Professional Documents
Culture Documents
...., 2003
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(....)
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K
Keys to Greek Grammar
...., 2003
..
(....)
1.1.
, ,
, ,
.
,
( ).
-
.
(. )
,
.
,
,
.
:
)
(, ,
, ), .
) :
(form), (meaning), (use).
/ ;
) ()
(. glossary).
) ,
,
.
:
/
(.. - , - ). ,
(.. , ).
(..
)
(.. /-, -, -, -, -, - vs. love-loves).
.
.
.
:
1) .
2) : ,
-
(.. -).
3) (.. // )
.
4)
- .
5)
.
-
:
-
-
-
30 ,
.
.
.
.
, - ()
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
CONTENTS
Words, phrases and clauses
11
Syntactic functions
16
Noun Phrase
Articles
21
Nouns
28
More Nouns
36
Adjectives
42
52
Pronouns
56
69
Verb Phrase
The verb system
76
79
Present Tense
80
12.
Past
83
13.
88
14.
Future
91
15.
95
16.
101
Imperative
101
Subjunctive
107
, /
,
17.
18.
111
116
19.
20.
21.
124
Adverbials
Adverbs
133
. /-ondas/
137
22.
139
23.
Adverbial clauses
145
Temporal clauses
145
, ,
24.
150
Conditional clauses
153
Clauses of concession /
contrast
156
Complement clauses
157
Indirect questions
161
25.
26.
27.
28.
Relative clauses
163
166
169
Compounds
174
29.
Spelling tips
177
30.
183
188
Appendix of verbs
198
Bibliography
224
Grammar Symbols
verb
noun
masculine
feminine
neuter
article
adjective
pronoun
preposition
singular
adverb
plural
Verbs
Time
past
present
future
reflexive
VP
V
NP
Connecting parts of words, words or sentence
reciprocal
passive
,
(Words, phrases and clauses)
L
E
X
C
O
N
phonology
R
A
M morphology
M
syntax
. (Word classes)
The words of Greek, like those of English,
belong to different word classes or parts of
speech ( ) according to their
form, meaning and function in a sentence.
The word classes as a whole can be divided
into two groups: inflected, those which
have different endings, and uninflected,
those which never change.
11
This table presents the main inflected and uninflected word classes in Greek:
K
(Inflected word classes)
(Uninflected word classes)
o (nouns)
(adverbs)
, ,
, ,
(adjectives)
, ,
(numbers)
, ,
(participles)
(prepositions)
, ,
, , ,
(articles)
(conjunctions)
, , - , ,
, ,
(pronouns)
, ,
(complementizers)
,
(determiners)
,
(interjections)
! ! ! !
(verbs)
,
(particles)
, ,
12
B. (Phrases)
Words combine in specific ways and
form phrases (sentence constituents) and
clauses.
For example, in the following clause the
words and constitute a noun
phrase (NP), whereas the words
and constitute a verb phrase
(VP):
[ ] [ ]
VP
NP
NP
[ ] (manner)
(time)
[ 10]
[ ] (place)
C. (Clauses)
Phrases put together form a clause, either
main or subordinate. main clause can
stand independently, i.e. without being
dependent on one of the constituents of
another clause.
On the other hand, a subordinate clause
can be dependent on or modify one of the
consituents of another clause.
13
1. Use the symbols from the memo and label as many words as you can
according to the example
.
.
MEMO
verb
noun
.
.
article
adjective
pronoun
preposition
adverb
.
. , .
.
NP
VP
[ ] [ ]. [ ] [
]. [ ] [] [ ] [ ] [
]. [ ] [ ].
14
, , , , , , , , ,
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
15
(Syntactic functions)
A.
(Cases and syntactic functions)
The subject can be identified by asking
(who) or (what) the sentence is
about. The direct object usually answers
the question (who) or (what) when
posed in relation to the verb.
o ;
;
Some languages express the grammatical
relations between the sentence constituents
by placing them in specific positions, i.e.
S V O. English is such a language. In
English, the subject (S) comes before the
verb in affirmative sentences and the object
(O) follows the verb.
Other languages, like Greek, express
grammatical relations through their system
of inflection. One aspect of this system
is the endings. Endings on noun phrases
express gender, number and case. In
addition to the endings, articles placed
before the noun also denote the same
grammatical properties. The whole noun
phrase (the article and the ending of the
nouns) differentiates between the subject,
which always comes in the nominative case,
and the object. The direct object usually
appears in the accusative case.
16
subject
nominative
object
accusative
The following table presents some common forms in nominative and accusative cases.
masculine
feminine
neuter
(subject)
nominative
(object)
accusative
()
()
B.
(Subjects are optional)
A clause always has a subject and a verb.
However, in Greek the subject might be
omitted. This happens because a verb form
always has an ending indicating the subject.
Therefore, it is not necessary to use the
pronoun (for emphatic use of the pronouns,
see pronouns).
When omitted the subject can be understood
from the verbal ending and/or the context.
17
C. -
(Subject - Verb agreement)
In both Greek and English, a verb must
agree with its subject in number and
person. When the subject is singular, the
verb is also singular and when the subject is
plural, the verb is also plural.
D. (Predicate)
With some verbs (copula verbs: ,
, , , ,
, , ,
etc.) the noun phrase modifies the subject
of the verb and it is in the nominative case.
When the predicate refers to the direct
object, it appears in the accusative case.
In both subject and object predicate, the
predicate must agree with the modified
noun in number and case.
subject
predicate
nominative
nominative
object
predicate
accusative accusative
E. (Word order)
In Greek the subject or the object may
either precede or follow the verb. The noun
endings and not the nouns position in the
sentence shows whether a noun phrase is
the subject or the object. Therefore, a fixed
word order is not needed to distinguish
the subject from the object. This does not
apply in English where a fixed word order
is required.
18
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
19
1. ;
2.
3.
4.
20
(Noun Phrase)
(Articles)
the
d
e
sk or
I a doct
A.
(Definite Article)
singular
nom
acc
gen
plural
()
()
21
pronoun
(Use of the definite article)
Contrary to English, proper nouns in Greek
are always preceded by a definite article.
article
John
John
22
2003
75%
B. (Indefinite Article)
singular
nom
acc
()
gen
23
(Use of the indefinite article)
All children
Cretan
Any
child
Any
Cret
an
!!
milko ,
C. /
(Absence / omission of the article)
In subject and object positions, noun
phrases with a generic meaning are used
without an article.
24
,
10
25
26
3.
- ______________
- . ______________
- ______________
4.
- ______________
- ______________ graffiti
- ______________
- ______________
/
3. Fill in the blanks with a definite or indefinite article
1.
________
2. ________
________
3. - ________ !
- ; ________ ;
4. ________
;
27
(Nouns)
ative
three-case
forms
nominative
genitive
28
e
itiv
gen
two-case
forms
nominative
accus
two-case
forms
accu
sat
genit ive
ive
Greek nouns have either three different case forms or two different case forms.
nominative
accusative
Greek nouns can be grouped together according to their endings. Once you have learned
an example, you can form any noun belonging to the same group. The following tables
exemplify the different groups.
A. Three-case forms
plural
singular
nominative
accusative
genitive
()
()
-
5-0
29
singular
nominative
accusative
()
genitive
()
plural
nominative
accusative
genitive
30
singular
nominative
accusative
()
genitive
()
plural
nominative
accusative
genitive
/ /
O
,
31
singular
nominative
accusative
genitive
plural
32
nominative
accusative
genitive
, ,
but
but
but
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
33
1. Sahinis and Agatha have invited some friends to spend Sunday evening
with them. Help Agatha to write the following notice to Sahinis
,
. , ,
:
, __________________, 2-3 ________________
, 14 __________________, __________________,
__________________ __________________.
__________________ 3-4 __________________
.
! __________________
__________________ . !
,
__________________ __________________ .
__________________
__________________ .
__________________
;
!
, , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
34
, , .
!
_______________
()
.
_________________ ()
_________________ () _________________
(). .
500 ____________
_____ ().
_________________ () .
________
_________ ()
_________________ () _________________
(). ______________ ()
11 ______________
()
35
(More nouns)
. Plural in -
There is a subgroup of feminine nouns
ending in - that have different plural forms.
singular
plural
nominative
accusative
genitive
/ ()
.
,
36
plural
singular
nominative
accusative
o()
genitive
37
singular
nominative
accusative
genitive
plural
nominative
accusative
genitive
38
,
.
, , ,
,
singular
nom
acc
gen
plural
39
1. Identify the nouns in the following text and classify them in the table
according to their gender, number and group of declension
. , , ,
. ,
. , .
.
.
.
.
. .
two-cases
singular
masculine
plural
singular
plural
feminine
singular
plural
neuter
40
three-cases
3. Find the appropriate form for the words in brackets and fill in the
blanks
1. __________________________ ( )
__________________________ ( )
2. __________________________ ( )
__________________________
()
3. ________________
__________ ( ) ____________________
( )
4. ,
__________________________
( )
5.
__________________________ ( )
__________________________ ( )
__________________________ ( )
______________________ ( ) ___________
_______________ ( ).
41
6
Greek adjectives are inflected words
which either modify nouns (
) or attribute a property to
them ( ).
Adjectives must agree with the respective
nouns in gender, number and case.
(Adjectives)
42
masculine
feminine
neuter
in /-i-/
--()
-()
--()
-()
--()
43
nominative
accusative
genitive
singular
plural
44
-() -
-() -
-() -
-() -
-() -
-() -
-() -
-() -
- () -
-() -
(Position and order of adjectives)
In Greek the adjective is normally placed
before the noun. However, it can also follow
the noun, usually when there is an indefinite
article. When the noun is preceded by
the definite article, the post-positioned
adjective requires a definite article as well.
45
46
, : ___________()
___________() ___________ ()
_______
Feminine in /-a/
3. _______________
_______________
4.
: ____________ ____________
Feminine in /-i/
47
(Comparison)
Comparing entities, people or things
involves the use of adjectives in the
comparative and superlative forms.
.
/
Formation
The comparative form of an adjective
has the suffix -o, -, -). The
superlative forms carry the suffix -,
-, -. One can also use periphrastic
expressions of comparison.
superlative
48
comparative
Use
The comparative is used when two entities
are being compared.
The definite article is used when more than
two entities are compared.
The superlative is used when the relative
quality appears in the highest degree.
When similar entities are being compared
expressions like , /
are used.
/
,
o /
.
/
!
49
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
50
superlative
()
()
1. _______________ 45 C!
2. _______________ .
3. : _______________
4. , _______________
5. _______________
6. _______________
51
(The past participle)
Formation
The participle is formed by the passive
perfective stem and the ending -, -,
-. The stem may change:
a
- / /
- / /
- / /
- / /
- / /
- / /
- / /
- / /
52
/ /
/ /
() / () / ()
() / () / ()
Use
These participles decline according to
number, gender and case just like the
adjectives in -, -, -.
he participle in -, -, - can
modify a noun and it has to agree with the
noun in gender, number and case.
H A
53
54
3. Sahinis and Agatha have returned home late to find their place robbed.
Use the participles of the verbs to describe it
, , , , , , ,
_____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
55
(Pronouns)
.
(Personal pronouns)
The personal pronouns refer to the first,
second or the third person. In Modern
Greek there are two categories of personal
pronouns: the weak / clitic forms (which are
bound to the verb) and the emphatic forms.
In addition, the pronominal forms differ as
to whether they substitute direct objects
(Accusative), indirect objects (Genitive) or
subjects (Nominative).
56
plural
emphatic
weak
emphatic
weak
()
()
()
()
()
(())
()
()
()
()
()
Genitive
singular
plural
emphatic
weak
emphatic
weak
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
(a) ;
,
(b) ;
,
Position
Contrary to English, the weak (clitic) pronoun
immediately precedes the verbal form. This
happens even if there is a negation /
or if the verb is in future tense, in perfect
tenses, or in the subjunctive mood.
()
57
Emphatic pronouns
The most commonly used pronouns are the
weak/clitic pronouns for direct objects.
When we want to emphasize the person,
we can use both the emphatic and the
weak forms. In this case the emphatic
pronoun can be either preposed, i.e. placed
before the person, or postposed, i.e. placed
afterwards. This would then be said with a
mild emphasis (topic intonation).
The same structure appears with lexical
nouns.
We can also use the emphatic pronoun
exclusively when we want to denote contrast
between the specified person and nobody
else. In this case the pronoun is stressed
with a focus intonation (strong emphasis).
it is you (nobody
else)
it is you that
they want
,
58
nominative form
N ! []
accusative form
N ! [ ]
! !
! !
The prepositions (, , , , )
always take the emphatic and never the
weak pronoun.
/ /
(=
)
59
,
;
direct object indirect object
, ,
b. (Nominative)
singular
plural
; (; )
; (; )
as for
you
it is me
;
,
60
1. Replace the underlined objects with clitics and answer the questions
1. ;
, _______________________________,
2. ;
_______________________________
3. ;
, _______________________________
4. ;
, _______________________________
61
3. Fill in the blanks with the weak forms of the personal pronoun
,
.
___________ ,
___________ .
: ___________ , .
: .
: . , ___________ .
: ,
.
: ___________ .
: , . ___________
.
.
: ___________;
: , . ___________ ;
: ,
: . ___________
;
: !
62
.
(Possessive pronouns)
Possession is expressed by two structures:
a) by the weak form of the personal
pronoun, which is placed after the noun it
modifies, in genitive.
b) by the structure
my wallet
()
MADE IN
USA
63
1.
____
2. ____
3. ____ ____
4. ____
2. Transform the sentences as in the example
1.
_______________ _______________
2.
_______________ _______________
3.
_______________ _______________
4.
_______________ _______________
64
C. , /
(Demonstratives, indefinite and other pronouns / determiners)
;/;
/
/ /
/
/
/
/ ,
The pronouns and are inflected according to gender and case and are
always in singular. They are declined like , , as follows:
masculine
feminine
neuter
nom
acc
()
gen
masculine
feminine
neuter
nom
acc
()
() / ()
gen
65
and
decline like the pronouns
, respectively keeping the suffix
- indeclinable.
The pronouns , , , , ,,
, are indeclinable.
Use
The pronoun , ,
may have the following meanings:
anyone
nobody
nothing
,
.
at all
66
a trip
,
any friend
;
nobody
, ,
the same
just like
himself
alone
the only
man
,
by herself
,
67
2. Clio went to a party where she didnt have a good time at all.
Complete her description using the pronouns
, , , , , , , , ,
________________
________________ . ,
__________________ ________________
. ________________
________________. ,
________________ ________________,
________________
. ________________
. ________________
________________ .
________________ !
68
(Nouns as complements and
modifiers of nouns)
, ,
A.
(Genitives dependent on nouns)
Nouns in the genitive which modify the head
noun answer the question /
and have a range of semantic relations. The NP
in the genitive usually indicates possession.
It can also denote other semantic relations,
such as origin, quality, time / place, quantity,
cause, purpose, content etc.
,
,
, ,
69
To
fashionable
next year
he is very
stubborn
There are some elliptical structures
denoting place or time in which the head
noun is omitted.
Some adjectives denoting some kind of
comparison are followed by nouns or clitic
pronouns in genitive.
Certain pronouns, numerals and adverbs
may take clitic pronouns in genitive to
clarify / specify the entity they refer to.
Feminine surnames are formed by the
genitive of the masculine.
70
/
/
1.
2. o
3.
4.
5.
6. o
tennis racket
sun glasses
3. Can you figure out the missing nouns in the following elliptical phrases
1.
2.
3.
71
1.
2.
72
3.
4.
5.
B.
(Appositions)
noun may be modified by another noun
in the same case (nominative, accusative
or genitive). In these cases the modifying
noun specifies the identity of the head noun
and is called apposition.
, ,
,
, ,
,
8:30
,
/
,
73
______________________
_________________________
2. /
____________________________
__________________________
3. /
_________________
_____________
74
To
____________________________________________
______________________________________________
________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
75
10
(Verb Phrase)
A. (Verb groups)
There are two main groups of verbs
according to the ending of their citation
form, i.e. the first person singular in the
present tense of the active voice.
Verbs that belong to group A always end in
an unstressed -, while verbs that belong to
group B end in a stressed -. A subgroup of
them (B1) may also have a second form in
-.
The same grouping applies to the mediopassive form (-): group A verbs take the
ending -, while group B1 verbs take the
ending - and group B2 verbs take the
ending -.
A
/-
Some verbs
have only
active forms
() while
others (deponent
verbs) have only
medio-passive forms
().
76
A
1
2
-
2
plural
singular
Six sets of personal endings are used to form the different verb forms in Greek.
1
-/ -
-()
-()
-/ -
-()
- (-)
-/
-
-/
-/
-
-/ -
-()
-/
-() -()
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ / ,
,
/ /
77
1. Find the verbs in the following text and classify them in the appropriate
group (the tables in p. 76 - 77 will help you)
!
, .
. .
.
.
. .
. :
!
.
-
2
2. Use as many of the above verbs as you can and describe your
Monday morning at school
3. What is Sahinis doing in each picture?
78
11
:
(Tenses: Formation and use)
past
present
future
present tense
present perfect
tense
past tenses
future tenses
(past imperfective)
(past perfective)
(past perfect)
(present)
(present perfect)
(future imperfective)
(future perfective)
(future perfect)
79
(Present tense)
Formation
The present tense of verbs in Greek is formed according to the group each verb falls in (A,
B1, B2) either in the active or medio-passive voice. A different system of personal endings
is typical of each group (see system of personal endings).
active forms
()
medio-passive
forms
/-
B1
B2
/-
/-
(-)
/-
B1
B2
/-
The verbs , , , , ,
form a subgroup of group A as far as
their present active forms are concerned.
80
()
The verbs , , ,
have the following present
endings:
/-
(), /
/
/
Use
A verb can be used in the present tense to
describe an event that
is happening at the moment of speaking
happens habitually
is generally true
, ,
81
()
...
/
...
...
82
12
(Past)
Formation
past imperfective
past perfective
active forms
-
-
-
-
-
-()
()
()
()
n the active past imperfective of verbs that belong to group B1 there is a second variation
formed according to the group A pattern: , ,
83
past perfective
medio-passive forms
()
-
-
-
-
-
-()
past imperfective
-()
-()
-()
-/-
-/-
-/-
/-
/-
/-
/-
/-
()/-
84
imperfective
perfective
active
mediopassive
Stress
Verb forms expressing the past are stressed
on the third-to-last syllable (the third syllable
counting from the end of the word).
but
/ ( )
past perfect
active
medio-passive
Use
. The past imperfective describes an event
which
happened habitually in the past
occurred over an extended period of time
was in progress when something else
happened.
85
, ,
!
(= , )
K!
(= , )
- ;
-!
86
3. a. Write down three things you used to do when you were a child
, __________________________________________________________
b. Write down three things that changed as you grew up
, _____________________________________________
87
13
Formation
active forms
medio-passive
forms
active forms
medio-passive forms
The structure
(see past participle) has roughly the
same meaning as the present perfect
.
88
Use
The present perfect verb form is used to
describe an action completed some time
in the past, the consequences of which are
related to the present situation.
We often use the present perfect to talk
about experiences we have had (or we have
never had) in our lives.
,
,
/
The present perfect cannot be used when
there is a specific time reference in the
phrase: , , 2.00 etc.
However, it can be combined with
adverbials that show a period of time that
started in the past and continues up to the
moment of speaking: ,
, 2.00 etc.
9.30
89
1. Which of the following things have you done in your life? Which of them
are you looking forward to doing? Make sentences as in the example
) or
) or
)
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate verb form
(past perfective or present perfect or both)
1. __________________ ()
2. __________________ () .
3. ________________ / ________________ ()
4. ________________ / ________________ ()
5. ________________ / ________________ ()
6. __________________ ()
90
14
(Future)
;
,
+present tense
future perfective
active
-
-
-()
-
-
-
active
medio-passive
()
medio-passive
-
-
-()
-
-
-
()
91
future perfect
()
()
active
medio-passive
Use
. The future imperfective describes an
event that will be taking place in the future:
continuously / progressively:
/ .
habitually: / / /
The future imperfective can also be used
to express that something is very probable
according to the speaker.
92
.
( )
93
94
15
.
(Verb stems and aspect)
Verb forms in Modern Greek are based
either on the imperfective or the perfective
stem (see list of verbs). However there
are some verbs that have two completely
different stems.
(Aspect of the verb)
imperfective
perfective
active
mediopassive
/
//
()
/
//
.
(Use of perfective and imperfective verb forms)
he perfective verb forms present the
event described by the verb as a whole,
without giving any emphasis to the internal
structure of the event (i.e. the phases the
event goes through).
/ /
95
/ /
/ /
/
/
,
b. Continuously
/
/ /
,
//
,
96
I used to go
I have
been
I write
I am writing
,
/ /
B2. -
(verbal aspect in - complements)
Depending on what we want to emphasize,
we can use either the perfective or the
imperfective aspect.
There are certain verbs and phrases which
must take either the perfective or the
imperfective aspect.
,
,
97
imperfective
/ /
/
/
/
/
/
perfective
98
1. Choose the correct form of the verb. In some cases, both forms may
be correct
. /
. /
/ .
/ , /
/
/ .
/ .
/ ,
/
. /
/ /
.
2. What are Sahinis decisions for the future? Use the underlined verbs
(see activity 1)
A ...
99
,
!
. _________ ()
_____________ ()
. ___________ ()
___________()
______________ ()
__________ ()
100
16
A. (Imperative)
The verb form used both in English and
Greek to give commands is called imperative
(). In Greek the imperative is
expressed by special verb endings, which
can be used to form the imperative.
!
!
101
Formation
active
imperfective
-
-
()
active
perfective
medio-passive
perfective
imperfective
-
-
102
-
-
active
perfective
-
-
(Expression of prohibition)
In Greek we express prohibition with the
negative particle and the equiralent form.
.
: !
!
!
!
Use
The imperative is mainly used to express
commands. These can however be
expressed alternatively by using subjunctive
forms (see subjunctive).
:
!
, !
!
103
Polite requests
Imperative forms are not of course the only
means of expressing commands. There are a
number of ways to give polite or indirect orders
in Greek. Here is a sample of them, according
to a scale of politeness or indirectness.
. positive imperative forms
B. a negative question
. a question
Giving advice
The imperative can also be used to give
advice, as well as a number of other
structures such as questions or phrases like
.
!
, !
() /
( )!
( );
/
;
( )
;
() /
;
;
.
:
!
() ;
;
;
!
104
1. The most common orders of our everyday life: Form the imperative of
the following verbs
1. (/ ) ________________________, !
2. (/ ) ________________________!
3. (/ ) ________________________ !
4. (/ ) ________________________ !
5. (/ ) ________________________ !
6. (/ ) ________________________ !
7. () ________________________ !
8. () ________________________ !
9. (/ ) ________________________ !
10. (/ ) ________________________ !
2. What does Agatha ask Sahinis for? Use negative imperative forms
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Change the following direct commands into polite requests:
:
. !
. !
. !
. !
105
/
...
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
106
B. (Subjunctive)
The verb form that is usually preceded
by is traditionally called subjunctive
() and can be used for a
number of different cases. In general, it
is used to present an event as wanted,
expected, intended etc.
Formation
In the imperfective subjunctive the same
forms that appear in the present of either
voice follow the particle .
+ present tense
active
medio-passive
active
-
-
-()
-
-
-
active
medio-passive
()
medio-passive
-
-
-
-
-
-()
()
107
,
,
Use
1. When preceded by this verb form can
be found
a. used independently, in main clauses
It can be used to express
wish
order or request
In this case, the subjunctive is used instead
of the imperative, either because there
is no imperative form (e.g. for passive
imperfective) or because we want to make
the order sound milder and politer. It can
also be used to give an order in the third
person.
108
,
!
!
give permission
!
!
b. after and
c. after / / /
109
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
;
110
C. , / ,
(How to express wish, possibility / probability, necessity)
(wish)
A wish refering to the future is expressed by
the subjunctive verb forms (i.e. periphrastic
forms with , ). The particle is often
reinforced with , or even
longer expressions (such as ,
).
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
/
(Probability / possibility)
The particle which appears in the
periphrastic future forms expresses, among
other things, probability. The speaker
maintains that the event denoted by the
verb is probably true. In such cases
corresponds to or could be substituted by
() / / .
111
,
!
In negation, is used.
Clauses with - verbal forms often combine
with -clauses (see conditional clauses).
112
a. Sahinis may find
=
b. Sahinis is able to find.
;
, !
.
,
( )
,
;
(Necessity)
Necessity is mainly expressed by the
impersonal verb followed by the It is necessary
subjunctive.
has to
M
(impossible)
M
(quite possible)
M
(maybe possible)
To
(now)
113
unlikely
to come true
1. !
2. !
3. !
4. !
5. !
114
115
17
(Use of the passive)
.
(Active Passive Syntax)
In passive structures, the active verb
form changes to the medio-passive one,
the object of the active verb becomes
the subject of the passive structure and
optionally we have a prepositional phrase
introduced with (the agent phrase).
.
(Use of the passive)
Passive structures are used in Greek when
we do not want to explicitly show the
relation between the result of the action and
the agent. In () we are more interested in
the fact that Lakis has no money, while in
() we focus on the person responsible for
the fact that Lakis has no money.
116
)
)
1. 1972
2.
40 C
40 C
40 C
40 C
is planned
was planned
117
.
,
. ;
.
118
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
119
18
(The reflexive and reciprocal
use of the passive)
A.
(The reflexive use of the passive)
In Greek you can use some verbs (mostly
the verbs of bodily care) in the passive voice
to express reflexivity (an action that the
subject does to him/herself). Such verbs are
(= I wash myself), (=I
comb my hair), (=I shave myself),
(=I get dressed), (=I
get myself ready) etc.
. , ,
, ,
Reflexivity is also expressed in Greek by
the structures:
(a) the prefix - + verb
120
90 ,
B.
(The reciprocal use of the passive)
In Greek you can use some verbs in the
passive voice to express reciprocity (an
action that the subjects of the verb do to each
other). These verbs are often used in the
plural (e.g. , ,
). When they are used in
the singular, one of the participants of the
reciprocity appears in a prepositional phrase
with .
A
()
121
122
123
19
(Structure of the verb phrase)
direct object
direct object
indirect object
A.
(Intransitive Verbs)
Intransitive verbs do not require any
complements. They appear either with
active morphology (-) or with mediopassive morphology (-).
B.
(Transitive verbs with one complement)
There are transitive verbs, which require
one complement that is the object. This
object is mainly in the accusative but with a
few verbs in the genitive. The verbs appear
either with active morphology (-) or with
medio-passive morphology (-).
124
accusative
accusative
genitive
around in
the city
around the
whole city
C.
(Ditransitive verbs)
One object in genitive - one in accusative
There is a class of verbs, which need two
complements (direct and indirect object)
to express the action. These verbs take the
direct object in the accusative while the
indirect object is expressed either with a
prepositional phrase or in the genitive.
125
Z
Whereas both objects may be made
passive in English, this can only happen
with the direct object in Greek.
A book was given to Mary /
Mary was given a book
126
K ()
acc
b)
acc
()
()
()
In imperatives and adverbial verb forms
(/ondas/), the clitics follow the verb and they
are in no particular order (see pronouns).
127
D.
(Verbs with prepositional complements)
There are certain verbs, which are usually
followed by specific prepositions.
...
...
...
...
128
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
2. Circle the clitic pronouns and replace them with the noun phrases
they refer to
- , 94;
; .
.
.
.
-
. ,
.
- .
, .
. , ,
,
.
129
130
.
.
-
.
.
5. Complete the following text by choosing one of the verbs
:
__________________________
________________
. ______________
_______
. ________________
. ,
_____________________ ,
.
(explain to)
(concentrate on)
(belong to)
(believe in)
(rely on)
(happen to)
_______________.
(depend on)
(preferto)
(consist of,
be composed of)
a
(stand clear of/
keep clear of)
(run out of)
131
132
20
(Adverbials)
(Adverbs)
Adverbials
are
words,
phrases,
prepositional phrases or clauses, which
modify a sentential constituent (verb
phrase, adjectives, other adverbs, nouns,
numerals, quantifiers) or a clause.
A.
(Formation of adverbs from adjectives)
- -
- -
- -
- -
133
,
/
B.
(Meaning of adverbs)
Adverbials
of assertion answer the question
/ true or false?
Adverbials of
degree / quantity answer the question
/ how much?
Adverbials
of time answer the question
/ when?
Adverbials
of manner answer the
question / how?
Adverbials
of place answer the question
/ where?
Adverbials
of cause / purpose answer the
question / why?
Adverbs
interrogative
relative
emphatic
indefinite
indefinite
negative
indefinite
demonstrative
other
134
C.
(Position of adverbs)
The position of adverbs is not fixed, unlike
English, and usually depends on the
emphasis the speaker wants to give to the
constituent modified by the adverb.
very much
Adverb doubling
in Athens
always
Sahinis finds the solution
/ /
135
1. !
2. !
3.
4.
5.
1. __________ (, )
2. __________ (, )
3. __________ (, )
4. __________ (, )
5. __________ (, )
136
21
/-ondas/
(Adverbial verb
form /-ondas/)
Formation
It is formed by the active imperfective
verb stem and the suffix - (verbs of
group A) or - (verbs of group B).
Active verbs regularly have this form. The
verb however forms a non-inflected
adverbial verb form .
The verbs , , , ,
, take a -- between the stem
and the suffix.
Use
This adverbial verb form is used to describe
an action / event which happens in parallel
with the action of the verb it modifies. It has
an adverbial function, i.e. it may express:
a) the manner or the means by which the
action of the verb is done
(group A)
(group B1)
(group B2)
, , ,
(), ,
,
(= )
,
(= )
137
(= )
,
138
22
(Prepositions and
prepositional phrases)
A.
(Simple prepositions)
The simple and most common prepositions
are: (in, at, to, on), (from, since),
(for, about), (with).
/
/
DIRECTION
PLACE
/ /
/
/ /
12
.
.
139
()
()
B.
(Complex prepositions)
140
() /
To
.
.
/
(o)
()
141
1. Read the text and decide how you would say the phrases in
English
:
, .
;
.
2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate
preposition where needed
________
________ . ________
________ .
________ ________
. ________ ________ .
, ________ ________
. .
________ , ________
______ . ________
________ .
________
________ .
142
3. Use the words from the first column plus the words from the second column
to make complex prepositions and then use them to describe the picture
____________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
______________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4. Use the words in brackets to form prepositional phrases
() /
1. ()
_____________________________ / _________________
2. ()
_____________________________ / _________________
3. ()
_____________________________ / _________________
4. (, )
_____________________________ / _________________
5. H ()
_____________________________ / _________________
143
144
()
between, among
opposite to
to the left of
to the right of
by the side of, next to
below
near
above
on
behind
next to, by the side of
23
(Adverbial clauses)
time ()
cause ()
purpose ()
result ()
condition ()
concession ( / )
X
(Temporal clauses)
Temporal clauses denote an action
which either occured previously to,
simultaneously with, or after the action
of the main clause. They can precede or
follow the main clause, depending on the
emphasis the speaker wants to give.
Temporal clauses are usually introduced
by either a simple conjunction (, ,
) or a temporal phrase ( ,
() , )
,
145
( , , ) ,
( , , ) ,
( , , ) ,
( , , ) ,
( , , ) ,
()
() ,
146
() ,
() ,
,
,
() ,
,
,
147
148
149
, , ,
(Clauses of cause, purpose, result)
cause (): , , ,
, ,
purpose (): ()
150
clause of result
1.
2. ,
3. ,
4.
5. ,
6.
2. Complete the following phrases with a clause of cause, purpose and result
(a)
(b)
(c)
1.
(a)___________________________________________________
(b)___________________________________________________
(c)___________________________________________________
2.
(a)_________________________________________________________________________
(b)_________________________________________________________________________
(c)_________________________________________________________________________
3.
(a)_________________________________________________________________________
(b)_________________________________________________________________________
(c)_________________________________________________________________________
4.
(a)_________________________________________________
b)_______________________________________________________
(c)____________________________________________________________
151
1.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. 5
___________________________________________________________________________
3.
___________________________________________________________________________
4.
___________________________________________________________________________
5.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Form a new sentence by connecting the two clauses using a conjunction
and making any necessary changes
.
1. .
_________________________________________________________________________
2. .
_________________________________________________________________________
3. .
_________________________________________________________________________
4. .
_________________________________________________________________________
5. .
_________________________________________________________________________
152
(Conditional clauses)
Conditional sentences have two parts: the
if-clause and the result-clause (apodosis).
The if-clause is usually introduced by the
conjunctions / (if), (if) and other
phrases such as (if),
(in case that), (unless),
/ / (whether or not).
A ,
Types of conditionals
1. Factual conditionals
In factual conditionals, the if-clause
expresses a fact which is or can be fulfilled
and the main clause expresses a fact which
will be or should be fulfilled too.
,
,
,
,
,
()
2. Counterfactual conditionals
In counterfactual conditionals, the content
of the if-clause has not been fulfilled in the
past or most likely will not be fulfilled in the
future. This means, the content of the main
clause is also unrealized or unrealizable.
153
imperfective
past
past perfect
,
,
(=but you dont live/wont stay in Athens)
(= )
!
,
154
... /
,...
/
/
... !
155
/
(Clauses of Concession / Contrast)
The clauses of concession / contrast are
introduced by conjunctions such as
(even though, although), (even
though, although), (even though,
although), () (in spite of
the fact that), (even though),
(even though), (even if),
(no matter how much).
These types of adverbial clauses might
follow or precede the main clause.
,
,
,
156
24
(Complement clauses)
/ [
]
[
]
Nouns and adjectives can also take
complement clauses as objects or
subjects. Often the cluster noun phrase +
complement clause corresponds to a verb
with a complement clause:
Complement clauses are introduced by:
(a) the complementizers
/ + indicative after verbs
of saying, thinking, believing
[ ]
[
]
[ / ]
[ / ]
157
[ ]
[ /
]
[ /
[ ]
o , [() /
]
, [ /
]
, [()
]
After the verb a -complement
clause can also be used:
158
(see also
)
1. Complete using or
1. _____
2. _____
3. _____
4. _____
5. _____
6. _____
2. Clio is always thinking positively about her life. Complete her
manifesto using or
_____ _____ ,
, _____ ____
.
_____
_____ .
_____
_____
_____ .
159
160
(Indirect questions)
Indirect questions follow main verbs of
inquiry: , , ,
, .
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
161
162
25
(Relative clauses)
A.
(Relative clauses as modifiers of nouns)
Relative clauses usually modify nouns
(people or objects).
Relative pronouns may agree with their
antecedent in gender, number and case (
- - ) or they may be
unspecified ().
The relative can replace a noun, which
might function in the embedded clause
as a subject, direct / indirect object or
possessive.
O a
It can also replace an entire prepositional
phrase when the meaning of the preposition
can be understood from the context.
When replaces an indirect object or
a possessive, then a weak / clitic pronoun
(--) is necessary.
()
163
B.
(Free relative clauses)
The pronouns which introduce free relative
clauses are specified according to gender,
number and case: --,
-- (see pronouns).
whoever
who(m)ever
whoever
/
,
whoever
,
164
, (= )
, / , ,
, / , ,
Sahinis found the man who______________________________
_____________________________________________________
3. Discover the two meanings in the following examples
Flying airplanes can be dangerous
Visiting friends can be boring
What are the Greek equivalents?
165
26
,
(One sentence, two meanings)
When one sentence has two meanings, we
say that this sentence is ambiguous and
might be represented structurally in two
different ways:
S: sentence
V: verb
NP: noun phrase
VP: verb phrase
S
N
NP
VP
V
NP
166
S
VP
V
NP
NP
V
PP
NP
S
VP
NP
V
NP
N
;
O
PP
167
168
27
(Derivation)
Derivational elements can be either suffixes or prefixes. The word - is built with the
suffix - while has been formed with the prefix -.
169
A.
Pre
fixes
, ,
,
,
,
,
170
B. Suffix
es
these categories.
(instrument)
(agent)
, ,
-
-
171
diminutive
augmentative
profession
origin
notion
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Verbs are
adjectives.
derived
from
nouns
and
172
- -
- -
-a -o
1. Can you describe Puck? Replace the underlined phrases with the right
diminutives and augmentantives
. . , ,
, ,
.
. , ___________________, __________________,
___________________, ___________________
___________________ .
1. H ___________________
2. ___________________
3. ___________________
4. ___________________
5. ___________________
. !
173
28
(Compounds)
K .
+
+
=
=
=
=
=
=
174
=
+ =
+
--
--
--
>
(gender and declension pattern different)
/ -- >
(part of speech different)
3 2 1
3 2 1
2 1
3 2 1
2 1
3 2 1
175
2.
______________
1.
______________
3.
______________
.
1.
______________
2.
______________
3.
______________
4. : !
______________
5.
______________
3. Combine the two columns and form new words as in the example
1.
______________
2.
3.
______________
4.
______________
5.
______________
6.
______________
7.
______________
176
29
o
(Spelling tips)
The final //
A: , ;
: !
A: ;
: .
A:
, !
-
-o
2. __ __ __
3.
__ __
177
-
-
-
-
verb
noun
singular
(/)
///
178
plural
neuter
feminine/
masculine
feminine/
masculine
neuter
__ __ .
__ __ . __
__ . __ __ .
__ __ __
.
The plural ending -/i/ is written - if the noun is
masculine (or feminine) and - if it is neuter
Neuters ending in - in the plural are those ending
in - ( ) or - () in singular.
3. Put the phrases into the plural
1.
2.
3. A,
4.
179
word in /-i/
if
word=
verb
YES
NO
then word=noun
if
noun=
singular
YES
YES
if
noun=
neuter
NO
YES
NO
if
noun=
neuter
NO
-
/
Explain why the words in the following sentences are written the way
they are. The above diagram will help you
1.
2.
3.
4. 25
180
Verbs: - or -?
Passive present forms end in - in the
singular and in the 3rd person plural. In every
other verb form the final /e/ is written -.
singular
()
()
()
plural
()
) ;
181
- or -?
A word ending in -/is/ is always written -
if it is a verb.
A noun ending in -/is/ is written - if it is
singular, - if it is plural.
-
-
Complete with the right form
1. (): _________________ ()
!
2. _________________ ()
_________________ ()
3. _________________ () ,
4. _________________ ()
5. _________________ () ,
_________________ ()
6. _________________ ()
7. _________________ ()
_________________ ()
182
30
(Basic pronunciation rules)
[i] , , , ,
[lipi]
, , , ()
[e] ,
[erhete]
[o] ,
[horos]
[b]
[boro]
[d]
[dino]
[g]
[agatha] A
[dz]
[dzami]
[ts]
[etsi]
[ks]
[ksero]
[ps]
[psari]
183
[af]
[av]
[ef]
[ev]
//
//
//
[]
[]
, ,
[]
[]
, ,
[]
[]
, ,
C. Phonological processes
is pronounced [z] when followed by ,
, , , , , , , . This happens either
within a word or across word boundaries.
Final followed by initial , , makes
them [b], [d], [g].
Within a word there is a tendency to
pronounce [i] followed by a vowel as a
semivowel [j], [].
184
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
,
,
[mata], [pos]
[vjazome], [peja]
Stress marks
In Greek, every word that has more than
one syllable takes a stress mark.
1
2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
; -
,
, ,
The disjunctive
article is not.
, , , ,
;
;
;
the teacher
told us
our teacher
said
-
185
Complete the names of the places on the map of Greece and circle the
places you have visited or you want to visit
186
(-)
______
____________
B_____
_____
A_____
________
187
188
Article (): the word which precedes a noun and agrees with it in number,
gender and case. Articles are either definite or indefinite
()
Aspect ( ): the grammatical category of the verb which indicates
whether the action is completed (perfective) or not (imperfective)
- vs. - / Case (): nominal forms of the noun phrase (see Accusative, Genitive, Nominative,
Vocative). Cases primarily indicate syntactic functions (subject, object) in a clause
(Nom/Subj)
(Acc/Obj) (Gen)
Clause (): a structure with a verb phrase and a lexical subject (see also
sentence, main, subordinate, complement, adverbial clauses). In Greek the lexical
subject is optional
( )
Clitic pronoun ( ): the weak form of the personal pronoun
which usually precedes the verb (except for the imperative forms and the adverbial
verb form /-ondas/). The clitic pronouns are distinct from their corresponding emphatic
forms
; , (emphatic) (clitic) ,
Comparative form ( ): the form of an adjective or adverb
comparing two entities (people or things)
/
Complement clause ( ): a clause that is nominal
and functions as a complement of verbs, adjectives, nouns and adverbs (see also
clause)
Complementizer ( ): a conjunction introducing a
complement clause: , , ,
/ /
Compound word ( ): a word made of two stems (representing two
other words)
+
189
190
191
a verb or other
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
/- (to love)
(to touch)
(to hug)
(to buy)
(to empty)
(to ignore, neglect)
(to be unfair)
(to lose weight)
(to follow)
/- (to touch)
(to hear, listen)
(to spread)
(to change)
(to correspond)
(to reward)
(to neglect)
(to doubt)
(to question)
(to light, turn on)
(to force)
(to recognize)
(to show / to make known)
(to ask for, search)
(to assign)
(to revise)
(to mix)
(to find out, discover)
(to mix)
(to announce, inform)
(to relieve)
(to develop)
List of verbs
(to exercise)
(to feel)
/-
/-
199
()
(to upset)
(to sigh)
(to rise)
(to blow up)
(to overturn)
/- (to raise, bring up)
(to shiver)
(to depart, take off)
(to raise, lift up)
(to walk up, go up)
(to belong)
(to worry)
(to open)
/- (to exchange)
(to reward)
(to copy)
(to react)
/- (to answer back)
(to confront)
(to forbid)
(to claim)
(to excuse, relieve)
(to employ, to occupy)
(to answer)
/- (to deceive, cheat)
(to spread out)
(to disappoint)
(to decide)
(to avoid)
(to please)
() (to like)
(to be late)
(to grab, snatch)
(to fall sick)
(to compete)
200
/ -
/
/
[-]
[- ]
(to start)
(to walk)
(to put)
(to gain weight)
/- (to hit, beat)
(to experience)
/ (to damage)
(to see, to look)
/- (to help)
(to suit, be convenient)
(to sink)
(to mist with tears)
(to brush)
/- (to dive, dip in)
(to award a prize)
(to boil)
(-)
(to be assured)
()
(-)
(to be bored)
(to be busy)
201
/ (- )
(to bark)
(to calm down)
/- (to tickle)
(to undress)
/- (to laugh)
(to fill)
/- (to give birth)
/- (to age)
(to bend)
(to lunch)
(to heal)
(),
(to be born)
(to become)
(to exercise)
(to be located)
(to be deceived)
()
202
[-]
/-
(to bite)
(to shed tears)
(to lend)
/- (to spend)
(to hesitate, flinch)
(to dine)
(to show, indicate)
(to tie)
(to beat)
(to bind)
(to declare)
(to create)
(to read)
(to pass through)
/ (to assure)
(to demonstrate)
(to spread)
(to spare, have, dispose of)
(to divide)
(to risk)
(to interrupt)
(to distinguish)
(to select)
(to dissolve)
(to shape)
(to find out)
(to last)
(to have fun)
/- (to break through)
(to cross)
(to borrow)
(to accept)
/-
(to protest)
(to negotiate)
(to forsee)
/
(to take an exam)
203
(to rescue)
(to order)
(to disturb)
(to keep, preserve)
(to phrase)
(to differ)
(to advertise)
/- (to protect)
(to disagree)
(to dissociate)
(to contradict)
(to teach)
(to claim)
(to direct)
(to facilitate)
(to clarify)
(to judge)
(to justify)
(to give)
(to administer)
(to organise)
(to correct)
(to hesitate)
/- (to be thirsty)
(to chase, throw out of)
(to try)
(to glorify)
(to work)
(to cool)
(to dissatisfy, displease)
(to complicate)
(to donate)
(to wonder)
/-
/-
/ (to narrate)
204
[-]
E
(to install)
(to abandon)
(to approve)
(to operate)
(to be)
(to collect)
(to contribute)
(to penetrate)
(to blackmail)
(to reveal)
(to publish)
(to display)
(to elect)
(to educate)
(to broadcast)
(to perform, fulfill)
(to express)
(to reduce, lessen)
(to control)
(to hope)
()
[-]
/-
/-
/-
(to enter)
(to trust)
(to be thrilled)
()
[-]
()
()
205
(to locate)
(to imprint)
(to impress)
(to unite)
(to make wild)
(to exempt)
(to continue)
(to find out)
(to delete)
(to exhaust)
(to spread)
(to depend)
(to ensure)
(to hide)
(to explore)
(to explain)
(to exterminate)
(to exile)
(to pay off)
(to serve)
(to celebrate)
(to praise)
(to repeat)
(to revolt)
(imp. it is urgent)
(to extend)
(to invest)
(to explain)
(to influence)
(to make worse)
(to confirm)
(to survive)
(to repair, mend)
(to be after)
(to affect)
/
(to disappear)
/-
()
()
()
206
()
(to survive)
(to wish)
(to communicate)
(to prevail)
(to choose)
(to insist)
(to float)
(to return)
(to devastate)
() (to ask)
(to prepare)
(to benefit)
(to favour)
(to thank)
(to attack)
/ [- / ]
()
/-
(to come)
(to fall in love)
/-
(-)
207
(to beg)
(to cheer)
(to force)
(to hum)
/- (to squeeze)
(to weigh)
(to bring near, approach)
(to knead)
(to live)
(to paint)
(to liven up)
(to bury)
(to dazzle)
(to admire)
(to want)
(to reap)
(to heat)
(to lay, set)
(to consider)
(to touch, offend)
(to sadden)
(to blur)
(to mourn)
(to triumph)
(to remind)
(to get angry)
/[-]
/ (to remember)
()
208
(-)
(to sacrifice)
(to found)
(to sweat)
(to satisfy)
(to balance)
(to be valid)
(to quarrel)
(to clean)
(to calm)
(to establish)
(to settle, establish)
/-
/
(to sit)
209
-/-
/-
/-
(to conquer)
(to understand)
(to end in)
(to consume)
(to understand, comprehend)
/- (to end up)
(to collapse)
(to organize)
(to construct)
(to spy)
(to destroy)
(to classify)
(to manage, succeed)
(to take refuge in)
/- (to arrive)
(to bring down)
(to g down, get off)
(to direct)
(to possess)
(to accuse)
(to inhabit)
(to succeed)
(to grow moody)
(to provoke)
(to win)
/- (to treat to)
(to have a funeral)
(to declare)
(to be in danger of)
(to move)
(to go yellow)
/-
(to undertake)
(to curse)
(to be buried)
-/-
210
(to cry)
(to steal)
(to lock)
(to close)
(to choose by lot)
/- (to kick)
(to cut)
(to shine)
(to cover with mud)
(to adore)
/-
(to sleep)
211
[-]
(to pant)
/- (to crave)
(to be missing)
(to dirty)
/ (to say)
(to come to an end)
/- (to forget)
(to rob)
(to faint)
(to melt)
(to count, reckon)
(to wash hair)
(to solve)
(to sadden)
/- (to be mad at/with, be rabid)
(to relieve)
(to cook)
(to charm)
(to gather)
(to learn)
(to soften)
(to quarrel)
/- (to give evidence, tell on)
/- (to chew)
(to bleed)
(to stab)
(to bring up, grow up)
/- (to get drunk)
(to reduce)
/- (to study)
(to stay)
(to change, transform)
(to spread, infect)
/ (to be sorry)
212
[-]
(to hate)
(to look like)
(to share, divide)
(to pollute)
(to educate)
/- (to murmur)
(to work hard)
(to enter)
(to confuse)
(to mix up)
(to be able/can)
(to be fed up with)
N
(to anaesthetize)
(to make sb nervous)
/- (to win)
(to feel)
(to imitate)
/-
(to be defeated)
213
/-
(to shame)
(to dress)
(to feel sleepy)
(to get dark)
(to relieve)
(to rejuvenate)
(to open up)
(to lie down)
(to surprise, startle)
(to discolour, lose colour)
(to fade)
(to give sb a rest)
(to guide, show around)
(to emigrate)
(to become carefree)
(to stay up late)
(to rinse)
(to pay off)
(to dry out)
(to know)
(to incite, upset)
(to break out)
(to drive mad)
(to enjoy oneself)
(to escape)
(to humiliate, to show up)
(to forget)
(to unstitch, demote)
(to rest)
(to be embarrassed)
/-
214
[-]
[-]
[-]
(to name)
(to arm, equip)
(to organize)
(to define)
(to put on oath)
(to freeze)
(to bargain)
(to suffer)
(to torture)
(to behave childishly)
(to play)
(to praise)
(to take)
(to become old)
(to celebrate)
(to panic)
(to marry)
(to parrot)
(to violate)
(to violate, break)
(to produce)
/ (to deliver)
(to spend the summer)
(to resign)
(-)
/-
/-
(to dream)
(to swear)
(to spend)
(to shave)
215
(to prepare)
/- (to abandon)
(to observe)
(to intervene)
[-]
(to insert)
(to misunderstand)
/- (to comfort)
(to park)
(to present)
/- (to step)
(to stop)
/-
/ (to go)
(to die)
(to discipline)
(to persuade)
(to tease)
(to describe)
()
/-
/-
/- (to complain)
()
216
(to wait)
(to be in excess)
(to surround)
(to hold in contempt)
(to walk)
/- (to pass, run through)
/- (to fly, throw)
(to fall)
/- (to jump)
(to drink)
(to believe)
(to crush, press down)
(to knit)
(to wash)
(to hurt)
(to pay)
(to approach)
(to strangle, drown)
/- (to fight)
/- (to hurt)
(to water)
/- (to sell)
(imp. it must)
(to forsee)
(to plan)
(to betray)
(to come from)
(to prepare)
(to provoke)
(imp. be going to)
(to have time to)
(to prevent)
(to supply)
(to destin)
(to attack, insult)
[-]
()
()
217
/-
/
(to approach)
(to sew)
/ (to crack)
(to humiliate)
(to throw, rush at)
/- (to suck)
(to regulate)
/- (to ask)
(to rot)
(to put out, erase)
(to drag)
(to raise)
(to note)
(to dig)
/ (to explode, crack)
(to climb)
(to cover)
(to enslave)
//- (to spread about)
(to kill)
(to sweep)
(to respect)
/-
(to arrive)
(to pray)
218
(to bow)
(to get serious)
/ (to break)
/- (to waste)
(to study)
(to push)
/- (to stop)
(to dry)
(to send)
(/-) (to make sb upset)
(to deprive)
(to put up, set up)
(to support)
(to cost)
(to decorate)
(to blind, twist)
(to turn)
(to crowd, squaze)
(to lay)
(to write)
(to live with)
(to gather)
(to hold, restrain)
(to compare)
/- (to forgive)
/- (to discuss)
(imp. it happens)
(to contribute)
(to compromise)
(to live together with)
(to symbolize)
(to advise)
(to ally)
(to take part, participate)
(to like)
/-
(/-)
(/-) (to worry)
/-
/
/-
/-
/
[-]
/-
/-
(/-)
(-/-)
(/-)
/-
219
/-
/-
/-
/-
(to conclude)
(to coincide)
(imp. be in sbs interest)
(to agree)
/- (to meet)
(to fascinate)
(to connect)
(to combine)
(to consider)
(to join, unite)
(to continue)
(to get used to)
(to compose)
(to recommend, constitute)
(to accompany)
(to construct, write)
(to contribute)
(to preserve)
(to trail)
(to introduce)
(to make a mistake)
(to tighten)
(to sponge)
/ (to whistle)
(to draw)
(to tear off)
(to form)
(to make a comment)
(to save)
(to feed)
/-
(to cooperate)
(imp.)
(to feel)
/-
()
()
220
[-]
[-]
(to match)
(to give sb a rough time)
(to travel)
(to humiliate)
(to upset)
(to post)
(to finish)
(to cut up)
(to stretch)
(to terminate)
(to fry)
(to call, telephone)
(to punish)
/ (to pull)
(to run)
(to shiver)
/- (to make a hole)
() (to eat)
(to catch)
(to wringle)
(to vex)
/- (to prick, annoy)
/- (to pinch, sting)
(to clink)
(to wrap)
(to happen)
(to adopt)
(to obey)
(to be, to exist)
(to remind)
(to defend)
(to exceed)
(to exaggerate)
(to humble)
(-)
221
(to underline)
(to sign)
(to suppose)
(to support)
(to subordinate)
(to underestimate)
(to suffer)
(to oblige)
(to retreat)
(to raise)
(to reveal)
() (to bring)
(to leave)
(to wear out)
(to offer hospitality)
/- (to kiss)
(to be ambitious)
(to frighten)
/- (to wear)
(to tax)
(to excel)
(to suspect)
(to appear)
(to imagine)
[-]
(to suspect)
(to promise)
/-
()
()
(to pretend)
(to welcome)
222
(to charge)
(to load)
(to blaze up)
(to inflate)
(to brake)
(to take care of)
(to be at fault)
/ (to reach, arrive)
(to make)
(to impoverish)
(to jail)
(to keep)
(to plant)
(to grow)
(to call, shout)
(to take photos)
(to photocopy)
(to relax)
/- (to spoil)
(to lower)
(to loose)
(to characterize)
(to donate)
(to yawn)
(to be happy)
223
(to go pale)
(to put on weight)
(to dance)
(to be full)
(to fish)
(to be gullible, be bewildered)
(to search)
(to look for)
(to grow tall)
(to bake)
(to vote)
(to whisper)
(imp. it drizzles)
(to amuse)
(to cool down)
(to shop)
(to mature)
(to benefit)
(to need)
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Bygate, M., A, Tomkyn & E. Williams (eds) 1994 Grammar and the Language Teacher, Prentice Hall, New
York
Chalker, S. 1992 A Students English Grammar Workbook, Longman, London
Collins Cobuild 1990 English Grammar, Collins, London
Durrell, M. (ed.) 1991 Hammers German and Usage, 2nd edn., Edward Arnold, London
Elrich, Eng. & D. Murphy 1991 Schaums Outline of English Grammar, Mc Graw-Hill, New York
Grevisse, M. & A. Goose 1995 Nouvelle Grammaire Franaise, De Boeck & Larcier, Bruxelles
Hesse, R. 2003 Syntax of the Modern Greek Verbal System. The Use of the Forms, Particularly in Combination
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Holton, D., P. Mackridge & Ir. Philippaki-Warburton 1997 Greek. A Comprehensive Grammar of the
Modern Language, Routledge, London
1990 (. . ) . ,
Householder, F., W. K. Kazazis & A. Koutsoudas 1964 A Reference Grammar of Litterary Dhimotiki,
Indiana University, Bloomington
Hudson, R. A. 1992 Teaching Grammar: A Guide for the National Curriculum, Blackwell, Oxford
, . 1992 , ,
Jannaris, A. N. 1987 An Historical Greek Grammar, Mac Millan, London
Joseph, Br. & Ir. Philippaki-Warburton 1987 Modern Greek, Groom Helm, London
, . & . ( ) 1999 .
-, .: , . : , T. : ,
,
Lock, Gr. 1996 Functional English Grammar. An Introduction for Second Language Teachers, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge
Mackridge, P. 1987 The Modern Greek Language. A Descriptive Analysis of Standard Modern Greek, Oxford
University Press, Oxford
1990 (. . . ), . ,
Mercier-Leca, Fl. 2000 30 Questions de Grammaire Franaise. Exercises et corrigs, Nathan Universite, Paris
Mirambel, A. 1959 La Langue Greque Moderne: Description et analyse, Klincksiek, Paris
Odlin, T. (ed.) 1994 Perspectives on Pedagogical Grammar, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
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Quirk, R. & S. Greenbaum 1980 A University Grammar of English, Longman, London
, . 1996/1946 ( ), ,
, . 1988 ( ) ( 1941)
, . 1978 , ,
, . 1994 , , / ,
Ziemer, M. 1999 Grammar Context. A Resource Guide for Interactive Practice, The University of Michigan
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*Specific topics of Modern Greek are studied in the Journals:
Journal of Greek Linguistics (John Benjamins Publ. Co.), (
), ( ),
( ).
224