaders.

Despite the violent nature of the conflict, Guevara gave medical attention to all of the wounded Bolivian soldiers
whom the guerrillas took prisoner, and subsequently released them. Even after his last battle at the Quebrada del
Yuro, in which he had been wounded, when he was taken to a temporary holding location and saw there a number of
Bolivian soldiers who had also been wounded in the fighting, he offered to give them medical care. (His offer was
turned down by the Bolivian officer in charge.)[66]

Guevara's plan for fomenting revolution in Bolivia appears to have been based upon a number of misconceptions:

He had expected to deal only with the country's military government and its poorly trained and equipped
army. However, after the U.S. government learned of his location, CIA and other operatives were sent into
Bolivia to aid the anti-insurrection effort. The Bolivian Army was being trained and supplied by U.S. Army
Special ForcesUSMilitary[›] advisors, including a recently organized elite battalion of Rangers trained in jungle
warfare that set up camp in La Esperanza, a small settlement close to the guerrillas' zone of operations.[67][68]

Guevara had expected assistance and cooperation from the local dissidents. He did not receive it; and Bolivia's
Communist Party, under the leadership of Mario Monje, was oriented towards Moscow rather than Havana
and did not aid him, despite having promised to do so. (Some members of the Bolivian Communist Party did

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join/support him, such as Coco and Inti Peredo, Rodolfo Saldaña, Serapio Aquino Tudela, and Antonio
Jiménez Tardio, against the Party leadership's wishes.)
He had expected to remain in radio contact with Havana. However, the two shortwave transmitters provided
to him by Cuba were faulty, so that the guerrillas were unable to communicate with Havana. (In this, and in
many other respects, Manuel Piñeiro, the man to whom Castro had assigned the task of coordinating support
for Guevara's operations in Bolivia, performed abysmally.) To further complicate matters, some months into
the campaign, the tape recorder that the guerrillas used to record and decipher the one-time pad-encoded radio
messages sent to them from Havana was lost while crossing a river, making de-coding such messages more
difficult.Message[›]

In addition, his penchant for confrontation rather than compromise appears to have contributed to his inability to
develop successful working relationships with local leaders in Bolivia, just as it had in the Congo.[69] This tendency
had surfaced during his guerrilla warfare campaign in Cuba as well, but had been kept in check there by the timely
interventions and guidance of Castro.[70]

Capture and execution


The hunt for Guevara in Bolivia was headed by Félix Rodríguez, a CIA agent,
who previously had infiltrated Cuba to prepare contacts with the rebels in the
Escambray Mountains and the anti-Castro underground in Havana prior to the
Bay of Pigs invasion, and had been successfully extracted from Cuba afterwards.
[71][72]
The Bolivian Special Forces were notified of the location of Guevara's
guerrilla encampment by an informant. On 8 October, the encampment was
encircled, and Guevara was captured while leading a detachment with Simeón
Cuba Sarabia in the Quebrada del Yuro ravine. According to some soldiers
Che shortly after being executed.
present at the capture, during the skirmish as they approached Guevara, he
allegedly shouted, "Do not shoot! I am Che Guevara and worth more to you
alive than dead."[73] Upon hearing of Guevara's capture, Rodríguez relayed the
information to CIA headquarters at Langley, Virginia, via CIA stations in
various South American nations.

Barrientos promptly ordered his execution upon being informed of his


capture.Barrientos[›] Guevara was taken to a dilapidated schoolhouse in the nearby
village of La Higuera where he was held overnight. Early the next afternoon he
was executed. The executioner was Mario Terán, a Sergeant in the Bolivian
army who had drawn a short straw after arguments over who got the honor of The schoolhouse in La Higuera
killing Guevara broke out among the soldiers. To make the bullet wounds where Che Guevara was executed
appear consistent with the official story sold to the public, Felix Rodriguez, the at 1:10 p.m. on 9 October 1967.
CIA asset, ordered the soldier who pulled the trigger to aim carefully to make it
appear that Che had been killed in action during a clash with the Bolivian army, and thus to help cover up the official
secret assassination.[74] Guevara received multiple shots to the legs, so as to avoid maiming his face for identification
purposes and simulate combat wounds in an attempt to conceal his extrajudicial execution.

Che Guevara had some last words before his death; he allegedly said to his executioner, "I know you are here to kill
me. Shoot, coward, you are only going to kill a man". Another alleged comment was "Do you know Who I am? Do

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you know what I'm worth?"[75] His body was lashed to the landing skids of a helicopter and flown to neighboring
Vallegrande where it was laid out on a laundry tub in the local hospital and displayed to the press.[76]

After the execution, Rodríguez took several personal items of Guevara's including a Rolex watch, often proudly
showing them to reporters during the ensuing years. Today, some of these belongings, including his flashlight, are on
display at the CIA.[77] After a military doctor surgically amputated his hands, Bolivian army officers transferred
Guevara's cadaver to an undisclosed location and refused to reveal whether his remains had been buried or
cremated.Amputation[›]

On October 15, Castro acknowledged that Guevara was dead and proclaimed three days of public mourning
throughout Cuba. The death of Guevara was regarded as a severe blow to the socialist revolutionary movements in
Latin America and the rest of the third world.

Photographs taken at that time gave rise to legends such as those of San Ernesto de La Higuera and El Cristo de
Vallegrande (http://elnuevocojo.com/Galerias/Che_Guevara/38.html) (Local people came to refer to Guevara as a
saint, "San Ernesto de La Higuera", whom they ask for favors. Others claim his ghost walks the area.[78]).

In 1997, the skeletal remains of a handless body were exhumed from


beneath an air strip near Vallegrande, identified as those of Guevara by a
Cuban forensic team working at the scene, and returned to Cuba.[79] On
17 October 1997, his remains, along with those of six of his fellow
combatants killed during the guerrilla campaign in Bolivia, were laid to
rest with full military honors in a specially built mausoleumMausoleum[›] in
the city of Santa Clara, where he had won the decisive battle of the
Cuban Revolution.

The Bolivian Diary


Che Guevara's Monument and Mausoleum
in Santa Clara, Cuba Also removed when Guevara was captured was his diary, which
documented events of the guerrilla campaign in Bolivia.[80] The first
entry is on November 7, 1966 shortly after his arrival at the farm in Ñancahuazú, and the last entry is on October 7,
1967, the day before his capture. The diary tells how the guerrillas were forced to begin operations prematurely due
to discovery by the Bolivian Army, explains Guevara's decision to divide the column into two units that were
subsequently unable to reestablish contact, and describes their overall failure. It records the rift between Guevara and
the Bolivian Communist Party that resulted in Guevara having significantly fewer soldiers than originally anticipated.
It shows that Guevara had a great deal of difficulty recruiting from the local populace, due in part to the fact that the
guerrilla group had learned Quechua rather than the local language which was Tupí-Guaraní. As the campaign drew
to an unexpected close, Guevara became increasingly ill. He suffered from ever-worsening bouts of asthma, and most
of his last offensives were carried out in an attempt to obtain medicine.

The Bolivian Diary was quickly and crudely translated by Ramparts magazine and circulated around the world.
There are at least four additional diaries in existence — those of Israel Reyes Zayas (Alias "Braulio"), Harry Villegas
Tamayo ("Pombo"), Eliseo Reyes Rodriguez ("Rolando")[81] and Dariel Alarcón Ramírez ("Benigno")[82] — each of
which reveals additional aspects of the events in question.

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Legacy
Further information: Che Guevara in popular culture

To some he is known as a hero but to others as spokesman of a failing ideology and


a ruthless executioner, without normal legal process, of many accused both from his
own side[23] and from the opposing side.[32]

While pictures of Guevara's dead body were being circulated and the circumstances
of his death debated, his legend began to spread. Demonstrations in protest against
his execution occurred throughout the world, and articles, tributes, songs and poems
were written about his life and death.[83] In Argentina, graphic novelist Héctor
Oesterheld published a biography of Che in 1968 that would later be linked to
Oesterheld's own politically-motivated disappearance, torture and death.[84] Latin
America specialists advising the U.S. State Department immediately recognized the
importance of the demise of “the most glamorous and reportedly most successful
revolutionary”, noting that Guevara would be eulogized by communists and other In its mid-November (#46)
leftists as “the model revolutionary who met a heroic death”.[85] 2005 issue, the German
newsweekly Der Spiegel
writes about Europe's
Such predictions gained increasing credibility as Guevara became a potent symbol of
"peaceful revolutionaries"
rebellion and revolution during the global student protests of the late 1960s.[86] Left whom it describes as the heirs
wing activists responded to Guevara's apparent indifference to rewards and glory, of Gandhi and Guevara.
and concurred with Guevara's sanctioning of violence as a necessity to instill
socialist ideals.[87] The slogan 'Che lives!' began to appear on walls throughout the west,[88] while Jean-Paul Sartre, a
leading figure in the movement, encouraged the adulation by describing Guevara as "the most complete human being
of our age".[89]

Typically, responses to Guevara's legacy followed partisan lines. The US State Department was advised that his
death would come as a relief to non-leftist Latin Americans, who had feared possible insurgencies in their own
countries.[85] Subsequent analysts have also shed light on aspects of cruelty in Guevara’s methods, and analysed
what Fidel Castro described as Guevara’s “excessively aggressive quality”.[90] Studies addressing problematic
characteristics of Guevara's life have cited his principal role in setting up Cuba's first post-revolutionary labor camps,
his unsympathetic treatment of captured fighters during various guerrilla campaigns, and his frequent humiliations of
those deemed his intellectual inferiors.[91] Though much opposition to Guevara's methods has come from the
political right, critical evaluation has also come from groups such as anarchists, Trotskyists, and civil libertarians,
who consider Guevara an authoritarian, anti-working-class Stalinist, whose legacy was the creation of a more
bureaucratic, authoritarian regime.[92] Detractors have also theorized that in much of Latin America, Che-inspired
revolutions had the practical result of reinforcing brutal militarism for many years.[93]

Legacy in Cuba

In Cuba, Guevara's death precipitated the abandonment of guerrilla warfare as an instrument of foreign policy,
ushering in a rapprochement with the Soviet Union, and the reformation of the government along Soviet lines. When
Cuban troops returned to Africa in the 1970s, it was as part of a large-scale military expedition, and support for

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insurrection movements in Latin America and the Caribbean became logistical and organizational rather than overt.
Cuba also abandoned Guevara's plans for economic diversification and rapid industrialization which had ultimately
proved to be impracticable in view of the country's incorporation into the COMECON system.

As early as 1965, the Yugoslav communist journal Borba observed the many
half-completed or empty factories in Cuba, a legacy of Guevara's tenure as
Minister of Industries, "standing like sad memories of the conflict between
pretension and reality".[94]

The Cuban state continued to cultivate Guevara’s cult of personality,


constructing numerous statues and artworks in his honor throughout the land;
adorning school rooms, workplaces, public buildings, billboards, and money
with his image.[95] Children across the country begin each school day with the Monumental image on Cuban
chant "¡Pioneros por el Comunismo, Seremos como el Che!" (English: Pioneers Ministry of the Interior, based on
for Communism, We will be like Che!). Guevara's mausoleum in Santa Clara Irish artist Jim Fitzpatrick's
graphic of Alberto Korda's March
has become a site of almost religious significance to many Cubans,[88] while the 1960 photo. During Guevara's
nation’s burgeoning tourist industry has benefited greatly from the ongoing tenure as Minister of the Ministry
international interest in Guevara's life. Some 205,832 people visited the of Industries (MININD) from
mausoleum during 2004, of whom 127,597 were foreigners. 1961 to 1965, this building was
the MININD's headquarters and
Legacy in Cuban-American Community his office was on the top floor.

Reverence among Cubans for Guevara's memory is by no means universal. Many Cuban exiles have spoken of
Guevara in less than favorable terms, and he is remembered by some as the "The Butcher of la Cabaña", a reference
to Guevara’s post-revolutionary role as “supreme prosecutor” at the Cabaña fortress. The epithet was repeated by
Cuban-born musician Paquito D'Rivera, who wrote an open letter castigating fellow musician Carlos Santana, for
wearing a T-shirt displaying Guevara’s image to the 2005 Academy Awards ceremony.[96] Similar sentiments have
been shared by Cuban-American actor and director Andy Garcia, who stated in 2004 that "Che has been
romanticized over the years, but there is a darker side to his story. He looks like a rock star, but he executed a lot of
people without trial or defense."[97] Garcia’s 2005 film The Lost City, which was reportedly banned in several Latin
American countries, portrayed the ruthless brutality at the heart of the Cuban revolution.[98] Actor Jsu Garcia as
Guevara is shown casually shooting wounded Batista foot soldiers where they lie.[99]

Legacy elsewhere in Latin America

In Latin America, the failures of the neo-liberal reforms of the 1990s intensified opposition to the Washington
consensus,[100] leading to a resurgence in support for many of Guevara’s political beliefs including Pan-
Americanism, support for popular movements in the region, the nationalization of key industries and centralization of
government.[101] In Nicaragua, the Sandinistas, a group with ideological roots in Guevarism were re-elected to
government after 16 years. Supporters wore Guevara T-Shirts during the 2006 victory celebrations.[102] Bolivian
president Evo Morales has paid many tributes to Guevara and installed a portrait of the Argentinean made from local
coca leaves in his presidential suite.[103] In 2006, Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, who has been known to
address audiences in a Che Guevara T-shirt,[104] accompanied Fidel Castro on a tour of Guevara’s boyhood home in
Córdoba, describing the experience as “a real honor”. Awaiting crowds of thousands responded with calls of “We

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feel it! Guevara is right with us!"[105] Guevara’s daughter Aleida also transcribed an extensive interview with Chávez
where he outlined his plans for “The New Latin America”, releasing the interview in book form.[106] Guevara
remains a key inspirational figure to the Colombian guerrilla movement, the FARC,[107] and the Mexican Zapatista
group.[108]

The "Cult of Che"

Despite the controversies, Guevara's status as a popular icon has


continued throughout the world, leading commentators to speak
of a global "cult of Che". A photograph of Guevara taken by
photographer Alberto Korda[109] has became one of the
century's most ubiquitous images, and the portrait, transformed
into a monochrome graphic, is reproduced endlessly on a vast
array of merchandise, such as T-shirts, posters, cigarettes,[110]
coffee mugs, and baseball caps largely for profit. The saying
"Viva la revolucion!" has also become very popular and
synonymous with Guevera.[111][112]

In North America, Western Europe and many regions outside Alberto Korda's photograph of Che Guevara
Latin America, the image had been likened to a global brand,
long since shedding its ideological or political connotations, and
the obsession with Guevara has been dismissed by some as merely "adolescent
revolutionary romanticism".[88] In the United States, a country often the focus
of Guevara inspired protests in the hemisphere,[113] his image was removed
from a CD carrying case after significant public opposition which compared
Guevara to Osama bin Laden and Adolf Hitler. Retail group Target Corporation
issued a public apology for producing the item.[114] American, Latin American
and European writers, Jon Lee Anderson, Régis Debray, Jorge Castañeda and
others contributed to demystify the image of Guevara via articles and
biographies, which detailed his life and legacy in more unidealistic terms; and, in
the case of Octavio Paz, was accompanied by a critical indictment of the
Marxism espoused by many in the Latin American left.[115] Political writer Paul
Berman went further, asserting that the "modern-day cult of Che" obscures the
work of dissidents and what he believes is a "tremendous social struggle"
currently taking place in Cuba.[116] Author Christopher Hitchens, who was a
socialist and a supporter of the Cuban revolution in the 1960s but has since
changed his views, summarised Guevara's legacy thus: "Che's iconic status was Guerrilla Warfare published by
assured because he failed. His story was one of defeat and isolation, and that's Ocean Books in 2006.
why it is so seductive. Had he lived, the myth of Che would have long since
died."[88]

Timeline

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Chénge the world

Che Guevara Timeline [hide]

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Guevara's published works


In English (translations)

Back on the Road: A Journey to Central America (Harvill Panther S.), The Harvill Press, paperback, ISBN 0-
8021-3942-6.

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Bolivian Diary, Pimlico, paperback, ISBN 0-7126-6457-2


Che Guevara: Radical Writings on Guerrilla Warfare, Politics and Revolution, Filiquarian Publishing LLC,
paperback, ISBN 1-59986-999-3.
Che Guevara Reader: Writings on Guerrilla Warfare, Politics and History, Ocean Press, paperback
Che Guevara Speaks, Pathfinder, paperback
Che Guevara Talks to Young People, Pathfinder, paperback
Critical Notes on Political Economy, Ocean Press, paperback
Guerrilla Warfare, Souvenir Press Ltd, paperback, ISBN 0-285-63680-4; PDF version of 1961 edition
available at Guerrilla Warfare (http://www.freepeoplesmovement.org/guwar.pdf) PDF (254 KiB)
Our America and Theirs, Ocean Press (AU), paperback, ISBN 1-876175-81-8.
Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, Monthly Review Press, paperback, 1998
Self-Portrait: Che Guevara, Ocean Press, 320pp, paperback, 2005
Socialism and Man in Cuba: Also Fidel Castro on the Twentieth Anniversary of Guevara's Death, Monad,
paperback
The African Dream: The Diaries of the Revolutionary War in the Congo, Grove Press, paperback.
The Diary of Che Guevara, Amereon Ltd,
The Great Debate on Political Economy, New York: 2006, Ocean Press, ISBN-10: 1876175540, ISBN-13:
978-1876175542
The Motorcycle Diaries: Notes on a Latin American Journey, Perennial Press, ISBN 0-00-718222-8

In Spanish

Cuadernos de Praga (http://www.redvoluciones.org/index.php?option=com_


remository&Itemid=68&func=select&id=13) PDF – Guevara's notebooks written during his clandestine stay
in Prague in 1966
Diario del Che en Bolivia (http://www.literatura.org/che/diario.pdf) PDF (368 KiB) – Guevara's diary of the
guerrilla war in Bolivia
Obras Escogidas (http://www.pca.org.ar/librosprop/PDF/che-obrasescogidas%5B1%5D.pdf) PDF (1.63 MiB)
– Guevara's selected works in Spanish, including his most important speeches
Pasajes de la Guerra Revolucionaria: Congo (http://www.pca.org.ar/librosprop/PDF/che-diariodelcongo%
5B1%5D.pdf) PDF (1.21 MiB) – Guevara's complete Congo Diary in Spanish
Pensamiento y acción (http://www.pca.org.ar/librosprop/PDF/libro%2006%20Che%20Guevara.pdf) PDF
(621 KiB) – A selection of Guevara's writings in Spanish, including El socialismo y el hombre nuevo

See also
Topics related to Che Guevara
Political Involvement in the Cuban Revolution | Cuban-Soviet relations | La Coubre explosion |
events Cuban Missile Crisis
People 26th of July Movement | Fidel Castro | Carlos Fonseca | Laurent-Désiré Kabila | Félix
Rodríguez
Legacy In popular culture | Che Guevara (photo) | Guevarism | Colegio César Chávez
Other Guerrilla warfare | Foco | Socialism | Marxism | Summary execution | Extrajudicial
punishment

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Source notes
1. ^ a b The date of birth recorded on his birth certificate was June 14, 1928, although one tertiary source (Julia Constenla,
quoted by Jon Lee Anderson) asserts that he was actually born on May 14 of that year (Constenla alleges that she was told
by an unidentified astrologer that his mother, Celia de la Serna, was already pregnant when she and Ernesto Guevara Lynch
were married and that the birth date of their son was forged a month later than the actual date to avoid scandal). Source:
Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, pp. 3 and 769.
2. ^ Che Guevara. (2007) (http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9038387/Che-Guevara) . In Encyclopædia Britannica.
Retrieved July 19, 2007, from Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.
3. ^ "Many of Batista's military and civilian leaders were given public show trials. Hundreds were executed and the
government confiscated their properties." (Source: "The History of Cuba" by Clifford L. Staten, Paperback: 176 pages,
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan (August 11, 2005), page 90. ISBN-10: 1403962596, ISBN-13: 978-1403962591.)
4. ^ "Throughout January, suspected war criminals were being captured and brought to La Cabana daily. For the most part,
these were not the top henchmen of the ancien régime; most had escaped before the rebels assumed control of the city and
halted outgoing air and sea traffic, or remained holed up in embassies. Most of those left behind were deputies, or rank and
file chivatos and police torturers. The trials began at eight or nine in the evening, and, more often than not, a verdict was
reached by two or three in the morning. Duque de Estrada, whose job it was to gather evidence, take testimonies, and
prepare the trials, also sat with Che, the "supreme prosecutor," on the appellate bench, where Che made the final decision on
the men's fate." Source: Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, pp. 386-
387.
5. ^ Death of Che Guevara National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 5 - Declassified top secret document (http:/
/www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB5/index.html)
6. ^ Rostow, Walter W. Memorandum for the President: "Death of 'Che' Guevara", dated 11 October 1967. Online at GWU
National Security Archive (http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB5/che7_1.htm) accessed 08 October 2006.
° Ryan, Henry Butterfield. The Fall of Che Guevara: A Story of Soldiers, Spies, and Diplomats, New York, 1998: Oxford
University Press, pp 129–135.
7. ^ Maryland Institute of Art, referenced at BBC News, "Che Guevara photographer dies", 26 May 2001.Online at BBC
News (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1352650.stm) , accessed January 4, 2006.
8. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 446. "At one time I wanted to
be one of Pizarro's soldiers; but [to fulfill] my quest for adventures and my yearnings to overlook climatic moments, that isn't
a necessity any longer; today it is all here, and with an ideal to fight for, together with the responsibility of leaving an
example." -- excerpt from a December 1959 letter to his parents.
9. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 28.
10. ^ Digital Granma Internacional, "Simultaneous chess game on 37th anniversary of Che’s death", 13 October 2004. Online at
Granma International English Edition (http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2004/octubre/mier13/42CHE.html) , accessed January
5, 2006.
11. ^ Guevara Lynch, Ernesto. Aquí va un soldado de América. Barcelona: Plaza y Janés Editores, S.A., 2000, p. 26. "En
Guatemala me perfeccionaré y lograré lo que me falta para ser un revolucionario auténtico." This statement in a letter written
in Costa Rica on 10 December 1953 is important because it proves that, whereas many authors have asserted that Guevara
became a revolutionary as a result of witnessing the US-sponsored coup against Arbenz, he had in fact already made the
decision to become a revolutionary before arriving in Guatemala and indeed went there for that express purpose.
12. ^ Radio Cadena Agramonte, "Ataque al cuartel del Bayamo" Online (http://www.cadenagramonte.cubaweb.cu/historia/
cuartel_bayamo.asp) , accessed February 25, 2006
13. ^ Granma.cu, "Walking towards sunrise" Online (http://www.granma.cu/ingles/noviem4/48bermudez-i.html) , accessed
February 25, 2006
14. ^ a b Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 139–141
15. ^ U.S. Department of State, "Foreign Relations, Guatemala, 1952–1954". Online (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/ike/
guat/20179.htm) , accessed March 04, 2006
16. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 144
17. ^ U.S. Department of State. "Foreign Relations, Guatemala, 1952–1954". Online (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/ike/
guat/20179.htm) , accessed March 04, 2006
18. ^ Holland, Max. "Private Sources of U.S. Foreign Policy: William Pawley and the 1954 Coup d'Etat in Guatemala",
Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 7, Number 4, Fall 2005, pp. 36–73
19. ^ [1] (http://www.urrib2000.narod.ru/Tanques1.html)

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20. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, ISBN 0-8021-1600-0, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 194.
21. ^ Taibo, Paco Ignacio II. Ernesto Guevara, también conocido como el Che, p. 104. See also The Guardian online, Making
of a Marxist, Online (http://books.guardian.co.uk/extracts/story/0,,507694,00.html) , in Guevara's words "Since February
15 1956 I am a father: Hilda Beatriz Guevara is my first-born" accessed October 6, 2006.
22. ^ U. S. Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Biographic Register on Ernesto 'Che' Guevara". Online (http://
www.geocities.com/Hollywood/8702/cia.html) , accessed July 12, 2006. "Commander of one of the largest of the five rebel
columns (Column 4),
23. ^ a b Anderson pp. 269–270, 277–278.
24. ^ Anderson p. 317.
25. ^ Testimonio de Zoila Rodríguez García, novia de Ernesto Guevara en Sierra Maestra; incluido en el libro Che entre
nosotros(1992), de Adys Cupull y Froilán González (http://www.fenix.islagrande.cu/Noticias/Chetestimonio.htm)
26. ^ Ernesto Che Guevara, "Suicide Squad: Example Of Revolutionary Morale (an excerpt from Episodes of the Cuban
Revolutionary War - 1956-58). The Militant Online (http://www.themilitant.com/1996/6011/6011_27.html) , accessed
March 27, 2006.
27. ^ Castro, Fidel (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdés). Revolutionary Struggle. 1947–1958. Cambridge,
Massachusetts and London: MIT Press, 1972, pp. 439–442.
°Castro, Fidel. (December 27, 1983). Speech given in Palma Soriano, Cuba. Online (http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/cb/cuba/
castro/1983/19831227) . In this speech, given at the dedication of a publishing house and commemorating the 25th
anniversary of the taking of Palma, Castro discussed the importance to the revolution of the taking of Palma on the way to
Santiago. He talked about the previous recent fighting at Guisa, Baire, Jiguani and in the Sierra Maestra and how as a result
of revolutionary successes the Cuban army in Bayamo was unable to consolidate forces with its surrounding units. Castro
went on to describe the strategic importance of the revolutionary position along the banks of the Cautillo River as a position
from which the army at Bayamo could be contained while, on the other side, the army at Santiago could be targeted once
Palma was taken and the revolutionary forces re-armed. With respect to the planned attack against Santiago, Castro said: We
established our defensive line on the Cautillo River. We had Mapos surrounded, but there was still Palma. There were
approximately 300 enemy soldiers. We had to take Palma. We were also anxious to take the arms that were to be found in
Palma, because when we left La Plata, in the Sierra Maestra, because of the latest offensive, we left with 25 armed
soldiers and 1,000 unarmed recruits. We armed those troops along the way. We armed them during the fighting, but we
really finished fully arming them in Palma. Castro then described the battle in detail and mentioned how, after the
overthrow of Batista, the final war orders to the rebels were issued from Palma on January 1, 1959.
28. ^ Dorschner, John and Roberto Fabricio. The Winds of December: The Cuban Revolution of 1958, New York: 1980,
Coward, McCann & Geoghegen, ISBN 0698109937. Here the significant and prolonged action at Guisa (approximately
November 20 to November 30th 1958) is described in rare detail on pages 41–47, 81–87.
29. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 372 and p. 425
30. ^ "Executions at La Cabaña fortress under Ernesto "Ché" Guevara". Document written by José Vilasuso. Online (http://
www.chss.montclair.edu/witness/LaCabana.html) accessed October 18, 2006. In this document, Vilasuso (who, along with
most of the other legally-trained participants, quit due to its excesses) described the La Cabaña tribunal as the “Purging
Commission”. He described a process where “[t]he statements of the investigating officer constituted irrefutable proof of
wrongdoing” and where "[t]here were relatives of victims of the previous regime who were put in charge of judging the
accused." He also provided vivid recollections of the final hours of the condemned with their family and friends, and he gave
a graphic description of the execution details. He recalled that Guevara "chastised us all: 'Don’t delay these trials. This is a
revolution, the proofs are secondary. We have to proceed by conviction. They are a gang of criminals and murderers.
Besides, remember that there is an Appeals Tribunals [sic]'." But the Appeals Tribunal, according to Vilasuso, "never
decided in favor of the appeal. It simply confirmed the sentences. It was presided by Commander Ernesto Guevara Serna."
31. ^ "He worked at La Cabana prison, where a great number of people were executed, including some of his former comrades-
in-arms who refused to abandon their democratic beliefs. 'I can't be the friend of anyone who doesn't share my ideas,' he
once said." Source: Courtois, Stephanie et al. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard
University Press, 1999 p. 652
32. ^ a b Different sources cite different numbers of executions. Anderson states that "several hundred people were officially tried
and executed across Cuba." p.387. Hugh Thomas states that 156 people were executed after trials at La Cabaña in Cuba:
The Pursuit of freedom. Dr. Armando M. Lago of the Cuba Archive, gives the figure as 216 documented executions (http://
www.cubaarchive.org/downloads/CA08.pdf) in two years. Others give far higher figures. Thomas E. Skidmore, Professor of
History and Director of the Center for Latin American Studies at Brown University, estimated the number executed in the
first six months of 1959 to have been "about 550". Skidmore, Thomas E. (and Peter H. Smith), Modern Latin America, 4th
paperback ed., 2000, p 273. "The first major political crisis arose over what to do with the captured Batista officials who had

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been responsible for the worst of the repression. The revolutionaries resorted to arbitrary procedures in trying their victims,
appealing to sentiments of 'ordinary justice' to legitimize their executions. In the first six months of 1959 about 550 were put
to death, following trial by various revolutionary courts. These executions, punctuated by cries of paredón (to the wall!),
worried the liberals in Cuba and their sympathizers abroad, especially in the United States."
33. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, ISBN 0-8021-1600-0, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 503
34. ^ ;chessgames.com, "Miguel Najdorf vs Ernesto Che Guevara". Online at chessgames.com (http://www.chessgames.com/
perl/chessgame?gid=1101539) , accessed January 5, 2006.
35. ^ ar.geocities.com/carloseadrake/AJEDREZ/, Ernesto "Che" Guevara – Ajedrez Online (http://ar.geocities.com/
carloseadrake/AJEDREZ/che.htm) , accessed June 29, 2006.
36. ^ Puerto Padre website, "Cronologia" (List of anniversaries) Online at Puerto Padre website (http://www.periodico26.cu/
puerto_padre/cronologia/cronologia_agosto.htm) , accessed January 4, 2006.
37. ^ Peña, Emilio Herasme," La Expedición Armada de junio de 1959", 14 June 2004.Online at 'Listín Diario (Dominican
Republic) (http://www.listin.com.do/antes/junio04/140604/cuerpos/republica/rep10.htm) , accessed January 4, 2006.
38. ^ Cuban Information Archives, "La Coubre explodes in Havana 1960." Online (http://cuban-exile.com/doc_151-175/
doc0166.html) , accessed February 26, 2006; pictures can be seen at Cuban site fotospl.com (http://www.fotospl.com/
Default.aspx?Class=23&Epig=001~01&PA=18) .
39. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, ISBN 0-8021-1600-0, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 508.
40. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, ISBN 0-8021-1600-0, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 545:
"In an interview with Che a few weeks after the crisis, Sam Russell, a British correspondent for the socialist Daily Worker,
found Guevara still fuming over the Soviet betrayal. Alternately puffing on a cigar and taking blasts from an inhaler, Guevara
told Russell that if the missiles had been under Cuban control, they would have fired them off. Russell came away with
mixed feelings about Che, calling him 'a warm character whom I took to immediately... clearly a man of great intelligence
though I thought he was crackers from the way he went on about the missiles.'"
41. ^ Chronology (1964–66) (http://www.un.int/cuba/Pages/cronologia1964-1966-ing.htm) . MISIÓN PERMANENTE DE LA
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA ANTE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS. Permanent Missions To The United Nations. Retrieved on 2006-
10-09.
42. ^ Montreal Gazette, "Liberals picked the wrong issue". Online (http://www.vigile.net/dossier-monde/1-10/20-macpherson-
duclos.html) , accessed February 26, 2006
‡ Guaracabuya.org, "TERRORISTS CONNECTED TO CUBAN COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT". Online (http://
www.amigospais-guaracabuya.org/oagev004.php) , accessed February 26, 2006
43. ^ Gálvez, William. Che in Africa: Che Guevara's Congo Diary. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1999, p. 28.
44. ^ Bruce Cumings, "Korea’s Place in the Sun: A Modern History", updated edition, W.W. Norton & Company, 2005, p. 404
45. ^ Ernesto Che Guevara, (editors Rolando E. Bonachea and Nelson P. Valdés), Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara,
Cambridge, MA: 1969, p. 350.
‡ Ernesto Che Guevara, "English Translation of Complete Text of Algiers Speech", Online at Sozialistische Klassiker (http://
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46. ^ Ernesto Che Guevara, (editors Rolando E. Bonachea and Nelson P. Valdés), Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara,
Cambridge, MA: 1969, pp. 352-59.
47. ^ Ernesto Che Guevara, "English Translation of Complete Text of Algiers Speech", Online at Sozialistische Klassiker (http://
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48. ^ Guevara, Ernesto Che. The Great Debate on Political Economy, New York: 2006, Ocean Press, 430 pages (entire book is
devoted to this subject).
49. ^ Ernesto Che Guevara, "English Translation of Complete Text of his Message to the Tricontinental", or see Original
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50. ^ Ernesto Che Guevara, "Che Guevara's Farewell Letter", 1965. English translation of complete text: Che Guevara's
Farewell Letter at Wikisource.
51. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 628
52. ^ Miná, Gianni. An Encounter with Fidel, Melbourne, 1991: Ocean Press, p 223.
53. ^ Ahmed Ben Bella. "Che as I knew him". Online at Le Monde Diplomatique (http://mondediplo.com/1997/10/che) ,
accessed June 19, 2006. Heikal's account of Guevara's conversations with Nasser in February and March of 1965 lends
further credence to this interpretation. See Heikal, Mohamed Hassanein. The Cairo Documents, pp 347–357.
54. ^ Gálvez, William. Che in Africa: Che Guevara's Congo Diary, Melbourne, 1999: Ocean Press, p 62.
55. ^ Gott, Richard. Cuba: A new history, Yale University Press 2004, p219
56. ^ BBC News, "Profile: Laurent Kabila", 26 May 2001. Online at BBC News (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/
1121068.stm) , accessed January 5, 2006.

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57. ^ African History Blog, "Che Guevara's Exploits in the Congo", Che Guevara's Exploits in the Congo Online at African
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feet away, a short, sturdy highland Indian named Sergent Bernardino Huanca broke through the bush and pointed his gun at
them. He later claimed Che had told him, "Do not shoot! I am Che Guevara and worth more to you alive than dead."
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° Carlos Puebla,"Hasta Siempre, Comandante". Online at BBC News (http://www.bbc.co.uk/spanish/audio/
seriemilenio02e.ram) , accessed February 26, 2006.
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85. ^ a b U.S. Department of State : Guevara's Death, The Meaning for Latin America (http://www.companeroche.com/
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www.oceanbooks.com.au/clibrary/about-articles/chefidel.html) . Ocean Press Pty Ltd website. Accessed October 24, 2006.
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economist Regino Boti with him to the farm and tested some of the men on their reading comprehension. One man did so
badly that Che insulted him, saying: "Well, if you keep studying maybe you'll get to be as smart as an ox in twenty years"
and turning on his heel. The poor guajiro was so humiliated he began crying. Boti went back to talk to Che, telling him that
he had been wrong to be so harsh, to go back and talk like a man, to lift his spirits again. Such episodes were commonplace."
92. ^ Libertarian Community, "Ernesto "Che" Guevara, 1928–1967". [2] (http://libcom.org/history/guevara-ernesto-che-1928-
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2005/11/04/AR2005110401724.html?nav=rss_print/asection) accessed 10 January 2007. “Backed by a giant portrait of the
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rally seemed inspired by Chavez and his defiant message.”
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accessed 10 January 2007

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105. ^ MSNBC News. Castro, Chavez tour Che Guevara’s home. Online (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13989158/) . accessed
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Colombia. Online (http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:A5LjfAFaa4wJ:www.leeds.ac.uk/spanport/news/colombia_study_
day.doc+guevara+farc+che&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=8) . accessed 10 January 2007
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°Zapatista Army of National Liberation. SIXTH DECLARATION OF THE LACANDON JUNGLE. Online (http://
www.narconews.com/Issue38/article1371.html) . Accessed 1 March 2007 "We remember well when years ago the continent
was lit up by a light named Che Guevara, just as that light was named Bolívar beforehand, because, at times, the peoples
take up a name in order to show that they carry a flag."
109. ^ BBC News, "Che Guevara photographer dies", 26 May 2001.Online at BBC News (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/
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110. ^ Cigarettes labelled "Che" at http://romantobacco.ru/ (http://romantobacco.ru/detail.php?id=7060)
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20040909thecurrent_sec2.ram) , accessed February 26, 2006.
112. ^ A popular T-shirt in Mexico mocks the Cult of Che. It depicts Che with a clown nose, and is entitled "Chepillín", in
reference to the popular children's clown from Mexican television, the squeaky-voiced Cepillín.
113. ^ Washington Post. Anti-U.S. Protests Flare at Summit. Online (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/
2005/11/04/AR2005110401724.html?nav=rss_print/asection) accessed 10 January 2007.
114. ^ Target pulls Che Guevara CD cases (http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/view.php?StoryID=20061224-120342-6131r) -
Associated Press, December 24, 2006
115. ^ Paz, Octavio (1995). Obras Completas 9, Ideas y costumbres I: la letra y el cetro (edición del autor), México: FCE.
°Review of Jon Lee Anderson's Che Guevara, A Revolutionary Life. Bertrand de la Grange. "This shining book, that does
not hide the dark side of this icon of the international left." Online (http://www.letraslibres.com/index.php?art=11719) ,
accessed December 21, 2006
°Review of Régis Debray : Alabados sean nuestros señores. Una educación política. "Its picture of the Argentine guerrilla
is harder at heart and less friendly. The Che Guevara of these memories is an implacable, cruel man." Online (http://
www.letraslibres.com/index.php?art=5991) Accessed December 21, 2006
°Castañeda, Jorge (1997). Compañero: vida y muerte del Che Guevara, Vintage.
116. ^ Paul Berman, "The Cult of Che", 24 September, 2004. Slate Online (http://www.slate.com/id/2107100/) , accessed June
18, 2006.
117. ^ Ernesto Che Guevara, "Che Guevara's Farewell Letter", 1965. English translation of complete text: Che Guevara's
Farewell Letter at Wikisource.

Content notes
^ rough: (Rough: Definition "To live without the usual comforts and conveniences" -- See: http://
www.thefreedictionary.com/rough.)

During his youthful travels, Guevara carried a minimal amount of money and tried to spend it only on food. While
making their 1952 trip, he and Alberto Granado received along the way several "collections" given to them by local
people and/or other travellers who were concerned about their apparent destitution. It is hoped that the following
lists will cast further light on the circumstances in which they made this trip and the meaning of the phrase travelling
rough.

Conveyances used: motorcycle "La Poderosa II" (broke down completely and was abandoned in
Santiago de Chile on 2 March 1952); various launches; steamboat; freighter (as stowaways); taxi; bus;

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various trucks (hitch-hiking); Land-Rover (lent by a friend); train; horse; riverboat; raft "Mambo Tango";
Indian dugout canoe; sea plane; armored police van; cargo plane

Nights spent in: houses of friends, acquaintances and strangers; hospital rooms; police sentry box;
shack; shed; jail cell; outside "under the stars"; garage; lean-to; kitchen of forest ranger's cabin; hayloft;
police barracks; boathouse; hut; fire station attic; derelict ("haunted") house; cab of truck; Centre for the
Prevention of Yellow Fever; police headquarters; forest ranger sentry post; railroad station; Chilean
National Guard barracks; bus station; boarding house; guest house room; "dump"; municipal parks (in
Miami)

Additionally, in 1950 Guevara made a solo tour of the northern provinces of Argentina on his motorized bike
"Micrón" (1950); in that same year, he also travelled up and down the eastern coast of South America aboard petrol
tankers and other ships while working as a nurse in the Argentine Merchant Marine and visited many port cities
along their routes.

^ Basque: Re origin of the surname Guevara — "Basque: Castilianized form of Basque Gebara, a habitational
name from a place in the Basque province of Araba. The origin and meaning of the place name are uncertain; it is
recorded in the form Gebala by the geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd century ad. This is a rare name in Spain."
Dictionary of American Family Names, Patrick Hanks, ed., London: 2003, Oxford University Press. His mother,
Celia de la Serna, had also inherited Basque blood through her father, Juan Martín de la Serna Ugalde. One of Celia's
collateral ancestors was the last Viceroy of Perú, General José de la Serna e Hinojosa, who was likewise of
documented Basque origin. [3] (http://urumelb.tripod.com/che/biografia-del-che-guevara.htm) NB: For detailed
genealogical information about Che Guevara, including his family tree, see Genealogy of Ernesto Guevara de la
Serna (http://en.rodovid.org/wk/Person:24256) .
^ Galway: The Lynch family was one of the famous 14 Tribes of Galway. The misconception exists that Ana María
Isabel Lynch was born in Ireland, whereas she was actually born (1868) in San Francisco, California, USA where her
father, Francisco Lynch, had traveled from Argentina during the Gold Rush years. Francisco had married a young
Californian widow, Eloísa Ortiz, ca. 1860 and they had several other American-born children in addition to Ana
Isabel. The man Ana Isabel would eventually marry, Roberto Guevara Castro, had also been born in California, USA
of an Argentine father and a Californian mother who was the grand-daughter of the Spanish aristocrat Don Luís
María Peralta who had been given large land grants (including 44,800 acres encompassing the East Bay region of
California) by the King of Spain. Despite the fact that they were both born in the Bay area of California, Ana Isabel
and Roberto did not meet until after their respective families had returned to Argentina in the 1880s. During Che's
childhood, listening to his Grandmother Ana Isabel's tales of frontier life in California was one of his greatest
delights.
^ Diploma:

While commonly referred to as a doctor, the medical degree conferred was of a medic, a lower degree of the time.
Source: Ernesto Che Guevara: Mito Y Realidad , by Enrique Ros (ISBN 0897299884) Also note, the below sources
show record of a medic education, but then identify it as a "doctor", confused with the fact that medical education of
the time could lead to two outcomes, that of a medic, or after clinical training that of a doctor.

The University de Buenos Aires has no record of him receiving a medical degree or a medic degree, though it is
likely his educational records were lost or destroyed.

Employed as a medic because he was unable to get his clinical internship years (i.e. the required clinical years to
become a doctor; medical studies could be completed to become either a medic (sans clinical training) or a doctor

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(with clinical years) Source:Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press,
p. 139–141

"In March (1953), he passed his finals and obtained his diploma as a physician. His specialty was dermatology. A few
months later he went back on the road, never to return to Argentina until he had become the world-famous
Comandante Che Guevara." Source: James, Daniel. Che Guevara: A Biography, New York: Stein and Day, 1969, p.
71.

"In June (1953), Ernesto received a copy of his doctor's degree, and a few days later he celebrated his twenty-fifth
birthday" Source: Jon Lee Anderson. Che Guevara: A revolutionary life, p-98.

Also: 12 de junio de 1953.- La Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires le expide a
Ernesto Guevara de la Serna el certificado de haber concluido la carrera de medicina. Esto se refleja en el legajo
1058, registro 1116, folio 153. Después participa en una fiesta de despedida que sus compañeros de la Clínica del
doctor Salvador Pisani le hacen en la hacienda de la señora Amalia María Gómez Macías de Duhau. Source: Che
en el tiempo (http://www.adelante.cu/che/tiempo/diariotxt/junio02/12.php)

"One year later, having completed his medical degree, he left Argentina for good." Source: PBS [4] (http://
www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/castro/peopleevents/p_guevara.html)

"He received a medical degree from the University of Buenos Aires in 1953." Source: MSN Encarta [5] (http://
encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558812/Che_Guevara.html)

"he completed medical studies in 1953" (as a medic) Source: Encyclopedia Britannica. [6] (http://
concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9366272/Che-Guevara)

^ Ibero-America: In a brief speech at the San Pablo leprosarium in Peru on the occasion of his 24th birthday,
Guevara said: "Although we're too insignificant to be spokesmen for such a noble cause, we believe, and this journey
has only served to confirm this belief, that the division of America into unstable and illusory nations is a complete
fiction. We are one single mestizo race with remarkable ethnographical similarities, from Mexico down to the
Magellan Straits. And so, in an attempt to break free from all narrow-minded provincialism, I propose a toast to Peru
and to a United America." Source: Guevara, Ernesto Che, Motorcycle Diaries, London: Verso Books, 1995, p.135.
^ non-Cubans: "There were four non-Cubans on board -- Guevara, from Argentina; Gino Doné, an Italian; Guillén,
a Mexican; and the pilot Ramón Mejía del Castillo ('Pichirilo'), a Dominican who had been on the abortive Cayo
Confites expedition." Source: Thomas, Hugh. Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom, Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press,
April 1998 (Updated edition), p. 894.
^ Knapsack: Quizás esa fue la primera vez que tuve planteado prácticamente ante mí el dilema de mi dedicación
a la medicina o a mi deber de soldado revolucionario. Tenía delante de mí una mochila llena de medicamentos y
una caja de balas, las dos eran mucho peso para transportarlas juntas; tomé la caja de balas, dejando la
mochila ... (English: "Perhaps this was the first time I was confronted with the real-life dilemma of having to choose
between my devotion to medicine and my duty as a revolutionary soldier. Lying at my feet were a knapsack full of
medicine and a box of ammunition. They were too heavy for me to carry both of them. I grabbed the box of
ammunition, leaving the medicine behind ...".) First published in an article in Verde Olivo, La Habana, Cuba,
February 26, 1961. Subsequently published in the book, Guevara, Ernesto Che. Pasajes de la Guerra
Revolucionaria, La Habana, Cuba: 1963, Ediciones Unión.
^ Children:

With Hilda Gadea (married 18 August 1955; divorced 22 May 1959):

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* Hilda Beatriz Guevara Gadea, born 15 February 1956 in Mexico City; died 21 Aug 1995 in Havana, Cuba

With Aleida March (married 2 June 1959):

* Aleida Guevara March, born 24 November 1960 in Havana, Cuba


* Camilo Guevara March, born 20 May 1962 in Havana, Cuba
* Celia Guevara March, born 14 June 1963 in Havana, Cuba
* Ernesto Guevara March, born 24 February 1965 in Havana, Cuba

With Lilia Rosa López (extramarital):

* Omar Pérez, born 19 March 1964 in Havana, Cuba (Source: Castañeda, Jorge G. Che Guevara:
Compañero, New York: 1998, Random House, pp 264–265.)

^ INRA: appointed Director of the Industrialization Department of the National Institute for Agrarian Reform on
October 7, 1959
^ BNC: appointed President of the National Bank of Cuba on November 26, 1959
^ Signature: "If my way of signing is not typical of bank presidents ... this does not signify, by any means, that I am
minimizing the importance of the document — but that the revolutionary process is not yet over and, besides, that
we must change our scale of values." — Ernesto Guevara, quoted by Aleksandr Alexeiev in Cuba después del
triunfo de la revolución ("Cuba after the triumph of the revolution"), Revista de América Latina (Moscow), no. 10,
October 1984, p. 57 (referenced in Castañeda, op. cit, p. 169).
^ MININD: appointed Minister of Industries on February 23, 1961
^ Algeria: In September 1962, Algeria asked Cuba for assistance when Morocco declared war on it over their
dispute concerning the territory formerly known as the Spanish Sahara. Cuba responded by sending a contingent of
Cuban officers and troops totalling 686 men and some 60 tanks to support the Algerian forces. Shortly after news of
the landing of the Cuban troops at Oran leaked to the press, King Hassan II of Morocco agreed to sign a cease-fire
with President Ben Bella of Algeria. The Cuban expeditionary force remained in Algeria for six months, during which
time they set up the military equipment they had brought and trained their Algerian counterparts in its use. Guevara
played a major role in organizing and executing the Cuban deployment. Sources: Piero Gliejeses, "Cuba's First
Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965", Journal of Latin American Studies, no. 28, London: Cambridge University
Press, Spring 1996, p. 188 and Castañeda, pp. 244–245.
^ Kabila: In May 1997, Laurent-Désiré Kabila overthrew the government of Mobutu Sese Seko and became
President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He held that position until his assassination on January 16, 2001
and was succeeded in the presidency by his son, Joseph Kabila.
^ NSA: "The intercept operators knew that Dar-es-Salaam was serving as a communications center for the
fighters, receiving messages from Castro in Cuba and relaying them on to the guerrillas deep in the bush. Guevara
transmitted his progress reports and requests for supplies back through that same channel. Every day at 8:00 A.M.,
2:30 P.M., and 7:00 P.M., one of Guevara's radio operators would also make contact with the jungle base at
Kigoma." Source: Bamford, James, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency, New
York: Anchor Books, 2002 (Reprint edition), p. 181.
^ Camp: The purchase of the acreage in the Ñancahuazú region was in direct contravention of Guevara's directive
that the land for the camp should be purchased in the Alto Beni region. When presented with the fait accompli that

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the Bolivian Communists had acquired land in the Ñancahuazú region instead, he at first complained but eventually
decided to utilize it in order not to lose time while waiting for them to purchase a parcel in the Alto Beni.
^ USMilitary: "U.S. military personnel in Bolivia never exceeded 53 advisors, including a sixteen-man Mobile
Training Team (MTT) from the 8th Special Forces Group based at Fort Gulick, Panama Canal Zone. Commanded by
Major Ralph ('Pappy') Shelton, the MTT set up a training camp near Santa Cruz. The advisors arrived on April 29
and instituted a 19 week counter-insurgency training program for the Bolivian 2nd Ranger Battalion. The intensive
course included training in weapons, individual combat, squad and platoon tactics, patrolling, and counter-
insurgency. The Bolivians responded well to the training and quickly developed into a spirited, confident, and
effective counter guerrilla unit." — Che Guevara in Bolivia (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/
1985/SDR.htm) by Major Donald R. Selvage.
^ Message: For example, on August 31, 1967 Che wrote in his diary "Hay mensaje de Manila pero no se pudo
copiar.", i.e. "There is a (coded radio) message from Manila ('Manila' being the code name for Havana) but we
couldn't copy it." The content of this message has not been revealed, but it may have been of critical importance since
by then Castro and the other Cubans who were directing the guerrillas' support network from Havana had to be
aware of their dire straits.
^ Barrientos: Although Barrientos never revealed his motives for ordering the summary execution of Guevara,
some of his associates have suggested that he took this decision primarily in order to avoid the spectacle of a "show
trial" that would have brought unwelcome international attention to Bolivia, and that he was also concerned that, had
Guevara been sentenced to a lengthy term in a Bolivian prison, he might have escaped or eventually been released (as
in Fidel Castro's case), and subsequently resumed his guerrilla activities.
^ Amputation: Castañeda, Jorge G., Che Guevara: Compañero, New York: 1998, Random House, pp. xiii - xiv;
pp. 401–402. Guevara's amputated hands, preserved in formaldehyde, turned up in the possession of Fidel Castro a
few months later. Castro reportedly wanted to put them on public display but was dissuaded from doing so by the
vehement protests of members of Guevara's family.
^ Mausoleum: On December 30, 1998 the remains of ten more guerrillas who had fought alongside Guevara in
Bolivia and whose secret burial sites there had been recently discovered by Cuban forensic investigators were placed
inside the "Che Guevara Mausoleum" in Santa Clara. Also inside the mausoleum is the original letter[117] Guevara
wrote to Castro in which he stated that he was leaving Cuba to fight abroad for the cause of the revolution, resigned
all his party, military and governmental posts, and renounced his Cuban citizenship.

References
Printed matter
Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel ("Benigno"). Memorias de un Soldado Cubano: Vida y Muerte de la Revolución. Barcelona:
Tusquets Editores S.A., 2002. ISBN 84-8310-014-2

Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel dit "Benigno". Le Che en Bolivie. Éditions du Rocher, 1997. ISBN 2-268-02437-7

Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. New York: Grove Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8021-1600-0

Bamford, James. Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency. New York: Anchor Books, 2002
(Reprint edition). ISBN 0-385-49908-6

Bravo, Marcos. La Otra Cara Del Che. Bogota, Colombia: Editorial Solar, 2005. “I’d like to confess, papá, at that moment
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Castañeda, Jorge G. Che Guevara: Compañero. New York: Random House, 1998. ISBN 0-679-75940-9

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Slate (http://www.slate.com/id/2107100) . Retrieved on June 18, 2006.
Sozialistische Klassiker (http://www.sozialistische-klassiker.org) . Retrieved on June 26, 2006.
Stockholm Spectator (http://www.spectator.se) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.
The Independent Institute (http://www.independent.org) . Retrieved on June 26, 2006.
The New Humanist (http://www.newhumanist.com) . Retrieved on February 26, 2006.
The New York Sun (http://www.nysun.com) . Retrieved on June 27, 2006.
TIME magazine (http://www.time.com) . Retrieved on June 26, 2006.
Universidad de Córdoba (http://www.uco.es) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.
U.S. Department of State (http://www.state.gov) . Retrieved on June 26, 2006.
USA Today (http://www.usatoday.com) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.
Viden er magt (http://www.rasmussen.popx.dk) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.
William Paterson University (http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue25/farber25.htm) . Retrieved on June 18, 2006.
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (http://www.wilsoncenter.org) . Retrieved on June 28, 2006.

Further reading
Exposing the Real Che Guevara: And the Useful Idiots Who Idolize Him, by Humberto Fontova, New York: Sentinel HC,
ISBN 1-59523-027-0 (Hardcover)
Guerrilla Warfare, Ernesto Guevara, Brian Loveman and Thomas M. Davies Jr., Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska, June
1985, ISBN 0-8032-2116-9 and September 1997, ISBN 0-8420-2678-9
Manifesto: Three Classic Essays on How to Change the World, Ernesto Che Guevara, Friedrich Engels, and Karl Marx,
New York: Ocean Press, 2004, ISBN 1-876175-98-2
The Che Guevara Reader, Collection of Guevara's works edited by David Deutschmann, New York: Ocean Press, ISBN 1-
876175-69-9
Special Ops, A Brotherhood of War Novel, 2002, Jove Fiction, ISBN 0-515-13248-9
"Guevara also know as Che" by Paco Ignacio Taibo II, translated from the spanish by Martin Roberts.

External links
English

The Dark Truth behind Che Guevara (http://www.express.co.uk/


posts/view/21625/The-dark-truth-behind-Che-Guevara) by John
Triggs in the Daily Express, 10 October 2007
Che: The icon and the ad (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/
7028598.stm) by Trisha Ziff for the BBC, 05 Oct 2007
Che Guevara's Family Tree at Rodovid (http://en.rodovid.org/wk/
Person:24256) - pedigree and genealogical information about
Guevara
Che Guevara in Moscow in 1960 (http://www.russianfootage.com/
history/che_guevara)
Che Guevara Monument and Mausoleum in Santa Clara (http://
www.english.ecosur.org/ecosur_e-magazine/edition_%2316%2c_

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Che Guevara - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 33

october_2005/monument_to_che_guevarra_.html) in EcoSur
magazine, October 2005
Che Guevara - A legacy of struggle (http://www.geocities.com/
socialistparty/socview/13-Che.htm) by Daniel Waldron in Socialist
View, No. 13 Winter 2004, an Irish socialist journal.
Che Guevara - symbol of struggle (http://www.socialistworld.net/
publications/che/index.html) -by Tony Saunois
Compañero (http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/c/castaneda-
companero.html) Che Guevara : Childhood, Youth, and Asthma in
Argentina
Ernesto Che Guevara: Bibliography of Writings and Speeches
(http://www.oceanbooks.com.au/clibrary/about-articles/
chebiblio.html) - by Ocean Books (N.B.: this list includes his
published works only)
Exposition of photos by Guevara (http://www.mkg-hamburg.de/
english/ausstell/03_che/home.htm)
Guevara, Ernesto "Che": A critical biography (http://libcom.org/
history/guevara-ernesto-che-)
Guevara, Ernesto (Che) (1928–1967) physician and revolutionary
(http://www.irlandeses.org/dilab_guevarae.htm) by Edmundo
Murray in Irish Migration Studies in Latin America (November-
December 2005)
The Che Guevara internet archive (http://www.marxists.org/
archive/guevara/index.htm) – written works, pictures, and speeches
The importance of being Ernesto (http://www.theeyeopener.com/
article/2832) by Joe Rayment.
The night Che Guevara came to Limerick (http://
living.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=&format=print) in the Scotsman
newspaper, 28 December 2003
The Real Che by Anthony Daniels (http://newcriterion.com:81/
archive/23/oct04/che.htm)
216 documented victims of Che Guevara in Cuba: 1957 to 1959
(http://www.cubaarchive.org/downloads/CA08.pdf) PDF (24.8 KiB)
From Armando M. Lago, Ph.D.'s Cuba: The Human Cost of Social
Revolution
The Victims of Che Guevara (http://www.frontpagemag.com/
media/4CDF1CEC-779C-4699-A123-A8992F4D9219/bdc65666-
bf46-4e2e-bdcf-5493b4873e17.pdf)

Spanish

Alta Gracia, Argentina – Museo Che Guevara (http://


www.eltajamar.com.ar/cheguevara.htm)
Che (http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che) – Etimología y utilización
del término Che en la Wikipedia en espaňol
Che, Guía y Ejemplo (http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/che/
index.htm) Photos (http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/che/
Galeria1.HTM) Cuban Ministry of culture: videos of Che Guevara
(http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/che/Videos.HTM)
Che: mas mito que realidad! (http://che-guevara.awardspace.com/)
Fragmento de Che Guevara: el documental (video) (http://
www.juliocarreras.com.ar/che.html)
Los libros: compañeros inseparables de Ernesto Che Guevara
(http://www.cedib.org/pcedib/?module=displaystory&story_
id=19030&format=html)
Revista Social Che Guevara (http://www.cheguevara.com.ar)
Noticias, Fotos, Videos del Che, Documentales, Canciones, Foros
de Debate, Ayuda Comunitaria, Acciones conjuntas

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